HEART & HEART DISEASE

CHAPTER 11

Do you Know?
Normal Size (mass) of

heart?
Location/position of heart?
Enclosed by a doublemembrane sac?
(Pericardium)
How many beats/min?

General Anatomy
4 Chambers: 2 upper atria & 2

lower ventricles
Atria= collecting chambers;
softer
Ventricles = pumping
chambers; very muscular
Left ventricle = main pumping
chamber

Sounds of the Heart

Rhythmical & repetitive soundslub-dup
lub sound = closure of the atria-

ventricular (AV) valves as ventricles

contract (systole)
AV valves: right atrium = tricuspid valve
left atrium = bicuspid OR mitral
dup sound= closing of both semilunar
valves when ventricles undergo relaxation
(diastole)
Semilunar valves-located between 2
ventricles (in pulmonary artery & aorta)

General Rule
Both ventricles contract at

same time and both relax at

same time
Same for atria
If not, could be a heart
murmur

Heart Murmurs
Incompetent valves: leak; allow

back-flow of blood
Stenosed valves: narrow;
slowing blood flow from heart
chamber
Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP):
valve that extends back into
_____ atrium

Function of heart
R & L sides act as separate pumps:

DOUBLE PUMP
R. side collects de-02 blood > lungs
(PULMONARY Circulation)
L. side collects 02-rich blood > aorta
> body (SYSTEMIC Circulation)
Coronary Circulation: 02-rich blood
to cardiac muscle by R & L coronary
arteries

Cardiac Circuits

If coronary arteries blocked

Myocardial Infarction- Heart

Attack
Atherosclerosis: hardening &
blockage of arteries (plaques)
Causes??
High-cholesterol, high-fat diets,
smoking, hypertension, obesity

Heart Attack &

Atherosclerosis

Coronary Bypass Surgery

Needed if coronary artery

blood flow is restricted

Veins removed from other
areas of body & used to
bypass partial blockages
Femoral vein or Deep
Saphenous vein in legs

Bypass Surgery

Why the Heart Contracts pg. 355

Intrinsic conduction (NODAL)
system
Nodes made of muscle/nervous
tissue
Sinoatrial (SA) node = pacemaker;
located in R. atrium
Atrioventricular (AV) node; at
junction of atria & ventricles > AV
Bundle > bundle branches >
Purkinje fibers

Intrinsic Conduction System

Heart Arrhythmia
abnormal heart rhythm
Bradycardia; slow rhythm; less
than 60 beats/min
Tachycardia; rapid heart
rhythm; over 100 beats/min.
May have to insert
artificial pacemaker

Congestive Heart Failure

(CHF)
Left-sided heart failure
L. ventricle cant pump

blood effectively

Major Arrhythmias of the

Heart
Atrial Fibrillation abnormal
contraction of atria (can control
with meds.)
Ventricular Fibrillation can be
DEADLY Why? (shock
w/defibrillator)

Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Depolarization = time
immediately before
contraction
Repolarization = time
immediately before relaxation

Waves

Route of Blood

De-02 blood enters via superior &

inferior vena cava > R. atrium >

(tricuspid valve) > R. ventricle >
Pulmonary arteries > Lungs >
Pulmonary veins > L. atrium >
(bicuspid/mitral valve) > L. ventricle
> Aorta > Body
Arteries (thicker) serve, Veins
(thinner) Drain
Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries >
Venules > Veins