CHAPTER - 1

1.1

INTRODUCTION
In general normal frame construction utilizes columns, slabs &Beams.

However it may be possible to undertake construction without providing beams,

In such a case the frame system would consist of slab and column without
beams. These types of slabs are called flat slab, since their behavior resembles
the bending of flat plates.
The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete slab with or without drops,
supported generally without beams, by columns with or without flared column
heads. A flat slab may be solid slab or may have recesses formed on the soffit so
that the soffit comprises a series of ribs in two directions.
The recesses may be formed by removable or permanent filler blocks.
1.2TYPES OF FLAT SLABS:
There are three different kind of flat slabs
Flat slab without drop and column head.
Flat slab with column head and no drop.
Flat slab with column head and drop.
COMPONENTS OF FLAT SLABS:
DROPS:
To resist the punching shear which is predominant at the contact of slab
and column Support, the drop dimension should not be less than one -third of
panel length in that Direction.

COLUMN HEADS:
2

Certain amount of negative moment is transferred from the slab to the

column at the support. To resist this negative moment the area at the support
needs to be increased. This is facilitated by providing column capital/heads
COLUMN STRIP :
Column strip means a design strip having a width of 0.25 I,, but not
greater than 0.25 I, on each side of the column centre-line, where I, is the span
in the direction moments are being determined, measured centre to centre of
supports and I, is the -span transverse to I

MIDDLE STRIP :
Middle strip means a design strip bounded on each of its opposite sides
by the column strip.
PANEL:
Panel means that part of a slab bounded on-each of its four sides by the
centre -line of a Column or centre-lines of adjacent-spans.

Fig 1 Flat slab with drop panel & column head

1.3 ABOUT STAAD Pro

4

STAAD Pro 2007 is the most popular structural engineering software

product for 3D model generation, analysis and multi-material design. It has an
intuitive, user-friendly GUI, visualization tools, powerful analysis and design
facilities and seamless integration to several other modeling and design
software products. The software is fully compatible with all Windows
operating systems but isoptimizedforWindows8.
For static or dynamic analysis of bridges, containment structures,
embedded structures (tunnels and culverts), pipe racks, steel, concrete,
aluminum or timber buildings, transmission towers, stadiums or any other
simple or complex structure, STAAD Pro has been the choice of design
professionals around the world for their specific analysis needs
1.4 OVERALL PROCEDURE IN WORKING WITH STAAD.PRO
1.4.1 MODELGENERATION:
There are two methods for building a model and assigning the structure
data using STAAD Pro.
a. Using the command file
b. Using the graphical model generation mode or graphical
user interface (GUI).
1.4.2 PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
STAAD offers two analysis engines the STAAD engine for
general purpose Structural Analysis and Design and the STARDYNE engine
for advanced analysis options.
The Modeling Mode of the STAAD Environment is used to prepare
the structural input data. After the input is prepared, we may choose the
analysis engine depending up on the nature of the analysis required. If we are
performing the STARDYNE. Advanced analysis, several additional
parameters need to be defined specific to the nature of the analysis.
5

1.4.3 POST-PROCESSING
The Post Processing mode of STAAD offers facilities for on- screen
visualization and verification of the analysis and design results. It allows
displacements, forces, stresses, etc- both graphically and numerically.

1.5 OBJECTIVES
To analyze the properties of flat slab in residential buildings.
Analyze and design using STADD pro.

CHAPTER -2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Analysis And Design of Flat Slab And Grid Slab And Their Cost
Comparison
Amit A. Sathawane & R.S. Deotale (2004) -Yeshwantrao Chavhan
College of Engineering, Nagpur, India carried out a work with he aim of the

project to determine the most economical slab between flat slab with drop, Flat
slab without drop and grid slab.
Irregular flat slabs designed according to structural membrane approach
K. Baskaran (2003) carried out a work on Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka.
Review and Design of Flat Plate/Slabs Construction in India
Gowda N Bharath; Gowda S. B. Ravishankar; A.V Chandrashekar (2001)
carried out a work on the use of flat plate/slab construction in India and their
applications in buildings.
Analysis and design of Flat slabs using various codes
B.Q.Rahman, J.J.Vijay, M.Anitha, (2007) International Institute of
Information Technology ,Hyderabad . In their design of Flat slab they have
implemented the use of Drops and Column heads.
Evaluation and enhancing the punching shear resistance of flat slabs using
IS Codes
N.Subramanian (2005) carried out a work on the use of flat slabs
improves the punching shear resistance allowing higher forces to be transferred
through the slab column connection. In this paper, the evaluation of punching
shear resistance of flat slabs with respect to some of the major codes of
practices.

With reference to these literatures we have studied that flat slabs are constructed
in square or rectangular type we are going to implement it as a circular flat slab
in a circular shaped residential building.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY
PLAN

LOAD CALCULATION
9

MODELING USING STADD PRO

ANALYSIS USING STADD PRO

DESIGN

RESULT

DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT

10

Fig 2 Plan of ground floor

11

Fig 3 Plan of first floor

12

Fig 4 Beam and Column layout of building

13

3.2 LOAD CALCULATION

Self weight of slab

= 3.75 kN/m

Dead load due to extra thickness of slab at drops = 1.25 kN/m

Live load

= 4.00 kN/m

Finishes

= 1.00 kN/m

Total load

= 10 kN/m

Factored load

= 15 kN/m

Load combination

=1.5 (ll+dl)

14

Fig 5 Model of the building done using STADD pro

15

Fig 6 Figure showing 3D view of load acting on the building

3.4 ANALYSED RESULT USING STADD PRO

16

================================================
============================
C O L U M N N O.43 D E S I G N R E S U L T S

M30

Fe415 (Main)

Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3000.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 450.0 mm X 600.0 mm COVER: 40.0

mm

** GUIDING LOAD CASE:

REQD. STEEL AREA :

2 END JOINT:

1 TENSION COLUMN

2160.00 Sq.mm.

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 267840.00 Sq.mm.

MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 20 - 12 dia. (0.84%, 2261.95 Sq.mm.)
(Equally distributed)
TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 190 mm c/c

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)

---------------------------------------------------------Puz : 4288.14 Muz1 :

194.91 Muy1 :

141.60

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.01 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED (KNS-MET)

---------------------------------------------------------WORST LOAD CASE:
END JOINT:

43 Puz : 4318.49 Muz :

203.96 Muy :

148.02 IR: 0.01

================================================
============================

17

C O L U M N N O.

M30

54 D E S I G N R E S U L T S

Fe415 (Main)

Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3000.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 450.0 mm X 600.0 mm COVER: 40.0

mm

** GUIDING LOAD CASE:

REQD. STEEL AREA :

2 END JOINT:

12 TENSION COLUMN

2160.00 Sq.mm.

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 267840.00 Sq.mm.

MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 20 - 12 dia. (0.84%, 2261.95 Sq.mm.)
(Equally distributed)
TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 190 mm c/c

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)

---------------------------------------------------------Puz : 4288.14 Muz1 :

194.75 Muy1 :

141.49

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.01 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED (KNS-MET)

---------------------------------------------------------WORST LOAD CASE:
END JOINT:

54 Puz : 4318.49 Muz :

STAAD SPACE

203.79 Muy :

147.90 IR: 0.01

-- PAGE NO. 19

18

================================================
============================

C O L U M N N O.62 D E S I G N R E S U L T S

M30

Fe415 (Main)

Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3000.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 600.0 mm dia. COVER: 40.0 mm

** GUIDING LOAD CASE:

2 END JOINT:

STAAD SPACE

20 TENSION COLUMN

-- PAGE NO. 24

REQD. STEEL AREA :

2261.95 Sq.mm.

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 280481.41 Sq.mm.

MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 21 - 12 dia. (0.84%, 2375.04 Sq.mm.)
(Equally distributed)
TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. circular ties @ 190 mm c/c

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)

---------------------------------------------------------Puz : 4490.53 Muz1 :

183.79 Muy1 :

183.79

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.01 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED (KNS-MET)

---------------------------------------------------------WORST LOAD CASE:
END JOINT:

20 Puz : 4524.20 Muz :

19

192.24 Muy :

192.22 IR: 0.01

================================================
============================

74. DESIGN BEAM 61 67 TO 90 109 115 TO 138

STAAD SPACE

-- PAGE NO. 44

================================================
============================
B E A M N O.

M30

61 D E S I G N R E S U L T S

Fe415 (Main)

LENGTH: 3000.0 mm

Fe415 (Sec.)

SIZE: 450.0 mm X 600.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION

0.0 mm

750.0 mm

1500.0 mm

2250.0 mm

3000.0 mm

---------------------------------------------------------------------------TOP

525.36

REINF.

(Sq. mm)

BOTTOM
REINF.

525.36

(Sq. mm)

525.36
(Sq. mm)

525.36
(Sq. mm)

525.36
(Sq. mm)

525.36
(Sq. mm)

525.36
(Sq. mm)

525.36
(Sq. mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

20

525.36
(Sq. mm)

525.36
(Sq. mm)

SECTION

0.0 mm

750.0 mm

1500.0 mm

2250.0 mm

3000.0 mm

---------------------------------------------------------------------------TOP

7-10

REINF. 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM

7-10

REINF. 1 layer(s)

7-107-107-107-10
1 layer(s)

7-10
1 layer(s)

1 layer(s)

7-10

1 layer(s)

7-10

1 layer(s)

1 layer(s)

7-10

1 layer(s)

1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8 2 legged 8 2 legged 8 2 legged 8 2 legged 8

REINF. @ 200 mm c/c @ 200 mm c/c @ 200 mm c/c @ 200 mm c/c @ 200 mm
c/c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

================================================
============================
********************END OF BEAM DESIGN RESULTS********************

21

3.5 DESIGN
3.5.1 DESIGN OF FLAT SLABS
Ultimate load of flat slab

=15 KN/m

Panel size

= 4.754.75 m

Diameter of flat slab column

= 600mm

Dimension of drop of flat slab = 10001000 mm

Thickness of slab

= 150 mm

Thickness at drops

= 200 mm

(i) Column strip moments

Positive bending moment

= 26 KN.m

Negative bending moment

= 60 KN.m

(ii) Middle strip moments

Positive bending moment

=18.3 KN.m

Negative bending moment

=18.3 KN.m

Check for shear

Shear force

= 314.69 KN

Shear force /metre width of

perimeter
tv

,Vu

=70.82 KN/m
=Vu(bd)
= 0.41 N/mm2
22

=1.12 N/mm2

Kstc
Tv <Kstc
Hence shear is safe

Column strip provide 12 mm @ 270 mm c/c

Middle strip provide 12 mm @ 300 mm c/c

3.5.3 DESIGN OF RING BEAM:

Size of ring beam

= 300450 mm

Self weight

= 57.73 KN

Uniformly distributed load

= 5.30 KN/m

Negative bending

= 12.89 KN.m

moment at support
Positive B.M at centre of

= 6.49 KN.m

span
Torsion moment

=1.29 KN.m

Shear force at support

= total load / 2no of column

= 9.43 KN.m

Shear resisted by concrete

= tc bd 1000
= 43.2 KN

Vus
Sv
Ms

= V-(tc bd)
= 33.77 KN
=st Asv d Vus
=185 mm
=T((1+(D/b)1.7)
= 1.89 KN.m

Ve

=V+1.6(T/6)
= 3.76 KN

tve

=Ve(bd)
23

=0.30 N/mm2
Top reinforcement 3 -12mm dia.
Torsion reinforcement 3 - 12 mm dia.
Bottom reinforcement 2-16 mm dia.
Provide 2-10 mm dia Hanger bar.
Providing 2-leg 8mm @ 175mm c/c @ shear reinforcement.

3.5.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN

FOR C1

Dimension of column
Total load
Load on each column
Self weight of column
Total load on column
Factored load
Moment ,M

= 450600 mm
= 169.879 KN
= 18.89 KN
= 13.5 KN
= 202.269 KN
= 303.756 KN
= load distance
= 36.3 KN.m
Mxx =Myy
= 36.3KN/m
Equivalent moment
=1.15 (Mxx2+Myy2)1/2
=59.03 KN.m
By using chart 44 of SP 16
MuX1 = MuY1
= 36.045 KN.m
Puz
= 0.45 fckAc+0.75fyAsc
= 3520.04103 N
Pu
= 0.057 N
Pu < 2
So n =1
(MuX/MuX1)+(MuY/MuY1)=0.9
Since the value is less than 1, It is safe against byaxial bending
Provide 8 nos 16 mm as longitudinal reinforcement and 8 mm lateral
ties as 300 mm c/c

24

FOR C2

Dimension of column
Total load
Load on each column
Self weight of column
Total load on column
Factored load
Moment ,M

= 600 mm
= 169.879 KN
= 18.89 KN
= 13.5 KN
= 202.269 KN
=303.756 KN
= load distance
= 36.3 KN.m
Mxx =Myy
= 36.3KN/m
Equivalent moment
=1.15 (Mxx2+Myy2)1/2
=59.03 KN.m
By using chart 44 of SP 16
MuX1 = MuY1
= 36.045 KN.m
Puz
= 0.45 fckAc+0.75fyAsc
= 3520.04103 N
Pu
= 0.057
Pu < 2
So n =1
(MuX/MuX1)+(MuY/MuY1)=0.9
Since the value is less than 1, It is safe against byaxial bending
Provide 8 nos 20 mm as longitudinal reinforcement
Provide 8mm lateral ties @300 mm c/c.

FOR C4

Dimension of column
Total load
Load on each column
Self weight of column
Total load on column

= 300300 m
= 96.2 KN
= 24.05 KN
= 4.5 KN
= 124.75KN
25

 Factored load
Moment ,M
Equivalent moment

=187.23 KN
= load distance
= 10.2 KN.m
=1.15 (Mxx2+Myy2)1/2
=16.58KN.m

By using chart 44 of SP 16
MuX1 = MuY1
= 10.035 KN.m
Puz
= 0.45 fckAc+0.75fyAsc
= 1374.4103 N
Pu
= 0.023 N
Pu < 2
So n =1
(MuX/MuX1)+(MuY/MuY1)=0.7
Since the value is less than 1, It is safe against byaxial bending
Provide 6 nos 16 mm as longitudinal reinforcement
Provide 8mm lateral ties @ 300 mm c/c

3.5.5 DESIGN OF FOOTING:

Total load

= 223 KN.

S.B.C of soil
Ultimate bearing capacity

= 50 KN/m2
= 75 KN/m2

Size of footing

= 2m1.5m.

Axial factored load

=202.269 KN

Pu

= axial factored load size of footing

=67KN/m.

Bending moment

= Pu l2 /2
=10.5 KN.m (for shorter side)
= 16.45 KN.m (for longer side)
26

 Depth of footing

=Mu / 0.187 fck b

=650 mm
=0.27 N/mm2

tv
Reinforcement in footing

Mu= 0.87fyAstd(1- (Astfy / bdfck)

Check for shear
tv < t c
Hence it is safe
Provide 4no. 16mm @300mm c/c both in shorter direction and longer
direction.

3.5.6 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Number of steps for one flight

Width of landing beam
Effective span
Thickness of waist slab

Dead load of slab on slope

=10 nos
= 300 mm
= 3.3 m
= Span /20
=165 mm
=Thickness fck
=4.125 KN/m

Dead load of slab on horizontal

Span
=4.6 KN/m
Load of step / metre length
= 1.89 KN/m
Finishes
= 0.5 KN/m
Total dead load
= 6.97 KN/m
27

 Live load
Total load
Factored load
Mu

= 3 KN/m
= 9.97 KN/m
= 1.5 total load
=15 KN/m
=0.125 WuL2
=20.42 KN.m

Check for effective depth

drequired
=86 mm
dprovided
=140 mm
drequired < dprovided
Hence it is safe
Provide 10 mm @ 165 mm c/c as main reinforcement
Distribution steel
= 198 mm2
Use 8mm @ 200 mm c/c

3.6 DETAILING OF REINFORCEMET

28

FIG 7 FLAT SLAB REINFORCEMENT

29

FIG 8 BEAM REINFORCEMENT

30

31

32

FIG 9 COLUMN REINFORCEMENT

33

34

35

36

FIG 10 STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT

CHAPTER - 4
\

37

RESULTS
4.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Residential building is planned , loads are calculated.

Flat slab is implemented in the building.
Analysis and design is done by STADD Pro software .
Detailing of reinforcement is drawn in AUTO CADD software.

38

CHAPTER - 5

39

CONCLUSION
5.1 CONCLUSION
We conclude that the flat slab can be designed and it can be implemented
in the Residential buildings. Analysis and design as per IS code is done using
STADD Pro packages and also detailing of drawing is done using AUTO
CADD software.

40

5.2 REFERENCE
Reference books:
1. Indian Standard IS 456:2000, Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of
Practice.
2. Alaa G. S. and Walter H.D.,(1998) Analysis and Deflection of Reinforced
Concrete Flat Slabs, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 25.
3. P.C.Varghesh ., Limit State Design of reinforced concrete.
4. N. Krishna Raju .,Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design
5. Krishna Raju, N., Design of RC Structures , Oxford & IBH Publishers
and Distributers, New Delhi.
6. M.L.Gambhir, B.C.Punmia., Reinforced concrete design

41