Types of architectural drawing

Presentation drawing- Not intended to appear realistic, include people,

vehicles, and trees. Surface textures, shadows,
Survey drawing- Measured drawings of the existing land, structures, and
building. Architects need an accurate survey drawings. Exact dimensions for
construction work
Record drawings- History. In the renaissance those architects studied and
recorded the remains of the Romans and Greek civilizations which helped
them influence the architecture period.
Working drawings- Includes architects drawings, structural and services
engineers drawings. Locations drawings include Floor plans, sections,
elevations. Assembly drawings include wall details showed in layers, finish
the edges of openings

Drafting

A drafter takes the designs from the architects and engineers and use
software convert them into technical drawings and plans
They use computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) software

Architects early stages before actual drawings

They draw sketches and diagrams

Perspective such as 1 point, 2 point, 3 point perspective

Process

Housing
o Find an architect and identify and agree to engage them for your
project, contact is then drawn up. Agreements between client and
architect
o Architect fees. There are no standard fees
Quoted percentage of the total construction cost(most common)
Agreed lump sum based on anticipated work involved
Time charge(hourly or daily)
Initial design (25%), Developed design (25%), Detail design
(25%), and Construction (25%)
o You and your architect will meet to discuss your detail requirements
and aspirations. Advise your architect of your budget
o The architect will analyise your requirements and present the initial
design proposals
Translate the initial proposal into a more delveloped design
Such as structure, renewable energy sources
He will prepare the drawings
o Once the client is happy the developed design he will proceed to
producing full construction drawings, site works, specification finishes
o The architect will prepare Forms of Tender for the contractor

Its best to have at least 3 contractors submit costings (tenders)

for the project
Look at the contractors work and costs to find the best and most
cost efficient
Construction time
The architect will inspect the building work
Advise to stage payments during this period
There might be changes
Once the construction is done part of the payment is held back for up
to 12 months and is only paid out on the architects instructions

Famous Architects

Leonardo Da Vinci
o 15th Century Architect
o He was an early architect who conceptualized a lot flying machines a
type of armored fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding
machine, and the double hull
o He gave us many ideas of different architecture
Frank Lloyd Wright
o 20th Century Architect
o Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 April 9,
1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and
educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures, 532 of which were
completed.
o By 1901, Wright had completed about 50 projects, including many
houses in Oak Park.
o During the later 1920s and 1930s Wright's Organic style had fully
matured with the design of Graycliff, Fallingwater and Taliesin West.

Passive house

The term passive house (Passivhaus in German) refers to a rigorous,

voluntary standard for energy efficiency in a building, reducing its ecological
footprint.
It results in ultra-low energy buildings that require little energy for space
heating or cooling
Super insulation, advanced window tech, airtightness, ventilation, space
heating, lighting and electrical appliances(LEDs),

History
11,600 BC to 3,500 BC
Architecture in Prehistoric Times
Archaeologists "dig" prehistory. Gbekli Tepe in present day Turkey is a good
example of archaeological architecture. Before recorded history, humans
constructed earthen mounds, stone circles, megaliths, and structures that often
puzzle modern-day archaeologists.

Prehistoric architecture includes monumental structures such as Stonehenge, cliff

dwellings in the Americas, and thatch and mud structures lost to time.

3,050 BC to 900 BC
Ancient Egypt
In ancient Egypt, powerful rulers constructed monumental pyramids, temples, and
shrines. Far from primitive, enormous structures such as the Pyramids of Giza were
feats of engineering capable of reaching great heights.
850 BC to 476 AD
Classical
From the rise of ancient Greece until the fall of the Roman empire, great buildings
were constructed according to precise rules. The Classical Orders, which defined
column styles and entablature designs, continue to influence building design in
modern times.
527 to 565 AD
Byzantine
After Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to Byzantium (now called
Istanbul) in 330 AD, Roman architecture evolved into a graceful, classically-inspired
style that used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical
forms. Emperor Justinian (527 AD to 565 AD) led the way.
800 to 1200 AD
Romanesque
As Rome spread across Europe, heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with
rounded arches emerged. Churches and castles of the early Medieval period were
constructed with thick walls and heavy piers.
1100 to 1450 AD
Gothic Architecture
Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and other innovations led to
taller, more graceful architecture. Gothic ideas gave rise to magnificent cathedrals
like Chartres and Notre Dame.
1400 to 1600 AD

Renaissance Architecture
A return to classical ideas ushered an "age of awakening" in Italy, France, and
England. Andrea Palladio and other builders looked the classical orders of ancient
Greece and Rome. Long after the Renaissance era ended, architects in the Western
world found inspiration in the beautifully proportioned architecture of the period.
1600 to 1830 AD
Baroque Architecture
In Italy, the Baroque style is reflected in opulent and dramatic churches with
irregular shapes and extravagant ornamentation. In France, the highly ornamented
Baroque style combines with Classical restraint. Russian aristocrats were impressed
by Versailles in France, and incorporated Baroque ideas in the building of St.
Petersburg. Elements of the elaborate Baroque style are found throughout Europe.
1650 to 1790 AD
Rococo Architecture
During the last phase of the Baroque period, builders constructed graceful white
buildings with sweeping curves. These Rococo buildings are elegantly decorated
with scrolls, vines, shell-shapes, and delicate geometric patterns.
1730 to 1925 AD
Neoclassicism in Architecture
A keen interest in ideas of Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio inspired a return of
classical shapes in Europe, Great Britain and the United States. These buildings
were proportioned according to the classical orders with details borrowed from
ancient Greece and Rome.
1890 to 1914 AD
Art Nouveau Architecture
Known as the New Style, Art Nouveau was first expressed in fabrics and graphic
design. The style spread to architecture and furniture in the 1890s. Art Nouveau
buildings often have asymmetrical shapes, arches and decorative surfaces with
curved, plant-like designs.
1895 to 1925 AD
Beaux Arts Architecture
Also known as Beaux Arts Classicism, Academic Classicism, or Classical Revival,
Beaux Arts architecture is characterized by order, symmetry, formal design,
grandiosity, and elaborate ornamentation.
1905 to 1930 AD
Neo-Gothic Architecture

In the early twentieth century, Gothic ideas were applied to modern buildings.
Gargoyles, arched windows, and other medieval details ornamented soaring
skyscrapers.
1925 to 1937 AD
Art Deco Architecture
Zigzag patterns and vertical lines create dramatic effect on jazz-age, Art Deco
buildings. Interestingly, many Art Deco motifs were inspired by the architecture of
ancient Egypt.
1900 to Present
Modernist Styles in Architecture
The 20th and 21st centuries have seen dramatic changes and astonishing diversity.
Modern day trends include Art Moderne and the Bauhaus school coined by Walter
Gropius, Deconstructivism, Formalism, Modernism, and Structuralism.
1972 to Present
Postmodernism in Architecture
A reaction against the Modernist approaches gave rise to new buildings that reinvented historical details and familiar motifs. Look closely at these architectural
movements and you are likely to find ideas that date back to classical and ancient
times.
21st Century
Neo-Modernism and Parametricism
The name for computer-driven design is up for grabs. Perhaps it began with Frank
Gehry's sculpted designs or maybe others who experimented with Binary Large
ObjectsBLOB architecture. No matter who started it, everyone's doing it now, and
the possibilities are stunning. Just look at Moshe Safdie's 2011 Marina Bay Sands
Resort in Singaporeit looks just like Stonehenge.
Architectural Periods and Your House
Throughout history, home designs have been influenced by the "architecture du
jour." In the not far off future, when computer costs come down and construction
companies change their methods, homeowners and builders will be able to design
anything for themselves. So, what will the future home look like? You decide. For a
history of houses and information about housing styles from Colonial to Victorian to

modern-day, see American Home Styles, 1600 - Present.

Research buildings

Shanghai Tower
o

Designed by an American architectural firm Gensler with Chinese

architect Jun Xia leading the design team and owned by a consortium
of Chinese state-owned companies, it is the tallest of a group of three
adjacent supertall buildings in Pudong, the other two being the Jin Mao
Tower and the Shanghai World Financial Center. The building is 632
metres (2,073 ft.) high and has 128 stories, with a total floor area of
380,000 m2 (4,090,000 sq. ft.). Its tiered construction, designed for
high energy efficiency, provides multiple separate zones for office,
retail and leisure use. The exterior of Shanghai Tower was completed in
the summer of 2015.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Tower

More info and pictures

Tallest in China and second tallest in the world

This contractor won the bid to build. Shanghai Construction Group

a Gensler spokesman described the tower as "the greenest super highrise building on earth at this point in time".

The design of the tower's glass facade, which completes a 120 twist
as it rises, is intended to reduce wind loads on the building by 24%.
This reduced the amount of construction materials needed; the
Shanghai Tower used 25% less structural steel than a conventional
design of a similar height. As a result, the building's constructors saved
an estimated US$58 million in material costs. Construction practices
were also optimised for sustainability. Though the majority of the
tower's energy will be provided by conventional power systems,
vertical-axis wind turbines located near the top of the tower are
capable of generating up to 350,000 kWh of supplementary electricity
per year. The double-layered insulating glass faade was designed to
reduce the need for indoor air conditioning, and is composed of an
advanced reinforced glass with a high tolerance for shifts in
temperature. In addition, the building's heating and cooling systems
use geothermal energy sources.

Burj Khalifa
o

Before its inauguration, is a mega tall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab

Emirates. It is the tallest structure in the world, standing at 829.8 m
(2,722 ft.).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa

The decision to build the building is reportedly based on the

government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy, and for
Dubai to gain international recognition.

Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith, then of Skidmore, Owings

and Merrill (SOM) this was the structural engineer, whose firm
designed the Willis Tower and One World Trade Center.

Hyder Consulting was chosen to be the supervising engineer with

NORR Group Consultants International Limited chosen to supervise the
architecture of the project.

The Y-shaped plan is designed for residential and hotel usage. A

buttressed core structural system is used to support the height of the
building, and the cladding system is designed to withstand Dubai's

summer temperatures. A total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators are

installed with a capacity of 12 to 14 passengers per cabin.
o

Main contractors- Samsung C&T Corporation, Besix and Arabtec

Burj Al Arab
o

is a hotel located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the third tallest

hotel in the world; however, 39% of its total height is made up of nonoccupiable space. Burj Al Arab stands on an artificial island 280 m (920
ft.) from Jumeirah beach and is connected to the mainland by a private
curving bridge. The shape of the structure is designed to mimic the sail
of a ship. It has a helipad near the roof at a height of 210 m (689 ft.)
above ground.

Architect Tom Wright, who has since become co-founder of WKK

Architects. The design and construction were managed by Canadian
engineer Rick Gregory also of WS Atkins.

The hotel was built by South African construction contractor Murray &
Roberts and Al Habtoor Engineering.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Al_Arab more pictures

The CCTV Headquarters

o

is a 234 m (768 ft.), 44-story skyscraper on East Third Ring Road,

Guanghua Road in the Beijing Central Business District (CBD). The
tower serves as headquarters for China Central Television (CCTV) that
was formerly at the China Central Television Building located at 11
Fuxin Road some 15 km (9.3 mi) to the west. Ground-breaking took
place on 1 June 2004 and the building's facade was completed in
January 2008.

Architect- Office for Metropolitan Architecture, East China Architectural

Design & Research Institute

Developer- China Central Television

Structural engineer- Ove Arup & Partners

Main contractor- China State Construction and Engineering Corporation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV_Headquarters more pictures