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Dosimetry
Model)
Orbiting electron e (- ve)
Only allowed certain
discrete energy.
define shells or energy
levels
P +N = A (mass no)
No of protons =Z
(atomic no)
K, L, M, N..etc
Max e- shell formula : 2n2
Nomenclature: A
Z
X
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(build electrons)
1. e- & e- neutrino
2. muon & muon neutrino
3. tau & tau neutrino
Standard Model
of Matter Particles
(building blocks of atoms)
Quarks
(build protons, neutron...etc)
1. Up & down
2. Charm & strange
3. Top & bottom
Boson
(carrier of the fundamental forces in the universe)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Potential energy
increases (from
inner to outer
valence)
Amu
e- = 0.000548 amu
p+ =1.00727 amu
neutron = 1.00866 amu
E = mc2
Where m = 1.66 x 10-27 kg.
C = 3x108 m/sec , therefore
E = hv
= hc
Energy at rest
e- energy at rest = 0.511MeV
Total energy
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Ionizing
Has enough energy to ionize matter
directly or indirectly
Radi
ation
Non-ionizing
Cannot ionize matter,
energy lower than ionizing
potential
Linear Accelerator
(LINAC)
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Production of
Ionizing photon
Manufactured source
1.X-ray tube
2.Linear Accelerator
(basic principle: e- accelerating onto a metal target to produce photons)
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X-ray Tube
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Linear accelerator
(the very
basic)
RF Source
Waveguide
Electron gun
Bending
magnets
Flattening
filter
Target
Primary
collimator
collimators
http://www.irsn.fr/fr/professionnels_sante/documentation/documents/syllabus_chapitre_5.pdf
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Radiat
ion
intera
ction
e-
conversion of photon
into a moving electron
(e- then goes on to
ionize the medium)
scattering of a photon by a
(free) electron that leads to a
moving electron and a lower
energy photon (most important
in radiotherapy)
conversion of a photon into a
matter/antimatter pair of electrons.The two
moving electrons share the remainder of
the initial photon energy. Eventually the
Characteristic x-rays
positron annihilates at the end of its range
Bremstrahlung
giving two 511 keV photons (important in
SPECT and PET imaging)
http://ozradonc.wikidot.com/photon-interactions
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Dominance of process
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/nuclear-engineering/22-01-introduction-to-ionizing-radiation-fall-2006/lecture-notes/energy_dep_photo.pdf
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Mv or MeV??
To produce a 6MV photon in linac you need a 6MeV electron but the output would be in a
spectrum with max energy of 6MeV (photon).
Therefore for convenience we refer
to photon from x-ray tube using its electric
potential (MV or kV)
Electron output and radioisotope has
mono-energetic energy and is correctly termed
as keV or MeV
(*e- output in LINAC is produce but removing target and flattening filter)
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Segre Chart
Radioactivity
Alpha
Nucleus too big
Neutron rich
Beta
Too many protons or
too many neutrons
Stable
Decay mode
Gamma
Unstable parent
unstable atomic nuclei dont have enough
binding energy to hold the nucleus together
due to an excess of either protons or
neutron
http://algebralab.com/practice/practice.aspx?file=Reading_TheBandOfStability.xml
Proton rich
- Alpha Decay
During alpha decay, an atom's nucleus sheds two protons and two
neutrons in a packet that scientists call an alpha particle.
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-Beta Decay
Beta+ (positron)
a proton decays into a
neutron, a positron, and a
neutrino
Electron Capture
decay by capturing one of
Gamma
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Formula
s
Half life, T
1/2
Decay constant,
Activity,
ln2/
= ln2/T1/2
A = A0e-t