Group Project Aura Michelle Sylvia Compressed

Water
Sampling Group Project

Site TM002

April 15, 2016
Aura Carballo, Michelle Gluck, Sylvia Chinazo
ENVR 9103 Environmental Analysis II
Annie Michaud

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

Table of Contents

1.
Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3
2. Study Area ....................................................................................................................... 3

2.1. Background Information ................................................................................................ 3
2.2. Current and Historic Land Use ........................................................................................ 5
2.3. Watershed Information .................................................................................................. 8
2.4. Soil Type and Surficial Geology ....................................................................................... 9
3. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 10
3.1. Equipment List .............................................................................................................. 10
3.2. Field Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 10
3.3. Field Methods Used for Determining Field Parameters ............................................... 11
3.4. Field Methods Used for Determining Stream Flow ...................................................... 11
3.5. Analytical Methods Used for Determining Chemical Parameters ................................ 12
3.6. Health and Safety ......................................................................................................... 12
3.7. Quality Assurance/Quality Control ............................................................................... 13
4. Results ........................................................................................................................... 13
4.1. Field Chemistry ............................................................................................................. 13
4.2. Stream Flow .................................................................................................................. 13
4.3. Analytical Results .......................................................................................................... 14
4.4. Contaminant Loading Calculations ............................................................................... 15
4.5. Comparison to Relevant Guidelines ............................................................................. 15
5. Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 16
5.1. Limitations .................................................................................................................... 17
6. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 17

References

Appendices

Appendix A - Field Sheet
Appendix B - HASP
Appendix C - Laboratory Analysis
Appendix D - Chain of Custody
Appendix E - Site Photographs

April 15, 2016

1. Introduction

Water quality assessments are essential for determining the conditions of a watercourse and
whether or not that watercourse requires remediation to restore it to baseline conditions. In this
study, the conditions of a particular watercourse in the Niagara region were assessed using field
and laboratory methods to determine stream flow, contaminant loadings, and potential
contaminant sources impacting the watercourse.

2. Study Area

2.1. Background Information

The study site, hereinafter referred to as Site TM002, is located within Two Mile Creek
Conservation Area in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario where the creek intersects with Butler Street.
The Site is approximately 250 metres from Niagara Stone Road (i.e. Highway 55). UTM
coordinates are 655114.00 m E and 4790496.00 m N located within Zone 17. The elevation of the
site is approximately 92 metres. Site TM002 is located within a residential neighbourhood and is
part of a recreational area which locals use for dog walking, jogging, etc. Photographs of Site
TM002 can be found in Appendix E. Because Site TM002 is part of the Two Mile Creek
Conservation Area, it is densely covered with trees and other vegetation. However, because this
study was conducted in early spring, vegetation was still covered with snow. Figure 1 and Figure
2 below show map and satellite views of Site TM002 (identified by a red dot).

April 15, 2016
Figure 1. Site TM001 in relation to Niagara Stone Road.
April 15, 2016
Figure 2. Satellite view of Site TM002 during the summer months. Note the heavy vegetation
within the Two Mile Creek Conservation area.

2.2. Current and Historic Land Use

As previously mentioned, Site TM002 lies within a residential area. It is currently used for
recreational purposes by residents in the area. There are no buildings located directly on Site
TM002, however there is a sewer pipe that flows into the creek in the study area which can be
identified in Appendix E. Historical land use of the Site and its surroundings was interpreted from
aerial photographs obtained from Google Earth. Three aerial photographs were obtained from
1934, 2003 and 2015. In all three photographs, it can be seen that Site TM002 remains relatively
unchanged although there are changes to the surrounding properties.

April 15, 2016
Figure 3. Map of Site TM002 in the year 1934.

In 1934, the surrounding area was undeveloped croplands. There appears to be little or no houses
or other buildings on or nearby Site TM002. Two Mile Creek can be easily observed in this
photograph due to only a small amount of trees in the area.

April 15, 2016

In 2003, the surrounding area is residential. There appears to be some ongoing development in
the northernmost portion of the photograph. Two Mile Creek is not easily visible as there is an
abundance of trees surrounding the conservation area.

April 15, 2016

In 2015, more houses have been built in the surrounding residential area. There appears to be
development occurring in the southernmost portion of the photograph. The conservation area is
still overgrown with trees.

2.3. Watershed Information

Site TM002 lies within the Niagara-on-the-Lake watershed and within the Two Mile Creek subwatershed. The Niagara-on-the-Lake watershed is approximately 137 km2 in area and consists of
39% mixed silt and loam, 30% mixed clay and loam, 16% developed areas, 14% mixed sand and
loam, 0.2% water and <1% upland escarpment. The land uses within the Niagara-on-the-Lake
watershed are agricultural (grape and greenhouse operations), urban and residential within the
city of Niagara-on-the-Lake and some minor aggregate operations, commercial development and
food processing. The watershed does have some in-stream barriers in place to prevent salmon
migration (Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority, 2012).

April 15, 2016
Figure 6. Extent of the Niagara-on-the-Lake watershed.

Figure 7. Extent of the Two Mile Creek sub-watershed.

2.4. Soil Type and Surficial Geology

The soil present at Site TM002 is classified as BFO12/B (Brantford). Brantford soils are usually
classified as Brunisolic Gray Brown Luvisols and are composed mainly of lacustrine silty clay with
moderately well drainage. They have relatively high water-holding capacities but can exhibit
droughtiness in the summer months. In the Niagara region, Brantford soils are mainly used for
field crops such as corn, soybeans, winter wheat and spring grains as well as some hardy fruits
April 15, 2016

(e.g. apples). Because surface runoff is rapid on Brantford soils, structural stability is a concern.
Generalized horizon characteristics of Brantford soils are summarized in the following table:

Table 1. Generalized horizon characteristics of BFO soils (Kingston & Presant, 1989).
Horizon
No. of
Samples
Ap
Bm
Bt
Ck
20
8
18
18
Depth to
Horizon
Base (cm)
18
43
51

Gravel
%
Sand
%
VF
Sand %
0
0
0
0
13
11
8
6
5
3
2
1
Silt %
51
51
45
45
Clay %
Texture
36
38
47
49
SICL
SICL
SIC
SIC
Organic
Matter
%
3.7
1.8
1.3
0.2
pH in
CaCl2
CaCO3
%
6.4
6.0
6.3
7.6
1.1
1.0
0.4
15.0

The quaternary geology of Site TM002 is described as modern alluvium consisting of clay, silt,
sand and gravel with organic matter (14). The bedrock geology of Site TM002 consists of shale,
limestone, dolostone and siltstone from the Queenston Formation (52a) of Upper Ordivician age.
The Queenston Formation is the topmost Ordivician layer in Southern Ontario and overlies the
Georgian Formation.

3. Methodology

3.1. Equipment List

The following lists of equipment were used during the collection of field parameters and stream
flow data as well as in-class laboratory analyses:

Field Parameters
Stream Flow
Ultrameter
Measuring tape
Velocity metre
Metre stick
One 500 mL general
chemistry bottle
Two small plastic Exova
bottles
One small E. coli bottle
Hip waders
Nitrate Analysis
One 5 mL test tube
Nitrate #1 tablet
Nitrate #2 tablet
Nitrate Octa-Slide
2 Viewer
Chloride Analysis
Two 10 mL sample cells
Deionized water
Pipet
Ferric Ion Solution
Mercuric Thiocyanate
Solution
Spectrometer

3.2. Field Data Collection

Water samples from Two Mile Creek at Butler Street in Niagara-on-the-Lake were collected by
Aura Carballo, Michelle Gluck and Sylvia Chinazo on April 5, 2016 at approximately 10:46 AM.
Weather conditions were -4C and mostly sunny. UTM coordinates were 655114.00 m E and
4790496.00 m N located within Zone 17. The observed immediate land use was recreational, as
the Site was located within a park area. The surrounding land use was residential. Erosion was
present on the banks around the creek and the substrate was observed to be rocky, muddy soil
with little vegetation due to snow cover. Samples were obtained by placing a 500 mL general
chemistry bottle directly into the stream at the surface facing the direction of the water flow.
April 15, 2016
10

Water colour was transparent with no odour. The channel width was measured to be
approximately three metres.

Figure 8. Quick sketch of Site TM002 drawn while in the field.

3.3. Field Methods Used for Determining Field Parameters

Field parameters including pH, temperature and conductivity were measured in-situ using an
Ultrameter. Dissolved oxygen was not measured due to technological issues. The Ultrameter cell
was rinsed several times and was filled with stream water to calculate the field parameters. Field
parameters were taken three times to ensure accuracy. A total of five sample bottles were filled
with stream water for laboratory analysis. This included one 500 mL general chemistry bottle,
two small plastic Exova bottles and one small E. coli bottle. Although the E. coli bottle was filled,
it was not sent to the laboratory for analysis due to time constraints. Thus, an E. coli analysis was
not completed for Site TM002. The other sample bottles were sent to Exova laboratories for
metals and total phosphorus analyses. The Chain of Custody was completed by the instructor. A
copy of the Chain of Custody can be found in Appendix D.

3.4. Field Methods Used for Determining Stream Flow

Stream flow was calculated using the panel method. The wetted width of the channel was
measured to be three metres using a measuring tape. The wetted width was divided into five
equal panels each panel was 0.6 metres (or 60 centimetres) in width. Depth and velocity were
measured at the halfway point of each individual panel (e.g. for Panel 1, depth and velocity were
measured at 0.3 metres or 30 centimetres). Depth was measured by placing a metre stick directly
April 15, 2016
11

into the stream and velocity was measured using a velocity metre. To calculate the panel area of
each individual panel, the width of each panel (i.e. 0.6 metres) was multiplied by each depth.
Finally, the flow rate for each panel (m3/s) was calculated by multiplying panel area by velocity.

3.5. Analytical Methods Used for Determining Chemical Parameters

Nitrate analysis and Chloride analysis were completed in the Niagara College laboratory directly
after obtaining samples from Site TM002. The nitrate analysis was completed using the Lamotte
Nitrate Test Kit. The Chloride analysis was completed using the HACH Spectrometer Method for
Chloride (Mercuric Thiocyanate Method).

To determine the ppm nitrate using the Lamotte Nitrate Test Kit, a 5 mL test tube was filled with
sample water. One Nitrate #1 tablet was added to the test tube and the test tube was capped.
The test tube was mixed until the tablet disintegrated. One Nitrate #2 tablet was added to the
same test tube. The test tube was inserted into a protective sleeve and was capped and mixed
for two minutes until the tablet disintegrated. A waiting period of five minutes was followed after
the tablet had disintegrated. The test tube was then inserted into a Nitrate Octa-Slide 2 Viewer
to match the test tube sample colour to a colour standard. The colour was recorded as ppm
nitrate.

To determine the mg/L chloride using the HACH Spectrometer Method, two 10 mL square sample
cells were filled. One cell was filled with sample water while the other was filled with deionized
water (i.e. the blank). Approximately 0.8 mL of Mercuric Thiocyanate Solution was inserted into
each cell using a pipet. The cells were swirled to mix. Approximately 0.4 mL of Ferric Ion Solution
was then inserted into each cell using a pipet. The cells were swirled again to mix. An orange
colour began to develop, indicating the presence of chloride. A waiting period of two minutes
was followed to allow the reaction to take place. The blank was then inserted into the
spectrometer to zero the spectrometer. The prepared sample was then inserted into the
spectrometer. The results were recorded as mg/L Cl-.

As previously mentioned, an E. coli analysis was not completed for Site TM002 due to time
constraints.

3.6. Health and Safety

There were several health and safety concerns that had to be addressed prior to going out into
the field at Site TM002. For this reason, a Health and Safety Plan (HASP) was prepared. The HASP
can be found in Appendix B. These health and safety concerns originated primarily from the fact
that field work was to be conducted near flowing water. There are always safety hazards when
conducting field work near water. The likelihood of slipping on wet surfaces is great if one is not
paying sufficient attention. In addition, one could also accidentally fall into the water which may
lead to hypothermia or drowning in dire situations. It was important to mitigate these hazards
by conducting field work carefully and mindfully while being aware of surroundings at all time.
Group members supervised each others actions to ensure that someone was paying attention
April 15, 2016
12

at all times. When collecting stream flow data, hip waders were worn to ensure that the cold
temperature of the stream water was not an issue.

In addition to physical water hazards, the potential of water contamination also posed health
hazards to the group members who were sampling and pouring the water into the bottles. To
prevent dermal contact with the water and eradicate any contamination risks, group members
wore Nitrile gloves and made sure to seal the bottles securely.

Nitrile gloves were also worn during in-class nitrate and chloride analyses to eradicate any
contamination risks.

3.7. Quality Assurance/Quality Control

Measures were taken to ensure Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) throughout all stages
of water sampling and analyses. Before using the Ultrameter to measure field parameters, the
Ultrameter cell was rinsed three times before use to ensure proper decontamination measures.
Field parameter data was taken three separate times using the Ultrameter to ensure that results
were accurate. Nitrile gloves were worn during sampling directly from the creek and while
pouring the water into individual bottles. Group members made sure to not touch the insides of
the lids or water bottles while pouring the samples to minimize any risks of contamination. The
bottles were sealed and placed in a Ziploc bag for transport back to the laboratory.

Back in the laboratory, Nitrile gloves were used again while performing nitrate and chloride
analyses. Samples that were to be sent to Exova laboratories for metals and total phosphorus
analyses were labelled with the correct time, date and sample I.D. number. The Chain of Custody
was filled out by the instructor to ensure accurate completion.

4. Results

4.1. Field Chemistry

Table 2 below displays the results for pH, temperature and conductivity at Site TM002:

Table 2. Field chemistry measured at Site TM002.
pH
Temperature
Conductivity
Dissolved Oxygen
8.14
1.7C
896.5 S
N/A

4.2. Stream Flow

Table 3 below displays the stream flow calculations at Site TM002:

Table 3. Stream flow calculations measured at Site TM002.
Transect Width (m)
Depth (m)
Panel Area (m2)
Velocity (m/s)
Flow (m3/s)
April 15, 2016
13

1
2
3
4
5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.35
0.36
0.41
0.25
0.20
0.210
0.216
0.246
0.150
0.120
0.640
0.670
0.890
0.705
0.180
0.1344
0.1447
0.2189
0.1103
0.0216

4.3. Analytical Results

Nitrate was calculated to be 8 ppm. Chloride was measured to be 0.8 mg/L Cl-. Table 4 below
shows the results for metals and total phosphorus for Site TM002 determined by Exova. The
Exova laboratory report can be found in Appendix C.

Table 4. Metals and total phosphorus at Site TM002.

Lab I.D.
1233744

Sample Matrix
Water

Sample Type

Sampling Date
2016-04-05

Sampling I.D.
TM002

Group
Analyte
MRL
Units
Metals
Ag
0.001
mg/L
<0.0001

Al
0.01
mg/L
0.61

B
0.01
mg/L
0.06

Ba
0.01
mg/L
0.05

Be
0.0005
mg/L
<0.0005

Cd
0.0001
mg/L
<0.0001

Co
0.0002
mg/L
0.0002

Cr
0.001
mg/L
<0.001

Cu
0.001
mg/L
0.002

Fe
0.03
mg/L
0.38

Mn
0.01
mg/L
0.04

Mo
0.005
mg/L
<0.005

Ni
0.005
mg/L
<0.005

Pb
0.001
mg/L
<0.001

Si
0.1
mg/L
3.5

Sr
0.001
mg/L
0.578

Ti
0.01
mg/L
0.02

Tl
0.0001
mg/L
<0.0001

V
0.001
mg/L
0.001

Zn
0.01
mg/L
<0.01
Nutrients
Total P
0.005
mg/L
0.052

April 15, 2016
14

4.4. Contaminant Loading Calculations

Contaminant loading was calculated using the following equation:

*'
*'
!
!"#$%&' ( ) = ."&./&01#0%"&
2 34"5( )
+
!
+

Flow rate was determined by averaging all five flow rates calculated using the stream panel
method. It is important to note that 1 ppm is equal to 1 mg/L (for nitrate). Flow rates in m3/s
were converted into L/s by multiplying by 1000.

Table 5 below shows contaminant loading calculations for chloride, nitrate and total phosphorus
at Site TM002.

Table 5. Contaminant loading calculations for Site TM002.
Contaminant
Concentration
Average Flow (L/s)
Contaminant
(mg/L)
Loading (mg/s)
Chloride
0.8
125.98
100.78
Nitrate
8
125.98
1007.84
Total phosphorus
0.052
125.98
6.55

4.5. Comparison to Relevant Guidelines

Nitrate and chloride concentrations for Site TM002 were compared to the Canadian Water
Quality Guidelines (CWQG). Metals and total phosphorus concentrations were compared to the
Ontario Provincial Water Quality Objectives (PWQO). Table 6 below identifies the concentrations
that exceed the CWQG and PWQO.

Table 6. Comparison of Site TM002 concentrations to CWQG and PWQO.
Analyte
PWQO Standard CWQG Standard
Site TM002
Exceedance?
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(Y/N)
Chloride

100
0.8
No
Nitrate

13
8
No
Al
0.075

0.61
Yes
Fe
0.30

0.38
Yes
Total P
0.02

0.052
Yes

4.6. Comparison to Historic Data

The 2016 metals and total phosphorus concentrations for Site TM002 were compared to those
concentrations found for Site TM002 in 2015. Table 6 below shows the comparisons.

April 15, 2016
15

Table 7. Comparison of 2016 and 2015 metals and total phosphorus data for Site TM002.
Contaminants are highlighted in yellow. Increased concentrations from 2015 are in red.

Lab I.D.
1233744
1167804

Sample Matrix Water
Water

Sample Type

Sampling Date
2016-04-05
2015-04-08

Sampling I.D.
TM002
TM002

Group
Analyte
Units
Metals
Ag
mg/L
<0.0001
<0.0001

Al
mg/L
0.61
0.32

B
mg/L
0.06
0.07

Ba
mg/L
0.05
0.04

Be
mg/L
<0.0005
<0.0005

Cd
mg/L
<0.0001
<0.0001

Co
mg/L
0.0002
0.0002

Cr
mg/L
<0.001
<0.001

Cu
mg/L
0.002
0.003

Fe
mg/L
0.38
0.28

Mn
mg/L
0.04
0.07

Mo
mg/L
<0.005
<0.005

Ni
mg/L
<0.005
<0.005

Pb
mg/L
<0.001
<0.001

Si
mg/L
3.5
1.4

Sr
mg/L
0.578
0.590

Ti
mg/L
0.02
<0.01

Tl
mg/L
<0.0001
<0.0001

V
mg/L
0.001
<0.001

Zn
mg/L
<0.01
<0.01
Nutrients
Total P
mg/L
0.052
<0.03

5. Discussion

Site TM002 exceeded the Ontario Provincial Water Quality Objectives in concentrations of
aluminum and iron and exceeded the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines in concentration of total
phosphorus. Site TM002 did not exceed the acceptable concentration levels of nitrate and
chloride. Possible sources of excess aluminum and iron could be from industrial effluents and
stormwater runoff. Possible sources of excess total phosphorus are likely from fertilizers and
sewage. Due to the nature of the area (i.e. residential and agricultural), people are likely using a
lot of fertilizer both on their lawns and to grow crops such as in local vineyards.

April 15, 2016
16

In comparison to analytical data for Site TM002 in 2015, concentrations of aluminum, barium,
iron, silicon, titanium and total phosphorus have increased noticeably within the past year. The
most obvious of the three is total phosphorus. Total phosphorus is a concern because it leads to
excess algal growth and eutrophication. This can have negative implications on aquatic life that
reside in the watercourse.

In terms of meeting the objective of the study (i.e. to determine the water quality at Site TM002
and whether it requires remediation), it is evident that the Site is contaminated due to its
aluminum, iron and total phosphorus exceedances. Although the nitrate and chloride
concentrations have not surpassed the CWQG, it is likely that they may surpass them in the near
future.

5.1. Limitations

There were several limitations to the study. It is important to note that the study was conducted
in early spring, where surface runoff is generally highest. This may have affected the
concentrations of nitrate, chloride, metals and total phosphorus that were found in Site TM002.
A further limitation of the study is that there were aspects that were subject to human error.
Although QA/QC measures were taken to eradicate the potential of contamination as much as
possible, there is still always the possibility that there was some contamination while samples
were being taken and prepared to be sent for laboratory analysis. In addition, the in-class
laboratory testing for nitrate and chloride could have been subject to errors by the group
members that were performing them. A final limitation is that nitrate and chloride values for the
previous year were not available, so comparison could not be made in that regard.

6. Conclusion

This study was conducted to determine the water quality at Site TM002 located at Two Mile
Creek at Butler Street in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario and to determine if the Site requires
remediation. Water quality was determined by obtaining samples of the water at Site TM002,
determining stream flow, calculating nitrate and chloride concentrations and determining metal
and total phosphorus concentrations. The concentrations were compared to the Ontario
Provincial Water Quality Objectives and Canadian Water Quality Guidelines to determine if there
were any exceedances. According to these standards, the water at Site TM002 is contaminated
in terms of its aluminum, iron and total phosphorus concentrations. Increased concentrations of
aluminum and iron may be a result of industrial effluents and stormwater runoff. An increased
concentration of total phosphorus is likely a result of fertilizer usage and sewage based on the
nature of the surrounding area (i.e. residential and agricultural use).

It is important to note that there were several limitations to this study, the most important one
being that the study was conducted in early spring and thus the potential for increased
concentrations due to surface runoff was higher than usual. Aspects of the study, such as
sampling and laboratory analyses, were also subject to human error.
April 15, 2016
17

Based on the exceedances of aluminum, iron and total phosphorus discovered at Site TM002, it
is recommended that additional sampling be conducted on a regular basis to monitor for
increased concentrations of aluminum, iron and total phosphorus as well as the potential for
increased concentrations of nitrate and chloride. Additional systematic sampling should be
conducted on other areas of Two Mile Creek to delineate the extent of contamination.
April 15, 2016
18

References

Canadian Councils of Ministers of the Environment (n.d.). Canadian Water Quality Guidelines
for the Protection of Aquatic Life. Retrieved from http://ceqg-rcqe.ccme.ca/en/index.html

Kingston, M.S., & Presant, E.W. (1989). The Soils of the Regional Municipality of Niagara.
Toronto: Ontario, Ministry of Agriculture and Food.

Ministry of the Environment (1994). Ontario Provincial Water Quality Objectives. Retrieved
from
https://dr6j45jk9xcmk.cloudfront.net/documents/3016/moeprovincialwaterqualityobjectivese
n.pdf

Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority (2012). Niagara-on-the-Lake 2012 Watershed Report
Card. Retrieved from
https://npca.ca/sites/default/files/NiagaraOnTheLake_WatershedReportCard.pdf

Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority (2016). Watershed Explorer. Retrieved from
http://maps.npca.ca/Html5Viewer/?viewer=npca_internal_map_viewer

Ontario Geological Survey. Bedrock Geology of Ontario Southern Sheet. 1991.

Ontario Geological Survey. Quaternary Geology of Southern Ontario Niagara-Welland. 1984.

April 15, 2016
19
Appendix A
Appendix B
ENVR 9103 Group Project HASP

Field Location:
2-Mile Creek at Butler Street (NOTL)
Site Code: TM002

Crew:
Michelle Gluck, Aura Carballo, Sylvia
Chinazo

Coordinator/Supervisor: Annie Michaud
(905) 641-2252 ext. 4476
Niagara College 135 Taylor Road,

Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON
906-641-2252
Alternate Contact:
Jesse Manna (647) 308-1778

Activity
Hazards and
Conditions
Working outdoors Traffic hazards
potential for
visibility issues with
nearby traffic

Adverse weather
potential for hot
weather leading to
sunstroke or cold
weather leading to
hypothermia;
potential for
thunderstorms

Date:
April 5, 2016
Cell Phone:
(416) 669-6213
Emergency: 911
Ambulance: 905-688-2191
Niagara College Security: ext. 4444
First Aid Kit packed?

X Yes No
Controls
- Pay attention to
surroundings
- Ensure you are
visible to all drivers
while working
outdoors
- Be careful and
avoid rushing

- Dress
appropriately for
weather conditions
and keep body
covered
- Keep water handy
to avoid
dehydration
- If a storm occurs,
use best judgement
and reschedule if
necessary
Personal Protective
Equipment
- Wear a visibility
vest to ensure that
you can be
identified at all
times
- Hot weather:
sunscreen, hats,
UPF clothing
- Cold weather:
hats, gloves, wool
socks and clothing
- Footwear: steeltoed boots or hiking
boots that provide
ankle support
Biological hazards
potential for
contact with biting
insects (e.g. ticks,
mosquitoes) and
poisonous plants
(e.g. poison ivy)

Transporting
materials to and
from study site

Obtaining water
samples and
streamflow
measurements

- Keep body
covered
- Use an insect
repellant with DEET
- Use hand sanitizer
and wash hands
often
- Become familiar
with toxic species of
insects and plants in
the area

Tripping and falling - Pay attention to
potential for
surroundings and
tripping over rocks be weary of
or other debris in
loose/unstable
the field while
ground
transporting
- Be careful and
samples if not
avoid rushing
paying attention

Punctures and
- Pay attention to
abrasions
surroundings and
potential for
be weary of objects
touching or
and/or debris on
stepping on sharp
the ground
objects if not paying - Be careful and
attention
avoid rushing

Traffic hazards
- Pay attention to
potential for coming surroundings
into contact with
- Ensure you know
traffic during
where you are going
transport
- Be careful and

avoid rushing

Working near water - Pay attention to
risk of slipping on surroundings and
wet surfaces, falling be mindful where
or tripping into
you are stepping
water; potential of (i.e. wet surfaces)
hypothermia if not - Avoid rushing
wearing the
- Ensure that one
appropriate gear
other group
- Wearing lightcoloured clothing

will allow insects to
be visible
- Wear long-sleeved
shirts and pants,
especially when
hiking through
overgrown
vegetation
- Wear protective
footwear
- Wear protective,
supportive footwear
with grip
- Wear protective,
supportive footwear
(steel-toed if
necessary)
N/A
- Wear protective
and supportive
footwear
- Use hip waders if
you are working in
water to stay dry
- Wear appropriate
clothing for the
2
while working in
water

Handling water
samples

member is
monitoring your
actions for safety

Equipment risks
- Pay attention to
risk of injuring
surroundings and
oneself or others if be mindful while
not using
using equipment
equipment
(make sure no one
correctly, or placing is in the way)
equipment in
- Be mindful of
unsafe areas
where you are

stepping and where

you are placing
equipment (to avoid
tripping on cords,
etc.)
- Avoid rushing

Contamination
- Wear disposable
hazards potential nitrile gloves while
for coming into
handling samples to
contact with toxic
minimize contact
chemicals or
- Thoroughly wash
microorganisms
hands after
after handling water handling samples
samples

weather conditions
- Wear protective
and supportive
footwear
- Could use gloves
for additional grip if
needed
- Use disposable
nitrile gloves
Appendix C
EXOVA ENVIRONMENTAL ONTARIO

Client:
Attention:
PO#:
Invoice to:
Certificate of Analysis
Niagara College - School of Environmental Studies

135 Taylor Rd.
Niagara on the Lake, ON
L0S 1J0
Ms. Annie Michaud
Report Number:
Date Submitted:
Date Reported:
Project:
COC #:
1604855
2016-04-05
2016-04-11
503552
Page 1 of 9
Dear Annie Michaud:

Please find attached the analytical results for your samples. If you have any questions regarding this report, please do not hesitate to call (613-727-5692).
Report Comments:
APPROVAL:
Nadine Pinsonneault
Team Leader, Inorganics
All analysis is completed in Ottawa, Ontario (unless otherwise indicated).

Exova Ottawa is accredited by CALA, Canadian Association for Laboratory Accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025 for tests which appear on our CALA scope of accreditation. It can be found at
http://www.cala.ca/scopes/2602.pdf.
Exova (Ottawa) is certified and accredited for specific parameters by OMAFRA, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (for farm soils). Licensed by Ontario MOE for specific tests
in drinking water.
Exova (Mississauga) is accredited for specific parameters by SCC, Standards Council of Canada (to ISO 17025)
Please note: Field data, where presented on the report, has been provided by the client and is presented for informational purposes only. Guideline values listed on this report are provided for
ease of use (informational purposes) only. Exova recommends consulting the official provincial or federal guideline as required.

Client:
Attention:
PO#:
Invoice to:

135 Taylor Rd.
L0S 1J0
Ms. Annie Michaud
Report Number:
Date Submitted:
Date Reported:
Project:
COC #:
1604855
2016-04-05
2016-04-11
503552
Lab I.D.
Sample Matrix
Sample Type
Sampling Date
Sample I.D.
Group
Metals
Nutrients
Guideline = PWQO - Ontario
Analyte
MRL
Ag
Al
B
Ba
Be
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
Mn
Mo
Ni
Pb
Si
Sr
Ti
Tl
V
Zn
Total P
0.0001
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.0005
0.0001
0.0002
0.001
0.001
0.03
0.01
0.005
0.005
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.01
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.005
Units
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
1233730
Water
1233731
Water
1233732
Water
2016-04-05
SI003
2016-04-05
SI004
2016-04-05
FU003
2016-04-05
WC004
<0.0001
0.34*
0.05
0.03
<0.0005
<0.0001
<0.0002
<0.001
0.002
0.20
0.03
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
3.1
0.724
<0.01
<0.0001
<0.001
<0.01
0.019
<0.0001
0.43*
0.03
0.04
<0.0005
<0.0001
0.0002
<0.001
0.003
0.25
0.03
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
2.1
0.539
0.01
<0.0001
<0.001
<0.01
0.049*
<0.0001
2.65*
0.04
0.05
<0.0005
<0.0001
0.0005
0.002
0.005
1.47*
0.05
<0.005
<0.005
0.001
11.0
0.411
0.08
<0.0001
0.004
<0.01
0.20*
<0.0001
0.20*
0.03
0.05
<0.0005
<0.0001
<0.0002
<0.001
0.003
0.15
0.18
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
2.4
0.714
<0.01
<0.0001
<0.001
0.02
0.025*
Guideline
PWQO-0.0001
IPWQO-0.075
IPWQO-0.200
PWQO-0.011
PWQO-0.0002
PWQO-0.0009
PWQO-0.005
PWQO-0.30
IPWQO-0.040
PWQO-0.025
PWQO-0.005
IPWQO-0.0003
IPWQO-0.006
PWQO-0.030
IPWQO-0.02
MRL = Method Reporting Limit, AO = Aesthetic Objective, OG = Operational Guideline, MAC =

Maximum Acceptable Concentration, IMAC = Interim Maximum Acceptable Concentration, STD =
Standard, PWQO = Provincial Water Quality Guideline, IPWQO = Interim Provincial Water Quality
Objective, TDR = Typical Desired Range
* = Guideline Exceedence
All analysis completed in Ottawa, Ontario (unless otherwise indicated by ** which indicates
analysis was completed in Mississauga, Ontario).
Results relate only to the parameters tested on the samples submitted.
Methods references and/or additional QA/QC information available on request.
146 Colonnade Rd. Unit 8, Ottawa, ON K2E 7Y1
1233729
Water
Page 2 of 9
380 Vansickle Rd. Unit 630, St. Catharines, ON, L2R 6P7

Client:
Attention:
PO#:
Invoice to:

135 Taylor Rd.
L0S 1J0
Ms. Annie Michaud
Report Number:
Date Submitted:
Date Reported:
Project:
COC #:
1604855
2016-04-05
2016-04-11
503552
Lab I.D.
Sample Matrix
Sample Type
Sampling Date
Sample I.D.
Group
Metals
Nutrients
Analyte
MRL
Ag
Al
B
Ba
Be
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
Mn
Mo
Ni
Pb
Si
Sr
Ti
Tl
V
Zn
Total P
0.0001
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.0005
0.0001
0.0002
0.001
0.001
0.03
0.01
0.005
0.005
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.01
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.005
Units
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
1233734
Water
1233735
Water
1233736
Water
2016-04-05
SI001
2016-04-05
FU004
2016-04-05
OM001
2016-04-05
TM001
<0.0001
1.64*
0.04
0.04
<0.0005
<0.0001
0.0003
0.001
0.003
0.79*
0.03
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
5.9
0.520
0.03
<0.0001
0.002
<0.01
0.077*
<0.0001
2.24*
0.05
0.05
<0.0005
<0.0001
0.0005
0.002
0.005
1.26*
0.05
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
9.7
0.435
0.03
<0.0001
0.003
0.01
0.22*
<0.0001
0.04
0.05
0.05
<0.0005
<0.0001
<0.0002
<0.001
0.002
0.12
0.05
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
3.0
0.426
<0.01
<0.0001
<0.001
0.01
0.022*
<0.0001
0.57*
0.06
0.04
<0.0005
<0.0001
<0.0002
<0.001
0.003
0.34*
0.04
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
3.8
0.511
0.01
<0.0001
0.001
<0.01
0.056*
Guideline
PWQO-0.0001
IPWQO-0.075
IPWQO-0.200
PWQO-0.011
PWQO-0.0002
PWQO-0.0009
PWQO-0.005
PWQO-0.30
IPWQO-0.040
PWQO-0.025
PWQO-0.005
IPWQO-0.0003
IPWQO-0.006
PWQO-0.030
IPWQO-0.02

1233733
Water
Page 3 of 9

Client:
Attention:
PO#:
Invoice to:

135 Taylor Rd.
L0S 1J0
Ms. Annie Michaud
Report Number:
Date Submitted:
Date Reported:
Project:
COC #:
1604855
2016-04-05
2016-04-11
503552
Lab I.D.
Sample Matrix
Sample Type
Sampling Date
Sample I.D.
Group
Metals
Nutrients
Analyte
MRL
Ag
Al
B
Ba
Be
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
Mn
Mo
Ni
Pb
Si
Sr
Ti
Tl
V
Zn
Total P
0.0001
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.0005
0.0001
0.0002
0.001
0.001
0.03
0.01
0.005
0.005
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.01
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.005
Units
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
1233738
Water
1233739
Water
1233740
Water
2016-04-05
WC001
2016-04-05
EI001
2016-04-05
FU002
2016-04-05
WC002
<0.0001
0.12*
0.05
0.06
<0.0005
<0.0001
0.0002
<0.001
0.003
0.12
0.04
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
3.4
1.05
<0.01
<0.0001
<0.001
0.03
0.050*
<0.0001
1.88*
0.04
0.04
<0.0005
<0.0001
0.0003
0.001
0.005
0.90*
0.05
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
6.2
0.524
0.04
<0.0001
0.002
<0.01
0.178*
<0.0001
0.52*
0.05
0.06
<0.0005
<0.0001
<0.0002
<0.001
0.002
0.28
0.06
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
4.6
0.535
0.01
<0.0001
<0.001
<0.01
0.023*
<0.0001
0.14*
0.04
0.05
<0.0005
<0.0001
<0.0002
<0.001
0.003
0.10
0.05
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
2.4
0.798
<0.01
<0.0001
<0.001
0.02
0.021*
Guideline
PWQO-0.0001
IPWQO-0.075
IPWQO-0.200
PWQO-0.011
PWQO-0.0002
PWQO-0.0009
PWQO-0.005
PWQO-0.30
IPWQO-0.040
PWQO-0.025
PWQO-0.005
IPWQO-0.0003
IPWQO-0.006
PWQO-0.030
IPWQO-0.02

1233737
Water
Page 4 of 9

Client:
Attention:
PO#:
Invoice to:

135 Taylor Rd.
L0S 1J0
Ms. Annie Michaud
Report Number:
Date Submitted:
Date Reported:
Project:
COC #:
1604855
2016-04-05
2016-04-11
503552
Lab I.D.
Sample Matrix
Sample Type
Sampling Date
Sample I.D.
Group
Metals
Nutrients
Analyte
MRL
Ag
Al
B
Ba
Be
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
Mn
Mo
Ni
Pb
Si
Sr
Ti
Tl
V
Zn
Total P
0.0001
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.0005
0.0001
0.0002
0.001
0.001
0.03
0.01
0.005
0.005
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.01
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.005
Units
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
1233742
Water
1233743
Water
1233744
Water
2016-04-05
SH001
2016-04-05
SH002
2016-04-05
DC001A
2016-04-05
TM002
<0.0001
0.12*
0.03
0.06
<0.0005
<0.0001
<0.0002
<0.001
0.001
0.21
0.07
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
5.0
0.651
<0.01
<0.0001
<0.001
<0.01
0.024*
<0.0001
0.32*
0.02
0.06
<0.0005
<0.0001
<0.0002
<0.001
0.002
0.24
0.06
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
4.6
0.623
<0.01
<0.0001
<0.001
<0.01
0.034*
<0.0001
0.68*
0.04
0.06
<0.0005
<0.0001
0.0005
<0.001
0.002
0.48*
0.08
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
2.6
0.992
<0.01
<0.0001
<0.001
<0.01
0.045*
<0.0001
0.61*
0.06
0.05
<0.0005
<0.0001
0.0002
<0.001
0.002
0.38*
0.04
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
3.5
0.578
0.02
<0.0001
0.001
<0.01
0.052*
Guideline
PWQO-0.0001
IPWQO-0.075
IPWQO-0.200
PWQO-0.011
PWQO-0.0002
PWQO-0.0009
PWQO-0.005
PWQO-0.30
IPWQO-0.040
PWQO-0.025
PWQO-0.005
IPWQO-0.0003
IPWQO-0.006
PWQO-0.030
IPWQO-0.02

1233741
Water
Page 5 of 9

Client:
Attention:
PO#:
Invoice to:

135 Taylor Rd.
L0S 1J0
Ms. Annie Michaud
Report Number:
Date Submitted:
Date Reported:
Project:
COC #:
1604855
2016-04-05
2016-04-11
503552
Lab I.D.
Sample Matrix
Sample Type
Sampling Date
Sample I.D.
Group
Metals
Nutrients
Analyte
MRL
Ag
Al
B
Ba
Be
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
Mn
Mo
Ni
Pb
Si
Sr
Ti
Tl
V
Zn
Total P
0.0001
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.0005
0.0001
0.0002
0.001
0.001
0.03
0.01
0.005
0.005
0.001
0.1
0.001
0.01
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.005
Units
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
2016-04-05
DC001
Guideline
PWQO-0.0001
IPWQO-0.075
IPWQO-0.200
PWQO-0.011
PWQO-0.0002
PWQO-0.0009
PWQO-0.005
PWQO-0.30
IPWQO-0.040
PWQO-0.025
PWQO-0.005
IPWQO-0.0003
IPWQO-0.006
PWQO-0.030
IPWQO-0.02
<0.0001
0.63*
0.04
0.07
<0.0005
<0.0001
0.0003
<0.001
0.004
0.33*
0.07
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
3.0
1.66
<0.01
<0.0001
<0.001
0.01
0.018

1233745
Water
Page 6 of 9

Client:
Attention:
PO#:
Invoice to:

135 Taylor Rd.
L0S 1J0
Ms. Annie Michaud
Report Number:
Date Submitted:
Date Reported:
Project:
COC #:
1604855
2016-04-05
2016-04-11
503552
QC Summary
Analyte
Run No 305730
Blank
Analysis/Extraction Date 2016-04-06
QC
% Rec
Analyst
QC
Limits
K_A
Method EPA 200.8

<0.0001 mg/L
96
94-106
Aluminum
<0.01 mg/L
100
89-111
Boron (total)
<0.01 mg/L
106
88-112
Barium
<0.01 mg/L
100
91-109
Beryllium
<0.0005 mg/L
101
93-107
Cadmium
<0.0001 mg/L
98
93-107
Cobalt
<0.0002 mg/L
101
94-106
Chromium Total
<0.001 mg/L
98
94-106
Copper
<0.001 mg/L
100
93-106
Iron
<0.03 mg/L
100
92-107
Manganese
<0.01 mg/L
99
94-106
Molybdenum
<0.005 mg/L
103
94-106
Nickel
<0.005 mg/L
101
94-106
Lead
<0.001 mg/L
101
70-130
Strontium
<0.001 mg/L
99
89-110
Titanium
<0.01 mg/L
99
94-106
Silver

Page 7 of 9

Client:
Attention:
PO#:
Invoice to:

135 Taylor Rd.
L0S 1J0
Ms. Annie Michaud
Report Number:
Date Submitted:
Date Reported:
Project:
COC #:
1604855
2016-04-05
2016-04-11
503552
QC Summary
Analyte
Blank
QC
% Rec
QC
Limits
Thallium
<0.0001 mg/L
97
95-105
Vanadium
<0.001 mg/L
98
93-107
Zinc
<0.01 mg/L
101
94-106
93
70-130
<0.0001 mg/L
99
94-106
Aluminum
<0.01 mg/L
100
89-111
Boron (total)
<0.01 mg/L
100
88-112
Barium
<0.01 mg/L
103
91-109
Beryllium
<0.0005 mg/L
95
93-107
Cadmium
<0.0001 mg/L
103
93-107
Cobalt
<0.0002 mg/L
100
94-106
Chromium Total
<0.001 mg/L
101
94-106
Copper
<0.001 mg/L
99
93-106
Iron
<0.03 mg/L
98
92-107
Run No 305834
Analyst
SKH
Method M SM3120B-3500C
<0.1 mg/L
Silicon
Run No 305894
Analyst
K_A
Method EPA 200.8

Silver

Page 8 of 9

Client:
Attention:
PO#:
Invoice to:

135 Taylor Rd.
L0S 1J0
Ms. Annie Michaud
Report Number:
Date Submitted:
Date Reported:
Project:
COC #:
1604855
2016-04-05
2016-04-11
503552
QC Summary
Analyte
Blank
QC
% Rec
QC
Limits
Manganese
<0.01 mg/L
99
94-106
Molybdenum
<0.005 mg/L
106
94-106
Nickel
<0.005 mg/L
99
94-106
Lead
<0.001 mg/L
103
70-130
Strontium
<0.001 mg/L
104
89-110
Titanium
<0.01 mg/L
103
94-106
Thallium
<0.0001 mg/L
96
95-105
Vanadium
<0.001 mg/L
100
93-107
Zinc
<0.01 mg/L
102
94-106
Run No 305948
Analyst
AET
Method Exova Edmonton - SM4500-P F

Total P
<0.005 mg/L

100
Page 9 of 9
Appendix D
o
o
x
ul
rg
CHAIN OF CUSTODY
:503552
1 4 6 C o l o n n a d eR c l U n r t B . O t t a w a . O N K 2 E ' Y 1 P h : ( 6 1 3 ) 7 2 7 _ - 5 6 9F2i t x \ 6 1 3 ) 7 2 7 - 5 2 2 2
/ 6 0 8 N o r r r sC o u r t K i n g s t o n .O N K 7 P 2 R g P r \ 6 1 3 )6 3 4 - 9 3 0 7F a x ( 6 1- ji 6 : 4 - 9 3 O B A
3 8 0 V a r - -c k r e R d U r r r 6 J O .S t C d t h a r i n e s . ) N L 2 R 6 P 7 P h ( 9 0 5 )6 B f B B B T F a x ' (. 9 0 5 )6 8 0 - . 1 2 5 6
V
2 3 9 5 S p e a k m a nD r i v e ,M i s s i s s a u g aO N , L . , ,1 8 3 P h c r n er 9 0 5 )8 2 2 - 41' t 1 Fa x ( 9 0 5 )8 2 3 - 1 . 1 ' 1 6
I
'-)
ODWSOG
Client.
Contact
Address
1 Ernail:
2 Email
3 Ernail
Fax
Q n a r r fr r
PlVQO
Ont Reg.558
CCME
Phoneb41-ZZ5Z
mauon^:
n v o r c ei o t h e s a m e a s a b o v e ? Y e s
xi!1fu,-
S a n r t a rSy e v , ' , ,6 1 1_y

StormSewe, C,ty:_
O n t R e g1 5 30 4
Table#
Coarse/Fine,
Sr.rf;rcei
Subsurface
tVp",Cor-t",t ,
ReoortFormat:
-?
Por-Zt*.ut
other Suecit
TurnaroundTjrne (rush surcharqes mav applvl*:
s a y s( R u s h )
3 B u s i n e sD
s a y s( R u s h )
2 BusinesD
1 B u s i n e sD
s a y( R u s h )
O t h e r( s p e c r f rdya t e ) :
T h es a m p l er e s u l t sf r o mt h r ss i r i , , n r s s i o n
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Appendix E
Appendix E
Photograph 1. View of the path leading to the study site.

Photographs 2 & 3. Views of the creek at the study site.

Photograph 5. View of a small beach next to the creek.
Appendix E
Photograph 4. View of a sewer in the creek.

Photograph 5. Angular rock fragments on the ground near the creek.
Appendix E
Photograph 6. View of a small beach near the creek.

Photographs 7 & 8. Sampling and preparing bottles for laboratory analysis.

Group Project Aura Michelle Sylvia Compressed

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Water

Sampling Group Project

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

2. Study Area ....................................................................................................................... 3

April 15, 2016

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

April 15, 2016

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

Figure 1. Site TM001 in relation to Niagara Stone Road.

April 15, 2016

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

April 15, 2016

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

Figure 3. Map of Site TM002 in the year 1934.

April 15, 2016

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

Figure 4. Map of Site TM002 in the year 2003.

April 15, 2016

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

Figure 5. Map of Site TM002 in the year 2015.

April 15, 2016

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

Figure 6. Extent of the Niagara-on-the-Lake watershed.

Figure 7. Extent of the Two Mile Creek sub-watershed.

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

April 15, 2016

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

April 15, 2016

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

April 15, 2016

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

April 15, 2016

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

April 15, 2016

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

April 15, 2016

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

April 15, 2016

Water Quality Group Project Site TM002

April 15, 2016

ENVR 9103 Group Project HASP

Niagara College 135 Taylor Road,

First Aid Kit packed?

- Wearing lightcoloured clothing

EXOVA ENVIRONMENTAL ONTARIO

Niagara College - School of Environmental Studies

Dear Annie Michaud:

All analysis is completed in Ottawa, Ontario (unless otherwise indicated).

EXOVA ENVIRONMENTAL ONTARIO

Niagara College - School of Environmental Studies

Niagara College - School of Environmental Studies

Guideline = PWQO - Ontario

MRL = Method Reporting Limit, AO = Aesthetic Objective, OG = Operational Guideline, MAC =

EXOVA ENVIRONMENTAL ONTARIO

Niagara College - School of Environmental Studies

Niagara College - School of Environmental Studies

Guideline = PWQO - Ontario

MRL = Method Reporting Limit, AO = Aesthetic Objective, OG = Operational Guideline, MAC =

EXOVA ENVIRONMENTAL ONTARIO

Niagara College - School of Environmental Studies

Niagara College - School of Environmental Studies