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    Eurocod 2 PDF

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    CUVANT iNAINTE FOREWORD Eurocodurile structurale 1, Seurt istoric” Idea de a initia elaborarea unor norme internationale pentru proiectarea structurilor s-2 niscut in 1974, si are la baza cooperarea dintre cAteva organizatii profesional-stiintifice, cu activitate bine cunoscut, in domeniul constructiilor. organizatii, in domeniul principiilor, agrementirii tehnice si prestandardizirii a fost si este de o importanti deosebiti pentru standardizarea intemationala. Experti din multe fari, ce fac parte din aceste organizatii, schimb& opinii in legdituré cu munca stiingificd si experienta practic’. Fri obligatia de a formula reguli, acestea elaboreazi rapoarte si, pe cit posibil, recomandiii de calcul si proiectare. Standardizarea internationala nu este posibil firi o pregitire prealabilé si fir conventii mutuale intre asemenea organizati. In sectoral constructiilor, urmitoarele organizatii sunt implicate in elaborarea normelor de calcul si de proiectare: TABSE-Asociatia International pentru Poduri si Structuri Ingineresti CIB-Consiliul Intemational penta Cercetare, Studiu si Documentare in domeniul Constr RILEM-Asociatia International pentru Testarea si Cercetarea in Laborator a Materialelor si Constructiilor CEB-Comitetu! Euro-International pentru Beton FIP-Federatia Internationala pentru Beton Precomprimat ECCS-Conventia European’ pentru Constructii Metalice JCSS-Comitetul pentru Siguranta Structurilor ISSMFE-Societatea Intemational pentru Mecanica Piménturilor si Ingineria Fundatiilor. Regulile de baz pentru calculul structurilor au fost realizate printr-o strdns& cooperare in cadrul JCSS. S-au formulat conditiile de siguranfi si exploatare pe baza conceptului de rise, in funcfie de criteriile de fiabilitate ale structurilor. Aceste conditii au asigurat baza conmund a normelor de calcul. The Structural Eurocodes 1. Short History” The idea to develop models for an international set of Codes for structural design was bor in 1974 based on an agreement between several technical-scientific organisations. The activities of these organisations in the field of co-ordination of principles, agreement on technical matters and prestandardisation were and are outstanding importance for international standardisation. They comprise experts from many countries serving the exchange of scientific findings and practical experiences. Without the obligation for formulating mandatory rules, state-of-the-art reports are elaborated, and also-as far as possible and necessary-recommendations for corresponding ‘future rales (e.g. Model Codes). There would be not international standardisation without the preparatory work and without the smutual agreement in these organisations. In the construction sector, the following associations involved in this preparatory work in particular: JABSE-International Association for Bridge and ‘Structural Engineering CiB-International Council for Building Research, Studies and Documentation RILEM-Intemational Association of the Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Constructions CEB-Euro-International Committee for Concrete FiP-Intemational Federation for Prestressed Concrete ECCS-European Convention for Constructional Steeiworks JCSS-Joint Committee on Structural Safety ISSMFE-Intemational Society fer Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. In close co-operation the common basic rales for structural design were developed in the JCSS. Requirements for safety and serviceability of structures based on the principle of risk in terms of reliability conditions were formulated. It was the aim to use these rules as a common basis for the material-related design codes. (1) G. Breitschaft, L. Oestlund, M. Kersken-Bradly, The Structural” Eurocodes-Conceptual Approach, IABSE Conference on Structural Eurocodes, Davos 1992. Pe aceasti baza, unele dintre organizatiile implicate, respectiv CEB, CIB, ECSS si o parte din ISSMFE, au realizat modele sau recomandéi pentru normele de calcul. in acest mod, s-au creat premizele necesare intocmirii si elaboririi- “Eurocodurilor Structurale“, urmirindu-se 0 armonizare a principiilor cadru pe doud directii, respectiv: -de-a lungul granitelor statelor participante la actiuni si -intre diferite materiale de constructii, metode de constructic, tipuri de clidiri si constructii ingineresti. Aceste criterii de armonizare au favorizat compatibilizarea normelor intre ele si obtinerea unor nivele de fiabilitate comparabile. La sffrgitul deceniului sapte, Comisia Comunitijii Europene a luat initiativa elaboriii Eurocodurilor, folosind activitatea de pregitire mentionati anterior. Sub conducerea Comitetului Conductor. din cadral Comisiei CE (CEC), primul proiect individual de tip Eurocode (pentru structuri metalice) a fost pregitit de un grup tehnic de Tucru in concordangi cu principiile de baz ale standardizirii, adicd cu 0 _participarea cuprinzitoare si reprezentativi a organizatiilor expert si a specialistilor. 2. Baza legala” principiile de functionare a Comunitiii Economice Europene a fost stabiliti prin Tratatul de la Roma, in 1957. Incepand din 1985, acest tratat a fost modificat si completat, printr-o serie de decizii in vederea creirii Pietei Europene Unice pind in 1992. Prin Actul European Unic din 1987, s-au pus bazele initierii procesului de armonizare la nivel comunitar a regulilor si normelor tehnice ca premiz a climinirii barierelor existente, din acest punct de vedere, in cadrul liberei circulatii a mirfurilor si a schimbului de servicii. Pentru a realiza si impune asemenea misuri, Comunitatea European acfioneaz4 in plan juridic printr-o Directiva a Consiliului. Prin Directiva Consiliului se definesc cerinfele esenfiale Ia nivelul produselor sau a instalatiilor, urmind ca, ulterior si fie elaborate specificati tehnice si. standarde de c&tre Organizatia Europeanii de: Standardizare (CEN/CENELEC). Dup& adoptarea acestor norme, in urma votului u Some of the organisations, such as‘CEB, CIB, ECSS and parts of ISSMFE, developed then models or recommendations for the material- related design codes based on the agreed common rules as mentioned above. Thus the technical basis was prepared for a formal establishment of the “Structural Eurocodes” with the aim of a two-dimensional harmonisation: -across the borders of states, -between different construction _ materials, construction methods, types of building and civil engineering works, 10 achieve full consistency and compatibility of the various codes with each other and to obtain comparable safety levels. Already at the ead of the seventies the Commission of the European Communities took the initiative for elaborating the Eurocodes by using the above preparatory work. Directed by a Steering Committee chaired by the EC Commission (CEC) the first drafts of the individual Eurocodes were prepared by technical working groups in accordance with the basic principles of standardisation, ie. with comprehensive participation of expert organisations and professions. 2. Legal Background” The Roman Treaties of 1957 establishing the European Economic Community have beea modified and amended since 1985 by essential decision taken in order to create the conditions for completing the Internal Market until 1992. On the basis of the European Single Act of 1987 it was intended to initiate a comprehensive harmonisation of technical rules and regulations in order to remove-among other things-technical barriers to the free movement of goods and to the exchange of services. For realising measures of this kind, the European Community disposes of the legal instrument of the Council Directive. A Council Directive defines the essential requirements for the range of products or plants to be regulated and refers, for the rest, to European technical specifications consisting, in general, of European standards established by the European Standard Organisation CEN/CENELEC. After adoption exprimat in cadrul Consiliul de Ministrii, printr-o Directiva a Consiliul acestea se transpun in legi nationale ale statelor membre. in sectorul constructiilor, armonizarea Ja nivel european se realizeazi prin urmitoarele documente: -Directiva Lucririlor Publice 89/440/EEC si -Directiva referitoare la Servicii (Proiect) Acestea stabilesc att principiile de functionare ale pietei in “domeniul constructiilor, cat si criteriile de elaborare a normelor tehnice. la si referitoare Iegilor, _normelor Directiva Consiliul interpretarea/corelarea decretelor din fZrile membre ale uniunii, in legitura cu industria de constructii este de prima ‘importanga. Ea se aplica intregului “sectorul de constructii” si, defineste de la inceput principalele cerint urmitoarele domenii - rezistenfa i stabilitate i - siguranta la foc - igien’, sinState si mediu inconjuritor -siguranfi in exploatare - protectia impotriva zgomotului -economia energiei si retinerea cildurii. Directiva Consiliului cu privire la industria de i oblig’ statele membre si ia masuri pentru_ca specificafiile tehnice europene, si devin’ valabile in aceste tari, urmind ca standardele si normativele _nationale corespunzittoare si fie retrase din folosinta dup’ © perioada stabilita. Mandatele date de CEC. citre CEN pentru armonizarea standardelor se bazeazi pe aga numitele Documente Interpretative. Directiva. Consiliului defineste prin aceste documente interpretative specificatiile tehnice ~ guropene in felul urmitor: _ Ga’ standarde armonizate, elaborate de CEN sau CENELEC, pe baza unor mandate date de cltre _ Comisia Comunitiii Europene (CEC) sau; ‘Sa aprobari tehnice europene, rezultate in urma ‘Wviaului statelor membre, in cazul in. care ipapisdcle armonizate nu exist. Tnfcorelare ‘cu “Nowa metodologie pentru armonizare tehni¢a si standardizare“ adoptata ® Britt Rezolutia Consiliului in mai 1985, actiunea within the Council of Ministers by weighted voting, a Council Directive has to be transposed into national law of the Member States. Jn the construction sector, -the Public Works Directive 89/440/EEC and -the Service Directive (Draft) are thus important for the harmonisation of technical rules, as in the request for tenders and placing of orders on public construction works and engineering services the harmonised European technical specifications have to be used as a technical basis. The Council Directive on the approximation of Jaws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to constructions products (CPD 89/106/EEC) is of central importance. It applies to the whole “construction sector” and defines right at the beginning the essential requirements in the following fields: -mechanical resistance and stability ~safety in case of fire -Aygiene, health and the environment -safety in use -protection against noise “energy economy and heat retention. The Council Directive oa Building Products obliges the Member States to take care that these European technical specifications become valid in their relevant countries and to withdraw their corresponding national standards or rules after a certain period of transition. The mandates given by the CEC to CEN for the establishment of a harmonised standard are based on the relevant “Interpretative Documents”. The Council Directive on Building Products defines in these interpretative documents the European technical specifications -as harmonised standards established by CEN or CENELEC, respectively, on behalf of a mandate given by the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) or; -as European technical approvals issued by the relevant approval bodies nominated by the Member States in cases where harmonised standards do not or not yet exist. With reference to the so-called “New Approach to. technical harmonisation and standards” adopted by a Council Resolution of May 1985 mo de realizare a Eurocodurilor a fost trecuta la sfarsitul anului 1989 in responsabilitatea Comitetului European de Standardizare. In mai 1990 CEN se creaza un nou Comitet Tehnic, CEN/TC — 250-“Eurocodurile _Structurale" Acestui comitet, ia fost dat mandatul pentru elaborarea Standardelor Europene pentru Constructii, avand ca obiect de activitate: “Standardizarea regulilor si metodelor de proiectare a structurilor pentru clidiri si constructii ingineresti tinand seama de legitura dintre normele de calcul, comportarea materiale si tehnologia de executie si control.* Programului TC 250 se bazeazii in principal pe urmitoarele date initiale: -pregitirea activitatilor preparatorii realizate la nivelul organizatiilor _profesional-stiintifice internationale in sectorul constructiilor; -normele de referinta ale Organizatiei Intemationale pentru Standardizare (ISO); -deciziilor luate de citre Comunitatea Europeana in legitura cu crearea Piefei Europene Unice, la care au aderat si tarile membre din Asociatia Europeana a Liberului Schimb (EFTA). 3, Programul EUROCODE in cadrul CEN/TC 250 Programul de lucru al CEN/TC250 se desfasoara conform: Documentelui Interpretativ IDI, mentionat anterior si in cadrul cooperirii dintre CEC si CEN. Printre. altele, in Documentul Interpretativ IDI se stipuleazi: “Eurocodurile vor servi.ca norme de referinfa, fiind supuse recunoasterii autoritatilor din statele membre, si are ca scop: . a) furnizarea criteriilor esentiale de verificare a structurilor pentru clidiri si lucrari ingineresti; b) asigura baza_tehnico-legala contractelor specifice de executic a lucririlor de constructii si serviciilor ingineresti c) asigura cadrul redactirii specificatiilor tebnice pentru materiale si produse utilizate in constructii... “Programul EUROCODE furizeazi in cadrul unui sistem coerent si cuprinzitor de norme, metode de proiectare variate si alte clemente specifice de proiectare importante in practica, acoperind toate tipurile’ de clidiri si, lucriri ingineresti, realizate din materiale de constructii diverse... Programul EUROCODE prevede, in total noua wv the further development of the Eurocodes was transferred, at the end of 1989, to the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN). In May 1990 CEN created a new Technical Committee, CEN/TC 250-"Structural Eurocodes” This Committee was given the mandate to elaborate Codes of Practice within the following scope: “Standardisation of structural design rules for building and civil engineering works taking into account the relationship between design rules and the assumption to be made for materials, execution and control.” The creation of TC 250 was mainly initiated by and based on, respectively the preparatory work done by international technical-scientific organisations inthe construction sector; -the relevant standards of the Intemational Organisation for Standardisation (ISO); -decisions taken in the European Community with respect to the creation of the European Jntemal Marke which was joined by the Member States of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). 3. The EUROCODE programme in CEN/TC250 The working programme complies with the given conditions of the above-mentioned Interpretative document ID 1 and is based on a special; agreement between CEC and CEN. Among other things, the following is specified: “The EUROCODES are intended to serve as reference documents to be recognised by the authorities of the Member States for the following purposes: a) as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential requirements; 2) as a basis for specifying contracts for the execution of construction works and related engineering services; ©) as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical - specifications fer construction products...” “The EUROCODE programme provides for a consistent and comprehensive system of structural design standards covering all types of building and civil engineering works in the differeat construction materials, the various construction methods and other aspects of design which are of general practical importance. ..”” The EUROCODE programme provides for a normative, cu urmétoarele destinatii: 4 EUROCODE 1 pentru actiuni in constructii EUROCODE 2 pentru structuri din beton, beton armat si beton precomprimat EUROCODE 3 + pentru structuri metalice EUROCODE 4 pentru structuri mixte EUROCODE 5 1 pentru structuri din lemn EUROCODE 6 pentru structuri din zidarie EUROCODE 7 pentru fundatii si inginerie geotehnica EUROCODE 8 pentru structuri amplasate in zone seismice EUROCODE 9 i pentra structuri din aluminiu. In textul Eurocodurilor se face distinctie intre principiile de baza si regulile de aplicare. Aplicarea. unui EUROCODE _ necesita intotdeauna respectarea principiilor, in timp ce |. regulile de aplicare pot fi inlocuite, in cazuri |; particulare, prin reguli sau metode echivalente _ |daca se arata ca acestea respecta principiile. In ‘acest fel se asigura o mai mare flexibilitate in japlicare, permitandu-se alternative in cadrul |jnormei. : ‘0 prima etapa, normativele si partile lor ie en se publica ca Norme Europene Provizorii sau Prestandarde (ENV). In 1992, Partea 1 a EC2, EC3, EC4 si ECS a fost pusa iyi Si i cans firma Pema pte "lanul de conversie din ENV in EN na de conversie din ENV in EN este total set of nine volumes according 10 the following classification: EUROCODE 1 for actions on structures (design loads) EUROCODE 2 for concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures EUROCODE 3 for steel structures EUROCODE 4 for composite steel and concrete structures EUROCODE 5 ‘for timber structures EUROCODE 6 for masomy structures EUROCODE 7 ‘for foundations and geotechnical engineering EUROCODE 8 for structures in seismic zones EUROCODE 9 for aluminium structures. In the ‘texts of the EUROCODES distinction is ‘made. between basic principles and rules for application. Compliance with a EUROCODE always necessitates the observance of the principles, whereas the rules for application can be replaced in the individual case by equivalent alternatives if it is shown that they satisty the principles. It is thus intended to provide 2 more flexible use by allowing deviations within the ‘scope of the EUROCODE. In a first step, the individual Codes and their relevant parts are published as European Prestandards (ENV). In 1992 EUROCODE 2, EUROCODE 3, EUROCODE 4 and probably EUROCODE 5-Part I one of each-was already available. The first parts of EUROCODE 1 was published in ENV version on October 1994. ‘After a test’ period; their transposition into EN standards is planned. 4. Planning for conversion from ENVs to ENs The flowchart of conversion scheme from ENVs to ENs is shown in Figure 1. The different EUROCODES were organised into four groups, from A to D, in order to manage the conversion activity. The time planning, for each ‘group, is given below. Groups of related parts for parallel conversion Group A-Basic buildings design and seismic This group comprises the parts dealing with the Basis of Design, essential loading (actions) v si specifice pentru constructiile din beton si otel, considerations, the general and building rules for precum si prevederi suplimentare pentru calculul concrete and steel construction and Ja seism a constructiilor (vezi tabelul 1) supplementary rules for earthquake resistance of buildings (see Table 1). Tabelul 1-Grupa A-Norme generale de proiectarea a clidirilor si proiectarea antiseism (Group A-Basic buildings design and seismic) Nr. EN Titlul prescurtat Sinteza observatiilor | *Perioada de conversie (Iuni) EN No. Brief Title dupa ancheta (2 ani) | *Conversion Period (months) Result of 2 yr. Enquiry EN 1991-1 [Bazele proiectiri ‘AUG 96 24 Basis of design EN 1991-2-1 |Densitati, etc. JUNE 97 24 Densities etc. EN 1991-2-3 | Incarcari din zipada JUNE 97 24 |Snow loads EN 1991-2-4 | Inctiretri din vant JUNE 97 24 Wind loads EN 1992-I-1 |Structuri beton-Generalitati ocr 95 40 Conerete-General EN 1993-1-1 |Structuri otel-Generalitati ocr 95 40 ‘Steel-General EN 1994-1-1 |Structuri mixte-Generalitati OCT 95 4 Composite-General EN 1998-1-1 | Seism-Generalitati MAY 97 28 Seismic-General EN 1998-1-2 |Seism-Cladiri MAY 97 28 Seismic-Buildings EN 1998-1-3 |Seism-Materiale MAY 97 28 Scisinic-Materials EN 1998-5 _|Seism-Fundatii MAY 97 28 - | Seismic-Foundations ‘Tabelul 2-Grupa B-Alte parfi generale si parfi cu privire la producfia de beton pentru construchit (Group B-Other general parts and parts related to concrete products for buildings) Nr EN Titlul prescurtat Sinteza observafiilor | *Perioada de conversie (luni) ENNo. Brief Title dup’ ancheta (2 ani) | “Conversion Period (months)| Result of 2 yr. Enquiry EN 1992-1-3 |Beton precomprimat 18 Precast concrete MAY 97 EN 1992-1-4 [Beton usor 18 : Lightweight concrete MAY 97 EN 1992-1-5 |Toroane in constructii 18 Tendons in buildings MAY 97 EN 1992-1-6 |Betonul simplu 18 Plain concrete MAY 97 EN 1995-1-1 |Lemn-Generalitati 36 Timber-General AUG 96 EN 1996-I-1 |Zid’rie -Generalitati 35 | Masonry-General SEPT 97 EN 1997-1 |Geotehnica-Generalitati 31 Geotechnics-General MAY 97 Ser qarvw pao le lee fe ex he it b 0 (saovnonv1) ous, SHOIWEA "VN ‘SOVNONY1 SaUHL AMNONE brie! a SLNGINWOD S808 Lt SINE: ZIOn remeavimonaos | | oUNtoNDLA a pate ea sLOlsatn Nowvavara ag sOaNa any stiaa 55 a : cn ob so : a: z S @sqvowe fur jsywowr+e jut] squows ‘ROW Zt ‘suow 9 ‘suo 9 S106 Z 5 < osroL SLOA 3 2] [eet] Games oe aie ah swaarean | | saionnvi || |uososaa saved xorisia® | | saqaarome eae ‘OL .LNaS SONRO sO TVAOUdEY nasal ‘SYaMSNV 8 é suinsat OL ANS ‘ONLLOA ®) TERANOD 3s ounoisoaa sunonsramm ] 2 § SLNGWNOO LOVES 2 Naso ey OL SuaanaN as AurTIEV VAY soNsv on suandmtsonaa |S Sa asandal+ a eee JaOvAON11 YO 5 4 ae Nd OL ANA WOW NOISUFANOOD YOs ONINNV'Td saqooounga (Tabelul 3-Grupa C-Calculul Rezistentei la foc a structurilor (Group C-Design for structural resistance to fire) Nr. EN Titlul prescurtat Sinteza observatiilor _[*Perioada de conversie (luni) ENNo. Brief Title dup ancheta (2 ani) “Conversion Period Result of 2 yr. Enquiry (months) EN 1991-2-2 [Actiunea focului OCT 97 22 Fire actions EN 1992-1-2 |Beton-Proiectarea la foc ocr 97 22 Concrete-Fire part EN 1993-1-2 | Otel -Proiectarea la foc ocr 97 2 Steel-Fire part EN 1994-1-2 |Mixte-Proiectarea la foc ocr97 2 Composite-Fire part EN 1995-1-2 |Lemn-Proiectarea la foc ocr97 2 Timber-Fire part EN 1996-1-2 | idarie -Proiectarea la foc ocr 97 22 Masonry-Fire part [Tabelul 4-Grupa D-Podun (Group D-Bridges) Rezultatele | *Perioada de conversie EN Title prescurtat | Publicarea ENV] —anchetei (uni) Brief Title ENV Published| _ Resultof | *Conversion Period Enquity (EST) (Months) EN 1991-2-5 | Actiuni termice FEB 97 ‘SEPT 99 24 Thermal actions EN 1991-2-6 |Incarcari din constructie | FEB 97 SEPT 99 24 Construction loads EN 1991-2-7 | Incarcari accidentale FEB 97 SEPT 99 24 | Accidental loads z EN 1991-3 | Incarcari din trafic MAR 95 oct 97 24 : | Traffic loads EN 1992-2 |Poduri din beton AUG 96 MAR 99 36 Concrete bridges EN 1993-2 |Poduri din otel SEPT 97 APR 00 36 Steel bridges EN 1994-2 |Poduri mixte : ocr 97 MAY 00 36 Composite bridges EN 1995-2. |Poduri din lemn AUG 97 MAR 00 30 : Timber bridges . EN 1998-2 | Actiunea seismului DEC 94 JULY 97 34 Bridges (Seismic) Alte proiecte Others Unmitoarele parti ale __prestandardelor The following EUROCODE prestandard parts are EUROCODE nu sunt incluse in grupele de mai not included in the above groups and generally sus si se ocupa in general de structuri speciale; deal with specialist structures and/or have ENV acestea vor parcurge sau nu perioada ENV. development period. . Table 5-Alte proiecte (Others) Proiecte Tithul Rezultatele anchetet Prestandard Title Results of Enquiry ) ENV 1991-4 | Actiuni asupra silozurilor si rezervoarelor DEC 97 [Actions on silos and tanks ENV 1993-4 | Silozuri si rezervoare din otel APR 99 Steel silos and tanks ENV 1998-4 _Silozuri, rezervoare si conducte (Seism) NOV 99 Silos, tanks and pipelines (Seismic) ENV 1991-5 | Actiuni -Macarale si masini SEPT 99 |Actions-cranes and machinery ENV 1993-6 | Structuri suport din otel pentru macarale AUG 00 [Steel crane supporting structures ENV 1992-3 | Fundafii din beton SEPT 99 Concrete foundations ENV 1993-5 Pile din otel SEPT 99 Steel piling ENV 1997-2 |Geotehnica- incerciri experimentale JULY 99 Geotechnics-Laboratory tests ENV 1997-3 |Geotehnica- incercairi pe teren JULY 99 A Geotechnics-Field tests ENV 1993-3 | Tumuri, stalpi inalti si coguri de fur din otel APROO ‘Steel towers, masts and chimneys ENV1998-3 | Turnuri, stalpi inalti si coguri de fun (Seism) APR99 Towers-masts and chimneys (Seismic) ENV 1992-4 | Beton-Rezervoare MAR 00 Concrete-Water containment structures ;, ENV 1993-1-3 [Elemente din otel cu pereti subtiri formate la rece NOV 98 Ls Cold formed steel in structures ENV 1993-1-4 | Structuri din otel inoxidabil APR99 ae Stainless steel in structures ENV 1996-1-3 | Incarcari laterale pe zidarii AUG 00 : Lateral loading on masonry Tipuri de zidarii AUG 00 ‘i Selection of masonry units 7 ENV 1996-3 | Reguli simplificatoare pentru zidarii AUG 00 FI Simplified rules for masonry 7 |Consolidarea si intretinerea constructiilor (Seism) MAR 98 Strengthening and repair of buildings (Seismic) Calculul structurilor din aluminiu-Generalitati MAY 00 Design of aluminium alloy structures-General Calculul structurilor din aluminiu-Proiectarea la foc MAY 00 Design of aluminium alloy structures-Fire design Aluminiu-Probleme speciale si oboseala MAY 00 Aluminium alloy-Special and fatigue ida. de conversie variazi_ datorita *The conversion periods appear disparate due to juluisi__complexitatii diferite a the need to reflect the varying size and lor ENV; se asteapta volumele cu complexity of the ENV documents-the afionale dup’ o ancheta de doi ani si anticipated volume/gravity of National fara o perioada de traducere sieditare. comments at 2 year Enquiry Stage and the extent of editing and translation work necessary. 5. Proiectul TEMPUS-Phare CME 01198 Principalul obiectiv al acestui proiect a fost de a publica si de a raspandi a institutiile importante din Romania cinci volume cu exemple si comentarii pentru cinei Eurocoduri Structurale. Tabelul 6 arata Eurocodurile selectate pentru aceasta activitate, institutiile care au fost implicate si editorii volumelor. 5. TEMPUS-Phare CME 01198 Project The main outcome of this project was to propose, Publish and disseminate in Romanian relevant institution of five volumes with worked examples on several Structural EUROCODES. Table 6 shows the selected EUROCODES for this activity, the invited institution and the volume editors. /Tabelul 6-EUROCODURILE selectate si institutiile partenere implicate (Selected EUROCODES and involvement of partner institution) EUROCODE Institutii implicate (Iavolved institutions) Editorii volumelor UE ROC) (Wolume editors) EC2 UL, NTUA, UN C.Bob (UPT) JA. Ghersi (UN) JA. Plumiere (UL) ‘C. Trezos (NTUA) UPT, UTC-N, UTI EC3 UL, NTUA, UN [D. Dubina (UPT) J. Rondal (UL) IL. Vayas (NTUA) ECS INSA UPT, UTGN, UTI] V. Pacurar (UTC-Ny J. M. Aribert (INSA) ECT CPC, CUL, TUB UTCB T. Manoliu (UTCB) A. Marcu (UTCB) EC8 UL, UN, NTUA, TUB 'D. Lungu (UTCB) UTCB, UPT F. Mazzolani (UN) S. Savidis (UTB) Legend: UL-University of Liege; NTUA-National [University of Iasi (Naples; INSA-Rennes; CUL-City University London; LCPC-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausses; TUB-TU Berlin; UPT-“Politehnica* University of Timisoara; UTC-N-Technical University of Cluj-Napoca; UTCB-Technical University of Construction Bucharest; UTI-Technical Technical University of Athens; UN-University of] Coordonatorul si contractantul proiectului adreseazi sincere mulfumiri tuturor autorilor implicati in aceasta activitate dificila, care are ca rezultat final publicarea a mai mult de 1600 de pagini cu aplicatii si comentarii utile si interesante (presupunem noi) privitoare la normele EUROCODE. Evidentiem in mod deosebit activitatea depusa de citre editorii de voliime, pentru organizarea si coordonarea stiintifica a echipelor de lucru. De asemenea, dorim sa mulfumim pe aceasta calé Comisiei Europene pentru asigurarea suportului financiar sia cadrului necesar in vederea publicarii acestor volume de mare interes pentru activitatea de constructii din Romania. Prof. Dan Dubina The ,,Politehnica“ University of Timisoara The Project Co-ordination and Contractor address their sincere thanks to all thé contributions involved in a such heavy work, which provides as a final results, more then 1500 pages with very interesting and useful EUROCODE applications and commentaries. They are especially grateful to the volume editors for the specific management and for their scientific co-ordination of the related working groups. We also wish to acknowledge the support of European Commission for publishing this volume of great interest for structural engineering activity in Romania. Prof. Jacques Rondal « The University of Liege CUPRINS PREFATA BAZELE PROIECTARU IN NORMELE EUROPENE Eurocodurile. Concepte de baza Conceptul general de proiectare Bazele proiectarii in EC2 si STAS 10107/0-90 Calculul structurilor in EC2 PRINCIPH PRIVIND STABILI- TATEA INCARCARILOR Stari limita ultime Stari limita de exploatare Exemple de calcul INCOVOIERE CU FORTA AXIALA Ipoteze simplificatoare Discutie asupradiagramei_ de deformatii specifice Sectiuni dreptunghiulare Sectiuni T Sectiuni circulare si inelare Exemple de calcul STAREA LIMITA ULTIMA DATORITA DEFORMATIILOR STRUCTURALE Introducere Clasificarea structurilor si elementelor structurale Date specifice pentru diferite tipuri de ‘structuri Stalpi izolati Exemple de calcul CALCULUL~ PLACILOR DE BETON ARMAT Domeniu Metode de calcul acceptabile Calculul liniar cu sau fara redistribuire Metode de calcul plastic Metode numerice de calcul neliniar Metode practice de calcul Exeniple de calcul CONTENTS PREFACE BASIS OF DESIGN IN EUROPEAN NORMS Eurocodes. Conceptual approach Basis of design. General concept Basis of design in EC2 and Romanian Norm Structural analysis in EC2 BASIS OF ACTION CALCULATION Ultimate limit states Serviceability limit states Design examples BENDING AND LONGITUDINAL FORCE Basic assumption Discussion on strain diagram Rectangular sections Flanged sections Circular and ring-shaped sections Design examples ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE INFLUENCED BY STRUCTURAL DEFORMATIONS Introduction Classification of structures and structural elements . Specific data for different types of structures Isolated columns Design examples ANALYSIS OF SLAB SYSTEM Area Acceptable methods of analysis Linear analysis. “with or redistribution Plastic methods of analysis Numerical methods of non-linear analysis Practical methods of analysis Design ex without 12 17 "30 36 36 39 40 50 50 51 52 67 69 n 83 83 85 89 96 108 108 109 109 110 Ww i 118 1 72 73 14 eS 81 82 83 84 85 8.6 87 91 9.2 93 94 95 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 uw Ld 2 113 M4 us 116 2 12.1 12.2 123 PROCEDEUL MODELELOR DE BARE Introducere Zone de tip B si D Procedeul de proiectare Dimensionarea barelor si nodurilor Exemple de calcul CALCULUL = LA FORTA. TAIETOARE Generalitati. Ipoteze de calcul Determinarea fortei taietoare de calcul Principii de verificare la forta taictoare Dispozitii constructive Exemple de calcul Strapungerea Exemple de calcul TORSIUNE Principii de calcul Torsiune pura Calculul sectiunilor compuse Torsiunea in complexe Exemple de calcul cadrul solicitarilor DURABILITATEA Introducere Mecanismele deteriorarii Clasele de expunere Proiectare si executie Un model al coroziunii armaturilor REZISTENTA LA FOC Securitatea la incendiu si rezistenta la foc Curba temperatura-timp Actiuni Valorile de calcul. pentru caracteristicile de rezistenta si deformare ale betonului si armaturii Metode de verificare a rezistentei la foc Exemple de calcul CONTROLUL FISURARIL STRUCTURILOR DIN BETON Consideratii generale Arii minime de armare Calculul deschiderii fisurilor THE STRUT-AND-TIE METHOD Introduction The structure's B and D-regions Design procedures Dimensioning the struts, ties and nodes Design Examples CHECK TO SHEAR FORCE General. Basic assumptions Design shear force Design method for shear Detailing provisions Examples Punching shear Examples TORSION Design principles Pure torsion e Pure torsion design for the section of complex shape Combined effects of actions Design examples DURABILITY Introduction Deterioration mechanisms Exposure classes Design and execution A model of reinforcement corrosion FIRE RESISTANCE Fire security and fire resistance Time-temperature curve Actions Design values of strength and deformation characteristic for concrete. \ and. reinforcement Verification methods for fire resistance Design examples CRACK CONTROL OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES General considerations Minimum reinforcement areas Calculation of crack width 136 136 136 137 138 142 155 155 156 158 167 167 178 179 186 186 186 191 192 195 211 211 212 216 218 221 224 224 224 226 228 230 242 247 247 248, 252 , Limitarea eforturilor in conditii de serviciu Controlul fisurarii fara calculul direct 124 12.5 12.6 Exemple numerice 13 CONTROLUL DEFORMATULOR LA STRUCTURILE DIN BETON ‘Aspecte ——privind problema deformatiilor Controlul deformatiilor fara calcul Controlul deformatiilor prin calcul Exemple de calcul 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 } i j i q PROIECTAREA STRUCTU- RILOR DIN BETON PRE- COMPRIMAT LA INCOVOIERE, FORTA —TAIETOARE SI TORSIUNE Consideratii teoretice Elemente precomprimate incovoiate pentru starea limita de rezistenta Proiectarea in. starea limita de rezistenta la forta taietoare Starea limita de rezistenta la torsiune Starea limita de exploatare Proiectarea unui element de beton precomprimat cu armatura preintinsa 14 )PREVEDERI DE ALCATUIRE Generalitati Armaturi pentru beton armat Elemente de pretensionare Limitarea defectelor provocate de E ceactiunile accidentale Limitation of stress under serviceability condition Control of cracking without direct calculation Numerical examples CONTROL OF DEFORMATIONS AT CONCRETE STRUCTURES Aspects regarding the problem of deformations Deformation control without calculation Deflection control by calculation Numerical examples DESIGN OF __ PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES FOR BENDING, SHEAR AND TORSION General aspects Bending pre-stressed concrete member design in the ultimate limit state Ultimate limit state design for shear Ultimate limit state design for torsion Serviceability limit state design Design of pre-stressing member with pretensioned tendons DETAILING PROVISIONS General Steel for reinforced concrete Pre-stressing units Structural members Limitation of damage due to. accidental actions 257 258 262 276 276 279 280 284 292 292 294 294 295 295 300 316 316 318 330 332 346 AUTORIT VOLUMULUI - AUTHORS Cap.2 Prof. Comeliu BOB - Timisoara Cap.3 Prof. Ovidiu MIRSU, Ing. Liana BOB - Timisoara Cap.4 Prof. Tudor CLIPI - Timisoara, Prof. Constantin TREZOS - Athens Cap. 5 Prof. Joan CADAR - Timisoara, Prof. Doina NOUR - Iasi Cap.6 Prof. Anton IONESCU, Ing. Calin MIRCEA - Cluj-Napoca Cap.7 Prof. Valeriu STOIAN, Ing. Luminita FEKETE - Timisoara Cap.8 Dr. ing. Agneta TUDOR - Timisoara, Prof. André PLUMIER - Liége Cap.9 Ing. Aurora FLOREA - Timisoara, 3 Prof. Ildiko BUCUR, Ing. Calin MIRCEA-Cluj-Napoca Prof. Comeliu BOB - Timisoara Prof. Comel FURDUI - Timisoara Prof. Nicolae FLOREA - Iasi Dr. ing. Stefan IOSIP-MOT, Dr. ing. Comel JIVA - Timisoara Prof. Traian ONET, Prof. Cornelia MAGUREANU - Cluj-Napoca Dr. ing. Aurel IRHASIU-Timisoara computerizata (er processing Ing. Emilian IORGOVAN 1, PREFATA Betonul este un material unic, fiind cel mai folosit la edificarea constructiilor. Aceasta realitate ridica importante intrebari despre cum pot fi proiectate, realizate si pastrate in viitor constructiile de beton armat la costuri acceptabile pentru diferite perioade de utilizare si, in acelasi timp, avand un aspect estetic multumitor. Pe de alta parte sunt necesare eforturi pentru incurajarea itoarelor dezvottari in domeniu. » Un posibil raspuns la aceste probleme cat si la altele care mai pot sa apara in viitor il reprezinta sistemul european de normative pentru structurile de beton. * Prezentul volum contine un apreciabil numar de exemple de calcul si teoria specifica fiecarui capitol, ambele in concordanta cu prevederile din Eurocodul 2 -EC 2- “Proiectarea structurilor din betén”. wutorii care -au conceput capitolele prezentei i apartin de corpurile profesorale de la arele scoli de construct “Universitatea “Politehnica” Timisoara 4 +Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca & -Universitatea Tehnica “Gheorghe Asachi” din jersitatea Tebnica Nationala din Atena, ersitatea Tehnica din Liege, Belgia 1 Prin acest volum se intentioncaza sa se faca principalele prevederi ale Eurocodului 2 cere de ingineri din Romania si nu acest considerent Iucrarea este scrisa in a si engleza. Capitolele din carte se principal la cele existente in EC 2. a cuprinde, de asemenea, referiri la sesentiale din normele romanesti si cele ‘europene privind structurile din beton entice speciala s-a acordat si unor mvar fi: Bazele pentru calculul sistemelor de bare; Rezistenta ig.capitole, Abordate succint in EC 2, Ta.0 mai buna receptare a intregului Tutilizat, atat cat a fost posibil, je si unitatile de masura din formulele, tabelele, figurile si lista MEG fost numerotate pentru fiecare fe Referirile 1a numerotarea ielor, figurilor si tabelelor din 1. PREFACE Concrete is ubiquitous and unique; it is the most used building and construction material. This raises important questions of how concrete should be designed, constructed and kept with all requirements for cost effective use in the short and long term. Equally, it must also be aesthetic presentation in structures and yet encourage further radical development. A possible answer at these questions and, other future aspects could be obtained from the European Regulation System for concrete structures. The present volume contains both numerical Examples and corresponding theory in accordance with Eurocode 2 -EC2 -Design of concrete Structures”. The chapters of the book were prepared by authors which are staff members of: ~Politehnica” University of Timisoara, Romania -Technical University of | Cluj-Napoca, Romania "Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Tassy, Romania National Technical University of Athens, Greece -University of Liege, Belgium This volume intends to make Eurocode 2 familiar to a wider circle of engineers from Romania and not only. For this reason the book was written in Romanian and English. The book briefly follows the corresponding chapters of Eurocode 2. The presentation referred not only to the provisions of EC2, but also to the: relevant provisions of the existing Romanian Code and other European National Norms on concrete structures, Special attention was paid to some subjects like: Basis of Actions Calculation; Strut and Tie Method; Fire Resistance. Such chapters, only scantily treated in EC2, will help the readers in understanding the other subjects of the book. The authors used, as it was possible, the symbols, notations and units from the Eurocode 2. The Formulas, Tables, Figures and References have been numbered, separately, to each chapter. The numbers of the chapters, formulas, figures and tables from EC2 and other references are written in “italics”. ‘The editors wish to thank all that contributed to EC2 si alte surse bibliografice sunt scrise in “italic”. Editorii doresc sa multumeasca tuturor celor care au contribuit la reusita realizarii acestei carti: autori, participanti la Seminarul de la Timisoara din Iulie 1996, sponsori, colectivul de tiparire si prof. O, MIRSU pentru sprijinul acordat la verificarea manuscrisului lucrarii. Totodata isi exprima speranta unei primiri volumului din partea cititorilor. Timisoara, ‘November 1996 the success of the Book, the authors, the participants to the Timisoara Seminar in July 1996, the sponsors, the publishers. Particular thanks must be given to prof. 0. MIRSU for his final check of the manuscript. Finally, they hope that the present volume will find a corresponding approval by the readers. Prof. Comeliu BOB 2.BAZELE PROIECTARII IN NORMELE EUROPENE 2.1 EUROCODURILE . CONCEPTE DE BAZA. Ideea realizarii unor modele pentru un set de “Coduri Intemationale”, in vederea proiectarii tuturor tipurilor de Structuri pentru constructii a aparut in 1974 si s-a bazat pe o intelegere intre mai multe organizatii tehnico-stiintifice. La Activitatile initiale de realizare a codurilor internationale au fost implicate urmatoarele organizatii stiintifice[2.7): (CEB-Comitetul Euro-International pentru beton FIP-Federatia Internationala pentru Beton Precomprimat aib‘eurocodurilor pentru structuri a avut, inca un’ caracter bidimensional (geografic si Giitélor'icoduri de proiectare in vederea tii de'siguranta comparabile [2.5]. ‘elaborarii Eurocodurilor pentru 2. BASIS OF DESIGN IN EUROPEAN NORMS 2.1 EUROCODES. CONCEPTUAL ‘APPROACH In the construction sector, the following associations are involved in the preparatory work for international standardisation: CEB-Euro-International Committee for Concrete FIP-International Federation for Prestressed Concrete IABSE-Intemnational Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering CIB-Intemnational Council for Building Research, Studies and Documentation RILEM-International Assoc. of the Testing and Research Lab. for Materials and Constructions ECCS-European Convention for Constructional Steelworks ICSS-Joint Committee and Structural Safety ISSMFE-International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. The technical basis was prepared for a formal establishment of the "Structural Eurocodes” with a two- dimensional harmonisation: across the border of states, between different construction materials, construction methods and types of buildings and civil engineering works [2.5}. Eurocodul 2, parte a sistemului de reglementari europene, are drept obiect cerintele esentiale privind rezistenta, exploatarea si durabilitatea constructiilor de beton armat si beton precomprimat. Unele dintre secventele mai importante ale elaborarii eurocodurilor in general si Eurocodului 2(EC2) in special sunt prezentate in tabelul 2.1. Etape ale elaborarii Eurocodului EC 2 Tabel 2.1 Anul Organizatii si obiective lobiectivul armonizarii normelor tehnice 1976 |Comisia Comunitatii Europene (CEC) _initiazal |Codul Model CEB/FIP 1978 1979 |Incepe elaborarea Eurocodului EC2 avand la bazal ltarziu): |EC1: Bazele proiectarii si actiunii in constructii Iprecomprimat [EC3: Structuri de otel JEC4: Structuri compuse otel-beton IECS: Structuri de lemn JECG: Structuri de zidarie 127: Fundatii si ingineri JEC8: Structuri in zone seismice IEC9: Structuri de aluminiu 1981 |O comisie a CEC stabileste programul pentru opi] |Eurocoduri (EC9 a fost propus pentru elaborare mail JEC2: Structuri de beton, beton armat si beton| 1984 [Elaborarea primului “Raport tehnic” al EC2 |Standardizare CEN pentru stabilirea unor si larmonizate 2 | Elaborarea primelor comentarii ale EC2 1987 [CEC “da -mandat” Comisiei Europene — de| 1989 _[Elaborarea si aprobarea raportului final ptr. EC2 lmandatate a definitiva Eurocodurile [European ENV”, aprobat de SC2 1990 CEN creeaza “Comitetul tehnie CEN/TC 250 |Eurocoduri pentru structuri cu 9 subcomitete SC| 1991 |Ec2 este elaborat in forma unui “Prestandard| 1992 JEC2-Partea I “Reglementari generale si reguli pentru lconstructii: este definitiva 10 Tn figura 2.1 este prezentata schema de alcatuire privind reglementarile tehnice europene pentru beton. Acestea se referales: la cerintele “esentiale privind rezistenta, exploatarea - si durabilitatea structurilor de beton. resistance, [durability of concrete structure, The political and legal background for Structural Eurocodes are presented in Table."2.1 ; more attention is paid to Eurocode 2 The objectiv of the future European Regulation System was born in 1976. The work on EC2 started in 1979 and was originally based on the CEB/FLP Model Code 1978 ‘A CEC Comission established lin 1981 the programme for a total lset of eight volumes (EC9 was later decided) of Eurocodes: ECI: for actions on structures EC2: for concrete,reiforced lconcrete and prestressed concrete structures EC3: for steel structures EC4: for composite steel and concrete structures ECS for timber structures ECS: for masonry structures EC7: for foundations and lgcotechnical structures, EC8: for structures in seismic [zones EC9: for aluminium structures A first draft for EC2 was [published in 1984. jin 1985, partly very detailed lcomments have been elaborated Jand were assessed in 1986 and 1987 by the Editorial Group for lc. A revised final Draft was lapproved in 1989. In 1990 Sub-. [Committee 2(SC2) of TC250 of ICEN was formed. EC2 was insued in form of an lEuropean Pre-Standard ENV at the end of 1991, and EC2-Partl Ihave been elaborated in 1992, In Figure 2.1 future regulation lsystem for concrete structures is lpresented. It is concerned with the sential requirements — for serviceability and 0g oajso4— nous Burys0q naan} ap dni 9M aayjiuuod puoras ‘waya 01d 0), Buiso} duc uso fig iSnua7 0stna juawa3 yd wows 430 tat NB “Buja0id “ uonnpos woyeq up ed * onan N09 SNIAYOM 9M + NMwOI MIM 30 an¥9 29S /0S231_'§ 701 31_ N39 2.1 Reglementari tehnice europene pentru beton pean Regulation system for concrete ot 2.2 CONCEPTUL GENERAL DE PROIECTARE In concordanta cu ECI, Cap.2/., comun tuttiror eurocodurilor, proiectarea, constructia. si intretinerea, vor asigura: -performante adecvate sub toate actiunile posi 4 -durabilitate adecvata in corelatie cu costurile de mentinere sub influenta tuturor actiunilor; -in cazul unor actiuni exceptionale, avariile care rezulta sa nu aiba un caracter disproportionat fata de cele care apar din alte. solicitari. In functie de consecintele economice si sociale ce apar la rupere exista trei clase de rise: Clasa 1: Risc scazut cu consecinte economice si sociale mici sau neglijabile Clasa 2: Risc mediu cu consecinte economice si sociale considerabile Clasa 3: Rise ridicat cu consecirite economice si sociale foarte mari 2.2.1. Principiile de proiectare la starile limita Starile limita sunt imaginate a fi marginile unui domeniu in interiorul caruia structura satisface criteriul de proiectare. Starile limita sunt definite a fi: ultime, care sunt asociate cu colapsul sau alte forme ale ruperii structurii. Starile limita de exploatare, corespunzand stadiului dincolo de care cerintele privind © exploatare normala nu mai sunt satisfacute, Pentru starile limita ultime si pentru cele de exploatare, la care depasirea uneia cauzeaza o degradare permanenta, cerintele de proiectare, pentru un caz simplu, sunt: : 8, SR, 1) valoarea de proiectare a efectului actiunii find: Sa=Syagsfy) (2.2) in care: Fy este valoarea de proiectare a unei actiuni, ag-valoarea de proiectare a unei marimi geometrice, fe-valoarea de proiectare a unei proprietati a materialului; 2.2 BASIS OF DESIGN. GENERA CONCEPT[2.5} “According to EC 1, Chap.2. structures shall be designe constructed and maintained t achieve: | -perform adequately under al expected actions; ~to Habe’ adequate durability in relatioij to maintenance costs; 1ot be Subsequently damage disproportionately to the original cause in fhe’ case of exceptional hazards. ; In function of economic and social consequences of failure theré are: Class 1: Low risk Class 2: Medium risk Class 3: High risk 2.2.1, Principles of limit state design Limit. states are the boundaries of a domain within which the structure is assumed to satisfy the design criteria and are classified into: Ultimate limit states which are those associated with collapse or with other forms of structural failure. Serviceability limit state are those associated with, specified service criteria for normal use. For the ultimate limit state and those serviceability limit states where the passage of a limit state causes_a permanent damage, the design requirements may be written by equation (2.1) and (2.2) for the simplest case, where: { Fg is the design value of an action, aq is the design value of a geometrical quantity, fa is the design value of a] 12 ‘material property; L iar valoarea de proiectare a rezistentei este: Wf Ry =Rlaysfy) @3) 4, Pentru celelalte cazuri ale starilor limita de exploatare, conditia de proiectare poate fi scrisa: Sy =S(Fyaqf,) SC @4y in care: Sa este valoarea de proiectare a unui efect relevant pentru starile limita de exploatare, cum ar fi deformatiile, intensitatea vibratiilor, deschiderea fisurilor etc.; *’ C-valoarea limita corespunzatoare efectului actiunii Sq “In tabelul 2.2 se prezinta, comparativ, starile limita dupa notmativul romanesc STAS 10107/0-90 si dupa prevederile din “FEC2. Se constata, urmatoarele diferente: un model diferit al clasificarii starilor limita; -absenta din standardul romanesc a prevederilor referitoare la a clementelor; (caracteristicaQy jcombinata y .Q, freeventa y,Q, vasipermanenta y ,Q, The design value Ry of the resistance may be obtained from equation (2.3) In other cases of serviceability limit states the design requirements can be written by equation (2.4), where: ‘Sq is the design value of an action effect relevant for the serviceability limit state as a deflection, the intensity of vibrations, a crack with etc., C is a limit condition corresponding to the action effect Ss. ‘A comparison between Romanian Norm, STAS 10107/0-90 and EC2 concerning the limit states is presented in Table 2.2. There are three main differences: -the principle of classification -no more requirements in Romanian Norm concerning the durability; inclined crack theory for shear resistance in Romanian Norm. 2.2.2 Basie variables Actions are classified function of ~ a) Time variation: -permanent actions Gy -variable actions with the values: characteristic Qu, combination y,Q,, frequent ‘WiQu, quasi-permanent y2Qx -accidental actions Ay in ) Spatial variation: fixed and free actions; ©) Structural response: static and dynamic actions 13, all Starile limita Limit state Tabel 2.2 EC2 1992 STAS 10107/0-90 1. Stari limita ultima ultimate limit state. Stari limit 'N 2. Stari limité de exploatare serviceability limit state 1, Stari limita ultim -pierderea echilibrului partial sau total al unei structuri; loss of equilibrium of the structure or only part of it . -cedarea prin exces de‘ deformatii, ruper pierderea stabilitatii ale unei parti sau intregi structuri (inclusiv reazemele si fundatiile); failure by excessive deformation, rupture or loss of| stability 2. Stari limita de exploatare: -deformatii ori deplasari care afecteaza aparent ori efectiv utilizarea structurii care caizeaza avarii elementelor de finisaj sau __nestructurale; deformations or deflections wich affect the appearence or effective use of the structure or cause damage to finishes or non-structural elements; vvibratii care cauzeaza discomfort oamenilor, distrugerea structurii sau constructiei in ansamblu ori limitari functionarii normale; vibration which causes discomfort to people, damage to the building or its contents; fisuri ale betonului care afecteaza durabilitatea, permeabilitatea sau/si aspectul; cracking of the coneret which is likely to affect appearance, durability or water tightness adver; -degradari ale betonului in prezenta unei coroziuni agresive care conduc la micsorarea durabilitatii; damaging of concrete in the presence of excessive compression which is likely to lead to Joss of durability. 1. Starea limita de rezistenta in sectiuni normale a elementelor solicitate 1a incovoiere compresiune excentrica si intindere excentrica, Ultimate limit state for elements resistance subjected to bending and axial load 2, Starea limita de rezistenta in sectiuni inclinate, Ultimate limit state for shear resistance (inclined crack theory). 3. Starea limita de rezistenta a elementelor solicitate 1a incovoiere cu torsiune. Ultimate limit state for torsion resistance 4, Starea limita de oboseala Serviceability limit state for fatigue 5. Starea limita de fisurare Serviceability limit state for cracking 6. Starea limita de deformatii ‘Serviceability limit state for deformations Proprietatile materialelor sunt definite de valorile caracteristice, notate fi,care corespund unui fractil ales pentru | represented . by their | distributia statistica a unei proprietati particulare a,materialului | characteristic value, f,, which. | (Cel mai folosit este fractilul 5%). O valoare caracteristica este | corresponds to an a priori asociata cu rezultatele determinarilor experimentale, efectuate | specified fractile of the assumed pe epruvete. Exemplificari privind stabilirea proprietatilor | statistical distribution of the. betonului si armaturilor vor fi prezentate la paragraful 2.3.1. Datele geometrice sunt afectate de deviatiile, mai mari sau mai mici, de la valorile inscrise intr-un proiect. Aceste deviatii | deviate from the measure: pot fi concentrate in urmatoarele trei grupe: 14 Material properties are } particular “property of the | material (usually 5%); testing, procedures for the determination of characteristic values shall be} specified (see 2.3.1). 4 Geometrical ‘data may’ specified in function -deviatii ale formei ‘si dimensiunilor geometrice ale {a1 structuri; iB -forma elementelor componente ale structurii; Fe -forma si dimensiunile sectiunilor transversale, suprafata reazemelor, legaturile diverse. ai {fe Datele geometrice sunt reprezentate de _valorile 3|% | caracteristice, notate a, care corespund, in general, celor -mentionate in proiecte. ni ‘| G 2.3. Valorile de proiectare Pentru efectuarea calculelor privind determinarea eforturilor a ‘dimensionare a elementelor, variabilele de baza sunt cu ' Rar Qs) fe =n fe Ye, (2.6) a,=a,tAa 7 jilui si respectiv datelor geometrice; sunt valorile caracteristice ale actiunilor, yr materialului si datelor geometrice; factori specifici pentru actiuni si proprietatile ultime, combinatiile considerate sunt: ‘tale si combinatii accidentale. -the overall shape and size of the structural system -the shape of the components -the shape and size of cross sections, support areas, connections etc. The geometrical data are represented by their characteristic values, ay, which usually correspond to these specified by the designer. 2.2.3. Design values The basic variables are introduced into the calculation ‘model with their design values. F, for actions fa for material properties ag for geometrical data ; See equations (2.5), (2.6) and (2.7) where: F.fj,a, are characteristic values of actions, material properties and geometric data Yeon are specific factors for actions and material properties; ‘ha-additive geometrical data ‘m. are conversion factors from laboratory data to those which are used in a structure design. 2.2.4. Combination of the actions Actions shall be combined so that they produce. the . most unfavourable effect on the structure for the limit state considered. For the ultimate limit state there are: fundamental combinations and accidental combinations. For fundamental combinations, the design value Sd is evaluated by the loads given in equation (2.8) (Table 2.3). 15 Valorile coeficientilor de siguranta pentru combinatii fundamentale Numerical values of specified factors for fundamental combinations. Tabel 2.: Coeficienti de siguranta Safety | Efect nefavorabil Unfavourable | Efect favorabil Favourabl coefficients effect effect ‘Actiuni permanente, Gy yor1.35 yo=1.0 Permanent action

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