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hcm kue
ibjkt ejmh ubcr ,chah
inskp hcm kthbs crv 'rdrc vhksd crv :ohfrugv
y"ba, wt ,rcuj erth tub
ohbhbgv ifu,
"ohbhg ,rhtn vrc wv ,umn"
thbxftv sucfk ohsjt ohrcs
1 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / otk oujb crv r"un
tjhank t,fkv
5 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / p"krj iukucz crv r"un
,urusk vmnu jxpv og ,kftbv vmn ihbgc

20 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / lhhkc sus vsuvh crv r"un
ohrupfv ouh ,sucg rsxc ,urgv

28 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / dhkhuu hfsrn crv r"un
asue hubhau ohkgc hubha ihbgc

33 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / dhhumbzur ktfhn crv r"un
ihfrg wxn ahrc ,urgv

47 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / inkua lurc uvhkt crv r"un
thv vsucg utk vyhja rsdc

60 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ryfa hcm crv r"un
,ra hkf lubhj
68 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ryfa hcm crv r"un
ohbpk vns xbfba ,tyj ihbgc

75 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / arbsc ;xt crv
inz rxujn ihbgc

92 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / rdrc vhksd crv
oat icre chy

110 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / rhtn i,ht crv
asenv ,hc ihbc ,uumn ihbgc

149 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / inskp hcm kthbs crv
ohasev ,ucajn ihbgc

kkj tmnba ivf ,sucg ihbgc

unuenf unuenc tkas thduxc

192 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / rgegp chhk ohhj crv
oat icre ihbgc

201 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / rbzur ouka lkn crv
ohasec hujhs ihbgc

vjsbu vtrbk trehgn hujhs ihc eukhjcu
222 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / or sus hcm crv
ibjkt ejmh ubcr ,chah
rbxeu hcmu vkhc oa kg iuhkgv kkufv
vchahv ,kvbv
uhrhcju kkufv atru
ka vzv iuatrv lrfv ,t ohahsen

hcm kue
cr sucfc
veung vmrgvc
,hjmb vsu,cu
ka urfzk
v"g cuece ejmh ic hcm wr
hsuvhv hbehrntv rdvnv ,t ,punk ohdsv cuece kargv
.nutc urcd v"g vtk u,hhgru tuv /uh,uct ,arunk intbv
,rhuuta ,hc 'h,s ,hc ohevk hsf ohhkfkf ohhae kg ck
vru,k oh,g ,ghce /u,ut vbhhpt vcdab ,uh,hkf,u vause
cmn ,tu 'v"cev ,t ushngv rucmv hfrmc rhsx euxhgu
u,hc ,u,ks /uhskh hhju uhhj zfrnc 'ktrah ,hc kfu ,usvhv
'xucnukuek outhcv ovhsusba ohsuvhk shn, ,uju,p uhv
ohh,sv ovhfrm ,t ephxa iukk ouenn ,ubvhk ukfhau 'uhhvut
vkhca ohjrut ,xbfv ka uz vndus /uhktn icunv rcsf
vhkg vghpav v,urhgmc v,tr 'uhskh ,anjn ,jtf 'rbxeu
/vhhj hnh kf v,ut vfhrsvu
ubk ahruvu 'u"ya, 'hra, wkc ohnurnk vkg cuece rn

/uapb ,urhxn jurc vrusj vjpan
u,sfbu rbxeu vkhc ,rcd 'u,rhyp rjtk vba anju ohgcrt

,hbf, ucmhgu unzh 'rbxeu (izux) gathrtn vtk 'cuece rn ka
,hbf,u iuhkgv kkufv 'vvucdv ,hsuvhv vkfavc vbhnc ,sjuhn
ohnse,nk ,hbf,vu kkufv /ub,chahc 'ohnse,nk vfnxvv
ktrah kveu ',ukhve hdhvbnf ovhshep,k ohbcr ohrhafn
,ubnuhnv kg odu h,ruxn vru, sunk, kg od vadsvc 'kkff
- ohhsuvh ohfrg ka vkhgh vrsjvk ,hbuhjv ,haht-ihcv
vcmnf /cuece kargv hhj ka hgcy lanv vuvnv .ntn
The Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary
and
the Rosh Kollel and Fellows of the
Bella and Harry Wexner
Kollel Elyon and Semikhah Honors Program
dedicate this inaugural volume of

Kol Zvi
with deep respect
profound admiration
and everlasting gratitude
to the memory of
Herschel Cabakoff
v"g ejmh ic hcm wr
Herschel Cabakoff exemplified the American Jewish immigrant
faithful to his people's tradition. He and his wife Lena v"g braved
the hardships of economic survival to maintain a religious home,
a home characterized by an atmosphere of sanctity and
transcendent purpose. Regular Torah study and synagogue
involvement brought God, the welfare of Jews, and the welfare of
Judaism to the locus of his and his children’s lives. The doors of
his home were always open to Jews whose travels brought them
to Columbus, Ohio, and who would benefit from a welcoming
place to stay where their needs for religious observance would
be met. It was this example of hakhnasat orchim which Bella
Wexner, as one of his five children, witnessed while growing up,
and which has guided and influenced her throughout her life.
When Mr. Cabakoff passed away on October 27, 1954, hra, wk
u"ya,, a family lived on, imbued with his spirit of devotion. His
sacrifices had borne fruit.
Forty-five years later, Mrs. Bella Wexner and Mr. Cabakoff’s

granddaughter, Ms. Susan Wexner, have initiated and designed
a seminal program in higher Jewish education, the Bella and
Harry Wexner Kollel Elyon and Semikhah Honors Program, at
our yeshiva. The Kollel and Honors Program prepare rabbis for
their roles as leaders of communities and of the Jewish people at
large, emphasizing both traditional learning and interpersonal
skills essential for effective dissemination of Jewish ideals - an
effort which constitutes a natural continuation of the life of
Herschel Cabakoff. In tribute to his memory, his name, Zvi,
graces this journal of advanced Torah studies.
otk oujb crv r"un
vthabu vchahv atr
"ohbhg ,rhtn vrc wv ,umn"

thbxftv sucfk ohsjt ohrcs
iuhkg-kkufv ,t lbjk ykjuva tuv tkp vrutfk

gsub 'ift /ohase rsxc ,fxn sunhkc ub,chah ka asjv
vz rsx sunhk jcak lhrtv k"mz ohhj .pjv m"vdva 'rcsv
od /tucha ,g kfc ubesm jhan hbp kcek ub,ubufbk huyhcf
tka hsfc vz sunhkc usshm ohburjtv ,urusc ubhnfj hkusd
thv vkuf vru,v kfa ,uruvku 'vru,c gumen oua jhbzvk
odup vz hrv sjt rct vbnn rxj vkhkj otu ,jt vchyj
/vnhn, wv ,ru,c
ktrah og /r,uhc ohbfuxn ohtb,c hj ubt-ubrus okut

ekj uk iht ygnf ucur-curku 'unmg ihck ubhc srupnu rzupn
,rcug vhukd vtba odu vtbe jur /ktrah ,ru,c vkjbu
tka ,urunj ,uhgc /vru,v hsnuku vumnv hrnua vbjnc
ratf 'vktf ohtb,c /;rv hkc ub,ut ,useup ubh,uct ourga
,ufkvk ',uhagn ,utruvk ,uahrsv ,ugnab vbhpu sm kfn
,pue,c ?ohjcz ,fxnku ubk vn 'vc vfkb rat lrsk ,ururc
"'tjhank t,fkv"f cajb ohase rsxa ubgna rcf ohtruntv
'kct /(c"g t"b ihrsvbx) "rfa kceu aurs" ,bhjc tuv usnukvu
?vru,c ohkng ubt xrp kcek ,bn kg otv
uepepa ,ugs ugnab ub,usku,c ,rjutn vpue,c od

t"j) ."ca,v /ohrjt ohrsxk vtuuavc ohase sunhk lrgc
kg xbrp u,ubnk hutra ofja 'c,f (hk vtrb v"s 'd"k whx
kf snka" ovn sjtu 'ohtb, vnf ohhek lhrm ruchmv
tka hpk tjhank t,fkv heuptk ohdvubv ohbhbgc sunk,v
iuhf sugu" ';hxuvu "'lf kf sunkk ovhsh khj habt kf utmn
oujb crv 2
otk
aurs ouan tkt o,ut ihxrud ihtu ihdvub ovv ohbhsv ihta
"/rfa kceu
uc,fc lrfc rhth hcr iutdv hpn ubgna vz ihgfu

kf hrpa gushu" :(hbbnhz vkta v"s s"fe whx rhth ,uuj ,"ua)
vkg unmg smn wv ,ru,c sunhkv hf ;t 'vagnv tuv sunhk
vc uuah tk ohmpj kf kg k"zrsf vagn kfn r,uh vkg,bu
n"n 'vumnv f"an rutk vkanbu hkmn hkumtu vbhdn hbudt od
kpufnu kupf vrh,h vkgn uc ah vagn hshk thcnv epx hkc
vbvu ///vagn hshk thcna sunk, kusd a"nfu 'rjt sunhkn
f"t x"av vn,u tjhank t,fkv x"av uaev ,unuen vzhtc
if,h tk ukhpt f"d jfun oan 'wufu vbab tk ohase rsx kf
gbnb tk n"n vzv inzc vagnk rcs sunhkv smn tmha
,nt vz /usnkk hutra w,uepbu ,hkf, uc ah ot a"f 'usunhkn
smn o,hkf, ygna ohrcs rjcba vn er ujhbvk vkhkj chmhu
kfc ubh,ucuj ruthc tuvu ubhkg kyunv sunhkc kjcbu vagnv
sunhkv ,t u,frgv ,urnka hrv "/tuv kvev ,tyj ouhu ouh
ifa vn snkku sunkk ;hsgv 'z"vzc ohdvub obhta ohrcs ka
/ubh,urusc dvub
rutk thmuvku ohase rsxc rujck tpht ubhtr vn

?ubka asjv kkufv hrufhc ,hatrf vz ruchj
wrp vcr rcsnc) arsnc k"zj a"n h"pg thv vcua,v

ohase rsx vz ohbhg ,rhtn vrc wv ,umn" :(z"y-u"y ,ut 'd"h
,sjuhnu vshjh vkudx "/ohasek ihkuj ihc ohbhg rhtn tuva
,ufkav uk ihta h"pgta 'kkfc vru, sunhkku 'vz rsxk thv
ub,ut snkn tuv ubka ouh-ouhv hhj kg ,urhah ,uhagn
kfub vca vnrk ub,ut ohrn tuvu 'kujk asue ihc khscvk
lk ihtu /asue tuv ratc asuev ka tkpbv lrgv ,t rhfvk
/uzn vkusd ohbhg ,rhtn
'ku,k,pu aehg rus tuv ubrus ,hbjur vbhjcn ot
ohhgsnv ohdahvv /ohxenu tkpb rus tuv ,rjt ,utr-,huuzn
,utmnvvu hgsnv gshvu 'ohreck ohasj ov ohhdukubfyvu
/ohxfn ohk ohnf kd kg kd ubhkg ohpyuau ohcr,n ,uhbfyv
uhkg sct rcf vbvu sjt hgsn aushj kfgk ubepxv tk sug
sgcn /,urjt ,utmnvu ohaushj vrag ubhbpk ohsnugu jkfv
ka ',uhyndrp ka taubv snug vktv ,urhstv ,ugpu,v kfk
kfk hannu hagn ijcn ah vhpk rat ,hgsnv vsu,nv
iuhgrv thv uz vyha ka ,uh,rcjv ,ufkavv ,jt /vhruth,
kufha vn er 'uc kpyk hutr kgupc ,kgu,k tuva vn era
/ubck ,nua,k hutr vagnk rcs asjk
ourk ,uhyndrpv ,tkgv ka vchcx ',tzfa vchcxc

kg vnak sunhkv ,t xbv kg ohrvk ubhkg ',haubtv vjkmvv
,urbv" rat 'vfubj ,urbf /hagn ouahh oua hkc asuev ,rvy
ub,ru,c lf "'ivc an,avk ,uar ubk ihtu iv asue ukkv
"/ivc an,avk ,uar ubk ihtu iv asue" ka suxh ah kkfc
uc aursbafu -- tjhank t,fkv 'obnt 'tuv ohase rsx
jhan ,thc :tuv rfavu 'ubrfa kceb 't,hhruts tenugk ghdbu
'z"vzc dvub ubhta vru,c ekj uvazht od snkbaf er /ubesm
ghdb zt 'ohase rsx ihgf ',hrnujv ,uthmnk ouahh-rc ubhta
vrc wv ,umn" /ohasek ihkuj ihc khscvk ohbhg ,rhtnk
"/ohbhg ,rhtn
"'gsnu vru," suxh kg whhubcv 'ubt-ub,chahc yrpcu

u,hphph" ,bhjc ubsxunc ohsnkb vvucd vnrc kuj hsunhkaf
er tk 'ahdsvku ruzjku ahdsvk cuaj "'oa hkvtc ,ph ka
tuva--rjt sunhk kf kg vru,v sunhk ka u,unseu u,ubuhkg
er tc ubht omgc vru,v sunhka od tkt--unmgn icunv rcs
',hagn vchaj kf kgnu rcgn tuv /,usjuhn ,uhgc ru,pk
tuv ',uhybckrv er tku 'vausev suxh /r,uhc vcuyv ukhptu
/ubkdrk rb
oujb crv 4
otk
't,fkvs tchkt t,,gna heuxtk vru,v sunhk 'ift

ohsunhkv cur epx kf tkku 'sutn vkgb daun uvhrv
shnk,v ,t icrsk urzgha ohrcsc uexg,ha cyun ohhbru,v
ka ohbav "/,uhrcv ,t ivc ;rmku" vruxnvu vru,v lrsc
tk ruxnk ubhkg omnumn inzcu ',urupx iv vchahc shnk,v
suxh kg vhubcv ohhj-lrs od tkt ',uyapun ,ughsh er
/vru,v
ufza vkt kct 'ohshnk,v cur hcdk xpu, vz 'okut

iufnk odu rbxeu a"g iuhkg-kkufk 'ubka ohkkufc kce,vk
ov vktu 'ubhbhca ohsnukv rjcn ov tkv 'irc a"g vucdv
yrp /ubarsn ,hc hkxpx hacuj kfk ,punf anak ohfhrma
yrpk lhrma kkuf" ,bhjc tuvu 'ub,gsk sutn sutn cuaj vz
vca vbuatrv ,fxnv ',tzk-htu "/kkufk lhrm tuva yrpu
,fxnv--ohjcz ,fxn thv ohkkufv ,t lbjku khj,vk ubrjc
ucrh ,utcv ohbaca epx hk iht /ohase rsx ka vbuatrv
,uumnk ohfhha obnt ivhbhbg cura ,urjt ,u,fxn sunkk
rhtna" 'vtc okuf kg snkk vkj,vv kct /z"vzc ,udvubv
v"s 'y"h runzn) ohkhv, arsn iuakf "'ohnfj ka ovhbhg
/(wv ,ru,
urzt,va vktk vcuy hhupf 'u"j 'rtahbu ohhxb tk

vbanv /iuhkgv kkufv suxhh h"g ub,chahc vru,v sunhk ,cuyk
:rnut hbuj ic hxuh" :,rnut ohjcz ,fxn ka vbuatrv
vhrzg hjt iugna ìhkuxp - ,tyj oaku jxp oak ihyjabv
- ivn lunb oak 'ihraf - ivn vucd oak iyja :rnut
treb iugnaa khdr-h,kcv hubhfv kg rhgn oa h"aru "/ihkuxp
exg vhrzga oa kg" :uvahn ka icf tku uhjt oa kg
vru,c exug vhva vgac uhjt iugna hfrum ephxu thynerpc
iugna ka usunk, rfac vhrzgk ekj tvha ivhbhc ub,vu
wudu u,hc iuv kf ,t aht i,h ot (t"f ;s) vyuxc whrntsf
,rhtn vrc wv ,umn" 5
"ohbhg
"/ush kg snka una kg treb lfhpk vhrzg hjt iugnaf tk
shf our,k ucsb,v vrh,h vbhcc ubbuj rat ohab h,a

vbucbv ,rcdv iv hrv 'ubk "rzghjt" ,uhvku 'ivhkg vcuyv wv
gathrtn vtk ,snuknv "v,c vntf"u 'whj, 'rbxeu vkhc
vkgc iurfzk vz ubarsn ,hc ubc ivh,a rat 'whj, 'rbxeu
rat) hcm vhbezu vhruv odu 'chk vhrt ic arhv hcm vhctu
/cuece ,jpank gathrtn vtku (vz hbru, ;xtn treb unac
cuyk rfzhh 'if unf /vktv ,ukgbv ohabv ka ivhnh lhrth wv
suxhhk ,scfb vnur, or, rat g"b irc lhbgv ktrah rn
/una kg sunk,k vucdv iufnv
whksd crv v"v 'ubhshnk, hrhjcn ohhbak ovk h,h,

iuhkhdv ,t s"uyuyc ufrga 'u"mh 'inskp hcm kthbs crvu rdrc
/asuev kt otucc okue gnabu "'hcm kue" ka vzv iuatrv
umuphu ohcrc vru, .hcrvk ufzh asuev in o,tmcu
/vmuj ovh,ubhhgn
ohkkufv hatru irc iufn odu vzv kkufv hshnk, ufzhu

,hcu 'vba ohragu vtn sg vru,c ohbhg ,rhtnk t"yhka
kf ihcn vkhv,ku ,rtp,ku oak vhvhu jrphu vkgh ubarsn
vnrv kg wev ub,ru, sunhkk ohruxnv (!ucrh if) ,usxunv
/r,uhc vvucdv
p"krj iukucz crv r"un
vchav kvbn
tjhank t,fkv
,ucvk ucmj rat uhc,fnc k"eumz ohhj .pjv irn
…:k"zu c,uf ohase rsx sunhkk true kue uuhvu asue at
tuch ot ukhpta tvh uk 'vkt ohrcs hpk 'hgru hjt f"tu
ubk lhrm vhvh tkv 'ubhnhc ubhesm jhan odu thcbv uvhkt
vzku 'asenca ,usucgv rtau ,ubcrev hbhbgc ;fh, khj,vk
iht ohbvfv tkcu ',ubcrev hbhs ugsha ohbvf ubk ohmujb tkv
ivf ;t g"gk ubk humn tk ;uxcku 'asenv ihbcc ,kgu, ubk
'zt dhab vnhkfvu vaucvn vnf 'hutrf ,ubcre hbhs gsha sjt
ubh,uaecu ubh,ukhp, kf hf gsuh zta 'ubh,prj ,t lhkub vbtu
…oka ckcu …,ntc tku .ujku vpavn er uhv u,thck
/(c"f sung 'ohhj .pjv hrntnu ,urdt) k"fg
inzv lancu ohhen vtbu arus vtb vhv ohhj .pjv

/,ufkv hyuehk oac ohase kg kusdv uruchj ,t rutk thmuv
,khve ka vcr 'k"mz ivf irvt wr crv ub,j od uhrjtu
taubc ohrpx hba k"uv 'ausev ub,uj ka u,nzuhc 'euahktfhn
vae vrutfk 'obnt /,ubcrev ,sucgu asuev ,sucg 'vz
tka ,uthmnv sdb k"mz j"jv ka uduryhe ,uphrj ,t ihcvk
usnk tka sujhcu 'ohase 'ohbpka ,urusvcu uhnhc usnk
,t ubhfv tka ',ubcrevu vsucgv ,ufkvu asenv ,hc ,ufkv
ihrsvbxc odu ohjczc trndv tkv /jhanv ,unhk onmg
sh,gk ohgdub rat ,ufkv hexps - "!?tjhank t,fkv" ,ktua
,ruehc ka unuen uvn f"t 'jhanv ka u,thck ufjh tuck
?ohase ,ufkvc ohexug tka ukt sdb j"jv
rzgkt wr thb, 'k"zu (/v"n ':s"n) ohjczc trndv vbvu

iukucz crv 2
p"krj
rcsc 'kdhp .ujc vagbv rcsc kdhp hxuh wr ouan rnut

vuct rc vcr rnt injb wr rnt …kdhp tk ohbpc vagbv
tcr rnt 'hxuh wr ouan rnuta rzgkt wrf vfkv cr rnt
'tjhank t,fkv (inek rtcbsf ";xuh cr rnt" ,utxrd ahu)
t,fkv 'hb,hk tk ohase ,yhja kf v,gn tkt hhct k"t
hfv 'rfa kceu aurs b"v rfa kceu aurs tkt 'tuv tjhank
tbhnte vfkv k"t tbhrjt tbahk 'hk vnk t,fkv lk tbhnte
vfkv ,ughcet 'tbvn,hns htv k"zu h"arhpu /trndv k"fg
,ufkv ,eukjnu ,uhban hb,hn ibhgc xrdhns 'tbvn,hns tuv
vfkv guche kct 'rfa kceu aursu 'thv vru,a hpk vsucg
/h"ar k"fg dvub ubht uhafgu 'vagnk vfkv ,uruvk tkt vbht
tbhbj hcrc hxuh wrs vhnan ihcr jka '(:t"b) ihrsvbxc

tuva kf 'rnte hfvu 'ibcrf okugk 'vban ka vgmv thv lf
vtuab ukhts ktrah ,c vtuab uvhb htnu 'vhct ,,hnn vynk
vkgnk thva kf 'vprac vhct ,,hnc tfv ebjc ktrah ,c
,c vxurt ukhts ktrah ,c vxurt 'uvhb htnu 'vhct ,,hnn
,t luphtu ibcrf okugk tbhcr rnt …vkhexc tnkgc ktrah
vcr rnt injb cr rnt …vprac vhnj ,tu vkhexc vhct
r"c hxuh wrs vhnan ihcr jkasf vfkv cr rnt vuct rc
v,gn tkt hhct k"t 'tjhank t,fkv ;xuh cr rnt 'tbhbj
kceu aurs tkt 'tjhank t,fkv hb,hk tk ohase ,yhja
rnte vfkv t,gnas thdux hk vnk t,fkv 'rnte hfv 'rfa
cuhjc tk tbhcru ihcr ihc n"b iht tfvs h"arhpu 'trndv k"fg
vprac vtuab harpn uvhhur,s 'v,hn eukhjc tku ruypc tku
vfkv htnu 'hdhkp t,hhrcv iuak iueh,cu 'vkhexc vxurtu
vbnn ihshnk ubt ihta hrjt t,gnas thduxc rnhnk tfht
vzhtc rzgkt wr ,t ktab oh,nv vhjhu jhanv tuchaf 'oukf
/vrnt iuak
ibhmns x"av kfc ohshjhv ,unuenv hba ov vkt

iv x"av ,uhduxnu 1'tjhank t,fkv ka iuhgrv thsvk
tjhank t,fkv ka vz dauna vtrb ohjczc ivu ihrsvbxc
ubt vru, sunhk ru,cs 'trndv ,bexn hvuza 'ubkmt kcuen
rfa kceu aurs ogyn (,urvyc ifu) ohasec euxgk ohchhj
kufh vz 'vfkvv ,t rrck t,,gna heuxtk ubk iht kct
tuv vnk ohhj .pjv kg vae f"tu 'jhanv ,thck ,ufjk
,ufkvc unf ohase ,ufkvc ohexug tks ,uthmnv kg kcue
od 'tbkht hcrcr curs tuv tscugva odu x"av hrsx rta
ohsjt sckn ukt ohbhsc uexg tk 'ohburjtv odu ohbuatrv
khscv tku 'kkfv in tmuhf ykuc tuva o"cnrv ovhbhcu 'ovn
/tuck sh,gk ,ufkvu vzv inzs ,ufkv ihc
vnk vn,u 'vzc ahdrv unmgc j"jv t,khns tyauek

obht vz rsxn ,fxn vzht ohsnuka ohabt o,ut ukhpta
'x"av ,u,fxn rtac unf p"gc vc ohthec uhvha ohks,an
,hkf, uvza ,uhduxv in ,tmuhv vfkvv ,hmn, ,gsk yrpcu
vru, sunhk ,umn rehga e"vxv uc,fa unf 'vru,v sunhk
k"zu c,fu 'x"aca ihbg kf ka vfkv rurhc gshk tuv vnak
rsx kg rxjba hbpn tuv vzc vchxv rehga h,bbuc,v
ursxa unf x"av ,ubexn kf uc rsuxn vhvha ruchj ohase
rhtv o"cnrv hf ;tu ',u,fxn rta kg ohbuatrv ubh,ucr
kfc ohase hbhbg kf kg kusdv uruchj ,t ubk rhsxvu ubhbhg
inzv iht od 'ijufc iht ohsnukv cur kct 'ivhyrpu ovh,ufkv
u,bexn thduxu thdux kf kg o"cnrc ihhgk 'ovk ehpxn
kkfk stn stn vzv rsxc vghshv ygn,b if kkdc 'vfkvk
hapbc h,caju 2/vru,v kfc ohthecv rusv hshjhk er okugv
/inek yymbs wc inhx rbk lurgvk iuhm ihbcc ihhg q1

rsxk u,nsevc ,uhbanv kg uaurhpc o"cnrv arpn vz ihgfu q2
…lfk hbthcv ratu /,ubcrev hekjc rcsk h,htr k"zu ohase
ohcrv ubh,ubugc sct rcf ,ubcrev ihbg k"r vzc ihbgvu ,uhv
oua kmt kdrun urfz ihtu ost hbcn ygn tkt uc ihjhdan ihtu
vn ukhpt ,ubcrev in ohgsuh ibht ohshnk,v curu …ost
iukucz crv 4
p"krj
a"trvu ;"hrv unf ohbuatrv 'vzv ihbgv ,t ie,k kfub vnc

hf …ohngy vnf hbpn vzv rsxv kg ovhruchj ubk urshx tk
vfkv 'vc ufkh rat lrsv ,t ogvk chavk ohfhrm uhv ov
vagb ratf okugc g"ua oua vhv tk obnzca 'vagnk
r,hvu ruxhtca ifu j"ut g"uav kf ka ihsu ihs kfu 'ubhbnzc
hekj gcrt kfca ,ufkvv kfu ,ubunn hbhsu ihausheu ihyhdu
uhv ovu 'ktrah hatr kmt aursk lhrm okugv uhv kfv g"ua
,uhkd kfk c,fnc chavku x"avn ihsu ihs kf thmuvk ihfhrm
ubh,ucr o,utu /vagnk vfkv 'okugv ,ume gcrtc ktrah
o,ryn 'ovhnusu a"trv ';"hrv unf x"avn ohrumhe uaga
/vagnk ,ufkvv hrehg ohgsuh uhvha vkudv hbhg rhtvk v,hv
ovhruchj .hpvk stn stn vkusd vftkn zt v,hv ,tz odu
okugc zt v,hv tk xupsv ,ftkn hf ktrah ,ukhve kfc
e"nxv ,nsevc rtucnf c,fc ,ue,gv jukak ohfhrm uhvu
vru,v hekj kfc vz ihgf ,uagk vhv ,ugbnbv in f"gu
uktc p"fg inmg uehpxvu ktrah kfk ,ue,gvv jukaku
3
/k"fg /vagnk ohgdubv ,ufkv
t,fkv vz tkv vkgnk ubhaeva vnk gdubc odu

u,nsev ;uxc vrgvcu 'unmgc k"mz j"jv vzc ahdrv tjhank
t,fkv ibhrsxns vn kg hkg truev vn,h ktu 'k"zu c,f
hp kg urushx tkv (,ufkv hyuehkv) vzv ruchjvs tjhank
ohase rsx kfc ;t uh,ufkv gce tkv o"cnrvu 'o"cnrv
ut rnf t,fkv vban kfc ehxn uka vbanv aurhpc ifcu
/k"fg …ohcr oheuxp ovc rntba

kg od vzf ohruchj f"d uaga sug raptu 'k"zu lhanv j"jvu q3
zt vhv tka hbpn okugc yap,b tka lt vru,ca ,ufkv r,h
,ucrc raptu /ohshjh hshc er ohruchjv urabu okugc xups
ratf ohase rsx kg od ohbuatrvn ohruchj vcrv ukd,h inzv
aurhp ifu /ohbvf ,ru, kg a"rvu s"ctrv aurhp ubhbnzc ukd,b
/,ujbn ,fxn kg t"carv haushj ifu …f"u,v kg kkv ubhcr
/(wc sung wv ;s ,ufkv hyuehk vbuatr vnsev) k"fg
tjhank t,fkv
5
v"s (/v"n) ohjcz wxu,v ,bexnf k"xs ouan f"gu 4'rnf

cr er thauev vzk hahhj tk ohtruntv kfs tjhank t,fkv
c,f (/d"h ;s) tnuhc i"cnrv oac t"cyhrv ifu 'sck ;xuh
/k"fg …;xuh crs tv vjsb trndv ,bexn hpks
ohjczc wxu,v ka orcxvk ihuf,v k"mz j"jv

vnks 'hxuh wrf vfkv v"s (/d"h) tnuhc sujhcu 'k"bv ihrsvbxcu
vfkv ohexup ohtruntvs ubhmns ouen kfc ohktua tk
ovu /tjhank t,fkv vzv inzc ohdvub obhta ohrcsc
vfkvk n"b ah ,unuenv o,ut kfcs (t :,ugs auka ohthcn
wru rhtn wr ,eukjnc (/d"h ':c"h) tnuhc iudf vzv inzc vagnk
iuatr rhtn wrks uh,j, rjt ubhnu kuxp uc grht ihbgc hxuh
hxuh wrku 'uhkg vkusd vbuvf ,uumn kf hbau u,sucgk rzuj
ivfk tku kusd ivfk tk hutr ubht hbau u,sucgk rzuj iuatr
asuec ihkgn ouan v"fk tku vcht ouan d"fk tk 'yuhsv
wr rnt vbj rc rc vcr rnt 'oa ibhexnu /ihshrun ihtu
'tjhank t,fkv tnh, 'wxu,v haenu /hxuh wrf vfkv ibjuh
,u,hn ws erpcu (/v"n) a"c erp ohjczc lhrp tbud htv hfs
kg vbn,ba xbrpk vzv inzc tbhn tepb ahs ibhmr,u '(:t"b)
odu u,rrak rzuj xbutv rucghafs 'xbut ,njn rcgu ruchmv
vsuvh wr rnt (:c"g) ihaushec ibhmn ifu /hbac sucf ohdvub
lhrp tku rvyhk ihrznn ihsh,gs hxuh wrf vfkv cr rnt
,ujpann ouhv ejr,vk uhafg n"b tnas 'tjhank t,fkv
ifu /(tjhank t,fkv v"s xu, /v"n ohjcz) ,ugush ibhta
wr rnt kkf 'jxp hcd (/u"x) ohjxpn tndus ,upxu,v ohthcn
',cav ,t vjus ,ca crgn ,uagk t"ta vftkn kf tcheg
t,fkv ibhfrp tk oa odu tcheg wrf vfkv trndc ehxpu
kct k"zu (wc vban wd erp) ohkf ,uhbanc ohasj vbanv f"fu q4
ukt ,ukkfc 'ohduvb obhtc urpx kfc lkuv shn, …o"cnrv
ot vfkv euxpku uruchj rcjk rapt vhv tk od rupxkn unmg
/k"fg 'wufu vz lrs kg tk
iukucz crv 6
p"krj
/vkhn ihbgk vzv inzc n"b ahs 5tjhank
tuva rcsc vfkv ,gcue x"av ihts kkfvs (c

rtau (;xuh wr ,gs) htshjh ,gs er tuv tjhank t,fkv
rfa kceu aurs hhct ka umurh,cs 'uhkg ohekuj ohtrunt
ubka x"ac ibhmns ,urnku ';xuh wr ka u,hhaue t,jsb
txrhd thv 'thv tjhank t,fkv tcr rnt 'k"bv ohjczc
unf ;xuh cr ka umurh, vza thv vbufbv txrhdvu ,acuan
/ihrsvbxc ibhmns
t,fkv lhrp tks 'k"mz ivf ohhj ubcrs umurh, (d

iudf 'vrhcgu tjhank t,fkv 'ohrcs hba ahaf tkt tjhank
v,bhza ivf ,c hcd ihrsvbxcu kudhpc hrhhts ohjczc thvv
tfhks tfhvs 'ruxht vaug odu tjhank tuva h,r, tfhts
ut 'tjhank euxpk lhha tk ruxht h"g tkt t,fkvc t,uepb
vfkv euxphk ihtu humn ubhta rcs tuv sjh ohrcs hbaa hpk
ut '(k"bv tnuh) tjhfa tks t,khnc -- kkf humn ubhta rcsc
ohehsm okuf zt uhvh hf jhanv ,unhk vz expk lrum ihts
(k"bv tnuh) oa ihhgu '(t"f:wx whgah) ohehsm okf lngu rntba
tkv 'k"zu oa ohbah wxu,v vaens vn odu) /ohbah ,upxu,c
tkt vzv inzc ,udvub ibhts ,ufkvc ,unuen vnfc ubhmn
smhf (:v) tnuhc iudf 'ibhscg hfhv ibhaens tuck sh,gk
t,fkv unf ubhhvu ovng vanu uhbcu irvt uhjhaf iahckn
vtzv ohfhrm tuck sh,gk oh,n hfu (:g) vsbc odu 'tjhank
okut /oukf .r,k gsuh ubht o,vs rnud tuvu 'hghcau hahka
tkvs 'wufu iahckv smhf (:v) tnuhc trndvn u,frp e"e
hnb tuck sh,gk verpn thvu vaen thv vnmgc trndv
tk jxp icre ukhpt ihsv ins ohrcux wxu,va vhtr itfn q5

ohbunsev in 'ohkusdv unf tku /asenv ,hc ihbc osuen ibh,hhn
icre thcvk vzv inzc ohtb,v ,t rmhk uxhbs 'ohburjtv inu
/e"usu 'ruchmc vjsuv ut vr,uv ouan jxp
tjhank t,fkv
7
t,fkvc ub,bcv euhsc vzu 'rnthu vanu uhbcu irvt utuchafk

ut ,uhgctu ,uhaue .r,hu uvhkt tuch tuck sh,gks tjhank
ubk ushdh oh,nv ,hhj, hrjt ovhkg rcusns onmgc k"zjv
(:t"b) ishs iushbc ihrsvbxc h"ar arpna unf 'ubuuf,v vnk
,t ktab oh,nv vhjhu jhanv tuchaf 'tbhnte hfv v"s ;ux
itf trndv ,buuf thv ifu 'vrnt iuak vzhtc rzgkt wr
(/urnth vanu uhbcu irvt utuchafk
;xuh crs tkkf t,jsbs wc .urh, yeub j"jvu

'ohjczcu 'tfvs p"gt 't"cyhrv ehxna unf trndv ,bexnf
wxu,vn jfun tku 'wxu, ka hgmntv .urh,v tuv ihrsvbxcu
rntb f"tt 'vz ihbgc o,bexnf okmt cajb tuvs inmg
tkt 'inmg wxu,v ka omurh, tk ivf ohhj ubcr ka umurh,s
ka umurh, ,t ohthcn ov 'ovhmurh, hba ,t uthcva hrjt
,uhkdrnc tcun) rut hue rpxc ihhg okut /ivf ohhj ubcrv
'ohtrunt rtakn r,uh ';xuh crks '(ihrsvbxc ub,hdux kg ohv
tuv ;xuh crs 'tjhank t,fkvs thauev v,ut u,shryn
vsb ihhg) tuck sh,gk ,ukyc ,umns k"x uvhts 'hfv lhrps
/(wc sung ;ux t"n
tjhank t,fkv ,ujsk kfub kec tks k"b iput kfc

sug tuv ,ntcs 'ehxn j"jva unf 'sujk ;xuh cr ,hauef
ukhpt vhruc kg t,,gna heuxtk thryu tkeav iucajc tc
v,vhn,s vtrb ,"uav hrpxc kf,xb ot tkv /ohase hbhbgc
ka i,nu tanvc ,nhhe sug tjhank t,fkv trndv ka
wxu,c tcunv) v"xe arua ;uxc e"hrvnv ,"uac ihhg /vfkv
j"hr inhx ovrct idnc odu 'wc vban wd erp ohkf y"uh
vn kg tkt ,ufkvv ugceb tk hrva 'k"zu c,fa (d"ex
hnfj hnhc ohdvub uhva ohbhs kg iudf gucek ufrmuva
'ztn ohdvub uhv tks ovc tmuhfu ohgdb hbhs kg kct 'sunk,v
hbukpu hbukp ornutc kkf ovc urcs tku vfkv ovc ugce tk
vfkv vzc tmuhfc exup sunk,va tfhv tcrstu 'hbukpf vfkv
iukucz crv 8
p"krj
vzn tmuh /k"fg 'wufu tjhank t,fkv hfu vhkg lhrp hbukpf
/vjsb tku ohhe sug tjhank t,fkv daunv e"hrvnvks
arhv hcm crvk rbk lurgv ka u,cua,c ubhmn ifu

:k"zu (wc inhx) iuhm ihbc ,"ua rpxc ghpunv k"mz rgahkte
vcuja rehv urpxc h"b ,"fgn vkgv rat rcs kg

ubjhan ,thc ory vzv inzc od ks,avk ktrah kf kg kyun
unf jcznv ihbc hsh kg asenv ouenc ,ubcre chrevk
vmru ,uhsg ;ux ib,sf hba ,hc ihbc ory trzg hnhc uchreva
/vz kg h,gs uk ghcvk usxjc
thcna h"b ,"fgnk h,htr :h,gs ,uhbg hpf chavk hbbv

u,gs ,uehzjn ibhta sckc tk s"bgku 'u,gsk ,uhtr aka
vnc j,ptu 'lphvk ,uhtr ivn ah s"bg hpk tkt ',ntc
gauvh hcr rnt j"p ,uhsgc ib, 'k"zu vkusd vhtr trea
vfkv ucrn ucru ucrn gnaa htfz ic ibjuh wrn hbt kcuen
creku ejrk rvyku tnyk tc uvhkt ihta hbhxn vank
uvhkt ihta c"grv whpu 'wuf gurzc ohejurnv ,t crek tkt
'wuf ohraf ovu ojhbh tkt gnyb hn ,ujpanv epx rrck tc
ufrmuv vnku 'tjhank t,fkv hfu vz rntn kg tkpv in ahu
tch ,gc tkv 'tck sh,gk tuva rcs kg hbhxn vank vfkv
oua ubk ihtu uagh vn zt ugsh tkv ung ohause kfu uvhkt
x"av vaena ,unuen vnfc ubhmn ifu 'kkf n"nkvc t,uepb
'uz vfkvc vnumg ,kgu, whv, ubhfrs hpk lt 'tjhank t,fkv
chrevk ,uark vfzbu thcb hkc .ucev ,hatr whvh ratf hf
vagb vn gsb tk ubjbtu 'thcb tkc hubc jczn whvhu ,ubcre
ohbvfv ,rvy ubhgsuvk thcbk vfjba khcac wsk jujhb jhrk
f"tu 'vtucbv rut ghpuh tk rpfk icre wvh tk ratfu 'oxujhu
whkt ihtu whkt hkc icre ihta ,ugbnbv in ,me vkutd whv,
h"g ubhghsuvk ohsev vkhkgv cru vmgv kusd vzk 'icre hkc
,rvy rrch tk tuv hf 'vz ihbgc whktk vfjb tka n"nkkv
tjhank t,fkv
9
chreb ztu o,uraf ,ezjc ohbvfv kf jhbh er ,ujpanv

/h"b rns k"fg scugv ivf kxpuh tna ajhn hkc icre
t,fkv ,unuen vnfc x"av vaena c,fa hbvn,u

if trndc vaena ,unuen hbac er hk gsub tku tjhank
vktv ,unuenv hbacu (v"n ;s ohjczcu t"b ;s ihrsvbxc)
'iuakv vzc uc,f ihrsvbxc /u,haue ihgf wpxu,v vaev rcf
(c"g ;s) ihxjuh vrag erpc hxuh wrf vfkv ibhexps tvu
ejr,vk tka vzv inzc vbhn tepb 'rvyhk ohrznn ohsh,gc
vz ihgfu 'hrhhn gush ubhta rznncs ,ugush ibhta ,ujpann
htn u,haue od ,mru,n vz .urh,ca hrv /ohjczc od uc,f
rvyku tnyk tc whkt ihta hbhxn vank vfkvc t,uepb
uc,fa unf tuv t,uepbv tkv vzv inzc creku ejrk
whkt tch tna ,uepxv ,ujpann ejr,vk tka ,upxu,v
vhauen vhtr ihta sckc tk f"tu 'ohrznn uhbc utmnbu tnyk
umurh,f if wpxu,v umrh, tksn tcrst tkt 'rns u,gsk uz
rznnc rvyk ihrznn ihsh,gs hxuh hcrf vfkv epxc t,uepbs
,ubcre chrevk ohbvf shngvk aujb tka tuv gush ubhta
trhcx tks gnan ',urhznn epx aajn thcbv tch ory
ohrutk ivfv sungh ory ,ubcre uchreha if ,upxu,vk
/rbk lurgv ka k"fg /thcb hp kg ohnu,u
lurgvk ihcu rgahkte crvk ihca rurc jfun itfn

tkeavc khgp sugu vjsb tk tjhank t,fkvs daunv rbk
,ujsk rbk lurgvk uk vhv f"kts 'vagnk vfkvs thryu
tkv ',uhsgc vbanvn rgahkte crv ka u,hhtr ,t trehgn
'tjhank t,fkv kg vhubc thv rgahkte crv ka u,hhtr kf
x"avu 'sck htshjh ,gs ';xuh cr ,gs thv tjhank t,fkvu
vtrb lfc u,ut vjs tksnu /thauek v,ut xpu, ubht
shjh ,gs teus utk tjhank t,fkv rbk lurgvk ukhpta
ihcvk ubt ohfhrm f"tu /trndv ,bexn tyauek thv tkt
ouen kfc ohase hbhbgc od ,uhbanv aurhpc o"cnrv vnk
iukucz crv 10
p"krj
urpxc ohase ,ufkv kkf ifu hbukpf vfkv exp ,eukjn

ubs ,unuen vnfc tkv sugu /k"bf vru, vbanv kusdv
/vzv inzc ibhta ,ufkvc trndc
'kudhpk gdubc ohjczc vnk vae vrutfk vzk ;xub

rzju uh,j, rjt ubhnu kuxp uc grhts kusd ivf hcd tnuhcu
euxphk hgc rvyhk ihrznn ihsh,gs thduxc ihaushecu 'u,sucgk
wrf vfkvs ehxn (:u"n) ihcurhgc tkv 'hxuh wrf vfkv thsvc
tku urcjn hxuh wrf vfkvs rntb ot ukhptu /uhrcjn hxuh
odu 'urcjn hxuh wrf v"s :u"n ihcurhg wxu, ihhg) uhrcjn
ivu ohjczc iv 'lf ihcu lf ihc '(,gca v"s :d"p ihcurhgc
vzf ihbgc g"ufku 'vhkg hdhkp htshjh er ihaushec ihcu tnuhc
/urcjn hxuh wrf vfkv
'ubnn rah hxuh wr hrcs ibhpkh tks ohjczcs k"h tnau

rnta rzgkt wrf vfkv 'ushnk,n tkt 'rnt tpud tk tuvs
htvfc ukhpts ubk ratk htruntk uvk hgc 'hxuh wr ouan
thsvc zhrfvk hgc f"d ihaushec /6hxuh hcrf vfkv tbuud
urhcjn hxuh wr ibhrnts thv tkkfs p"gt hxuh wrf vfkvs
uhkg ekjs rhtn wr ka u,hhtr ,t hxuh wr vjs o,vs 'k"bf
cahu euxpvn tuck sh,gk ohruvy iht hbh,bu hrznn rntu
euxpv ,t ihcv tk hxuh wru '(:wy vhrfz) susatc rznn
iuc,h ;xuh cr odr,nsf tkt ubhcv rhtn wra unf uyuapf
oa ihhgu) ihtrfubk vc uns vuvs iuvgrtc imjurk ktrah ,hc
ktuna rnt vsuvh cr rnts utk ht ;xuh cr rnt …(h"ar
ihrkue hbruum hbruum ibhn ehpn uvhkt h,t huv hxuh wrf vfkv
uaurhpk r,uh vyub trev ,uyapsn k"bf vtrb /trndv k"fg
ukhpts ubk shdvk ktuna rnt vsuvh cr tc 'rhtn wr ka
aurhpc vexp tnuhc trndva vnu /hxuh wrf vfkv vz iputc
ut rnt tpuds ihc vz kscv ihgf vaug rbk lurgvs inek ihhgu q6
/ushnk,n tcun
tjhank t,fkv
11
tuv 'urhcjn hxuh wrs kkfv kg lnx tku hxuh wrf vfkv
vfkv ibjuh r"t vbj rc rc vcr rnt ibhrnt tnuhcs ouan
rnt 'vraf u,sucg 'scgu rcg ota hxuh wr vsunu hxuh wrf
,n ota hxuh wr vsunu hxuh wrf vfkv cr rnt vsuvh cr
wr vsuns ubk ghsuvk hgcs kkdcu 'wufu u,sucgk rzuj iuatr
cr rnt vsuvh crs hxuh wr vsunsu vbj rc rc vcrs hxuh
/hxuh wrf vfkv ihnhsen
k"bv wxu,v kg ihrsvbx kg uhaushjc rbk lurgc ihhgu

(:c"b) ,kf,v erp ;uxn oa haens tjhank t,fkv v"s
d"f h,hcj hcdk rcuxs htxus ic hxuh tctf ibjuh wr exps
ihc .nueu ,hrja .nue 'vbuck ka ohmnue hba vk ahrpn
vfkvc ohnfju htxus ic hxuh tct hdhkps p"gt 'ohcrgv
'k"zu rbk lurgv .rh, z"gu 'tjhank t,fkvs tuck sh,gks
ihts rcxs vzn jfuns 'tbhsk t,uepb ibjuh wr ubghnav vzcs
b"t /tfht tcuy t,uepbu oa rtucnf vban o,xf vfkv
ocrn vfkv ohshnk,v ukces tfhv tkt hfv ihfrp tks k"h
hxuh wrs vhnan ihcr jkasf vfkv] tfv iudf 'vhnan urntu
vzcs [hxuh wr ouan rnta rzgkt hcrf] ohjczcu '[tbhbj r"c
vhnan urntu uz vfkv ohshnk,v ukce t,fkv htnk vae
n"n 'rfa kceu aurs ouan unmgk t,fkv ehxp tuvs ;ts
vhnan ohshnk,v urnt vnk t,uepb tfhk tbhs ihbgks iuhf
tpud ibjuh wr o,vs hshn vae tk ,kf,v erp ;uxt ifku
/k"fg 'vhnan shnk, ouan tku hrnt
gdubc wxu,v ,hhaue rbk lurgvks vz kkdc hkutu

;xuh crs ofxk uk eujs vhv tk 'thaue vuv tk d"f h,hcjk
unf u,unf ohrcux obht ohtruntv rtaau 'teus lhrp
/khgk ubrthca unfu 'j"jv ovhrjtu 't"cyhrv 'wxu,v unfxa
t,fkvk lhha ubht kkfc hxuh wrs ubhss k"b okut

(wc vban wv erp) hba ragnc ,rnut vbanv /tjhank
iukucz crv 12
p"krj
thv htb,u 'vnujk lunx vspb tvha ubhe,v ',urhpv ucranu

'rnut hxuh wr 'vhva ,unfk rcsv ruzjh 'umrha h,nhta 'rcsc
vbcha h,nht vhv htb,u 'vzv htb,v vhv asenv ,hc crjan
k"fg 'vhva ,unfk rcsv ruzjha 'ubhnhc vrvnc asenv ,hc
'tjt wr rnt 'hxuh wr hrcs ,t rhvcn oa hnkaurhcu 'vbanv
,hc ,ufknk osue ,ubchvk sh,g asenv ,hca ,rnut ,tz
,hc ,ufkn ,nev hrjt vbch sh,gv asenv ,hc ota 'sus
"rnj v,a, cbg osu ch,fsf 'ohcurn ohcbg uhvh f"t 'sus
vbe,v zt lhrm vnku 'rnukf 'ihfv ,rnt ,tu (s"h:c"k ohrcs)
hahkav asenv ,hca htsu tkt ',urhpc ohkaurh heuua rygk
/ohygun uhvh ohcbgva sugc 'sus ,hc ,ufknk osue vbch
khk vsdvv kg ijkuav lurgv kgc ka tkpbv uaurhpc ihhgu
asenv ukhpta aurhpc jfun hnkaurhvna c,fa "'ohrunha
7
/ost hbc h"g vbch hahkav
wy erp hba ragn ,ufkv) uruchjc o"cnrv vbvu

hgcr orf ka ohcbg 'k"zu 'hxuh wrf exps vtrb (wv vfkv
rygk hsf sm kf ouh lkvn ohkaurhk ihkug uhvha s"c ubhe,v
ukhpt vspb asenv ,hc crjanu /,urhpc ohkaurh heua
k"bv ub,ban kg y"uh wxu,cu /o"cnrv k"fg 'vnujk lunx
vhv vrutfks 'o"cnrv ka u,yha ,t rhcxn hba ragnc
ohekuj ohnfjv tkv 'hxuh wrf o"cnrv exp lht 'uk vae
hxuh wrf vfkv ik tnhhe ibts (y"uh wxu,v hpk) gushu 'uhkg
wrf tks thv itf vfkvv vrutfk f"tu 8/uhrcjn tku urcjn
ubhba hrva /k"bv hnkaurhv kg lnux o"cnrva rnutu /hxuh
tku …rnut vsuvh wr (/wx n"c) cvzv erp ;uxc vbanc
ihgf uvzu 'cuyk rufz ohrnut ohnfju 'rgav ,t ,ujph
,bac ubh,chah h"g rutk tmha .cue "vbuvf r,f"c hrntnc ihhgu q7
/vcjrvc vz ihbgc "asenv ,hc vbch vrvn n"sa,
ut uhrcjn tku urcjn hxuh wr rtcns oa oa habt wxu,c ihhgu q8
/(:u"n) ihcurhgc trndvn khgk ubznrsf uhrcjn ukhpt
tjhank t,fkv
13
rcux e",v 'hxuh wru e",v ihca hba ragnc ubka ,eukjn
vnujk lunx vspb tvha ubhe,v 'vbue ihtu ,urhpv ucran
wru 'tghmn tccc vsuvh wr ,gsfu rgav ,t ,ujph tka hsf
oa ohnfjvf rcuxu vsuvh wr kg dhkps 'e",v kg ekuj hxuh
ot ifku 'rgav ,jph ot ik ,pfht tku 'cuyk rufz ohrnuta
tka kkdc vhv tk vz 'vnujk lunx vspb tuva ubhe,v
heuua rygh tka -- rjt ogyn tkt 'rgav ,t ,ujph
wxu,c a"g) asenv ,hc crjan ohchutv hshc vbu,bv ohkaurh
ekuj tuva p"gt /hxuh wrf itf exup o"cnrv ifku /(y"uh
hxuh wr ka uhrcs ohxbfb ,ntc hf 'e",v kg (a"gnc) itf
uhrcj kg ekuj tuv otu /n"cc ohnfjv hrcs og sjt vbec
ihbgv u,utc 'tghmn tccc "uhrcj"v ohnfjv 'a"gnc itf
9
/u,unf ohrcux 'khgk ubrthcsf
rcux hxuh wrs thv hnkaurhv ka u,yha ;ux-kf-;ux

osuen sus ,hc ,ufknk osue vbch hahkav asenv ,hca
kkfv hxuh wr hcdk hrndk lhha tk f"tu 'jhanv ,thck
t,fkv ka u,buufa rntb if ot tkt] /tjhank t,fkv
od tkt jhanv ,thc hrjt tuck sh,gk teus utk tjhank
khj,n tuvsu ohnhv ,hrjtv ,kj,v tuva tuck sh,gvk
ohrcsv kf lutmnu lk rmc ch,fsf ktudv ,thck osue
"ukuec ,gnau lhekt wv sg ,cau ohnhv ,hrjtc vktv
ohbp vtrnc ift /y"uh wxu,v ,bcv hpk rntb vz kf q9

vfkvv yymn o"cnrva p"gta rnutu uhkg ekuj oa hnkaurhk
,hc crjan hxuh wr ka ubuakc (wv vfkv 'wy erp) a"gnc
o"cnrvk suxh tuv hxuh wra z"csrv ubhcv if ,ntcu "'asenv
ohbpv vtrn ,gsk vhtr ,mea k"bu 'u,unf rcux ubht tuv 'itf
ukhpt vspb asenv ,hc crjanu 'o"cnrv c,fsn thcvk ah
'rhgk o,ut thcvk r,un ihhsga ubuakn gnans 'vnujk lunx
,rxut vnujk lunx vspb tvha vbe,v 'y"uh wxu,v hrcs hpku
'vheuua rygk ohkaurhk a"gn ,urhp xhbfvkn iput kfc ubhkg
/e"usu
iukucz crv 14
p"krj
ihrsvbxc arpn h"ar vkgnk ubrfzvsf kct /(k:ws ohrcs)

ktab oh,nv vhjhu jhanv tuchaf (tbhnte hfv v"s ;ux :t"b
t,fkvs rcx tuvs jfuns vrnt iuak vzhtc rzgkt wr ,t
[/wufu jhanu uvhkt ka i,gpuv rjtk iuuf,n tjhank
ihrsvbxcu ohjczc ishs trndk vhk vae vz hpk

od hkutu kudhps hbhs hxuh wrk tkv tjhank t,fkv tbvn,hns
hxuh wr tuv ihrsvbxc rcusnv t,dukp kgcv) ihs ,hc ,u,hn
ihbc hrjt 'jhanv ,thc hbpk ughpuh (hxuh wr tku tbhbj r"c
hkccvks 'hkccvu hnkaurhv oheukjn vzcs k"bu /asenv ,hc
ifku ubhjhan ,thc hrjt asenv ,hc vbch hxuh wrk ukhpt
.urh,v uvnu thauev uvn f"kts 'tjhank t,fkv ohaen
aurs rcx hxuh wr ots rfa kceu aurs ouan hxuh wrf exps
asenv ,hc ihbc hxuh wrks rcuxs hnkaurhvk kct 'rfa kceu
ihs ,hc ,u,hnu kudhp zt 'khgk ubrthcsf jhan osue vhvh
,ufkv ,uhvk ,ukukg tkt tjhank t,fkvs ,ufkv obht
'jhanv ,pue, sg sug ujsh tku vzv inzv ,pue,c vagnk
tjhank t,fkvs iuhgrv kkfu kkf tmnb tk tyaueku
exup o"cnrvs 'khgk ubarhps unf 'vzn r,uh hkutu /hnkaurhc
wxu,v arhpa unf hnkaurhv ka o,yhaf a"gnc hxuh wrf
f"t 'tghmn tccc ohnfjvf rcux hxuh wra ouan 'oa y"uh
,hc ihbc hxuh wrks rucxhk ouen i,hb hkccv hpk ukhpt
/jhank osuen tuch asenv
uka ,uhbanv aurhpc ihc 'o"cnrv vnk icun uhafgu

rcuxa ouan tku 'ohase ,ufkv kkuf vru, vbanc ihcu
rjt sg ukujh tk ohase ,ufkvs p"gts (t"cyhrv) j"jvf
ibhrnt tks 't,gna heuxtk sunkk ubt ohchhj ktudv ,thc
tkt 'k"bf sck ;xuh cr ,gs er vz daunsu 'tjhank t,fkv
/jhanv ,thc hbpk ukujh vkt ,ufkv hxuh wrka ouan
(wt vfkv s"p) vru, sunk, ,ufkvc o"cnrv vbvu

tjhank t,fkv
15
ofja p"gt vcuy lrsc lkuv ubhta crv ifu… k"zu exp
ucua sg ubnn ihsnk,n iht uk ohfhrm ogv kfu tuv kusd
uvhpn uaech vru,u ,gs urnah ivf h,pa hf rntba cyunk
ltknk vnus crv ot ohnfj urnt 'tuv ,utcm wv ltkn hf
k"fg uvhpn vru, uaech kt tk ot 'uvhpn uaech ,utcm wv
vtcuv ibjuh wrs trnhn k"zu arpn vban ojkv /o"cnrv
wp vdhdjcu 'trndc ,unuen vcrvcu (z"h) ihjkdn ukt erpc
vhnupn vru, rnd lht rhtn wru uaev (z"y) iharus iht
h,pa hf ch,fs htn h"r rnt vbj rc rc vcr rntvu 'rjts
jfat tre n"r ahek ahr rnt umr,u 'wufu ,gs urnah ivf
hkan) wufu jha, lcku ohnfj hrcs gnau lbzt yv 'arsu
wufu lbzt hyvu htru ,c hgna 'tfvn rnt tbhbj wr /(c"f
tv kusdc tv thae tk 'hssvt tre uae f"t '(v"n ohkhv,)
f"tu 'ubnn sunkk kufh rvzhk gsuhv kusdcs gnan /iyec
/trndc uekja unf iyeu kusd ihc ubhcr ekj tk vnk vae
o,x lfku vz ihbgk ohbye ohtreb okuf vzv inzcs tnh, hfu
vzv inzc ohdvubv ohbhsv rnut ubht ubhcra vae n"n 'ubhcr
,thc rjt ukhpt inz kfc udvbha ohbhsv tkt 'sckc
.r,n tuvu /vban ojkv k"fg 'arpk uk vhv f"tu …ubjhan
vtcuna ibjuh wrs trnhn tkt ibhyeb tk ibts rcx o"cnrva
tk ibt rhtn wr jfats tre kct o,xc ,unuen vcrvc
vhv otu rhtn wr jfats ,rnut trndvs gs,u ik trhcx
tbhrjt tre tfht tv tkt rnuk uk vhv tk ofxun rcsv
ifku rhtn wr kg uhrcj uhkg uekjs vhtr hfv rnt tksnu
/a"g 'kusdu iye ihc eukhjk aj ubht o"cnrv
tuck sh,gkv ,ntcs hshn vae tk ubrcs hpk obnt

,hc ,ufkn ,nev hbpk khj,n khgk ubarhpsf o"cnrv ka
ohbye ohtreb okuf zt od hkut f"tu jhanv ,thcu sus
eukhjk ouen vhvh tk jhanv ka u,thc hrjt odu vz ihbgk
vcuy lrsc lkuv ubhta crv ka ,uthmnv kfs kusdk iye ihc
(/d"h) tnuhc ohbah wxu,vc khgk ibhrntsf ,nhhe vhv, tk
iukucz crv 16
p"krj
lngu rntba ohehsm okuf zt uhvh jhanv ka u,gpuv hrjta

(:t"be) ,cac ibhmna unf odu /(t"f:wx whgah) ohehsm okuf
ukt (t:c"h ,kve) .pj ovc hk iht rnt, rat ohba ughdvu
ubht o"cnrv ifk 'vcuj tku ,ufz tk ovc ihta jhanv hnh
,thc hrjt hrndk lhha tk vz eukhjs kusdu iye ihc ekjn
unfu 'vcuy lrsc lkuv ubhta cr zt vhvh tks kkdc 'ubjhan
(wt vfkv t"h erp ohfkn ,ufkv) thsvc rnut o"cnrva
ukfth tkt u,hjah tku ukzdh tku ,ntv ,sk okuf urzjhu
,unut kg rntb vz otu /k"fg 'ktrah og ,jbc r,unv rcs
lrsc lkuv ubhta cr vhvh tka vnfu vnf ,jt kg okugv
/vcuy
jfuns hxuh wrf rcux tuvs o"cnrvc uz ub,bcv okut

asenv ,hcs z"csrv rhcxvsfu 'hba ragn ,ufkvc uruchjc
o"cnrva vnk ,sdb,n vrutfk 'jhanv ,thc osuen vbch
lknv :k"zu (wt vfkv 't"h erp) ohfkn ,ufkvc aurhpc rnut
vkannk vbauhk sus ,hc ,ufkn rhzjvku sungk sh,g jhanv
o"cnrva unf kct /o"cnrv k"fg 'asenv vbucu vbuatrv
:k"zu (wc vfkv 't"h erp) ohfkn ,ufkv ;uxc rhcxn unmgc
sg uhvh lht ost gsh tk ovc tmuhfu ohrcsv ukt kfu…
iht ohnfjv od 'ohthcbv kmt ov ohnu,x ohrcsa 'uhvha
ah lfhpku oheuxpv grfv hpk tkt ukt ohrcsc vkce ovk
,hhuv rushx iht ohbp kf kgu /ukt ohrcsc ,eukjn ovk
tuva vn f"t /k"fg ',sc rehg ovheuses tku ukt ohrcs
u,utc kkfc obht ohnhv ,hrjt ,rsx ka wh erpc ubk rt,n
oaur tuvs ,ufkvv rta unf ;eu, u,utcu ,ufkv dux
/tnkgc vhkhs trugha o,x iv tkt 'vru, vbanvc
ohntu, ovs h,tmns k", 'vkt ohrcs h,c,fa hrjt

,hc ekj k"mz hexbhmeuy kfhn kthjh wr iutdv ka uhrcsk
ah k"mz hexbhmeuy o"hrdv ka u,gs hpk /uhaseu asenv
,thc ory ,ubcrev ,sucgk jcznv ihbc ,uraptc iusk ouen
tjhank t,fkv
17
o"cnrv hrcsn gnan vrutfks d"gtu /asenv ihbcu jhanv

tuva unf jhanv ,thcc vruae ,ubcrev ,sucg obnts
,hc ,ufkn rhzjvku sungk sh,g jhanv lknv k"vzc rnut
'wuf ,ubcre ihchren wuf ktrah hjsb .cenu asenv vbchu sus
sughv iuhzj smn tkt vfkv smn ohrntb ohrcs iht p"fg
vzhtcu vhvh smhf 'sughv iuhzj hyrp rtck itf xbfb tk odu
ohfkn o"cnr oa) ;hxuv unmg tuv tvs 'vhvh rsxu iput
osuea ohrnuta ohnfjv in ahu k"zu (wc vfkv c"h erp
gsh tk ivc tmuhfu ohrcs ukt kfu whkt tuch jhanv ,thc
hrv /k"fg wuf ohthcb kmt iv ihnu,x ohrcsv uhvh lht ost
rcsv tuch iput vzhtcu h,n ykjvc rntk ihta rnut tuv
/hexbhmeuy o"hrdv k"fg wufu
,ufkvv vktc ibhrnt vnk icun od uhafg hkutu

hxuh wrs tkkft ibhk, tku hxuh wrf vfkv khgk ,urfzbv
'tuck sh,gk ,jt vbhjcn ihhuuv ivs p"gts ubk shdvk 'urcjn
uka tuck sh,gkv ;ux ;uxs 'hxuh wrf vfkv 'khgk ubrthcsf
uhpk hf 'k"gk orntc k"zj uk ohxjhh,ns k"gkv tk tuv
tk uvzu /sus ,hc ,ufkn ,nev osue asenv ,hc vbch
rnf vfkv ovc ugce tk k"zja rnt e"hrvnv uhkgs k"gv
tuck sh,gv tku 'vzv inzc ohdvub tks ohbhsc rn hpkf
rnt, rat ohba ughdvu khgk ubrfzvafu (:t"be) ,cac tcuns
tk ovc ihta jhanv hnh ukt (wt:c"h ,kve) .pj ovc hk iht
,unhk t,fkv heuxtk lrum iht hrv f"t 'vcuj tku ,ufz
thcn iuxbtytb kuta ;xuh r"va 'tuck sh,gv tku 'jhanv
h,htrs hbrufz… :k"zu 'ihrsvbx kg kuta hrcs urpxc
ohkcuenv oac c,fa t"arvnv i,j ka tr,c trusvnc
tk f"tu kkv ,hc sdb htna ,hcf vfkv vhvh tuck sh,gks
hpk er obht ov ,ufkv hkkfs tjhank t,fkv exphnk lhha
,unhk tuck sh,gk vhvha vn hpk tk vzv okugv ,bhjc
/k"fg jhanv
iukucz crv 18
p"krj
hrcs sunkk kfub 'tsj t,jnc 't,khns tyauek

ohbunsev ,urusvn sunk,v harpn hkusdn ukt kg rudhbx
hrsx rtak unf ohase sunhkk onmg ,t uahsev tka
ohhj .pjv ka u,adrv ,phjs ,t ihcvk kfub odu 'x"av
(z"f sung) uhc,fnc c,uf tuva vnn ohase sunhkk teus
ohabt vnf hbpn vz ihbgk ktrah kkfk zrzk h,rrug,bu k"zu
kf ygnfa ohtur ubta ,gc ,ukdv ,ufhrt kg ov ohvn,a
'jhanv ,thc hbpk ,uhvk ohfhrma 'trndc urntba ohbnhxv
vkgnkn ,urrug,v oua vtrb tk ihhsgu 'okuf unhhe,ba
vz euxpn vcua, ovk h,cavu /ugsub tk uh,ucegu 'u,thck
ktrah kf kg crujc u,ut h,hum rat hscg van ,ru, urfz
,rhnau sunhk kg rhvzn v"cevs /(wd hftkn) ohypanu oheujc
euxpv ohhueh ;fh, zt vz ohheb ratfu 'ohypanvu oheujv
thcbv uvhkt ,t ofk jka hfbt vbv uhrjt cu,fv hbav
/k"fg '(wd hftkn)
ka u,mknv ;uxc tkpb iputc ,ykuc vadrv v,utu

aj tk j"jvau 'j"jvk ,ufkv hyuek rpx kg k"mz ,"rstv
'k"fg "'ohkaurhu iuhm ,njbc ,utur ubhbhgu :k"zu 'vxhbfvk
/vzv iuakc
kf ygnfa ohtur ubta vz juycu .hnt ycn lu,n

jhanv ,thc hbpk ,uhvk ohfhrma trndc urntba ohbnhxv
icun 'ohkaurhu iuhm ,njbc ,utur ubhbhgau okuf unhhe,ba
unad,v tk sug ovhbnzca ohnsuev ,urusv vnk ,jt ,cc
tk odu jhanv ,thc hbpk ,uhvk ohfhrma ohbnhxv kf
sunkk umktb tk ohkaurhu iuhm ,njbc ,utur ubhbhguv oad,v
uh,ujuf ,t zfrk .ktb if j"jv vnku "tjhank t,fkv
10
/"tjhank t,fkv sunkk ohrhstv
l,ukgvc wp vru,v kg ohhj .pj wxc unmg j"jv hrcsc ihhg ifu q10
tuv ifu :k"zu (inhbhrd wsvnc y-jme wng) ot,p ws rnthu v"s
tjhank t,fkv
19
'ch,f wd hftkncu 'vkutdk ouh kfc ohfjn ubtaf 'ubbnzc uhafg

vguahva iuhfu 'ohaecn o,t rat iustv ukfhv kt tuch out,p
',ubcrev ,sucgk ubnmg ihfvk uhafg ubt ohjrfun 'out,p ghpu,
vnfk t"f 'ohh,gaku vgak tk tuv vsucg ,ufkv sunku
inz kg k"zj urhfzva ohsughv kf ubc unhhe,ba iuhfnu …ohba
,uuek ah htsuc 'j"mu z"m ws ihrsvbxcu vyux wxn ;uxc vkutdv
/,ubcrev vagn ,sucgk g"t zrszvk lhrmu 'vrhvn vkutdk
/k"fg
lhhkc sus vsuvh crv r"un
vtruvk kkufv atr
vmnu jxpv og ,kftbv vmn ihbgc

,urusk
k"zu wf wkv vmnu .nj wkvn wv erpc o"cnrv c,f
ivc ;yek ut ckju acs ut inau ihhc vxhgv aukk r,un ifu
ouan tk sckc ohnc tkt ;yeku aukk ruxt iuatrv ouhcu
tuv sckc iuatrv ouhcu hbug ojk vhvha hsf tkt .nj
gnan ubuak ,uyapnu 'k"fg hbug ojk iurfz ,uhvk lhrma
vc ihtmuh ihta er tk acsu ina ihhc vaukhba vmna k"xa
lan kf thv vruxt uz vmna tkt iuatr khkc vmn ,cuj
.nj wkvn wu erp k"mz z"hrdv hrcsn gnan ifu iuatr ouh
vzn f"d gnan ifu 'oa vban shdnv f"anf tksu vmnu
ihhc ak ota o"cnrv exp 'wv wkv wu erpc 'rjt ouenca
vz vrutfk f"tu vmn ,cuj hsh ihtmuh iht ckj ut ina ut
tmuh ubhta ibhgunatk tca ouan ubht itf ohrcsv khpfva
tkt 'wu erpc vfkvk gcea rcs 'vmn ,cuj hsh vc
acs ina ihhc vaukhba vmn ,hhptc ruxht aha ibhgunatk
/ckju
g"r rnt /u"k ;s ohjxpc rtucna ;t hrva vaeu

acsu ina ihhc vaukhba vxhgk yrp hbug ojk k", vn
tk .rh,u tcheg hcrst tcheg hcr hrcsn oa x"av vaevu
c,fa h"arhpc ihhg /hba y"uhc tv iuatr y"uhc tv thae
rtak iuatr ouh ihc eukhjva ubhhvu /iuatr vkhk iuatr ouh
vkhkc ,dvuba ,umn ukft, crgc ,umn ihbgk tuv jxpv ,unh
,umn ihbgk er rntb hbug ojk ihs trndv .urh, hpku iuatrv
vmn ,khftc ruxht vhvha ubhmn ifhv kct ,umn ukft, crgc
ubhmn ifhv rcsc ruxht vzht ah hkut otu 'hbug ojk vbhta
vsuvh crv r"un 2
lhhkc sus
ekjk ouen ah otu 'djv hnh rtak iuatr ouh ihc eukhj
,dvub uca iuatrv vkhk ihc tuv eukhjva ,b,ub trcxv
iht ohnhv o,utca djv ,unh rtak ,umn ukft, crgc ,umn
rcsc ruxht vhvha ik tbn kct ,uar tkt vcuj vmn ,khft
/djv ka iuatrv ouh lan kf
jxpc vmn ,khft ,umn ka vngya ohsevk vtrbu

,udg ohrmnn uthmuv rat emcv ,t upthu" trec rtucn
odu vnvn,vk ukfh tku ohrmnn uard hf .nj tk hf ,umn
wxnc vbanc tuv ifu /(y"k:c"h ,una) "ovk uag tk vsm
vaka rnt tka kf rnut vhv kthknd icr /z"ye ;s ohjxp
kg vmn wufu iv uktu u,cuj hsh tmh tk jxpc ukt ohrcs
kgc hrcsc arupn r,uh sugu 'ohrmnc ubh,uct uktdba oua
tka oua kg vn oua kg ohkfut ubta uz vmn c,fa vsdvv
lkn ovhkg vkdba sg .hnjvk ubh,uct ka oemc ehpxv
uthmuv rat emcv ,t upthu rntba oktdu ohfknv hfkn
ktrah hbc ubbuf,v tk kthknd icr ,gska hrv 'wufu ohrmnn
uak rcf vcrstu ohrmnn o,thmh ,gc ,umn ,uptk
tkt lrsk vshm ovk vhv,a ojk ,uptk ,gs kg ovh,uxhg
,t ogv utahu" ch,fsf ovh,uxhg umnjba ory iuzpjc utmha
,una) "onfa kg o,knac ,rrm o,rtan .njh ory uemc
'.hnjvk hkcn onfa kg o,ururmc vhhptv vrndbu (s"k:c"h
uvza c,fa u"y:z"h ,una kg trzg ictv ka uaurhpc ihhgu
o,tmc ovk vre ratk rfz tuva vgca kf vmn ,umn ogy
ibgv hf hghcav ouhc vgrp gcya sg ,umn ukfta ohrmnn
'cr cufg o,ubjn ohcfg,n uhv tku vkhku onuh ofhkun vhv
v,utk rfz thv ohkfut ubta uz vmn kthknd icr hrcs hpfu
/ohrmnn o,thmh ,gc ubh,uct ukfta vmn
ixhbc sjtc hrva ,uvhn, vnf vzc aha tkt

uuymb ohasj atr ofk vzv asjv ,arp ovk rntbaf
,umnu at hkm" ukftk uuymbu jxp icre ,crev kg ktrah
3
,umn ,uptk uuymba hrv '(wj:c"h ,una) "uvkfth ohrurn kg

kg ,urusk od uuymb varp v,utcu ohrmnc o,uhvc sug
vhuk, vbhta vnmgk vumn thva iuatr khkc vmn ,khft
jxpv dj lan kf .nj ruxht kg od uuymbu jxp icrec
,mn ukft, crgc asjk ouh rag vgcrtc iuatrc" ch,fsf
,g v,utcu (j"h:c"h ,una) "crgc asjk ohragu sjtv ouh sg
tk rta ohnh ,gca" rntba tmnh kc ruxht kg od uuymb
varp v,utc uuymb rcf odu (y"h:c"h ,una) "ofh,cc tmnh
rntba .nj ,khft kg ,rf abug urvzuv odu u,hca, ,umnc
rta u,hca, iuatrv ouhc lt ukft, ,umn ohnh ,gca"
,una) "ktrahn tuvv apbv v,rfbu .nj kft kf hf ofh,cn
ka uyuap hpk ixhb asj atrc vz kg uuymba rjtnu '(u"y:c"h
if otu 'ohrmn jxpc ;t ukt ,uumn kf udvba gnan tren
utmha ory ohrmnc vmn kuftk uuymb ogy vzhtn icun ubht
lht vun, r,uhcu onfa kg o,knac ,rrm o,rtan iuzpjc
,khft ovk vrxtb rcfa vgac .nj ,uptk onmg ,t ubhfv
/tmnh kc ruxhtc uuymb rcfa vgacu 'vgca kf .nj
t,pxu,c ubhmn hrva vhuba ,eukjnc vz rcs obnt

tka hbt rnut rnut hkhkdv hxuh hcr ohjxps wj erp ;uxc
.nj kfth tk" rntba sjt ouh tkt ohrmnc .nj rxtb
uvhdva vn hpk tne tb,v ,gsk ukhtu (ws'wd:d"h ,una) "ouhv
tmuhf ,urus jxpu vgca kf dvub ohrmn jxp t,pxu,c oa
wufu emcv ,t upthu" euxpv hkhkdv hxuh hcr ,gska hrv 'uc
,arpc rntba vn kfu uyuapf tuv "vnvn,vk ukfh tku
ukhtu ,urus jxpk ubhhv .nj ruxht ihbgc ofk vzv asjv
tk odu sjt ouh tkt .njv kg urvzuv tk ohrmn jxpc
ubuuhf rhpa f"tu tmnh kc ruxht kg tku v,cavv kg uuymb
tka tkt ohnhv rta lrumk ovng thmuvk .nj ,uptk
tne tb,v ,gsk uktu 'ohrmnn uarud hf vgav ovk vehpxv
trenv harpn uc,f rcf vgca kf .nj ovk rxtba k"xa
aha wc:z"y ohrcsku y"k:c"h ,unak uaurhpc i"cnrv oatrcu
vsuvh crv r"un 4
lhhkc sus
tahr kg htea "ohrmnn uard hf" arpku euxpv ,t xrxk

upta vz kct "ohrmnn uthmuv rat emcv ,t upthu" tres
.njv ovk rxtba hbpn ,ntc tuv ".nj tk hf ,umn ,udg"
ukfh tku ohrmnn uard hf" euxpv ehxna vnu vgca kf
emcv ,t ovng uthmuv vnk ogy ,bh,b tuv "vnvn,vk
'ohbez ,gsc g"g 'ohrmnc ,umnv i,ut upt tku lrsc ,uptk
kthknd icr hrcs okut 'a"trv wxu,cu ,"vg ruyv aurhpc
oua kg tuv ohkfut ubta vmna k"xa vsdvv kgc ,gsu
hcr ,yhaca vtrbf .hnjvk ubh,uct ka oemc ehpxv tka
tkt .njv kg ohrmnc urvzuv tka k"xa hkzt hkhkdv hxuh
iuzpjv ,njna tkt .nj ,uptk ubbuf,v rhpa ifku sjt ouh
/vnvn,vk ukfh tk
cu,fv trea vzn kthknd icr hrcs kg vaes tkt

vmn ogya gnan vzna (wc:z"y ohrcs) "hbug ojk" ,umnk
ihhg 'ohrmnc ohscguan uhvaf ubh,uct ukfta vn rufzk tuv
yrp 'hbug ojk" vhbhn ibharss rtucna /u"k ;s ohjxp
thv uz varsa .r,k ihtu "acsu ina ihhc vaukhba vxhgk
kthknd icr kct ohjxpc oa tcuva unf tcheg wr ,gsk
,ntc hkhkdv hxuh hcru khgk f"af hkhkdv hxuh hcrf k"x
f"tu ohjxpc oa rtucnf tcheg wrs tbhs htv kg tuv ekuj
vbht ,urusk ,dvubv vmna kthknd icrk k"xa rnuk ah rhpa
hxuh hcra rtucn oa hrva ubht vz 'ohrmn sucgak rfz
ohkaurhc hba ragnc u,cuj hsh ost tmuh kufh" ars hkhkdv
,ubhbtc kftb ubhta vz tmh ,ubhbtc kftba vn hbug ojk k",
vtc tk vmnv hkhkdv hxuh hcrk ;ta hrv "'vjnac tkt
oa kg tc rurna unfa tkt ohrmn ,kutdk rfz ru,c
ohrmn sucgak rfz ru,c vmnv vtc f"f "ovhhj ,t urrnhu"
/kthknd icr hrcsf tksu
ohsrpb ohngy hba ah ,ntca tuv vzc vtrbvu

tkt ubrfzva i"cnrv hrcsfu .nj ruxhtku vmn ,khft ,umnk
5
sugc ofk vzv asjv ,arpc vmnv kg ktrah uuymbafa

vn sckn ubhhvu 'hbug ojk ogyn er uuymb ohrmnc o,uhv
,umn" uuymba vzc hrv ,gv u,utc rjt ogy lhha vhv tka
ovhba ohrurnvu ,umnva thv ,ugnanv "uvkfth ohrurn kg
unfu ov sjt ogyn ovhba ohrurnva unfu ov sjt ogyn
thv vmnv f"f ovhhj ,t urrnhu ogy kg ov ohrurnva
utmha vgac f"jt eru ohrmn sucgak rfz hbug ojk ogyn
omg oda if,hu 'vmn ,umnk hba ogy asj,b iuzpjc ohrmnn
o,ukdca sucgav ogyn if od vhv ohrmn jxp ka cuhjv
ofhsh ufan "itm ofk ujeu ufan" vumnv vtcu z"gc ura,ab
rfz jxp icrec uuymb ,uruska tkt t,khfnc t,htsf z"gn
ihhg 'vkutdv ,gc ktrah hbc h,c kg v"cev jxpa vnk
jxp n"vs 'ihhyapg hukv lurc wr d"vrvk rnta lurc vsdv
jxpa oua kg ohhe vhv e"nvca inzc ohkfut ubh,uct uhva
,urus jxp era arhpa 'ohrmnc ktrah hbc h,c kg v"cev
ifku 'ohrmnc ktrah hbc h,c kg v"cev jxpa oua kg vhv
tehhs "ohhe vhv e"nvca inzc" vsdvv kgc gcea iuakv
wufu v"cev jxpa oua kg tuv ,urusk jxpa uaurhpu tuv
/z"gn ofhsh ufan ogyn vhv ohrmn jxp kct
t,pxu,v ka tne tb,v ,gska ubk tmuh z"hpku

uuymbu tc ,arpc ohnhv ,gca kf .nj ruxht kg uuymb
,hbab f"jta tkt hbug ojk ogyn vgca kf vmn ,khftc
,gca .nj uhkg kft, tk" euxpvc vtr ,arpc uz vumn
ohrmn .rtn ,tmh iuzpjc hf hbg ojk ,umn uhkg kft, ohnh
ohrcs) "lhhj hnh kf ohrmn .rtn l,tm ouh ,t rfz, ignk
huumv tca tuv tne tb,v ,gsk cu,fv ruthc vtrbu (wd:z"y
vn kg vrzj uvza "hbug ojk ,umn uhkg kft, ohnh ,gca"
hf" hba ogy i,hk cu,fv tca tkt ohrmnc uuymb rcfa
er vbht vmn ,khft lkhtu itfnu "ohrmn .rtn ,tmh iuzpjc
kuftk thv vumnv tkt ohrmn sucgak rfz hbug ojk ru,c
ouh ,t rfz, ignk" iuzpjc ,hptb thva ogyn od vmn
vsuvh crv r"un 6
lhhkc sus
ohngy hba ah ,uruska tmnb hrv "'ohrmn .rtn l,tm

ohrmn sucgak rfz hbug ojk ogy 'djv hnh kf vmn ,khftc
hkhkdv hxuh hcr ,gsk ukhtu 'ohrmn ,kutdk rfz iuzpj ogyu
sjt ouh er dvub vhv .nj ruxht ohrmn jxpca k"xa
jxpc rntba hbug ojk ihs ouhv .nj kfth tk ka varsvn
iuzpjc ihs ;xu,hb f"jtu sck iuatr ouh kg rntb ohrmn
,umn uhkg kft, ohnh ,gca" f"anf djv hnh kfk ,urusk
"/ohrmn .rtn ,tmh iuzpjc hf wufu
ina ihhc vaukhba vmnc ohtmuh iht iuatr khkca vzu

ohrmn sucgak rfz od ibhgcs hbug ojk ihs smn ubhhv acsu
ojk ihs uc vhva ohrmn jxpc ubh,uct ukfta vmnv ihgfu
khkc tuv vcujv in er tka k"xa o"cnrv ,gscu 'sck hbug
tkt ckju acs ina ihh og vaukhb tka vmn kuftk iuatr
tkt vkhkc er tk dvub uruxhtau uzf vmn kuftk ruxt oda
hbug ojk ka cuhj aha ,g kfa k"xa vtrb iuatr ouh kf
hsa rnuk ihtu acsu ina ihhc vaukhba vmn ka ruxht ah
ogyv hrva sucgav iurfzk hbug ojk ka ,hzf ,khftc
f"gu hbug ojk ubhta ouan f"d tuv iuatr ouhc .nj rxtba
ka iurfz ouan uzf vkhftc iht sjtf vmnu .nj kfuta kfa
iurfz ouan vc ah vsck vmn kfutaf ers ohrmn sucga
vmn vrxtb f"f .nj ,khft vrxtba unf ifku sucgav
ka iurfzv r,xb vrhag vmn ,khft h"ga hbug ojk vbhta
rxtba vz n"n vgca kf .nj rxtb ,uruska ;tu 'hbug ojk
ukfh tka iuzpjk rfz tuva iuzpj ihsn ubhhv vgca kf .nj
'hbug ojk ouan uc iht iuzpj ouan er tuva kfu vnvn,vk
er tuv ruxhtva o"cnrv hrcsc k"xa vban shdnv ,gsku
hkhkdv hxuh hcrks vhk ohea hbpn uvza vtrb iuatr khkc
o"rvnv ,gsf iuatr khkc er ohrmn jxpc .nj rxtb
hxuh hcrks c,fa oa j"kmc ihhgu ':z"ye ;s ohjxpc vuutkj
,gan jxp crg ubhhv sjt ouh dvub umunhja vn hkhkdv
ukhtu 'ouhv rjt lkuv vkhkv ohasecs uhrjt vkhkvu vjhcz
7
kf .njv rxtb ohrmn jxpc ;ta k"xa tne tb,v ,gsk

rc,xn rhpa ofk vzv asujv ,arpc uuymba vnn vgca
kf hbug ojk ihs vc ah vmna o"cnrv ,yha hpk rnuk
vmn vrxtb rhpa tne tb,v ,gska rc,xn ifku vgca
exp o"cnrva tkt jxpv hnh kf acsu ina ihhc vaukhba
/sjt ouh er vrxtba k"x ifku hkhkdv hxuh hcrf
ka ouhevu rfzv sckna k"xa o"cnrv ,gsk vz kfu

vnc vkhft ruxht f"d ah iuatr khkc vmn ,cujc hbug ojk
ohrmnc .nj rxtba inzv u,ut kf lanc hbug ojk ubhta
vmn ,khftc ruxht ihta ;t hrv o"cnrv kg ohekujvk kct
ouhe t"z 'ohsrpb ohbhbg hba ah vmn ,cujc n"n kct vrhag
ka rfz odu .hnjvk ubh,uct ka oemc ehpxv tka rfz ka
sucgak rfz sjt ohbhs wc ah vmn ,cujca ubhhvu 'hbug ojk
vmnc ukhtu 'vkutdv rfz uvza iuzpj ka rfz sjtu ohrmn
ojkk rfz ubhhv 'sjt ihs er vc vhva htsu ohrmnc vkftba
/hbug
ubkmt ohdvubv ukt ohbhs wc ot ep,xvk ah z"hpku

ot t"z 'vz ,t vz ov ohcfgn ot ut ov ohsrpb ohbhs
asj cuhj huv vz ht iuzpj ouan vmn cuhj asj,ba rjt
;xu,hba er ot ut hbug ojk h"g tka ukhpt unhhek kufha
ubhta kf kct hbug ojk ogyn ,kftbv vmnv kg vz ouhe
vptba vmn tkt uk ihta hnk n"bu 'vmn kkfc ubht hbug ojk
thva uzf vmnc oda hbpn vkftk uk ah ot acsu ina ihhc
ouan vc ihta ;t vumnv ouhe vc ah iuzpjk rfz ouan
kkf vmn v,ut kuftk chujn ubht ot ut hbug ojk ka ouhe
k"rvnv vzc hdhkp vbvu 'vmn kkfc ubht hbug ojk ubhta kfs
'wv e"x t"g, whx 'ovrct idnvu 'j"n erp 'wv ,urucd urpxc
kftu jxp khkc hbug ojk uk vhv tka hn k"rvnv ,gska
ota k"xa tkt vmn ,khft ,umn scghsc tmh vrhag vmn
.unhj hshk vtc vbhta ouan vc tmuh ubht kkf ohn vc iht
vsuvh crv r"un 8
lhhkc sus
vrhag vmn thva kf ovrct idnv ,gsku 'ijusu zrutf huvu

idnva hbpn ubhhva icun rhpa k"bv hpku 'kkf vc tmh tk
vumnv ouhe oua uc iht hbug ojk ubhta kfa k"x ovrct
kf ifku vz ,t vz ohcfgn iuzpju hbug ojk ka ohbhsv hbaa
tka ;t k"rvnv ,gsk ukhtu vmn kkfc ubht hbug ojk ubhta
rfz thva vmn ,umn ohhe p"fg kct hbug ojk ,umn ohhe
acsu ina ihhc vaukhbv vmn ,khft ihbgk n"b odu 'iuzpjk
jxp khkc vmn ,umn ka ouhe oua vc ah hts jxp crgc
uhnj ,hcc u,xurt kguc kkfc huv jxp crgcs tyhap
/k"rvnc oa rtucnf
k"xa k"rvnv ,gsc ep,xvk ouen ah ihhsg obnt

,umn vzc ohhek tuv kufh vrhag vmn tkt uk ihta hna
,umn od vc ohhek kufh ht iuzpjk rfz ogyn vmn ,khft
,umn kg ,umn vhshska kk¦vk n"bu uvukfth ohrurn kg ,umn
sjhc rurnu vmn jxp ,fhrf h"g ,nhhe,n uvukfth ohrurnu
tkt uk iht uhafgu vmn ,umn tmh rcfa d"vfc tuv n"bvu
vhrag vmn kuftku ruzjk tuv vcujv in ot vrhag vmn
jxp og vmn ,khft ihbgk g"ufk n"b sugu jxpv og vfhrfc
kct hba jxpc ,dvub vbht ,umn ukft, crgc ,umna hba
rcsncc rtucnf uc ,dvub uvukfth ohrurnu ,umn kg ,umn
tuv epxvu wd wkv wj erp jxp icre wkv o"cnrcu t"h:wy
ina ihhc vaukhba vmn tkt uk ihta hnc k"rvnv ,gsk
kfth ot ut jxpv og vmnv v,ut kuftk uk ah ot acsu
icre ,khftc ohcfgn rurnu vmn ihta rjtn vmn tkc jxp
/wc wkv wj erp oa o"cnrc rtucnc jxp
'k"mz drucmbhd lurc wr d"vrvk lurc ruen rpxc ihhg

zgchbupn ejmh wr iutdv oac c,fa 'wc ,ut j"h whx wc ekj
vmnk eru thv jxpc vcuj jxpv og ,kftbv vmna k"mz
',umn ukft, crgc ,umn oak ubhhvs 'vmn oak ,kftbv
tv,au vrhag vmn tv, tka iudf vmn ihs hyrp ibhgc
9
kft, kc ouan tvh uruxhtau ,ubhbtcu ,ucaun kfc ,kftb

tyhaps t,khn ifu vnusfu kcy kft, kc ouan tku .nj
;t s"bgku 'vmn hbhsu hyrp kf ibhgc tk hba jxps ukmt
ihbgku ,ucaun kfc ,kftbv vmn ihbgk ov ohrc,xn uhrcsa
hrva if ubhta vtrb vrhag vmn ihbgk n"n kcy kft, kc
hbug ojk ouan tuv ohrmnc vmn ,khft ka ogyv omg kf
tku hbug ojk v,hv f"g ohrmn jxpc vc uuymba vmn ifku
ogy sug asj,b ohrmn ,thmh ,gaca ;t f"tu vrhag vmn
tk ka ogy ubhhvs vgca kf .nj ruxhtk odu vmn ,khftk
,urusk vrntba vmn ,umnk ogy tuva vnvn,vk ukfh
,ej ofh,rsk vzv ouhv ,t o,rnau" oheuxpc tc ,arpc
sg ,umn ukft, crgc asjk ouh rag vgcrtc iuatrc 'okug
vn kct (j"h-z"h:c"h ,una) "crgc asjk ohragu sjtv ouh
kg ,umn" ka huuhmv smn er uvz rurnu vmn og kftb jxpa
vbuufv huuhmv u,utcu ohrmn jxpc rntba "uvkfth ohrrn
rfz tuv ,urusk jxpa rjtnu 'hbug ojk ru,c vmnk thv
ohrurnu ,umn kg ,umna rnuk rc,xn rhpa ohrmn jxpk
teus jxpv og ukfta vmnv v,utk iurfz f"d tuv uvukfth
jxp ;hkj, tuva hba jxp ihbgk od ifku /hbug ojk ubhhvs
huuhmva rc,xn uvukfth ohrurnu ,umn kg rntb ucu iuatr
ojk tuva iuatr jxp ihbgk vc uuymba vmnv v,utk tuv
vmn tkt uk ihta hna rc,xn k"rvnv ,gsk ;t ifku 'hbug
uvukfth ohrurnu ,umn kg ,umn ohhek uk rapt ht vrhag
ukft, crgc ,umn tmh rcf ot k"rvnv ,gska tmnb hrvu
vhvh f"jt ot 'vrhag vmn h"g er ohhe ot ukhpt ',umn
kg ka ouhe uk ihta er tk 'jxpv og vrhag vmn lruf
vmnv hrv vumn vc ihta rjtn tkt uvukfth ohrurnu ,umn
/jxpv ,kycn ,uar thva
dhkhuu hfsrn crv r"un
rbxeu a"g iuhkgv kkufv atr
vtruvk kkufv atr idx
ohrupfv ouh ,sucg rsxc ,urgv

,sucg rsx er ohase rsxca ,ufkvv iunv lu,n
,rzjc wkf 'vnmg vkp,v lu,c vfurtc iushb ohruphfv ouh
v,t yuhpva 'k"z s"hrdv r"unn h,gnau /f"uhc ;xunc ."av
"/jf .hnt yuhp rnuk ubdvbn kct 'r,uh ehusn ",bbuf
'or kuec vsucgv rsx ,t rnth ."ava k"z r"un shpevu
rta kg tku 'vnmg vsucgv rsx kg thv tshpev vrutfku
sg rnuku ,uxhhpvn or kuec khj,vk ah z"pgu /yuhpv hekj
'c"t rsx kg lrgba 'jf .hntcu /ohaushevu ,ukhcyv ;ux
on,"c ohhxhu "'ias our, umkg"n or kuec ."av khj,h
"/vrag ohauseu anj ,ukcy
,uxhhp /t
i"cnru n"vgc ,eukjnc huba f"uhc ,uxhhpv ihs vbvu

uxhbfva ,ucurev hkgc hf gsuh huvu 'n"vgc k"zu /(c"p tnuh)
'ub,banc ikuf ugy ,uxhhp vgcrt ouhv ,sucg rsxc ivhyuhpc
vbav ,unh rtak ub,banc ohcuajv ,uxhhpv hf ubhcv tku
vraf vbht ouhv ,usucg kfa hpk ohrupfv ouhc tku 'ov
kf ugya t"tu 'k"zu i"cnrv chavu /k"fg 'kusd ivfc tkt
'wufu vnfj vb,b usck vzv rutnv kgcku ubh,uctu ubh,ucr
osue raf tuvu khtuv iasv ,nur, tuva iuatrv xhhpva
'kkf d"fc ubhtu 'vkhk ,sucg tkt f"vuh ,sucg ubht ,umj
hnhbp jczn iuahs[u] wufu ouhv ,sucg tkt d"fk ub,b tka
iumhjc ias ,nrvs thnus vkhk ,sucg tkt ouh ,sucg vbht
jczn iuahsk vnus[u] wufu ivf kfc raf vrubnv iuahs ifu wufu
hfsrn crv 2
dhkhuu
hrhafn tkt vsucg vbhta hbpna ogyv tuvu v"vu hnhbpv

/k"fg 'd"fk cu,fv ifhrmv tk lf hbpn vsucg
hnhbp iuask uxhph sug cu,f jf .hnt yuhpc obntu

f"uhs hf '(/vf) vbanca eruz hnu yjua hn yhnavu "'vrubnu
ugsh ohyuhpv hkgca 'oa i"cnrv f"anfu 'd"f h"g vagb
,uxhhp uc,f f"pgtu 'n"vgcfu ouh kfc rntb vbanv rsxa
hnhbp jczn iuass rtca 'i"cnrv hrcsc e"eu /f"uhc ohdvubv
iuasf vrubnv iuass rtc f"jtu 'iasv ,nur,f vkhk ,sucg
c,f tk hrvu 'tuv vsucg hrhafns ogy u,utnu 'hnhbp jczn
vkhkv ,usucg kfa u,buf hkutu /hnhbpv jczn iuasc vz ogy
ogyv uvzu 'iv vsucg hrhafn tcv ouhv ,sucgk ,ubhfna
/e"usu 'd"fc ubhts
,ruyev ,ryevk ubhts i"cnrv arhp hahkav xhhpv

r"unu /v,jnc vfuz tuva ughhxk tkt 'd"fc vzs 'vnmg
xhp ,ruye ceg 'ubuakc iyhhpv iuuf,b vzks rtc k"z s"hrdv
',ruyev ceg tkt vnmg ,ruyek ubhts wkf "'uakah ohasj
/v,jnv ,zhjtc uguhx ouanu ,ruyev ,cxn ubhhvs
in ohrct vkgn hn 'i"cnrv arhp hghcrv xhhpc

uz vtkgvu 'f"uh crgn ur,u,hba ohrchtv ov 'jcznk acfv
/ouhv rsxn vbhtu rcga ouh ;ux ut thv vkhk ,sucg
rjt kac vk ,jfan 'f"uhc ohcre obht kuj ka s"nk ukhptu
ushngvk vaes 'g"mu /s"fg 'f"uhc ohcre ,ca hckjs ',cav
whv tk whhtr p"g uasea inzc oda ',cac sjtc kjaf er
sf whx) sus asencu /(z"v z"p asjv ause s"ctr whg) jhfa
xhhpc vgceb rcf f"uhgs ohrct ,ryevs 'vaev (t"exx
/g"mu 'f"uhgs
vbhs 'vkhkc vrafs iuhf 'ohrct ,ryevs k"h 'vrutfku

f"anfu 'd"fc vbht ifku 'ouhc ,hagb ot ;t vkhk ,sucgf
f"vuh ,sucg rsxc ,urgv
3
'ihsv rsd arhp unmg i"cnrva tkt /iasv ,nur,c i"cnrv

ifku 'vryevc lhha tk vz ogyu 'vsucg rhafn er huvs
uhkg ahs kfs k"h kct /f"uhgn r,u,hba vnc arpk ejsb
vagb ot ;tu 'vsucg hrhafn ubhta p"gt 'vkhk ,sucg oa
htmunc uryeuva ohrctk whv xhhpvs 'ut /d"f m"t 'ouhc
,sucgf vbhs ohcrgv ihc ka shn, hrct ,ryevs 'ut /f"vuh
/."cghvk cegh ,hc rushxc whgu 'vkhk
'arhp (c"px) h"tp, kgck t,rcd t,fkvcs 'vzc k"hug

hrhafn huvs 'ohahtk oerzha d"vfk ohrctv yhaun hn
i"cnrvs ;t 'i"cnrvk k"h ifs k"ru 'i"cnrv hpk f"fu /vsucg
/if .rh, tk unmg
vkgn iuaks c,f (/vf) t"cyhrvs 'k"h vz ihgfu

'ohrctv rhyev d"fvs k"h f"tu 'rhyen k"r tk vbanc
ehusn vzu /vzk uxhpvu 'jcznv atrk o,ut vkgv yuhsvu
atrc orsxk wkf "sjh ohj,b lurg 'jf .hnt yuhpv iuakc
/orhyevk tku 'jcznv
ost hhjv ka ,uvdv gcrt /c
rsxc 'k"zu (d"ex t"nab vne kkf) ost hhjv c,f

hbtu 'g"ma ohrcs vnf ah jf .hnt khj,nv ubka vsucg
"'erzu kce tuvu rja ka shn, ,sucgc /hka ruzjnc h,vdv
wv chyhvk xbfb kfhvk ohbpk" ',bbuf v,t rsx h"g h,vdv
wc ,cyv kg htes "'chyhvu rhyev arp k"m f"jtu "',urb
/k"fg ',urb
ogyc uekjb (:dk) wndcs 'ubka jxubv cahhk vtrbu

kf ahdrvk hsfs ogyf k"hheu ',urb wck ,urb wv ihc expvv
adrv ,ucrvk 'h"arpu '(z"yv d"p n"u, o"cnr) vkuf vrzgv
whvs 'vzk m"t f"uhcs k"hu /vsucg ,kj, kueu ,ughxp lkvn
hfsrn crv 4
dhkhuu
yuhpc uyhnav ifku ',urbv ,cyvc expvv hkc od adr vcrv

/jf .hnt
f"anf ohngp ws rnuk hutr vbun whv lfu 't"hhjv k"zu

"',rupf ypanf zh ,furp hner rjtk wd ogp wufu k"hrvn
vtrbu /s"fg "'rhga osn vzvu vbhau adr rjtk ws ogpu
',rupf yapnf iuakc kkfbs k"hs ;tu /if ;hxuvk ah ,ntcs
ohbpku hbpk rhgav ,tzvc od hrv 'vbhau iuakc od f"tu
'vbun whv lfu uphxuv n"nu "'rp os vagnf ,uhzv vmr rntb
/kfhvca ,uhzvc v"v f"tu
uhbrecu urvy kg gca f"an 'k"zu t"hhjv c,f sug

kg f"jtu ,ubrev kg vzv vkj,ns 'vfkvf tks vz "'gcrt
/k"fg "'urvy kg gcau ws uhbrec vzvu oa h,vdvu /urvy
ohkhj,n ohzurjv kfs 'c"t rsx ouan rsxv lpv iyhhpvu
hrndk zurjv ,ubak hkcn iufbv rsxf ie,k vmurvu /wa ,utc
"/gcrt uhbrec hrjt urvy kg gca rnth
kcy yap aseu r, tuv ubka jxubv ws vkhcyc

'x"y ahs t"hhjv c,fu "'rhcsk xbfbu yg ohsc lhrf, 'aseu
yg ohsc lhrf, 'kcy yap k"mu 'vahckv rjt tuv auses
kfc ,tzf x"y vkpb lht vae obntu "/rhcsk xbfbu aseu
/ohxupsv
kcy yap aseu r, whv hruenv jxubva 'vtrbu

vac,av asuec ,ch,u "/wufu aseu yg rhcs lhrf, 'asuec
yhnavu 'wd tku ohause wc er ahs ',ugy vtr whdnvu 'aseuk
ut 't"hhjvf k"m ifk /hgmntv yhnavk uk whvu 'iurjtv
/asuec kcy hruenv jxubf
ohpxunv rsx /d
f"vuh ,sucg rsxc ,urgv
5
(ohbpca ,usucgv hrjt) cvz hsdc uk uthcv (/g) ubhba

'vba hbc ohnhn, ohacf ,gca ,tu ogv khtu ukht ,t vagu
rpu ihcre uhv rja ka shn, og rnut g"r /rzghkt wr hrcs
ihc ka shn, og ihcre uhv .ujc vagbv rhgau vkugv
/ohcrgv
vagu tmh rnut t"r 't,pxu,f uehxv (oa) wndcu

ohacf wzu vkugv rp kct ',tyj hruntu ogv khtu ukht
rp rnut g"r /ohcrgv ihc ka shn, og .ujc vagbv rhgau
,sucg f"jtu 'ihcre uhv rja ka shn, og ohacf wzu vkugu
f"jtu ogv khtu ukht f"jtu .ujc vagbv rhga f"jtu 'ouhv
whdv (:g) t"rdvu /ohcrgv ihc ka shn, f"jtu ,tyj hrunt
/,tyj hruntu ogv khtu ukht rjt g"rk .ujc vagbv rhgas
wd vkhcycu 'wt vkhcyc ohpxun c,f tk jf .hntcu

chrev ihpxunu ,tyj cr, 'ogv khtu ukht vagu ;f, 'c,f
vaevu /wv vkhcyc rfzb ohcrgv ihc ka shn,u "'ejf
t"rku 'wt vkhcyc ohpxunv g"rks 'itnf tks uvzs 't"hhjv
/wv vkhcyc wkf 'ohcrgv ihc ka shn, og ohpxunv
whp 'k"zu c,fa n"vgcf k"x iyhhpvs 'vtrb uyuapcu

,sucg r,cs kfs tkt 'ohcrgv ihc ka shn, og teus utku
uk lunx whva hpk ohcrgv ihc ka shn,v og whk hre ouhv
arpn t,pxu,s rzghkt wrs 'hpy tjhb z"pku /k"fg 'wufu
'iyhhpv ,gsc y"hu,c f"fu /ovhkg ekuj ubhtu 'vbanc uhrcs
hf t,pxu,c t"rf k"hhe itf 'urcjn g"rf k"hhes ;ts ;hxuvu
/ohnfj oac tcuv (/g t"rd wg) hnkaurhc
chyhvu rhyev arp 'iyhhpv ohhx wt vkhcycs 'k"hug

ktabafu /c"mu "'rsxf agu ohkav khkf ,kugp lxbu chrev
ih,hcjs 'vaeu /ih,hcj ,jbn k"rs ghmv k"z s"hrdv r"un
ifk /khkf ,kugp hbpk lxbu rfzb rcfu (/sk) ohfxbk ihnsue
hfsrn crv 6
dhkhuu
hrva 'g"ru t"r ,eukjnc ghrfvk vmr tk iyhhpvs 'vtrb

khkf ,kugp o,x ifku /ghrfvk hkcn ,uyhav wc c,f a"trv
lxbu chrevs vzcs wkf 'oufhx tkt ubhts arpk ahs 'ohkav
y"uhu,fu 't"rf k"hhe z"pku /wt vkhcys khkf ,kugp kf ohhx
/k"bv
hteu 'ohpxunv ,kug k"r khkf ,kugps arpk ah ift

rhga k"r ihpxunu ,tyj cr, wd vkhcyc f"an z"pku /g"rf
khtu ukht rjtk creu 'tuv ihpxunv kkfca '.ujc vagbv
z"pku /k"bv (:g) t"rdv ,xrhdfu 'g"rk ,tyj hruntu ogv
/itnf tks iyhhpva c,fa t"hhjvn lpvku 'g"uff iyhhpv
ohkav khkf ,kugp rjtk ;hxuva 'g"rf whdv t"hhjvu

"/ouhv ;xun ka ohacf wzu vkugv rp chren 'wt vkhcyc
khtu ukhtu .ujc vagbv rhga vagu ;f, 'whdv wd vkhcycu
vbv "/eujf chrev vfxbu ihpxun ,jbnu ,tyj cr, 'ogv
f"gu 'ogv khtu ukht hbpk .ujc rhgas 'ubka txrhdf k"x
ihpxuns g"rf whdva iuhfu /kkf rfzb tk f"kts 'uphxuv
vkhcyc chrev vz ers 'vfxbu ',jbn ;hxuv f"g 'wt vkhcyc
ihpxun ,jbns vtrb g"rks 'itnf tks uz vvdv vrutfku 'wd
/g"mu ',bbuf v,tc f"fu 'wt vkhcyc vfxbu
keu 'k"bv ,uxhhpv ihbgc i"cnrv ka unuhxc ohhxbu

ztu ohnkug ,hc ihbcc ,utrk ubfzh ohnjr txf kg cauh lkn
/ohnhhe hn hrcs gs,
dhhumbzur ktfhn crv
irc a"g sunk,k vucdv iufnv 'kkufv atr

u,unf ubhta e"au c"a ,cajn /t
hn kg vyjaa ,tyj tcr rntu":(/z) ohjczc t,ht

htn /vraf vkug chhujna hn kg 'vkuxp ,tyj chhujna
vhshs thnus urhcj 'urhcj kg tku uhkg-uhkg rpfu tngy
yjaba icreva trndvn gn,an "/u,unf vrpf chhujnc
/uc ohtmuh od vrutfku 'hrndk raf u,unf ubhta ohkgc oak
!vcuj oak ohkgck vkug ubht d"vfa exup o"cnrv okut
chhujn tuva rjt oak vyja ot kct":(j:uy n"vuxp) k"zu
uhkg -uhkg rpfu rntba ohkgck ,kg tku vraf uz hrv vkug
/"u,unf ,tyj chhujn tuva urhcj kg tku
'vz ihs o"cnrvk ihhbn vaev (jke) lubhj ,jbnv

-asue hubhac khcen ihsn vz ihs snk o"cnrv tna ghmvu
/vmrn ubht lt raf icreva ihkuj oak ,tyj yjaa hnc
,tyj cr rnt vsuvh cr rnt ":(/d) ,gcue trndv hrv
tnkt /vrhaf ihkuj oak vyja `vkuxp vkug oak vyjaa
ws erp ;uxcu /"vc chrjn tk vbhn tks vc chrjn vbhns
tngy htn t"r rnt" :(:un) vz ihsc vchjrn trndv 'ohjczs
ohase ihkkjn ohase -ktrh hbc hase ,t ukkjh tku crs
hn ;t hxuh hcr rnt vcr ch,n /ohase ihkkjn ihkuj ihtu
/ihs ,hc htb, tuva raf ukt kfn sjt oak uckc vhv tka
/kuxp ihkuj oak uckc vhv tv 'kkf uckc vhv tka tngy
oka uckc vhv tv 'vmrnu raf kkf vhv tk tnks hhct k"t
n"vuxp) o"cnrv exup ifu "/vmrn ubhtu raf ihkuj
vkug oak vyjaa iudf rjt jcz oak vyjaa ,tyj":(s:uy
ktfhn crv 2
dhhumbzur
ot kct ubrthca unf vkuxp ohnka oak ut oat oak ut

kct "/ohkgck ,kg tku vraf uz hrv ihkuj oak vyja
unfs vzn snk o"cnrvs rnuku" :vz rcxv vjus lubhj ,jbnv
tfv ' v,kg tk ouen kfnu ,kxup vcajn ihts ihkuj oak
/ufrsf hk vtrh cu,fk vhk vuvu 'o"cnrv lrs ubht vz 'hnb
/"g"mu
hubhaca tmuh (/z' :un '/d) k"bv ,urndv ,uyap hpk vbv
hubhac ukhtu 'vcuj oak ohkgck vkg tk u,unf ubhta asue
ah 'o"cnrc hauek ;xub /hrndk raf u,unf ubhta ohkgc
ohkgc hubhau asue hubha ihc vbjcvv ,ugnan omg kg sungk
obnt /kkf lrsc ukt ohbhs ohkhcena ;t kg vz ouj,c
kfc lhha ht--(:s-/s ohjcz) -c"au e"a ihc oheukhj vnf ubhmn
-/ufu shjhcf rucmc ubah ht 'v,hn rjtk ubah ht ',usucg ws
lhha tka vzn ohgcub ukt oheukhja rnuk ouen vhv lt
'(v,hn rjtk `vehrzn .uj ,usucg rta) ukt hcdk ,ukgc ,ukj
ihbgk eukhj kct /(ruchm) d"vf ,ukgc iurxhj iht yuapa ut
1
/r,uh hsuxh eukhjf vtrb u,unf ubhta vnqhn oak
,yha unf ,h,hgc i"cnrv ,yhaa rhgvk od ah

hpsc /z] -v"r ,unjkn) i"cnrv /lupvv iuuhfc kct 'o"cnrv
oak ,tyj ubhhvs 'u,unf ubhta asue hubhaa exup ([;hrv
oak vkugu raf tuva -u,unf ubhta ohkgc hubhaf iushb 'ihkuj
hgc tk rucgkc h"rk ohns i,ns cd kg ;tu" :k"zu !vcuj
oak ohkgck ihkugu ihraf ihkuj oak ohase yjuas vbuf
ihsv tuv ohjczs tne erpc t,htsf ,tyj ukhptu vcuj
ohjcz ahr trndv teus ihhmn i"cnrva ehhsk ahu / "eruzk
ukhtu 'ohkgc ,cuj ihbgk icrev sngnk aurhpc xjh,n ubhta
ohkgc hubhat asue hubha hnr hnt rc ;xuh cr"-:d od ihhgu q1

vk ibhb,n ohkgc hubhac ibt vhk rnt"-:y od ihhgu "/ufu hbanu
"/ufu
humhr rxja vehxna '(:un) inek thduxc hhct hrcs ,t
ohekuj aha if,ha i"cnrv gsh ifhvn /yhnan tuv 'ohkgc
2
?hhct ,yha sdb
ihc xjhv j,bk lrymb 'ukt ,uhgc og ssun,vk hsf

/vcjrv r,hc c"au e"a
suxh ,uahd -c"au e"a xjh /c
;ux thduxvnu ,ujbnu ohjcz ahr ,uhduxvn gn,an

ihbgk ohkgc hubhau asue hubha hbhs ohkhcena ohjczs ws erp
rtac ohkgc oak vkug tka ihbgk 'jxpu ,tyjc kuxp
/(:un vbanc -jcuzu jcz oak) vnak cuhjv ihbgku ',ubcre
,pjn eru 'ohua ohhxhxcv ohbhsva vjhbn o,x trndv
- lanvcu)"ikbn ohkgc hubha 'asue hubha ijfatu" :(/s) ruenv
c"a (ohjczv kf v"s /c) wxu,c ,jt vghs hpk /(/j-:z `:s-/s
ahru ohjcz ahr vbanc e"a ka vnak rxuj ihsc ann kkfb
ohkgc hubhak ruenvu /aurhpc e"a rfzuv era ;t kg ,ujbn
,ars hp kg e"ac teus isa r,uhn euxp tuv trndv hpk
"/itfk ihbg uvb, itfk ihbg ubht ot"
/c"au e"a ihc ihjcvk ykjvc if,h trcxv smn okut

,auseu ,uvz omg kg ghpan asue hubha ihbga rnuk rhcx
,rpfk eru lt xjh,n ohkgc hubha ka orudv ukhtu 'icrev
kkf ghpun c"a iht ohbuatr vnf sugu har hpk /ohkgcv
erp ;ux vbanc tkt 'vnak kuxpc vbsa ohjcz ahr vbanc
3
/vnak cuhjc ,exuga ws
t"egr hrcsc 'kank 'ihhg /i"cnrv sdb uaev rcf ohburjtvu q2

/(s:uy n"vuxp) kebrp ,rusvn o"cnrc uxpsba
if,hu /c wxu,c wc vghsu 'ikbn ohkgc hubha v"s /s har ihhg q3
ohjcz ahr vbanva :k"bf ohbua ohbhs wc ohpean ,uruenv wca
ktfhn crv 4
dhhumbzur
:suxh ,uahd wd kg ghcmvk rapt
o,uvnc asue hubhau asue hubha ov oheukj [1

ihc ihjcba rhcx 'vz hpk /ovhbhc vua vtrba vn ,urnk
/ohraev vnfc ukt ohnrud
c"au e"aa ohrucxv ohbuatr obah htsu kct

ohhssm oheukhj vnf ohnhhea ,urnk hsuxh iputc ohkhcen
/ohbua ohnuj,c ,ukgc ka ouhhu sngnk ohruaev ohhkuau
:ohbuuhf wc if,h ihhsg 'vz lkvn hpk kct
hpk /asue hubha dux ubhv ohkgc hubha oda rapt [2

vrpfk ,cu,f 'hkua rcs ubht ohhuxn kgck raea rhcxb vz
hpk /icrev omg vvznu rhsdnv ,ukj vuvn tkt 'tshrd
icutr ,tyj vbua if 'oatn ,tyj vbuaa unf 'uz vbcv
trndv hrcsc ;e,an vz ihgn aushj /iugna ,tyjn
vyjaa ,tyj -/z od ihhgu] :y ohjcz) trndv /rjt raevc
hcdk ,eukjn vthcn (/zf ,u,hrf `[/ufu vraf ,tyj oak
kct 'd"vf rhafn cr /os ,tyj oak vyjaa ckj ,tyj
yjau tngy htn /tkuxpk vkuf hb,n" tcrs vhrc tjt cr
oak ckj ,tyj ot 4"/,tyj v,ut oak ,tyjk v,ut
vbanv ukhtu 'kudhpk khcen kuxp tuva asue hubhac teus vbs
tkt 'vnak ,ahrs tuva jcuz ka vnakc od is ws erp ;uxc
rtac tnkgc vcuj er vuvu oatu ,tyjc ,cfgn uz vahrsa
wkv k"mz z"hrdc iuhsv rutk od vz kfc iusk ahu /,ubcre
/th:s e"vgn
/tcrs vhrc tjt cr unf exup z:uy o"cnrva ihhmk htsf q4
u,yhak ruae vza if,h /vz expc uae,v ohburjt vnfu
(:y'/z vs hnurn) c"hmbv /lanvc rhcxba hpf tubc ,hkkfv
ohkgc hubha lhhaa -o"cnrc rjt h,hgc expk vz exp rahe
5
kkf rfhb hubha ihta ,urnk asue hubha cajb os ,tyj

hcdk vnus rcs if,h ',rpf,nv vrhcgvc tkt icrev lhkv,c
5
/ohkgcv ,rpfcu ,uvzc hubha
hubha ivu asue hubhac iv 'vnak rxujc iurxhjv [3

,tyj /icrev in ohkgcv ,rhegu eu,hbc tuv 'ohkgc
u,na ukt ,ubcrea ouan vnak tka hrndk ohkuxp ohjxpu
ruegk kufh scugva tuv uz vahdc aushjv 6/ohkuxp ovhkgc
iuhfn e"ac od vzf eu,hb lhhaau 'icrev in ohkgcv oa
'uz vsng hpk /ahrpv ohkgcva icrev vz iht ukhtf cajba
7
/kudhp kuxpu vnak kuxp v,uvnc vbua vrutfk
oak ckj ,tyjs rucxa iuhfna ghmv tuv /,usucgv ws kfc

/oav hubhaf cajb ohkgc hubha od 'oav hubha vuvn os ,tyj
ah /ohbua ,ubcre ihc ekjk ,uraptcu vz ihs ;ehvc ihhgk ah
wcc ifu 'ohbua oat hdux ut 'ckj ,utyj wc sngnc iusk od
/(kank 'ohv hsruh) sjt duxn ukhpt ut ohbua ohduxn ,usu,
ck,an vnf sg 'uz vahd rutk icrec vfhnx ihbgc ihhgk od ah q5
/lhkv,v omgk
/icrev ,yhja rjtk lhha vz ihs ohjxpca /zg ohjxp od ihhg q6
hzfrn tub vuvnu 'lcuxn tuv vnak rxuju kudhp ihc raev q7
/uk ohjcz vbanc ihhg /,ubua ,uyha obahu 'oav hubhacu kudhpc
'dh erp n"vuxp o"cnr ihhgu /icrec ,ukxup ukt ,ucajn era
/vcuj oak ,ukug tka ,ubcre rtak od vz iuhns lhhaa uy
',ujbnu ohjcz ahr harc ihhg 'vnak tk ,cajn ruxht ihbgk
,ujbn wxu,u har trndc od ihhgu /t:jh 'd:uy n"vuxp o"cnrcu
,u,hrf harc 'oa i,ht vpmnu gauvh hbpu -/v e"c harcu '/yn
/tfe ohjxp o"caru harcu 'ohjcz ahr i,ht vpmnu a"arcu ':c
ohjcz -vsucgk vsucgn ihcajn ihbgc od ovhbhc vuan trndv
wxu, 'har -:jn ,ujbn `:s-/s ohjcz ihhg ';udv kuxp ihbgk /h-:y
/,umnv ihbnc i"cnrv ,yhac inek iusb /oa vyhau
kudhp 'sjt smn /ohbuuhfv wcc ukt ohbhs ihc ekjk ouen ah
kuxpk cajna iuhfn vnak rxujn r,uh kxupv rcs vuvn
ktfhn crv 6
dhhumbzur
/ohbuatr ,uyhacu ,uhduxc vmugb ukt ,uahdn ,jt kf
e"au c"a ihc hbhput eukhj /d
,uuavk ah ht vktav ,t vkgn (:x ohjxp) trndv

,kta juxhb 8/ubnzc tka jxp rafv ihbgk e"au c"a ihc
ohjxp) oa ibhxrd /e"au c"a ka oxjh kg sen,n trndv
hubhac vbav ,unh rtac uyjaa jxp uvk thgcht ":(:x
ut vhk rhafnu hns asue hubhaf ohkgc hubha ?uvn ohkgc
khtuv tcrs vhne t,gnak t,hrnt tpp cr rnt /tk
hubha vn 'ubnzc ukxup ohkgc hubhau ubnzc ukxup asue hubhau
ohkgc hubha ;t ubnzc tkak urhafn ubnzc ukxupa asue
"ubnzc tkak urhafn ubnzc ukxupa
'(:s-/s ohjcz) c"a kuxp ruenc vbsafu 'uz ,rdxnc

:(:s-/s ohjcz) ,usueb gcrtc c"au e"a ihc vbhjcn trndv
rnuk rapt 'lshtn /ouen hubhac ut inz rujhtc hrndk icrev

tuv e"a ukhtu 'kgupk vtmh tka vcajn tkt ubht kudhpa
ruae od kudhp /icrev ,uvz omgk ,hshn vbufb h,kc ,uxjh,v
,xjh,nv vcajnc er lhha tuv /icrev ka rh,nv jfk
'u,umnf rh,nv vcreaf er ,rf chhjn 'ostvu jcznv ,khftk
'if ot 'if,h /unmg ,t rh,n ubhtu rh,n iugya rcs kxup eru
/icrev kxpb tkhnnu 'vcrevv lhkv,c rh,nv jf kxup kudhpa
/sjtf rafv rxuj odu 'kxup ouan kudhpc ah 'uz vbcv hpk
har rcxvc /v e"c gauvh hbpvu :c ,u,hrf har iuuf,v hkut]
kfn oav hubhac kuxpu rafv rxuj ihc xjhv [/vz iuuhfk oa
/k"nftu ohburjtu ohbuatr ',uhduxc vcrv iushb od ohduxv
'e"au c"a xjhc vbsv ,hkkf vkta uz vktac ,utrk ah 'icunf q8
hrhtnv /ubnzc tkau ubnzc jxp xjhc r,uh ,nmnumn vkta ut
ht od ,gcue uz vkta /vbuatrv vsngc yeub r,t kg
/,hbureg vbjcv ohpean trndc ohrjtv oheukhjv
7
ubahu 'vpudc vkuxp ifa asue hubhak vn lrphnk tfht"

d"gtu /shjhcf ruchmc ubahu 'v,hn rjtk ubahu ',usucg gcrtc
ohkgc hubha tba htn /teus tvhn h,r, teus utk h,r,s
vcajn hnb asue hubha 'tnkgc vcajn upudc ukuxp huv tks
vcajts iuhf hnb hfv 'vkxp vcajts iuhf tkt /tuv tnkgc
ohkgc hubha ah rnts hrn crs vhrc xjbhp crku /vkxp
"/lrphnk tfht tvhn h,r, 'v,hn rjtk
tka jxp rhafn c"a ihta uehxv ohjxpc thduxc

hubhac vbav ,unh rtac uyjaa jxp tcr rnt tkt":ubnzc
r,t kg wxu,v "/kuxpu ubnzc ohkgc uk ihta hnf vgb ohkgc
utcuva oheukhjv rtau vz ihs ihc rae ihta ihcv (vgb v"s)
og ruae c"aa vzc huk, ihsv rehga rhcxn wxu, /thduxc
wxu, ihhgu /jxp ruegk kduxn tk vz orudu 'ohkgcv rxuj
,rheg aha e"ak xjhc ahdsna (yujaha sg v"s /zn) ,ujbn
icre uvugu icrev reug vnak tkas" :icre ka tmpjv ,uvz
ihbgk c"au e"a ,hbureg vbua vzca arpk raptu "/rjt
/ubnzc tka jxp rafv
rapt /uktv oheukhjv rta ,ugnanc kueak ah

ruchm icrecu v,hn rjtk c"a lhha tka vza iugyk ykjvc
vgnka tkt 'e"an vbua hput kgc kuxp tuva inxn ubht
c"a oumnhm hkut 9/ukt ohtb,c c"a ka ,uthmn lhha tk
,sucgk er ,xjh,n ,ukgc ,ukja ouan od tuv vehrzk
trndv ka oheukhjv kfa rnuk ouen ah 'lshtn 10/vehrz
-icrec oharuhv sngn kueak ah 'v,hn rjtk ihsk xjhc q9

/k"nftu '(/u ohjcz) thpuenu tgchen
c"a lhhaa rucxu uz vsueb kg ekuj o"cnrva vscugv omg ltq10
uz vbgy ihta vshgn 'lanvc iusba hpf ',usucgv rtak od
/,hbhput ,ugnan ,kgc thv uz vkcdva raptau 'lf kf vyuap
kcdun vz oumnhm ht ep,xna (t:uy n"vuxp) n"kan ihhg
,ubcre rtau jxpu ,tyjc od lhha ut jxpu ,tyjc kuxpk
ktfhn crv 8
dhhumbzur
/c"au e"a ihc uz ,hbureg vbjcv ohpean
ubht c"aa sugc ;udv kuxp vuvn e"aa t"uvv okut

iuhfn ,hbureg vbjcv ;ean htsu r,uh hssm kuxp tkt
arpb ot 11/kj tuv obntaf kuxpv ,tmu, ,frgvc rcusna
tkt ubht c"a ukhtu 'icrev ,auseu ,uvz ihbgk gcue e"aa
c"au e"a ihc eukhjv suxh ot /ohkgc oak vkug tka ihbgk
zt 'vehrzn .uj ,ukgc ,ukj lhha tka tuv ,usucg rta hcdk
'rjt kuxp dux ;ean vz eukhj ot kct /vz epxk ouen iht
vcuj oak vkug tk ihsu rund kuxp ht ruejk ouen ah zt
[/vcjrvc uz vktac iusk ah ,ntcu] /tk ut ov ohvz
,ukgk ihbgk od lhha vehrzk c"a oumnhma ehxn n"kanv
/vcuj oak ohkgck
urehga iuhfn ,ubcre rtau jxp ihc ihjcb ht iusk od ah
iugy jxpc vrpf ihs] /jxpc vrpf ihs ihta if,hu vkhftk
r,un v"s :z ohjcz ,urjt ,utxrhdu harc 'kank 'ihhg /iuhs
/tx ohjxp ,nt ,pu 'hrhtn 'har ihhg [/k"nftu /jxpv
/k"nftu
ut 'vrpfc ,ukgc ,ukj ihsn c"ac vehrz ihs ht ihhgk od ah
,utyjc gcmt ,khcy ihbgc n"epb hkutu /vehrzv ,sucgc ihs
gnan trndvn /kudhpk raec :dh ohjcz thduxc ihhg /,uhnhbp
(d:z n"vuxp) o"cnrv kct 'vfkuvc ihs vuv gcmt ,khcya
rcs ubht kct 'vehrz vgn cajba if,hu /vehrzc ihsf urhsdn
ohbuatrv cur hpk ruejk aha z"hrdv oac h,gnau /rpfnv
huk, hkutu /vz ihs kkfc gcmt ,khcy ht vehrzk kcdun c"aa
'/ufu ohkgcv ,rpf eu,hbc ihsf c"a sngn kg sxuhn ht k"bvc
/ohkgck lhhaa vgnf o,x ut
ka unmg kg u,cajna" -upudc kuxp v"s (:x) ohjxp harc ihhgq11
kg j"rv ukhtu /u,cajn kg sen,n vz ihsa gnan /"icre
kxpb ifa asue hubhak vn" :tmpjv kg vgpavv ihhmn r,t
vb,ab hf tmnb /ohnka oak yjabu jxp una vhv hf unac
cajb vz hark oda vtrb kct "/unmg jczc upudc hubha vgbu
/hsuxh eukhj
9
/uzf vsng .ntk kkf vhgc iht ohkgcv ,rpfc huek

ht kkf jfun tk kct 'vz eukhj v,js trndv 'vbexnc
ihta yuap ut 'oburxj hputc od e"au c"a ohkhcena ouan
uekjb 12/,ubuav o,uvn ,urnk vz ihs hcdk ovhbhc ekjk
kuxp cajb c"a od ot -trndv ,bexn aurhpc ohbuatrv
/lanvc iusba hpf 'ohkgcc kuxp tkt ubht e"a ;t ut ';udv
e"a hcdk ohghpuna ohrjt ohbhs kj ht ubs ohburjtv

rtac vnak rxujc ,ubak ruxht ah otv /c"a hcdk od
ihcajn ka ',ugyc vrheg ka usngn vn ?c"ac od ,usucg
vnfa if,h ?c"ac vnak tku-vnak kau 'vsucgk vsucgn
13
/e"au c"a ihc hburegv xjhc ohhuk, ukt ohbuhsn
ihhgu /c"a ruxhtk srpb ruen ukhpt aha if,h

,t erz ota rnut v,t ihbn rnut h"r" :,euj ahr hrpxc
gsuh ihtu hutrf rhyevu uerz hn oak gush ihtu hutrf osv
lhbcu v,tu k", lf kg iug ohtub ohbvfva urhyev hn oak
kkv ubhcr ,bcv hpk /"asenv iug ,t ut, l,t lhct ,hcu
14
/c"ak srpb ruen vz
oda rucx tna /wt ,ut :jn ,ujbn ,mcuen vyhac cyhv ihhgq12
/k"nftu /e"au c"a ihc eukhj ah vbexnk
ohnkac c"a lhha lht vktac isa -sn wng:c z"hrdv hyuek ihhgq13
rxujk rcgn oav hubha rsd vuv ht kct /vrpf ihsn ubht ot
/kkf vhgc iht vrpf
tka vryevku ohkgc epxk xjh,n vza ihcva c"hmbc ihhg ltq14
v"s /s ohjcz wxu, od ihhg /ihhduxk lhha tk ztu 'ohkgc oak
ihhgu] runa, lh,p tmunn gcub e"ac cajk ruxhta ibahu
vnak tkaa -hts vws /u wxu, od ihhgu /[///oa ,mcuen vyhac
tmuh tnht vws :s wxu, rutka ohburjtv urhgv rcfu /vgc rcug
ohase itmc ihhgu /e"ac tkt c"ac vz vg ruxht lhha tka
/,ujbn ahr z"hrdv hrcsc od ihhgu !c"ac kkf ruxht iht tna
,tyju jxp ihc ihjcb tna 'ohkuxpk er lhha cajh tk ot
ktfhn crv 10
dhhumbzur
e"a oheukj ot tkp,vk ouen iht 'vz kf rutk

,uyapn vkuga hpf 'u,unf ubhta vcajn ihbgk od c"au
/k"bv ,uhduxv
,ukgc ,rhegu eu,hb ru,c asue hubha -i"cnrv /s
iurxja if,h 'sjt ihs ohuvn e"au c"a ,hbureg ot

/icrev in ohkgcv eu,hbc tuv ovhba
otu umrh ov ohraf ot" :vaev (/v ohjcz) trndv

iva v,hn rjtk ihtcc ubhmn" :umrh,u "?ihtc vnk ihmrn iht
vtuav kg uaeva v"dv v"su,c ihhgu /"ihmrn ihtu ihraf
ihtcf huvs hnsn ohkgc hubhau asue hubha teuss ":umrh,u '15uz
unf vmrn ubhtu raf oaka unfu ohkgc uk ihta v,hn rjtk
oda tmuh "ohkgc uk ihtf huvu uhkgcn u,ut vbaa itf if
kg ,mcuen vyhac ihhg lt 16!ohkgc iurxhjf rsduv e"a
ohkgc hubha ugce er wxu,v uhpk 'jxub hubha ughmva r,t
snkb hnb asue hubhaa uphxuv lf rjtu 'ohkgc iurxhjf
oheukj ht e"au c"a ihc kkfc ihjcb tna ut ',ubcre rtau

ohjcz ahrc har ihc vrh,xv ru,pk ughmva ahu /osuxhc
hp kg rjt ruen thcna ,ujbn ahr haru 'cajh tk yymna
/e"au c"a ihc eukhjv
tkt 'ohbhsv ,uuavk trndv vbuf,v tka rnuk ouen vhvq15
/vmrn ubhta raf icre ka uzf vgpu, ,nhhea jhfuvk
z"hrdv ,rgv rutk vz icren ohkgcv e,ubn vnf sg iusk ahq16
e"a rjtk oda (:un rhzb trndv hp kg db wng 'z"hrdv hyuek)
/tmh vcsb hnka kg jkd ota rucxa a"rk rhzb ,jkd, kyc tk
vmrn ubht ot od 'rhzb oak ruaea icre ibhgc htsu a"r hpka
rhzbc hnkaurhva hk rhgv 'h"b rgetp ohhj crv 'hshnk, /uhkgck
if,hu 'e"a rjtk rhzb ,jkd, kyc obnt a"r hpka vyha thcn
/ohkgck raev hrndk gepa ouan
11
/ohkgc hubhan
kuxp vuv e"a teusa t"uvv v,js (:s) trndvaf

;udv kuxp kkfc ubht e"a oda ubhcva ohbuatr obah ';udv
ubht e"aa vahdk vnht,n uz vbexn 17!c"ak tuv vnus tkt
/c"a dux tkt
iurxhj tuv od asue hubhaa uz vsngc ,yeub i"cnrva if,h

/icrev in ohkgcv eu,hbc
od 'vnak tka vuan (/k vfux ,unjkn) i"cnrv

hkc ,uar hubhau authc asevk ghdva kuzd icrek 'e"a duxn
yjuaf huvhb vhhbe tk ahsens hnb hvbu ":k"zu !ahsenv ,ukgc
18
"/vcuj oak ohkgck ukg tka tkt ohrafa inak tka
ruxht vbn i"cnrv '(ws vynav ihutk) ,umnv rpxc

:ohrjt ohkuxp od kkufu kudhp ,cajnc yjah tka hkkf
/ufu ckf rhjnu 'vbuz ib,t 'scgbu 'vphryu 'ohtkf 'gcrbu 'gcur
vnak tka ,cajnk rfz kf yhnan tuva ykuc vz vrutfku
kudhp hbhs ihc ohhev raev ,urnk jxpu ,tyjc ,kxupv
ka iurxhja rucxa u,yhak i"cnrva p"kbu ?vnak rxuju
19
/icrev omgc kuxp tku 'ohkgc iurxhj tuv vnak rxuj
:sk ohjxp t"carv wxu, ka t"uvcu `/tx ohjxp har ihhgq17

uyjaba hnf k"v h,fts k"hu"-(:vb) ihyhd haushjc uhrcs od ihhguq18
"/vcuj oak ohkgck ukg tka tkt ohrafs ohkgc oak tka
yuapa ouan vza if,h lt 'ohkgc hubhak vnsn teus tuv oa
/r,uh
tka ihsu jxpu ,tyj kuxp ihc vcrhe aha if,h 'uz vahdkq19
'ohkgc ouhe rxuj ihsn okufa ,ubcre rtac vcuj oak vkug
,yha rcxvc ghmba vn rutk /,tyju jxpc cfgn vza tkt
rtac ohkgc oak vkug ubhta iurxhjv oda :lupv if,h o"cnrv
/hkkf icre ru,c rafa od kuxp vuvn ,ubcre
ktfhn crv 12
dhhumbzur
,tyj ihsc i"cnrv ,yha ,t rhvcb 'runtv kf rutk

hn oaka gnan ohkgc hubhak xjhca ubrcxv /ihkuj oak
xjhc ukhtu 'vcuj oak vkug odu hrndk raf u,unf ubhta
hubha ot lt /vmrn ubht ihkuj oaka (:un) hhct rucx e"ak
',ukgc rxuj ihsn ovhbau 'sjt iuregu ihs ohkgc hubhau asue
,yha kg eukjk ouen aha c"a hcdk expvn jfun hkut zt
trndc hhct ,pxuv ,ynav vz lkvn hpk /e"a ihbgc hhct
k"bv (/d) trndv ihhmn teus i"cnrv /,ykuc t,fxnv ahr
c"a ihc ekjk vchx ihta jhbna ouan hhct hrcs rhfzvk hkc
/vcuj oak vkug od ovhbacu 'vz ouj,c e"au
asue hubha duxf ohkgc hubha -o"cnrv ,yha /v
(/tx ohjxp `:s) trndv ,bexnc ubhcv ohbuatrv cur

uz vsng 20/kudhpk vnusu ;udv kuxp vuv 'e"a unf 'c"a oda
tkt icrev in ohkgcv eu,hb o,x ubht c"a ot vrhcx
/icrev omg ,uvz ,fhpv
ihs e"au c"aa rucx o"cnrva ,uf,uj ,uhtr ibah

/icrev ,uvz omgc hubha ihgn ohuvn ovhbaau 'sjt
'sjtf ukt ohbhs wc thcn (t:dh n"vuxp) o"cnrv

aurhpc trndc ghpun tka oa '"oav hubha" ovhba vbfnu
yjuav vz ?smhf oav hubha ,cajn" :k"zu 21/ukt ohraevc
ohjxp thduxc vghpun tka ,pxub vrua ah :s ohjcz thduxcq20

hnb hfv 'vkxp vcajts iuhf tkt" -;udv kuxp kg vruna /tx
':sk ohjxp t"carv wxu, ,bexn ihhgu /"vkxp vcajts iuhf
/rcug, v"s :jn ,ujbn wxu, 'tnkgc vcajn v"s :s ohjcz wxu,u
/wt ,ut oa e"nyha od ihhgu
,anan /zx ohjczc thduxv hkuta hk rhgv h"b rkegyx vhrtq21
vz huyhc ghpun oaa ahdsvk hutr 'lt /o"cnrv juxhbk ruenf
13
tuva cajhu vkug vhva iudf /unak tka jczv ,t

,cajn thv uz /uhkgc oak tka jczv yjaa ut///ohnka
ka vz cukha ahdsnu rzuj tuv rjt raevc "/oav hubha
,cajnc uyjaba ohjczv kf ":(t:uy 'oa) k"zu /c"au e"a
yjaa iudf vcuj oak ohkgck vkg tk smhf///oav hubha
ova vkug ouan tk ohkgck ,kg tk ohnka oak vkug
/rjt jcz thcvk ihchhj tkt ohnka ouan tku vc ihchhj
icutrk tk ,kg tk iugna oak icutr ,kug yja ot ifu
"/iugnak tku
is 'vnak ,uahrsc isaf (th-h:s) e"vgn wkvc od

scugv lhrm ohjczv kf" :k"zu /sjtf jcuzu jcz oakc o"cnrv
,gacu vjhcz ,gac uhkgc oaku jczv oak u,cajn vhv,a
jcznv kg u,ehrz ,gacu osv ,fkuv ,gacu osv ,kce
rta og vjhcz vhv,a -uhnka ,su, jcz rcu rntba
-ukt ,uahrs wc teus 'u,gsk "///uhnka oak gcrtv ,usucgv
'(h"v) ,usucgv kfc vkhj,fk ohfhha -jcuz oaku jcz oak
'ohat oak 'oav oak -(:un) vbanca ohrjtv ohbhsv ukhtu
't"hv) vyhjak er ohnmnumn hkut -/ufu jujhb oak 'jhr oak
ygnnv sjt euxp yymn o"cnrv 'uz ,rdxnc /(oa n"kanu
22
rpxc ihhgu !oav hhubha wck ;,uan ruenf jcz hubha
thdux ka y"uac cyhv ihhgu /kgupf tkt 'omg oaf tk kct

/uz
d:uy n"vuxp wkv o"cnr vuavu /lf kg rhgva oa z"csr ihhgq22
hkutu /trndv ,uyapf 'ohsrpb oheuxp yyhma (/c) a"nvhpu
tka ohrjt ,ubcrec od hrv u,gska /khzt u,yhak o"cnrv
vz ihta tkt 'oav hubha kuxpu rsd ah vcuj oak vkug
o"cnrv hkut (/k"nftu /t:jh `d't:uy `t:dh) icrev ,urafcfgn
od ,fhha jxpu ,tyj ka ,pxubv vsuebva jhfuvk lrum vtr
rsd aha e"a hcdk ivu c"a hcdk iv gceb rcfa odv c"ac
/e"vgn wkvc gceba vnk xjhc sjt ihs ovau 'oav hubha
/k"nftu
ktfhn crv 14
dhhumbzur
hpka vz hp kg ehhsna (kebrp xups 'ohyuek) jhkmnv

vsucgv v,utc vnak rxujc hhubak ruxht iht ot o"cnrv
wc inhx yujak ruxht iht '(23d:uy n"vuxp wkvc gnansf)
hpk /e"ac iuatrv inhx yja rcf ot ohkgc oak tka
n"vuxp) kudhp ka utkv '"cajh tk" kkfc c"a od o"cnrv
gsh ifhv rhcxvk od rapt 'vz ger hp kg 24!(t:jh `d:uy
/c"ak od e"a hcdk urntba ohbhs vnf ohfhhaa o"cnrv
vna ,ugyc vrheg ht e"a hcdk vbs (/yn) ,ujbnc thduxv
ihc ihjcv tku uz vfkv thcv (t:uy n"vuxp) o"cnrv /vrheg
vnak tkau vnak sngnc vbs trndvu vbanv 25/c"au e"a
ohjcz `:yb ohjxp vban '/dh ohjcz vban) e"ak raevc sjh
hkc oav hubha hcdk vz ihs thcv (t:dh n"vuxp) o"cnrv /(:c
c"a ota rnuk ouen vhv trcxn 26/e"au c"a ihc ekjk
ihhgu /oa ohburjtv iuhsu t"carcu -/c ,ujbn '/c ohjcz vuavq23
'kkfc c"ac hhubak ruxht lhha tk tna iguya vbanv ,cfrnc
vz lt /oukf u,pxuvc ihtu 'ohkgcv ,rpfc iurxhj vuv era
ictc od ihhgu /o"cnrv ka u,yhau ujuxhbk kkf oht,n tk
/uhrcs vjusakztv
e"au c"a ihc ihjcvk ghmna ,ujbn ahr ohase itm vuavq24
ahrc er cajh tk yymna harc vrh,xv cahhn vzcu 'vz ihbgk
/k"nftu /,ujbn ahr rjt ruen thcnu 'ohjcz
kg ,ugyc vrheg ohdsn o"cnrva vzn uehhsa ohburjt obahq25
ireu vbanv ,cfrnc ihhgu /c"ak lhha ubht vz ihsa e"a hsh
,ugyc vrheg lhha tk era rhcxb 'uz vahd hpk /taubc vrut
ohkgcv ,rpfc huek ihbgk kct 'icrev ,auseu ,uvz omg ,ubak
vscugv s"bgk 'okut /,ugy ,tmu, hubhava ubk ,pfht tk
oav hubha ka vfkvv v,utc ,ugyc vrheg ihs thcv o"cnrva
vtrbf /ohnuj,v hbak vz ihs lhhaa vjhfun e"au c"a kkufa
/e"ac vbs vnmg trndva ouan tndusf e"a thcv
e"au c"a ihc ekjk ,uraptc isa wtx ohjxp ,nt ,pa ihhgq26
uhubnk tkau c"a ihc xjhv keua od ,nt ,pav /vz ihbgk
oa ohjxp thduxc hrhtnv hrcsc od cyhv ihhgu /vz raevc
15
,rheg cajb tka icrev in ohkgcv ,rhegu eu,hb ihsn

aha e"a ihbgk f"tan 'ohrjt ohkgc ;rmna vzc ohkgcv
/,rjt ,uvzk ;rumna kf icrev ,uvz ,gepv
,uphrjc ,tyc,n sjt ihs c"au e"aa o"cnrv ,yha

`t:dh n"vuxp) ,usucgv ws kfc c"a lhhaa oxrupnv uexpc
`/h ohjcz `:s-/s) trndv hrcs ,uyapn /(h:s e"vgn `t:uy
27
/vehrzc er lhha ohkgc hubhaa ,tmuh (/tx -:x ohjxp
sdb o"cnrv exp lht vn, rcf (t:uy n"vuxp) n"kanv
ihs ubhcr vuava tcuy t,khn hk vhn, ":,uarupn ,uhdux
ovhbhc arpv aha jfun trndcu ohkgc hubhak asue hubha
vh,hk ohkgc hubha ukhtu///,usucg wsc ubah asue hubha ukhts
vrpfc tkt lhha tk ohkgc hubhas ouan///vehrzc ot hf
28
ghmn (:y '/z) c"hmbv "/g"mu///vehrzc tkt huv tk vrpfu
ka ;udv kuxp jfn uhubnk tka ihsu asue hubha ihc ihjcna
!e"a
gcrtc ubahu vpudc vkuxp ifa asue hubhak vn" -/s ;s ihhgq27
ouenc vnu rnte hfv hat cr rnt" -/h ;s oa ihhgu "/,usucg
oak uns eurzk raf tuva hbukp oak yjua hbrv rnt ota
"///kuxp hbukp
ubgya ah /o"cnrv hrcs cuahhc ohburjtc urntb ohmurh, vcrvq28
,bgy yhnana ohjxpc hnkaurhv kg ,sxuhn o"cnrv ,yhaa
(,nt ,p 'c"hmb 'vsu, jcz) ohrjt /(vrut ire) hat cr
uz vsuebc teus tsxj cru vcr uekjba ihcv o"cnrva ohrucx
cr vraf rnt vcr urhcj ,su, oak vyjaa vsu," -/z thduxc
urhgv ov /[oa wxu,u har ,bcvf tku] "vkuxp rnt tsxj
ubgy ohrjt oharpn /uz ,eukjnk srpbc xjh,n tk o"cnrva
od jcuz oak lhhaa gnana (:un) thduxvn tuv o"cnrv ruena
tchkt er e"au c"a ihc vz eukhja ughmva ah /vyhjac
thduxv in lt /;udv kuxp rsd ihbgk od ov oheukja t"uvs
wxu,a tuv ihbgn] /h inek trndv rutk sjuhncu 'if gnan tk
rapta ubhcv hkut /h thduxv hp kg vz eukhj ujhfuv er /c
ktfhn crv 16
dhhumbzur
tchkt er tuv e"au c"a ihc vz eukhja ihcv o"cnrva

hubha cajb tk os ,tyj oak ckj ,tyja rucxs itns
d"vfa tcrs vhrc tjt crf o"cnrv exp hpk kct 'oav
'icrev lhkv,c rfhb vz hubha ihta ,urnk oav hubha cajb
oav hubha ru,c c"a lhha 'tkhnn /oav hubha kkfc c"a od
cr ka vz expa uhrcs kg ;hxuvk ahu /,usucgv ws kfk
vsueb 'icrev omg vrhsdn vrpfva inxn tcrs vhrc tjt
ka u,ban kfa ihhmk htsf odu /c"a hcdk od vghrfna
'e"au c"a ihc ohnuj,v auyahy kg vshgn vz tubc o"cnrv
hutr /ubj,hpsf ovhbak ;,uanv oav hubha ka iurehgv kgu
ka oheukhjv wsn sjt er thcv o"cnrva ahdsvk od
29
/(uy:uy n"vuxp) v,hn rjtk c"a ihta --ohjczc trndv
ihbgc o"cnrv exp ihcvk kebc rapt 'vz kf hpk

,uyap hpka ubrthc rcf /c"ac u,unf vbhta ,cajn
oak vkug ubht kct 'c"ac hrndk vraf uzf vcajn thduxv
'ov ohvza o"cnrk ihbn vae,v lubhj ,jbnv /e"ac vcuj
lt /"hk vtrh"c vfkvv ,t jxbk ,ujpk lrum vtr tk vnku
tuv gce rcfa hrndk ,hceg o"cnrv ,yhaa tuv rurc
oda ;udv kuxp hcdk eukhjv v,js trndvafa rnuk vhv

jfun /h thduxvn kct /,usucgv wsk xjhc vbjcvv v,jsb
e"a ihc vz eukhj kcen o"cnrva ghmvk rapt od [/,rjt
lhha tka -hbfy eukhj er tuva ouan uahdsn ubht kct c"au
vbv /vrpfk vruae thva vehrz ihbgk tkt ,ukgc ,ukj
od kct /v,hn rjtku ruchm ka oheukhjv yhnan od o"cnrv
/o"cnrv hrcsngn,an tk vz
xjbhp crf ohexupa ohbuatr aha /tx ohjxp hrhtn ihhgq29
ka u,banc ,jt vhgc rtab /v,hn rjtk c"a od hbvna
tk c"aa /tx ohjxp trndv hrcsf exup o"cnrv /o"cnrv
vza if,h kct /(th:uy n"vuxp) e"a unf ubnz hbpk jxp reug
hrhtn ihhgu /k"nftu ubnz hbpk jxp ka sjuhnv sngnk ruae
/if ihsv e"ac oda /tx ohjxp
17
uz vahd /oav hubha ka sjt ihs e"au c"aa ohrnxn

"hk vtrh" ;hxuvk chhj o"cnrv ihtu 'u,ban kfc ,xxucn
/uz ,hceg vyha ka ;xub ouhhk
inkua lurc uvhkt crv r"un
vchahv ijuc

z"ba, .hec vchahc urntba ohrugha lu,n
rthcu 'vfuxc chhj untk lhrm ubhtu iye (:c) ihfrg

kufhaf tuv vumn kfk lubhj rughas rtucn ihhduxcs z"hrdv
urughau rgymn vhvh tka rsdv itfu 'vumnv hrsd ohhek
/untk lhrm ubhtaf
iuhf vsucg ,gac ohbvfs ibhrnt (:d) ineks g"kh wfku

uca, whgcs vfuxv in oryupk ouen ah ahna,c ohruxta
urus, ihgf uca, ohhen ost kf rtas rtucnu 'urus, ihgf
hrv untk lhrma hk vn b"v wfku 'vfuxc ung u,ata h"g
/vfuxk ung tuck unt vkufh
chhjn urus, ihgf uca,s e"v o,vs n"ek ,ntc kct

kufhs hk vn itf kct 'u,at og vfuxc rusk kufh vhvha
vhvh tuck vmr, tk thv ot x"fux unt og vfuxc rusk
lubhjc u,ut uchhj tk ifku vfuxv in ruypu rgymn tuv
/p"zu /vfux ,umn
wc ihta h"arp /t wuf inmgk ,ubnzn ohab (/d) oa

ohabtc aha hpk ohabt wc og ohprymn ohscg wc ut ohab
ihtu ,hrc ,urnut ohabv ihta ohscgcu ohabc ihta vn
,urnut p"fg ohabs rtucnu /ubh,kjb kg ohrnut ohscgv
ohab iht y"n (:vn) ,ufrc wndc lhrp htn f"ts weu /ubh,kjb
ihta k"p, 't,umhrp ouan .r,nu 'ohscg og ,uprymn
ohrnut iht ohscgu ,hrc ,urnut iht ohaba ouan ,uprymn
/(:zn) ,ufrc j"kmv wev ifa r"ua /vkjb
lurc uvhkt crv 2
inkua
-
,eukjnc thv thduxc oa y"uavs tjhb ,ntc kct

'a"hhg ,uar inzk ohkufh ot ukfta ohba ot ibjuh wru cr
tmh ,hrc rnt tka aht oda (/yn) oa unmg cr ,gs hrvu
lhrp (:vn) oa wndvs k"h f"tu 'ohabc ubhts ouan j"sh
ohscg og ,uprymn ohab iht y"n vhshsks teus crs tchkt
ihfrgc h"ar hrcsu /,hrc urnt tk ot utmh ohscgv od tv
/t,fkvs tchkt ov
inmgk ,ubnzn ohab y"n cr ,gsk vaeh h,ft ,"tu

,uprymn ihta hexns iuhfs k"mu /ohabt og ,uprymn ihtu
og inzk ovk iht vz ogyn b"v t,umhrp ouan ohscg og
uc,f (/vn) oa h"r,a ,ntcu /t,umhrp chaj vz ods ohabt
ahaf inzk ivk iht n"n ohab wd ah ot ukhpts h"ar oac
h"arcu) a"g vtb o,rucj ihta t,umhrp ihgf huvs ohabt oa
lrmuva ihfrgc h"ar hrcsf tks vz wfku (h,tmn tk ubhbpk
f"ana k"apt vhv k"bk kct ',hrc ,urnut ibhts tngyk
og ,uprymn ihts o,vs thduxv hpk ubhhv h"ar oac h"r,
ubhhvs ',hrc ,urnut ihta ouan tku t,umhrp ouan ohscgv
teus inmgk ,ubnzna vns k"m thdux v,ut hpks 'k"bfu crf
v"v tkhnnu t,umhrp ouan ubhhv ohabtv og ,uprymn ibhtu
t,fkvs tchkt yeb ihfrgc h"ar kct /tba tk ohab wd ahaf
iht vnk icun ,uyapc f"tu ,hrc rnuk ohchhj ohabts
ogyn vkg hhu,tk m"htu ohscg og tku ohabt og ,uprymn
/kkf ,umhrp
tmuhfc kpkpa vn j"n whx j"ut x",j ,"ua g"gu

/vzc
z"nvrcc ohab ot k"gcn (:f) ,ufrc wndc vbvu /c

f"t weu /.rtc ekj ukyb tka ouan h"arpu ibcrs ut wuts
/oa x",jv wev ifu /itf od if whp tk vnk
ohab od ubh,uctk ,kjbvas vrfzvv ,ntcs k"h wfku
iht ,ufrcs thduxcu 'i,uctk od khjbv x"fuxs 'rnuk ,ukufh
,gcau ,kftus cuhjv omg smn t"f vrfzvv smn thgcv
/wuf .rtv kg vhc ch,fs ,frcu
tngy rtucn ibcrsn er ,uchhjs sm lvk htsucu

,uchhjs sm lvk n"n kct 'f"d ohabt og ,uprymn ihts
smvk od ifu /ohabt og ,uprymn iht y"n weh ihhsg wuts
trugha kfta ahtk ,ubnzn iht y"n weh ibcrsn ,uchhjs
f"gs wuf .rtv kg ch,f trecs vn khguh tk vzku /ibcrs
ibcrsn ,uchhjs smvk odu 'vzc ibhspe tk wuts ,uchhjs smvk
/vzc ibhspe tk ibcrsn p"fg
ukyb tka ogyn inmgk ,ubnzns vn arpk t"t ifku

ibhts vfrcv jxub smn rtck h"ar lrmuvu '.rtc ekj
kgu rnuk ,ukufh ihta ohabtv unf jxubv u,ut ,urnut
/wuf l,hrc
whgu /ohaurhp wc wxu,c whg /rcxu vhk hrcxns 'oa

wuf unmg kg lnux ihc ekhja eukhjvu 'c"v m"uy y"p o"cnrc
/k"bn c"m
itf wndv hrcsk if arpn o"cnrvs vtrb vhvu

rcux tkt ktrahv kg lnux ubhta ubhhv rcxu vhk hrcxns
/hpy grd vzu unmgn
unmg hgdb vtur ubhts ib, (v"n c"p) ohgdbc vbvu

kg hte ot ohbuatrv uekjbu 'ucure hgdb tk ;t t"nr
tnynv ivfv kg ut (ktrah od ,uhvk kufh tuva) exupv
ohraf kfv t"v y"p o"cnrc kct /ohssm wc a"rc a"g
wuf unmg hgdbn .uj vtur ost ohgdbv kfu ohgdbv ,t ,utrk
lurc uvhkt crv 4
inkua
/tnynv ivfv kg tku exupv kg htes thsvc rtucn
,t yhkjv hn wndv wens (:te) ohjczn z"g uaevu

whaku /v"cev tkt ivf vhv irvtu rz vhv vans ohrn
vhv irvtu euxpk kufh vhv rjt tv thaue htn o"cnrv
exupv kg hte (n"rk) ucure hgdb vtur ubhta vns tnyn
vhvh ivfva lhrma wh, ivf ,frc wxcu /tnynv ivfv kg tku
/unmg kg od lnux jrfvcs ofj vhvha tku rzv kg lnux
/wuf rcxu vhk hrcxns tv wndv ihs ann uvz runtvku
h"ar wuf ohscg hhu,tk h"tk ihkgn kfv (:d) oa

h"ark vhk tyhap hbgbf scg kct /g"gc hrhhns whp ,ucu,fc
hrhhns whp itf h"ar kct /ubunn tuv hrva ;ufk kufh ubhts
h"ark vhk tyhap itf od p"fg /urfnk vmura hbgbf scgc
/kkf ucr ,t vpuf ubht urfnk vmur iustv ihta hbgbf scgs
ifu h"tk urfnk ucr ,t vpuf hbgbf scgs o"cnrv ,gs kct
/oa ,ucu,f i"rc tcuv s"ctrv ,gs
ubhhv vpuf g"ga vns uyuapc h"ars tngy vbvu

cuhj ubnn ghepvk kufh ubht ucrk chhj,va vna ouan
/ubunn tuva hbgbf scgc a"k vzu 'ohses vumnv
,t vpuf scgva vns k"apt vhv o"cnrv ,gs kct

vhkhs vumn ouhe kg iustv crgs ,ucrg ogyn tuv ucr
kg ,ucrg ah ot vsbs c"pr wxu,c whgu) /,umnv kg ihpufu
(/ohscg ihbgk v"v wfku ohrdv
tks f"vzdv kkfc vzs o"cnrv ,gs k"apt b"ht

ihpuf h"tk jrca f"gs vhbhn ibhpkhs uhbust kt scg rhdx,
vmuru k"ujc scgvaf v"vs o"cnrvk k"xu urrjak ucr ,t
5
/,ukgk
vz h"ar whak wuf ihthmun kfv ihtu itf wndv lanvcu

f"gc hrhhns o"cnrv whak kct /g"gc hrhhns tahrn gnab tk
s"ctrv kg i"rv wev ifa ,ntcu /rcsc ah aushj vn f"t
/o"cnrvf f"d k"xs k"bv
,ucu,f wndc vbvs wh, (s"b, whx s"uh) z"bct ,"uacu

wxu,v wevu 'h"tc hbet khz ibhrnt h"tk jrc ots ibhrnt (:he)
/uhns kg rya c,ufu u,ut ihrrjans wht (:vn) ihyhd wndcs
,ucu,fc od ,ntcs wh, ,"ru /rufnk tmun ubhtaf o,vs wh,u
wkv o"cnrc gnan if ,"r ,gsfu /unmgk u,ut rfuna vbufv
tmnb z"pku /u,ut ihrrjan iput kfcs a"g h"v j"p ohscg
h"tk urfnk ucr ,t ihpufa vbufv ihkgn kfvs eukhj aha
s",t /urrjak chhj h"tk jrca scg ukhtu 'urrjak tk kct
/z"bctv
oa o"cnrv iuakc thsvc gnan ,ntc vz eukhju

/a"g
wha omg rtck ubc,fa sm lv kg f"t wfk we kct

snkb vza ubssms 'u,ukgvk ucr ,t vpuf hbgbf scgs o"cnrv
ov oheukj tvs z"g we rtucnk kct wuf rhdx, tks tvn
vmur er ot f"tan urrjak chhj h"tk jrc ots obhsc
/urrjan ubhtu uvkgha hnk u,ut rfun h"tk ,ukgk
,ukgk scgv vmurc ods tnhbs thauev iht obnt

scgv tnas n"ek htsu vzs 'urrjak chhujn iustv vhvha
lphvk thv wuev kct /kkf vkgh tk rrj,aha rjtu ohrgn
f"t uvkgha rjtk urfnha hdxs whzj u,ukgvk vmurafs iuhf
ohrcuxa unfu) h"rtc urfnk kufha tnhb f"d h"tk jrcaf od
j"ht h"tc ohbue tmn ots ,nts tchkt i"rvu wxu,v
lurc uvhkt crv 6
inkua
/(k"bf if ubht o"cnrv ,gs kct 'urrjak
ubht h"tk ,ukgk vmra scgs sm lshtf t,ruujn ifku

vnu 'urrjak chhj iustv iht ifku wuf rhdx, tks ihsv kkfc
/k"bfu ,ucrg ihsn tuv h"tk vkuga hnk urfnk chhja
ihts k"xs k"h kkf vzc chhj iustv ihts h"ar ,gsu
od /oa k"x hfvs (:dh) vsbs c"pr whak khztu /ohrdk ,ucrg
a"ku ucr cdt tuv ,uumnc hbgbf scg cuhjs k"xs rapt
/ucr ,uarn u,ut ghep,a vumnc chhj,ha
wha ruthcu /wxu,u h"ar whg wuf hns arpnf (:s) oa

rsubv sh dha, rat p"g wuf lhrgvu shngvu ch,fs iuhfs h"ar
'lhrgnv sh ,dav hpf lrgbv ,t lhrgha ,"vg h"arpu wuf
a"ks kf ifku 'uh,uba lhrgna f"g ubhhv lrgbv ,frgvu
/sh dahv ihs uc a"k lrgbv ,uba lhrgvk
jfun tk ohhuxn ost lhrgvaf tnkacs h"arp vzku

tuvs jfun p"fgs wxu,v wue e"ku ivf ,frgv lhrmu hshn
/sh dahv ihsc lhhau ivf ,frgv lhrm x"fuxs asuj icn r,uh
lhrgvus k"xs t"g ;ux whak vzc k"jhb tks wxu,u

/(:z) inek g"gu /k"eu lhrgnv kg hte u,ut
dahvc iushb jcznk lhrgn ot k"gcn wndc whg (/v) oa

vsa ahsenn a"n weu /p"fg lhrgns ik tyhap kct /sh
/uhuuac iushb ot k"gcns vzujt
oufx tuv x"fux hbukp lrgs tjhb ,uyhapc kct

/rsb vz ,tu cume
/usucfc iushb vhvh f"unfs we kct

7
sh dahvc iushb ihfrgs ogyvs s"ctrv f"ank e"ug

lhrgnc lhha vz vn f"t uhkg vxj vru,vu xbe tuva ouan
/jcznk
a"nu usucfc iushb ubhts ik tyhaps a"n e"ug

ihts ,uyhapc exp o"cnrv ifu /sh dahvc iushb ot k"gcns
/sh dahvc iushb ot epx tuv n"nu usucfc iushb
v"sck tuv ihfrg ,arp rehg htsucs vtrb vhvu

x"fuxs tnkgc ,uchhj,v lrsc tuv jcznk lhrgncu 'teus
/cume oufx rsb
,frgv ihsc tuv sh dahvc iushb ot ihhduxc thgcvu

k"gcn 'lhrgnv sh dahv hpk lrgbv ,t lhrgn ivfva 'ivf
tuv ots 'h,hntv lrgv vagb vza ut 'ruyp rsd tuv ot
od f"t h,hntv lrgv uvz ot f"tan jcznk lhha z"ht ruyp
/cmea oufxv uvza if iushb vhvh jcznk
,ntc uvza uaurhp iht htsu usucfc iushb ihs kct

kf lrg chhj uatr lhrgnvs ohhuxn ihs tuv tkt 'uatr lrg
/kkf jcznk a"k vzu 'upud
ifku) vhkg vxj vru,v obnts s"ctrvk e"k tkhnnu

vxj vru,v ot wndvk k"gcn kct (rsubc sh dahv ihs a"k
ods tkhnnu lhrgnv sh dahv hpk lrgv ,t vgcea uz lrsc
vcmea lrgv uvz x"fuxs if iushb jcznk ufrg chhj,naf
/jcznk chhj,v vz ,tu vru,
o,ekjnu vyap ot htb, hdhkp wt rct ahsenc 'oa

g"ufk vc vhuk, vnabva rct ahsenc kct wuf ubnns trec
snkb vz od ot ,ubuak wc c,f vrun, e"nyac whgu 'vyap
lurc uvhkt crv 8
inkua
ut 'ovhba utchu ov ohkuea ,uarsv h,au 'ubnns tren

/trcxn snkb tuva
ukhpt vyap ot epx ah ;ugs c,f o"cnrv vbvu

'vyap tk vnvcc wt rctcs s"nf exps d"gtu wt rctc
ch,f ubnns tres iuhf wek wndv ,ehpxk if arpns k"mu
/;ugc tku vnvcc
tuv wt rctc ukhpt vyapa u,gsa vzn rtucnu

'sjt rctn vyap ihs ghepn ubnns trevu tnkgc trcx
uc rntba rapt ubnns tre vhc ch,f tks iuhf k"gcn ;ugcu
/sjt rctc ukhpt vyap ihs
ukhpt vyap ihs vhvha ah trcx vzht rtck lhrmu

/uc vhuk, vnabv ihta sjt rct ahsenc
,ntcu icre ,ausec rctv ahsena iuhfs vtrb vhvu

ifk vnvcv rta tkc rct kg kujk icre ,ausek t"t
/vkuf kg vausev vkj tkhnn
vause oa ,ukj ahs asjk ubnns tre th,t vzku

/,uyap,v tfhk tkhnnu sjt rct kg
rfnb htnt f"t wt rct kg vkj vause oa ot ,"tu

k"xs h"v d"p n"uxht wkvc whak o"cnrvs vtrb /ununc tka
ihta wuf ohkf ahsen ihck n"gc ahsen ihc eukhj aha
tkt ubht n"gc ahsenc ods ekuj s"ctrvu 'icre obhnc
ahsens eukhj ah p"fgs k"m o"cnrv ,gsu 'ohns ,ause
oa t"pc o"cnrv f"anf ivf ,frgv lhrm p"fg n"gc vnvc
vsngv m"hta d"gtu 'ivf lrgc vspb n"gc ahsens h"v
rcs ut ohbctu ohmg ahsencs eukhjvu /n"xfc a"gu vfrgvu
oa d"p o"cnrv c,f c"uhfu ohtkf unf icre ubhnc ihta
9
ihgf tuvu icre lrumk urfnk lhrm er ohrund ihkuj ova

vrun, t"p o"cnrv c,f n"gc ahsenc kct tnkgc sucga
ohns ,ause tkt ubhtu rund aushe ause vpud ihta d"hv
d"vuses rund aushec tka er p"fg ause vpuds gnanu a"g
thv vc kja ohns ,ausev kct /s"uses vke vasuec t"f
n"gc vnvc ahsenc ifku /vnmg vnvcv ;udc vause p"fg
lhrm vzku vnmg vnvcv ,t ,uspk lhrm vause vc vkja
ubhnc ihta rcsu ohbctu ohmg ahsenaf f"tan ivf ,frgv
m"ht vzku icrek scguana er kkf unmgc ause ubht icre
/ivf ,frgvu iuhsp
kg kja tuv "ubnn"s aushjv wt rct ahsenc b"vu

tfhk tkhnnu vhhsp lhrms p"fg n"gc ahsenf vause wt rct
tku ohbctu ohmg ahsenf vz vhv tre tkukht kct 'vyap
vause uhkg xhp,vk uruchsc vmur tuv p"fg hrvu oukf vhv
kuj, wt rct kg vause kujk hsfs vyap rnut h,hhv vzku
/vnvcv kf kg
ibhrnt ht ohnsk wt rct ahsenc k"gcn wndc vbvu

s"nk ut c",bva rct ahsenc thgcvs arpn h"aru udhn hr,
exp o"cnrv kct 'uc vhuk, vnabv ihta rctc ukhpt vyap
arhp thgcv ,t n"nu vyap t"k c",bv ihta wt rctcs
icun z"ht wfku vyap ibhrnt ot ohnsk wt rct ahsenc
/kkf
ahsen hrv ohnsk wt rct ahsencs tjhb k"bk kct

kja ohns ,ausev f"tu wt rct tku oka icre ,ubek u,ut
,ause t"f "ubnn"s tren snkbv wt rct ,ause ubht uc
vkufc vyapu d"vuse uc kj s"use uc kjs udhnu oka icre
/k"bf wt rct kg kujk vkufh vbht uz vause hrva
vat hmj ahsenc lhrp ihause ahr wndcs rhgvku

lurc uvhkt crv 10
inkua
tren snkb vyap ihss wxu,c wevu vkfc ihause yuap,s

thv vyapa rtc,b o"cnrv whak kct 'ihausek ihbg vz vnu
ihausev ihta iuhfs vatc ;t ,fhha uz trcxu trcx ,ntc
/k"eu vkuf kg ukujh vhmj kg kujk ohkufh
we h"ar wha vbv wuf vesmk uz gkxs thduxc (/u) oa

z"ht vhshsf thuv ,uhrjt uhkg kchea iuhfs f"an tsj stn
hsf v,ubak r,un vhvha tcr ,rcx vun, r,uhcu 'icun
r,hv vhvha ubhmn ifhv ,uhrjtc chhj,hu sh jkua cajhha
/vz khcac sh jukak
,ubak ruxta vbufv iht h"ark od okugks vtrb ifku

z"hta vsun h"ar ods 'ann ohhbg iunn vagba ouan gkxv
wkv t"bjn whgu) wuf vucdk u,rhnt vzc rntb tku ohhbg iunn
iuhfa ouan tuv ,ubak ruxhtv tkt /(vzc isa vn vesm
rcsk u,ubak ruxtu u,umnk vtmev k"uv ohhbgk ,ugnv sjhha
/rjt
cuaj ,ntc gkxv sujhh ot tuv thduxc iushbv kfu

/tk ut vz gkxk vtmev
f"t ,uhrjt uhkg kche ots ers tkug ,rcxu

'vhshsf huv tkhnnu 'teus vz gkx sjhhn ubht gkx sjhhnaf
uz gkx rnutaf f"tan 'ohhbgk vmeun gkx u,ut ihta whp
/ohhbgk vtmev chaj ifku teus gkx u,ut i,hk jrfvcs
od f"t ,uhrjt uhkg kche ots 'lphvk tcr ,rcxu

tuv vn oak f"tu ',uhrjtc chhj tuv rcf gkxv sjhha tkc
u,ut ruxnk vmur tuva u,gs ibhsnt ifku 'vz gkx sjhhn
tkc uz gkx rnutaf kct /ohhbgk vtmev thuvu ohhbgk gkx
'vshctu vkhzd ,uhrjt unmg kg kche tks hvb ',uhrjt ,kce
gkxv sujhh f"tu 'kcen htsu p"fg sh ,ujhka ,uhrjt kct
11
suntk ohkufh ubt f"tu 'sh ,ujhka ,uhrjtc uchhjk khgun

unmg ,t chhjk hsf er tuv gkxv sujhhc u,buf rehga u,gs
vhvha ohhbgk gkxv ,t ruxnk tk kct 'sh ,ujhka ,uhrjtc
/vmeun
kakana ost kfs ',me ,ubbuc,vc stn icun vzu

gkxv ,,k u,bufs uhagn arpk ubt ohkufh vesm ,ch,k gkx
,t chhjk er u,bufa ut 'ohhbgk vrhxn ihgf tuvu 'ohhbgk
hrvs ann ,uhrjt unmg kg kcek vmur ubhta tkt 'unmg
uvzu 'ohhbgk i,hk chhj,n gkx u,uta ,me ,uhrjt er 'hkg
/icvu 'ihhduxc iushbv
oac e"nyac whg rcug ,dhrvs thduxc /t (/z) oa

wfku apb epx rcugv chaj rcanv kg vcahafs u,gs a"tr
f"ts tnhhe rc epx arpk ihtu vzc ah epx vn icun ubht
uyuapc vtrb tkt /if k"m vhv uatr ,t thmuvaf od
kkf apb ubht rcanv kg vcaha osues vhk tyhap a"trvs
khj,n rcanv kg vcahaf kct 'otv in tuv u,uhja iuhf
uvzu 'h,n euhsc ohgsuh ubt iht kct 'expvk otv in ,uhjv
tnas apb epx huv rcanv kg ,cauha inz kf ifku 'epxv
/g"bpc ,uhj uk ahu untn u,uhj ,uhvk exp rcf
apb ubht rcugs k"x iuatrv wh,c (:sn) vsb wxu,vu /c

tshjts tuv ,kss apb vagb hzt otv v,n ot er kkf
k"x wcv wh,cu /,cav ,t uhkg ohkkjn teus d"vfcu vhptc
i"cnrvu /,cav ,t uhkg ohkkjn n"nu kkf apb ubht okugks
ouan rthc vhbav trcxv ,tu ,urcxv wc thcv t"vu,c
d"gt vcrv ,u,ca runaha khcac wt ,ca uhkg kkj ibhrnts
/kkf apb ubhta
ihbh,nn rcanv kg vcahs whb,nc h"ar ,gs vbvu /d

kg vcah ot od s"nd rjt kct 's"nd osue ubhhv wuf vk
lurc uvhkt crv 12
inkua
ogyva c,f unmg h"ars g"m wfku /vk ihbh,nn iht rcanv
;ud chaj rcugva ouan tuv sk,a sg vk ihbh,nn ihta
s"nd rjtk ukhpt rcanv kg vcaha itf f"tu 'otv og sjt
/sjt ;ud ubht rcfs rcugk ih,nb tk vnk
osue rcanv kg vcah ot htsucs h"ar ,gs k"mu

kj vhv tk hzt 's"nd ,gac g"bpc ;ud rcugv vhvs 'ihs rnd
tku otvk er v,hn ohexup s"hc hf kkf rcugv kg s"ndv
uexpu 's"nd osue rcanv kg vcah tka iuhf kct /skuvk
s"ndv kj hzt 'otv og sjt ;ud vhva rcugv kg od ihsv
/rcanv kg vcahaf g"bpc ;ud vagb f"jt ot od rcugv kg
tbud kfcs k"xu vzc h"ar kg ohekuj wxu, kct /s

h"ar wjn rtc,b f"tu /vk ihbh,nn rcanv kg vcaha iuhf
vagb f"jt ot od rcugv kg s"ndv kjs k"x h"ars wxu,u
rcugv kg s"nd ,ukj oua ihts k"xs wxu,u 'g"bpc ;ud rcugv
/otv og sjt ;ud tuva inz kf t"f
hsf vbuhrv ,hc sdbf v,ut ihfns wndc rtucn vbvu /v

u,hnhaf f"t rcugv ,t u,hnh tk ots h"arpu 'kuub,, tka
d"vfcs wndc rtucnf) hj ihhsg tuva rcugv tmh otv ot
/otvk kuuhb vhvhu (osue v,n otv
sdbf ufha tkc otv ,t oh,hnn uhv ot ihhgk ahu

thmuvku vxhrf ,t ju,pk ohfhrm uhv ;fh, wfk 'vbuhrv ,hc
;ud rcugv huv shn osue v,n thva iuhf hrvs 'rcugv ,t
vsb wxu,c ohmurh,v hbak if tuvu /ukhmvk ohchhj wfku g"bpc
apb rcugv vagb otv v,na shn iuatrv .urh,vk 'k"bv
p"fg kct rund apb rcugv vagb tks wcv wh,k odu 'rund
/kujc ukhmvk ohchhja ifa kfu ,ca uhkg kkjk ohchhj
hshk h,ta wndv hrcsc asj aurhp ubk vhvh f"tu

13
tuv kuuhbv tkt unmgn tmh rcugva vnc kuuhbv ihta 'kuuhb
/rcugv ,t khmvk hsf vxhrf ,t ju,pk ohchhj uhvha
aha k"xs u,yhak khzt if arhp tka h"ar kct

tkhnnu 'rjt ;ud vagbaf od g"bpc rcugv kg s"nd ,ukj
otv ,,hn rjt od rcugv ,t khmvk ohchhj uhvh tk vhshsk
vcahk hnsu /rcugv ka ubhs rndb x"fuxs g"bpc ;ud vagba
h"ark k"x n"nu g"bpc ;ud vagb f"ds s"nd rjt rcanv kg
tuv kuuhbv ihbga arpk lrmuv h"ar ifku /vk ihbh,nn ihts
/k"eu whak khztu /unmgn tmh skuva
whp h"ar wuf v,rxut v,,hn uz h"cbrt tkt (:z) oa

,me c,f kct s"hp o"cnr whg kct 'vrgac v,hn ihts
f"ts c"m wfku '"upud ubhta" vtbvc r,un vrgaa rjt iputc
/upud ubht hrva r,un rgav vhvh kexbv ruac od
rgac ers n"fc rtucnf upudf huv htsu ohhjns k"hu

zuzdk snug ubhta rga kct 'zuzdf tuv ot ibhbhhs zuzdk snugv
ubhts v,hn rjtk kct /;udv in ebuha iuhf upudf tuv htsu
/ann ;udv ubhta iuhf upudf cajb ubht tkhnn ;udv in ebuh
cajb er ann upudf rgav ihta iuhfs ,me t"gc ut

/hrau uhkt ,xjh,n v,hnv iht ifk vehbhv smn upudf
hrhxt vnvcs hbrs (:zx) ihkujc c"uhf ,me ubk ahu

dscu 'vyhja rjtk ohrmubv ohgku,c hrhhns o"cnrv ,yhau
iuhf ruxt racc kct 'uarhp tka ,urhpv ,gku, ihsn hra
,urhpv ,gku, r,hva o"cnrv ,yhas ubhhvu 'vyhja lhrma
jnah) t"uenc ubfrtva unf hrpv in ekj cajba ouan tuv
'hrpv in ebuh er hrpv ann ubht n"nu '(c"e whx c"j ct
r,hvv iht vyhja r,hv lhrma raccs o"cnrv rcux vzku
/k"eu ',gku,vk xjh,n vyhja
lurc uvhkt crv 14
inkua
ihss wxu,v ,gs ',uyha wd itf ah /tbshgc v"su, oa

,gsu /vbh,b ,gau vfrgv ,gac thk, rhagvu hbg hbgvu rhag
ehhs t"egru,cu 'vfrgv ,gacu rsbv ,gac thk,s y"uhu,v
rsbv ,gac thk,s n"jkv ehhs o"cnrv ,gsu /h"ar ,gs ifa
/vbh,b ,gacu
hk vn wxu,v ,hhaue vaeh o"cnrvu h"ar ,yhaku

wv uk vhv rsbv ,gac x"fux hbav lrgk ohgkx ws i,ba
k"m uvshsks n"jkv wh,u /hbgvu rhag ihsc vhvh f"tu ohgkx
hbgvu hbg tuva hnc tk ann rhagc er tuv hbgvu rhags
/r,uh
rsd omgc wxu,u h"ar ,eukjn rtc,b khgk vbvu

kg hte ivfv u,ut lhrgvus uc,f (/s) wxu,s ivf ,frgv
htes whp ,"vg h"ar kct /ush dhan vnf ohfhrgna 'lhrgnv
/lhrgnv sh ,dav hpk lrgbv ,t lhrgn ivfvs lrgbv kg
arpns tngyc wxu,u h"ar ,eukjn z"hpg ubrthc (:s) khgku
/a"g 'sh dahvc iushb ubht
ka asujn iput tuv sh dahva tmnb h"ar whaku

kct 'ohcume ohns uk vcme vru,v rhagcs 'lrgbv ,frgv
h"pg t"f uz vcmhe hpk tk lrgbv ,t ohrgana ibhrnt hbgc
ka asujn iput ubht sh dahv wxu,vk kct /lhrgnv sh ,dav
lhrgnv iht okugks unmg smn ihs tuv tkt 'lrgbv ,frgv
ubhts rhagc od omgc lhha vzu /ush ,davn r,uh okan
/vcmhev kf ,dan ush rhaga tkt 'ush ,davn r,uh okan
ka ,ubua ,uharp h,a iv hbgu rhag h"arks tmnb

,cmhe h"pg uh,uba hpk lrgbv ,t ohfhrgn rhagcs 'vfrgv
vzcu /lhrgnv sh ,dav hpk lrgbv ,t ohfhrgn hbgcu 'vru,v
/vz ihbgk rhagf iushb hbgvu rhags ibhrnt
15
vhv tka hbg vhv vkhj,n ods ihhduxk kkf ihbg z"htu
sh ,dav hpk lrgbv ,t lhrgvk ihsv vhvu ohgkx wv t"f uk
/vfrgvv ,ga r,c ibhkzt vzcu /lhrgnv
suxhc hbgk rhag ihc eukhj iht wxu,v ,yhak kct

,t ohfhrgnu 'uh,uba hpk lrgbv ,t ohfhrgn ovhbacs 'obhs
vbanc rtucna iuhfu /ush ,davn r,uh i,h tka lhrgnv
vzc rntba f"g 'rhagvu hbgc ifu 'rhag hns i,ub hbgvu rhags
/vcurnv vshnv hpk rsubv sh ,dav ,t ohfhrgn okugka
'whak hkztu /if ihsv r,uh hbgvu ohgkx wv uk vhvaf od f"tu
/k"eu
1
ryfa hcm crv r"un

.f vbhsgu hfsrn a"g kkufv atr
t"ta vsucgs vyhja tvu 'hhct k"t (:sh) ohjczc

wxu,cu /wufu thv vsucg utk vyhja k"t /rzc vrafu vkyck
rapt htu /ohkuxpv kf vc uraf,tsn 'xurybuev arhp 'vna
vtrb hku …tfv vk h,hhn tpud rz rafvts 'if rnuk rnuk
oursc snug (/uf) hba wpc inek ibhrafnsn thv vsucg utk
ibharss 'kuxp kcencu 'ohase hasec yjau iupmk ush yhavu
/wufu iupmc yjua tku iupmc u,ut
ohase ,khftc kupfv ouhev /t
t"j) hukv ,hcv hrcs h"pg rnuk vtrb o,buf ruthccu

kfutc ukhpt ohase ,khft ,umn ouhe tfhts (wz ,ut wc whx
,khft vagnc tkt rntb tk ,hzfs trughas ',hzfn ,ujp
tk 'ohkftb ohasev uhvha thv vumnvs ohasecu 'trcdv
(/t"pr whx jbgp ,bpm wua, ihhgu) /,hzfs trugha rntb
ughdn ivf kfs wndt (/yk) tnuhk ohbah wxu,vn thcva a"hhgu
kct 'kupf ughdn teuss 'ovhsh ,t ohfaun ihgubmvu 'kUPF
'vkhft ,umn ohhek unhs hf 'ovhsh ohfaun uhv tk ,hzfc
tkt oa ihta iuhf 'hrndk vkhft ,umn vhv tk itf kct
'vkhft ,umn tnhhen lht …kupf ihghdns tfhv ,"tu …kupf
/wufu vkhft tchaju ;hsg ,hzf tkt 'hrndk ,hzf hgc tks k"h
,khftc ohnuhe wc ,ntc tfhts 'vrun ovhrcs ,uyap vbvu
vzku 'ohasev kfut tuva vnc trcdv ouhe 'wtv 'ohase
'wcvu /vkuf vru,v kfc vkhft rughaf ',hzf kftha ibhgc
'u,umnf kftb ohasev ka tmpjva vzc 'tmpjvc ouhe
kfth ukhpts ',hzf hyrp ivf oua kftha ibhgc tk vz ouheku
ryfa hcm crv 2
ohasev ukftba tmnb x"fux hrv n"fn ',hzfn ,ujp sjt kf

rapt ifu (/hrndk if c,f tka 'hukv ,hcc a"hhgu) /o,umnf
c,fa 'thra te v"s (:s) ohrsbk whpc a"trv ,bufc arpk
rpuf rat o,ut ukftu ch,fs thv vumn ohase ,khfta
ohnuhe wcs k"r ifs k"hs 'r,ub hshk utuch tka 'sugu 'ovc
smn 'wcvu 'trcdv ,khft smn 'wtv 'ohase ,khftc uvb,ht
/ohkftb ohasev ,uhv
,usucgv kfca kupfv ouhev
tuv sckc ohase ,khftc er tks 'rnuk vtrbu

hnb ohases ,usucg kfc ;t tkt 'ihnuhe hr, lbvk uvb,hts
trcdva vzc trcdvc wtv 'ukkv ohnuhev wc ivc uvha ibhgc
uz vsucga vnc tmpjvc wcvu 'vsucgv ,t vag ivfvs
htvns k"b whv ,ntcu /icrevs tmpjvc vnhhe,bu ,hagb
ihbgks 'ukkv ohnuhev wc ohasev ,khftc tfhts tuv tngy
,unch) k"hhesf 'icrev ,usucg rtak ohase ,khft vua vz
(/fe) ihkuj wndc ifu /ihrpf,n ohkgcu ohkfut ohbvfs (/n
'ufz te vucd ijkans 'ohbvfk vehkn ,khft r,hv ihbgk
jczn ,khftfu 'vsucg vagnf ,hbushb o,khft omgs gnans
/[wc kkf t,hhruts iuu,tc vzn ihhgu] thns
ohnf lpabv os rsdc
v"s (/dk) ihkuj wxu,v wue ,t cahhk vtrb whv z"hpgu]

cegh r"rvk weu /ihrhafn ;ugu whj oss gnan 'wfa 'yjuav
ch,fsn rhafn ubht ohase oss ahrs trndcs 'a"hbhhkrutn
erpcu 'wufu rhafn ohnf lpabv os 'ohnf ubfpa, .rtv kg
ouan huxhfk whj kkfc vnvc ibhrnt tks 'ibhrnt osv huxhf
;t 'huxhf hgc tk ohn vn 'ohnf ubfpa, .rtv kg ch,fs
tk huxhf ch,fs ;ugu whj osc tnkt 'huxhf hgc tk hnb htv
/a"hhg 'ohnf ubfpa, kkfc huv
3
ka tmpjv chhjnv iht 'osv huxhfcs 'cahhk vtrbu

tkt 'osvs tmpjvc vumnv ouhe ihtu ';ug os ut whj os
tmha osv ,t ,uxfk thv trcdvs whkg ,kyunv vcuja
kg hukv ohhj ubcr whjc vzc whgu] ;ugu whj ,yhja ,gac
sckns 'ohase os ,ehrzc f"tan '[vyhja ,ufkv o"cnrv
'tmpjvc ouhe hnb tfht ',usucgv kfc tfhts trcdv ouhe
;ta k"h if kgu 'runtfu 'u,umnf erzb ohasev os ,uhvc
vbaha icrev ,ausea 'unmg osvc tuv vehrzvk chhjnv
v,gnu /jcznv kg osv vz erzha ,chhjnv thv thv osvc
ohbugyv ;ugu whj osk ohase os ihc ,uyhapc ekjk ah
,cuj hbpn ohnf lpab ubht ;ugu whj os vagnks ;ts 'huxhf
unmg os ka tmpjv n"fn 'yjuavs whkg ,kyunv huxhf ,umn
rjtn 'huxhf iugy ubhta vnvc osk hrndk tuv vua tkv
j"rdvn k"bfu 'osv ka tmpjvn gcubv huxhfk chhjnv ihta
ohase osv ka tmpjv ka upuda 'ohase osc f"tan /k"z
tuv vbua ohase ka vz oss tmnbu 'vehrz hgcs tuv tuv
rafv ihbgk uc ekjk ah rhpa if kg rat 'tnkgs os rtan
whna utk ohnf lpab ubhta kfu 'vean ibhgc rafvks 'rnuku
'unmg ,njn ohnf lpab ubhts tfhv teus ubhhvs 'vean
tkt rafvn ygn,b tk if kgu 'upud uka hputv hubha hbpnu
[/;ugu whj os tku ohase os
u,umn ,hagb ihsc
y"hp 'n"rv wk euhsn gnans htn z"hpg p"kb hnb ifu]

ihprabc tkt rntb tk r,un irpt ihprabs 'd"hv e"nvxpn
c,fa vrun, ;ux a"nvhpc ubuak euhs gnan ifu 'asev ka
ihprab rtacs gnanu /r,un irpt asevs ihprabu 'f"d vna
ruena raptu /,ntc ruxt irpt vhvhs f"vfu vkrg iudf
uc ehxh tk (:tf) ohjxps wndvn tuv vzc ekjk o"cnrv
rughc iht rnts 'vsuvh wrk tfhrm tk 'tyhap 'ohhrhfu rub,
ryfa hcm crv 4
'vphrac u,umn h"r rntu khtuv t"sx 'vphrac tkt .nj

ouan 'vna wxu,c whpu /k"ne 'whbhn hbv,hk whk ;hraes hsvc
thb,s 'r,un urpts ihsv k"m whv vphrac .nj rnts h"rks
n"rvs p"kbu /r,un irpt ihprabv kf vrun,s tr,c erpc
h"rtu khtuv t"sx -- wndv wk ;tu 'wndv ,bufc if ihcv f"d
,hagb rcfs 'r,un irpt ihprabs y"vs 'ubhhv 'vphrac u,umn
whb,n k"nes wndv ,bexnu 'vrun, ;ux wxu,v hrcsfu 'i,umn
tk lt 'asevs ihprabc tkt r,un irpt ihprab t"ks 't"zs
'v"n, h"xr t"dnv wue ,t ;t cahhk aha vtrb z"pku) .njc
/(n"ftu
k"z hukv j"rdv hrcs h"pg p"kb whv vz eukhj ruthccu

huvs tfhv tkt u,umn ,hagb t"ks 'vmnu .nj wkvk whjc
vz og vumn ohhe trcdvs tfhv tku 'tmpjvc vumnv ouhe
lhha tk tmpjvc ouhes vz ihbgs 'p"kb z"pku /a"hhg 'tmpjv
ka u,umn ouhes uvc rnuk rhpa lhhas 'sckc asevc tkt
;ts 'f"vfu vkrg iudf 'ihkujc f"tan /;ravk tuv racv
whkg ,kyunv vphra ,cuj hbpn tkt vz iht 'ihprabs
u,umna hbpnu 'vphrak i,hb hbvc ovc aha hbpn tku 'trcdvs
vzv asujn ihbgk ubah ohasecs 'ubrthca unf tuvu ';ravk
raccu 'erzvk u,umna icrev osc rnuk lhhau 'tmpjv hnuhes
ohkuxp ohase racc ifu 'kftvk u,umna ohraf ohase
ka u,umna 'icrev ,usucg kfc k"h ifu 'wufu ;ravk u,umna
,uagb ,usucgv ukt uhvha tuv tmpjv vz ka i,hbvu icrev
[/icrevc uc
kupf ouhe tfhk ohase ,yhjac
tvha ,ubcrev ,usucg kfc ibhgc y"vns 'k"h v,gnu

ivfv ka upud ;t tkt 'vrzgc icrev ,nvc ;ud er tk
'iupmc sung, vnvca er tk ibhgc ohase hasec ifu 'scugv
wc sgc ouen rafv ibhgcs 'iupmc whvh scugv ivfv ;t tkt
5
/tmpjv ouhek ihcu trcdv ouhek ihc -- vsucgv hnuhe

ah hnb uvshs rafvk kfhv ugcs ,usucgc ;ts k"h z"hpku)
trcdvk ihcu 'icrevs tmpjvk ihc kfhvs ouen rafv lhrmvk
(/vzn (/u"f) ohjczk z"hrdv whj ihhgu 'scugv
tk vyhjacs rjtns 'wxu,v k"r vzs p"kb v,gnu

ouen rafv ibhgc tks hrv 'vrzgc ohbpc yjuav vhvha ibhgc
jhfun vzu 'sckc icrev sgc er tkt yjuav trcdv sgc
tmpjvc ouhev er tkt 'k"bf kupf ouhe vyhjac tfhks
'tfhk trcdv ouhe lt 'u,umnf yjab tuva vnc icrevs
if kgu 'vyhjav ,sucg trcdv vagha vyhjac ibhgcs rntba
vsucg trcdv vagha ibhgcs tfhvs teuss 'vbuvf ibhgc tk
'trcdv smn thv vsucg utk vyhja lt 'ivf ibhfrmns tuv
kfcu 'v,umnf yja,a ibhgcs 'icrevs tmpjv smn er tkt
/ivf ihs rntb tk d"vf
'vbuvfsnu v"s (/y) ,ujbn wxu,v wue tjhb hfvcu]

hrv 'rzc vraf vyhjas rjtns tnhb tk y"ns 'uaeva
'vkhkcc k"rk k"xsf 'vrzg lrym, tk f"tu 'vsucg vbbhta
/umrh,a vn a"hgu 'thgc tk hnb ohbp 'thgc tk vbuvfsns
,"kb hpyu /vrzgk .uj vkdr v,hv ihsn ohvun, ovhrcsu
vsucg thvs vsucg thuv vyhjas g"ufk tyhap htsucs 'k"bf
ivfvs trcdv smn vsucg vbht lt 'osv ,usucg wsn vbuatr
htsuca rjtnu /runtfu 'icrev ka tmpjv smn er tkt
[/vrzg thgcs tyhap 'thv vsucg
vbuvf ,ause hdux wc /c
tcuv) ihyhdk r"ndvc vbvs 'wxu,v ,buufc p"kh sugu

',"r h"g ohn emha ivfc vagn 'wht (j"fe h"xux j"utk z"yc
z"v vbuvfc an,anv 'hnkaurhc ubhba tv sjt shnk, vaev
ovhkg ovhsdc k"hhes 'z"vzc vause iht ,"r chavu 'kgn
ryfa hcm crv 6
tk vause hbhn kf 'f"t vaevu 'tk tk htu 'ovhkg i,ause

ruthcc 'k"z 'x"shrdv r"unn vzc h,gnau /wufu uvk shcgk
an,anvs hnkaurhv wkc esesk ah vbvs ',"rv ,yha
vnu 'vbuvfc an,avk ruxts k"kuv uyuapcs 'kgn vbuvfc
vbuvf ,uause wc vbvs 'p"kbu /kgns tbahkc hnkaurhv k"r
vaurdc ivfvk u,rxutv 'ihkucdca vbuvf ,ause ahs 'ah
,ause ahu /wufu 'usucfc g"ufk ,chhjnu vnur,c u,rh,nu
wndv ihs ubhhvu 'vsucgk ivfvk u,rhafnv 'asenca vbuvf
'a"shc v,hn chhj anhaa ohsdc rxujns 'ihprabv p"xs
'ohrzf k"uvu ovhkg o,buvf iht ovhkg ovhsdc ihta inzcs
'vnv vause h,ukj wcs thsvk hrv /v,hn chhj anhaa rzu
[/(yh kkf) t,hhruts iuu,t whgu] /c"anfu
wkns 'hnkaurhvs tbhs ruthcc ,"rv k"r vzs 'vtrbu

'ivfc an,avk ruxta o,x uc,f tksnu 'kgns hnkaurhv
tkhnnu 'asenv hasec vkhgn ihs ihgf huv vz ruxhts vtrb
'asenca vbuvf ,ausec asuenv ivfc tkt dvub ubhts k"b
,hhaue n"eku /c"anfu 'thv g"pc ,pxub vause rat
suchf cuhjks 'uvc shcgk tk suchfu vause hbhn kfs 'shnk,v
/s",fg 'ihkucdca vbuvf ,ausec ;t hdx
ucuru uatrc hdx h,n
c"hu 'wh 'y"v e"nvxpn t"p n"rc p"kb whv z"hpgu

kcheu ush yhauvu oursc snug whv '(/uf ohjczk h"ar f"fu)
tuv hrv 'iupmk ucuru uatr xhbfv 'vkuxp u,kce 'iupmc osv
xhbfv ukhpt 'vkuxp u,kce kcheu ush xhbfv …iupmc snugf
'ohase hase ,usucgk ibhgcs iupm a"n g"ms 'ucuru uatr
tvha ibhgc vrzg ihbgks 'k"ees ,usucgk ibhgcs vrzg a"nu
/ucuru uatrc hdx iupm ihbgku 'vrzgc snug ivfv ka ukuf kf
rafv ibhgcs tv smns 'vnv ,ufkv wc ,ntcs 'rnuku j"khs
hdxs b"vhts k"h 'icrev ;udk ibhgcs unf scugv ivfk ouen
7
tuv ukhtf uhkg iusba hsfc ouen u,utk ucuru uatr xbfbc
hdx y"vns 'vfuxc k"hhesfu 'u,sucg ,gac ouen u,utc snug
lu,c cauhf uchajvk hdx hfvcs 'vfuxv lu,c ucuru uatrc
sgc ;t icrevs ouen rafv ibhgcs ihsv vz smnu /vfuxv
iupmk ihcu k"ees vrzgk ihc r"urc hdx whv 'scugv trcdv
ovhkg ovhsdc ihta inzcs 'runtfu 'ah hba ihs ift /e"es
vzku 'k"bfu 'asenca vbuvf ,ause ihbgk ovhkg o,buvf iht
/vrzgv ka vfu,c ivfv ka ukuf kf whvha ibhgc rcf
'(c"ex ohruthcc j"xr n"ujk) ,uch,bc d"vf ihhgu

'rmjv lu,c .pjv ka ukuf kf whvha ibhgc rmj ihbeks
b"vu /ann ufu,ca vn tkt xpu, rmjv ihts k"r tn,xnu
,kugp kg ohbs ubt ihta 'asenca vbuvf ,ause ihsc k"h
,uar vzhtc 'ivf ka unmg kg tkt 'vtag ifhv -- ivfv
snug f"tt asenca ivff ubusk ihtu 'tmnb tuv ouen vzhtcu
/vrzgc hrndk ukuf kf
.ujc vnvcs v,mhm ihsc
crv hrcsc ,ntc iusk ah vrutfk vz ruthc h"pgu

thv v"s t"g wk ;s vsu, jczc) f"anc 'k"z ',ufkv hyuehk
hrehn tk .ujk u,mhmc ukhpts whduxv ,bexn hpks '(ohbpc
vhvha ibhgc vnvc ihbgk v"vs yuap vrutfk 'ohbpk ukuf tc
ahs /k"fg 'ohbpk vkuf vtcv hrehn zts 'ohbpk vrga od
teus sjuhn ihs tuv .ujc u,mhmc ibhkxps tvs rnuku iusk
.ujc u,mhm vrtabc 'upudn ekj u,mhm ;ta rjtns 'ivfc
hrv 'vnvcv hcdk kct /asenca vbuvf ,ausec ase,n ubbht
ase,,a hsfc vrzgk ohbpk xbf,a ibhgc tks tyhap
ihsu 'thv ,snugu vrund ,asuen hrva 'vrh,h icre ,ausec
kg teus huv ihsv vzs k"hu 'ohbpc whv,a ibhgcs vz tuv g"pc
s"hv t"p) jna rut ihhgu /urga kg tku 'icrev ;ud rehg
teus vhnrh wr ep,xb y"n 'wndv s"g ,ntc snga (e"nvxpn
ryfa hcm crv 8
whk tyhap y"nu '.ujc ukdrs tbhs rehgc tku '.ujc u,mhmc
'tjhb s"hpku /vzc f"an a"hhgu '.ujc vhkdrn .ujc ukdr hpy
ibhgcs '.ujc vnvcvs vhkdrn grdu grd .ujc ivfs ukdrs
vbuvf ,ausec ase,vk hsfc vrzgc ohbpc ukuf ivfv tvha
ubusk ah ot 'ep,xb .ujc u,mhmc teusu 'asenca ,sjuhnv
ibhgcs tbhsc kct 'u,mhm ,njn ohbpc ukuf snug ubht ukhtf
ohbp ibhgcs tngyn ubbht rat 'ohbpc icrev ,nvc vhv,a
/ohbpc vcurc hdxs rapts rnuk uep,xb vzc 'icrev aushek
h,ft 'vkuxp .ujc vhkdrs tren ibhpkhs 'tbexnv hpk ;tu
vnvcs ohbp ihs rsd ihts 'vraf .ujc v,mhms rnhnk tfht
/ihhgu 'vbuvfs ohbp ihs og vvz
vrzgk .uj ,ra hkf ihsc
jcznv p"xs tvc 'k"z 'x"shrdv r"unn h,gna d"vfu]

kg tfhks 'y"vs 'asuec tkt ihasen iht ikufs '(/jp) asen
vz ihss h"ar ,gsk ubhhvu) /vrzgk .uj ,ra hkf oa hkfv
ovrct rcsc vzn ihhg 'vrzgc ohbpc hkfv vhvha ibhgcs k"r
wpxu,v hrcs ,t z"hpg rtck ghmvu (/u"k ,ut wt whx d"j
ovc iht …vbuvf hsdcs (/tn) ,ujbn wxu,c utcuva 'ohtkfs
ihc asenc 'chhj vbhsnc tmha d"vf hsdc 'ohtkf ouan
ohtkfs tnhb ukhpts 'p"khs /ruyp ,rak tka ihc ,rak
ubhhbg vr,uv rsd n"fn 'vhujs tku vr,uv vbuvf hsdcc
hsdcs tmpj ukhpt tfhks k"h vrzgk .ujcu 'rh,n tmpjva
'asuec tkt ihasen iht a"fs k"hhe y"vn tvs 'vbuvf
hdx tks 'asenca vbuvf ,ause ihbgk k"h b"vu /s",fg
ivfv ;ud ka ukuf kf vhvha ibhgc tkt 'ovhkg ovhsdc ,uhvc
/vrzgc ohbpc
thsvk gnans (/zn) inuen uvzht p"r wxu, ihhg ift

chaj hnb .ujc uyughnu ohbpc a"f curc ;ts ovhrcs euhsn
ahs 'if rcsv iht ubhrcs hpku /aushe ihbgk ohbpc a"ff
9
/vrzgc ivf ibhgcs tvk ohbpc a"f ibhgcs tv ,uuavk

tvs (:dx) ohjxpc k"xs 'o,yhak if uc,f wxu,vs raptu
vhvha ibhgcs ,njn vz iht vrzgc tkt ihasen a"f ihts
'vrzgc vhvh ase,nv rcsva ibhgcs ouan tkt 'vrzgc hkfv
,hagba ;t '.ujc snug ,ra hkfv ka ucurs tfhvs 'tkt
,hagb ukhtf chaj n"fn 'ohbpc vhva a"fv ekjc vsucgv
/ohbpc ucurc hdxs -- o,yhak -- k"x hfvku '.ujc vsucgv
rhpa (vna ohjxpc h"ar ,yhak) k"bv r"un ruthc hpk lt
ka ukuf kf tvha lhrmvk rhpa raptu 'wxu,v ,gsf tks k"h
oa hkfv kg tfhk v"tkcs 'aseha hsfc vrzgc ohbpc a"fv
'vrzgc ohbpc upud kf tvha ibhgcs 'ivfvs thnus 'a"f
[/asenca vbuvf ,ause vhkg tkhhj tk v"tkcu
sungha ibhgc tks rjtns 'wxu,v ,buufc p"kh z"hpgu

ibhgc tks jfun vzn 'vrzgc ohbpc ohase ,nvc yjuav
vbuvf ,ause uhkg iht asenk .uj snugv ivfs 'vbuvf
ubhs -- vsucg ihbgku 'ihkucdca vbuvf ,ause tkt asenca
thsvk hrv 'f"tu 'ihprabv p"xs k"bv wndc rtucnfu 'rund rzf
/rzc vraf vyhjas
hk vae kct 'uc,f k"bv wxu,v hrcs ;uxc vbvu

tvha …hgcs hbnh,v iugnak f"ts '(a"arg 'k"mf) haurhpk
wxu,cu /vsucg vyhja thuv 'yjabv in ohbpk yjua ka uhsh
hbnh,v iugnak ukhpts 'rnhnk hmns 'vz kg wh, (/cn) tnuh
kcenv sungha lhrm e"ec hrva 'thv vsucg utk vyhja
'vtrbu /iupmc yjuav sungha ibhgc tk yjuacu …iupmc
ubuuf ohjczs e"p wxu,vs 'wxu,v hrucs wc lbv hdhkp hfvcs
ibhgc tks jfun vrzg ibhgc tksns 'khgks hbav rcxvf rnuk
iugnaks 'uaev vz kgu 'vrzgk .uj vbuvf tfhk tvs 'vbuvf
k"x tnuhc wxu,v lt /whtr u, tfhk 'vrzg lhrmns hbnh,v
trcdk ouen rafv ibhgc tksns 'ubc,fa iuatrv rcxvf
ouhe ihs vyhjac tfhks n"a 'icrev ,nvc ;udk unf yjuav
ryfa hcm crv 10
;ts 'hbnh,v iugnak ;t tjhb vz rcxvu 'trcdv smn vsucg

(/z"fa, ,ban) /e"e yjuavk iupm lhrmn tk uvht
ryfa hcm crv r"un
.f vbhsgu hfsrn a"g kkufv atr
,ra hkf lubhj

jcznv lubhj ihsc /t
rnt k"z lurc r"rva (u erp) jrpu ru,pf wxc c,f

uvhdvku uhkg rucgk rpxv vz uhkt h,tcvaf ohkaurhc hkt
chrehau …ohkaurhk tuck rnt k"z z"hrps ktbbj ubcra
vagb vn uh,kta tk …h,sryn hbtu /z"vzc ,ubcre
vfkv h,rfzb hnuenk ca vkha hbpk lrsc hbtu …ub,tnuyn
rucm ,ubcrea …vrun,c ibhrntsf vtnuyv kg aujk ihta
s"uhj x"jv wua, whgu …wufu vtnuyv ,tu ,cav ,t ihjus
/rucm hkea kg od kutak aha ."cghv wua,n thcva u"kr whx
hgc tku rucmc vtnuyc tcs 'chrevk vmr jxp icre hkutu
,t h,unhavu p"vg h,eujc wpk rcs engvc v"fu /ohkea
asenv ,auses ;ts 'ofjjhb jhrc jhrt tku ofhasen
',ubcre rta uchrev tk icrjv rjtk n"fn k",gk ;t vase
;uxc v"fu] ofjjhb jhrc jhrt tku - v"cev rnt lf tkva
jhr whc ch,f tks jxp icren .uj '[iuhm ihbc rpxca wt wua,
/jujhb
chrevk lhha lthvs 'ohkusdvn vnf uaev vz kgu

,ujbn vbanc rtucn tkv 'ubcha asjv jcznv kg jxp icre
/rja ka shn,c tkt vkugv jczn ,t ihfbjn ihts (/yn)
wua,cu (t"h erp) k"z ebrp p"mrdvk lkn asen wxc vzn whg]
[/(rpxv ;uxc vna vxpsba) tahse tcxv
ihts f"d rtucn vbanv v,utcs 'vzc ghmvk vtrbvu

tcuvu 'ohcrgv ihc vh,urb vgcac tkt vrubnv ,t ihfbjn
,ra hkf lubhj
o"cnrv ,yha f"pgtu 't"h wkv x"nu,n d"p o"cnrc vz ihs

ohehksn uhv recc ;ta (ann vfunxv c"h vfkvc vna) thv
wkvk vna n"jkc s"uv) vcua,c t"carv vn, rcfu 'asenc
tkt vrubnv ,t ihfbjn iht y"n vhshsks 'o"cnrv s"g (c"h
wndc ukhtu 'veksv vna v,hv rec kfc ;t ot 'ohhcrgv ihc
vcyv 't,rutn veksv scgs utk hts 'rtucn (/b) ,ujbn
v,hv o"cnrv ,gsks ;ts 'cahh z"hrdv whjcu 'tfhvn trpmc
'vcyv ,ru,c v,hv uz veksv n"fn 'recc ouh kfc veksv
,t lbjk ohfhrm shn,u 'veksv ,umn ka rndv thv vcyvu
…ohkfv kfs ihsv rsd uvzs 'i,sucg ,kj,vn asenv hkf
vsucgv rsx ,khj,n lubhjv ,uagk ibhgcs 'i,fbjn i,sucg
lvs y"v ratu (/sutn h,rme hf a"hhg) /hkfv u,ut ka
rja ka shn,c tkt vkugv jczn ,t ihfbjn ihts tbhs
g"n m"nvpxc) o"cnrvk k"xsfu 'vsucgv rsx ,khj, hvuzs
vumn tsj ohuuvn ouh kfca ohshn,v hba ,creva (y"k
h,ak o,ubnk m"nvpxk uh,udav ;uxc i"cnrv ,gsf tksu)
vbnzf vbht uz ka vbnzu 'uz ,t uz ,ucfgn ibht hrva ',uumn
'(c"p wng) hcmv .rt wxc k"z ubhcr oac vzc f"angu /uz ka
rja ka shn,k osuea rcs lk iht r", (/yb) ohjxp wndgu
ubhhv iumhjv jcznv kga vsucgv rsx ,khj,s hrv 'wufu
/rja ka shn,v ,crev
osuea rcs lk ihts k"hhes unfs 'k"b whv v,gnu

rcs lk ihts (:j"b ohjxp) k"hhe f"unf 'rja ka shn,k
ibhzju /jxpv icren .uj 'ohcrgv ihc ka shn, rjt crea
inz vzhtc othcvk 'sjt rsx ovk ah ,ubcrev kfa 'vz ihsn
jxpv icren .uj 'g"vc ka shn, ihck a"a shn, ihc umrha
ubch ota 'k"b whv v,gnu /unmgkaf vcrev rsx uk aha
rapt rhpa ',umj hrjt jxp crgc ufbjk umrhu asj jczn
vsucgv ka rsx ,khj, hvuzs 'jxpv icre ,crevc ufbjk
ihfbjn ihts 'k"bv ,ujbns ih,hb,nc t,hts htnu /unmgkaf
rtac teus ubhhv 'rja ka shn,c tkt vkugv jczn ,t
,ra hkf lubhj
3
rjtk p"gc kct /recc - jxp crgc whpt ut 'vbav ,unh

'jxpv icre ,crev h"g jcznv ,t lbjk rapt rhpa ',umj
tmuh hrvu 'unmgkaf vsucg rsx vuuvn u,crev rat
/vkj,vv in jcznv ,sucg ,t ubkj,va
thv vsucg utk veksv /c
(z"v asen ,thcn y"p) o"cnrv ,yha vgush

tnuhc wndv hrcs hp kg tuvu 'ohrzc vraf ,urbv ,eksva
[/s"ctrv ,udavc a"hhgu] /thv vsucg utk veksvs (:s"f)
rapt lthvs 'wxu,v wuek thcv l,ukgvc p"r vnfj lan wxcu
kt rcs trec ch,f thsvc tkv rzc vraf veksva rnuk
ivf ibhgcs thsvk hrv 'wufu ,urbv ,t l,ukgvc …irvt
vbuatrv veksvca 'k"z iutdv vna wh,u /vrubnv ,eksvk
vrutfk vzc iutdv hrcsu /i,fbjn i,sucgs 'ivfk ohfhrm whv
i,jhan van vaga ohkfc tkvs 'tsj :tcuy ohvun,
ots 'sugu /ifbjk vsucgk kkf ohfhrm uhv tku 'i,asen
'vbuvf vfhrm vbhtu 'thv vsucg utk veksvs kkf lrsc k"hhe
vbuvf lhrmvk vsucgf vbhs vbuatr veksvs rnuk t"t cua
o"cnrv ,gsc p"km tn,xns 'i,fbjn i,sucgs vfkvv jfn
ka vrsdf veksv ka vrsds '[vsucg vbht vrubnv ,eksvs]
hrcs p"g vzc ubrthc rcf rat '[thv vsucg utks] vyhja
'trcdv smn vsucg ihs vc ihts '(/y) ,ujbnk whjc z"hrdv
ka) uz vsucga ibhgcs 'icrev ka tmpjv smn er tkt
utk vyhja rsdc ubrntnc vzc f"an wg] uc vagh, (vyhjav
unf 'f"tu 'vrubnv ,eksvc p"kh b"v tn,xnu /[thv vsucg
b"v 'tmpjv smn vsucg tkt vbht veksv kkf lrsca
'vasj vrubn sgc lubhjv vagnf ,ananv vbuatr veksvc
,gska k"m whv tkhnnu 'tmpjv smn vsucgf tkt vbht f"d
/rzc vraf k"m v,hv f"d uz vbuatr veksv ;t o"cnrv
,fbjnv vsucgc rucm icrec vtnuy /d

hcm crv 4
ryfa
thras t"k itf sgs 'rnuk trcx ughmv ohkusd vnf

,gac kct 'hkfv lbj,b rcfc er tkt rucm icrec vtnuy
wxca tfkn ruy ,urgvc vzc f"ang] /rh,vk iht lubhj
'rnuk vtrb whv uz trcx ruthccu [/x"e wng lkn asen
rpuxv tvha ibhgc o",x ,ch,fks (:vn) ihyhdc k"hhe vbvs
'ohfunx ibhars g"ufks k"hhe vru, vban wxcs 'vrhae rc
wufu l,hc ,uzuzn kg o,c,fu …lsh kg ,utk o,raeu cu,fu
whx) wfa t"dn whgu /vch,fk raf vrhae rc tuva hn ers
p"gt ',hktnav ush vgyeba hn ukhpts k"bs (v"ex y"k
tkt 'tcuhj rc trcds 'ihkhp, cu,fk raf 'vrhaec ubhta
rc,xn hpys 'vzc igy k"z ubcru /vhk chtfs tuv tnups
'sh ka ,jbvc rehg kf chhujn ubbht ush vgyeba hns rnuk
thnus] ihkhp, vhkg jhbvk chujn gurz uk aha hn teuss
'if kgu 'kdrk ,ukgkn ruyp rdhja vdhdj ahr ubhmns htns
ouhc rdhj 'uvbhb iuatrs ihnuka, uvkufs k"hhes htn hpk
u,cuj ,gacs 'kdrk ,ukgkn ruyp hba ouhc yap,bu iuatr
,ukgk tuv chhj ,ntca rnuk ohrucx ubhhv ukhts 'whv ruyp
h"pg tkv 'cajh xubtku 'vhk chtfs tuv vhnups tkt 'kdrk
.cue wg 'ihnuka, tfht rhpa xubtks rnhnk ik ,ht uyuap
(xbxurd) vhrt ck wua,cu 'u"k whx c"j (k"z u"trvk) ohrugha
t"dnv ka uexp og ohfxvk ah ihhsg lt /[wt whx wc"j
utku (ihkhp, ,ch,fk raf ,hktnav ush vgyeba hn ukhpts)
vrhae rc hrehn rhpau 'r"ac tuv chhujn hrva 'vhngyn
/r"av ,jbvc ucuhj jfn
ah vrubn ahafs 'vrubnv ,eksv ,umnc k"b whv b"vu

trc,xn tk 'kkf vrubn vna ihtaf kct 'vehksvk vumn
ubk t"tu ubt ohxubta er 'veksv ,cuj vna vhv,a rnuk
,cuj kkfc tfhks rnuk vtrb hpy tkt 'vumn lvk vnhhek
/veksv
,ra hkf lubhj
5
vbhs vrubnv ,eksvs ;ts 'rhcxvk vtrb whv v,gnu

htns 'vrun,s c"pr vban whg n"fn 'rucm icre ,crevf
icrek sudbc m"e u,uhvc huk, vz ihbg iht 'vtnuyk m"e ujss
okgv rps 'guce ubnza icre u,uhvc huk, ihbgv tkt 'shjh
whtk vjus ubbht [guce ubnz ihta m"e tuv rat] m"a rcs
'(f"vuhc) d"vf ka urpu (ouh kfca) d"vf h,hcj ukhtu 'vtnuy
/guce obnz hrva 'vtnuyku ,cak ujs rhpa 'ov h"ea ;t
'vfbj,ba vrubn ubhbpk ah rcfafs 'k"b whv v,gnu

thjs rhpau 'guce vbnz uz vcuj 'veksvv ,cuj ubhkg ,kyunu
vcujv 'vrubnv vfbj,b tk ihhsgaf lt /vtnuy whtk
vrubnv ,hhag ,cuj ubhhv ,urbv ,t ehksvk ubhkg ,kyunv
iht uz vcuj rat 'e"nvhc ihbc ,umnn ekjf 'vfubhju vausheu
'hraptv osevc vnhhek ubt ohchhujn htsucs ;t 'guce vbnz
,t kyhca unuh rcg ots uz vcuj hcdk rnuk t"t n"fn lt
,anana vbuatr veksv hcdks k"b vhv rhpa lfhpku 'u,umn
vbhs huv rhpas ;t 'vtnuyk vjs, tka 'vrubnv ,t lbjk
/runtfu 'guce vbnza rnuk t"t n"fns 'm"ef
vrubnv ,eksv ihck ,ubcre ,crev ihca kscv /s
,hc ,ubck ubuma wf g"n o"cnrvk m"nvpx whgu

ijkavu vrubnv ova ohcr ohbhn kkuf kkfv vzu …vrhjcv
vnku 'vaeva s"ctrv ,udavc a"hhgu /wufu o,kuzu jcznvu
s"ctrv ,vhn, cahha n"xfc a"hhgu /wufu jczn ,ubck jhbv
kkuf asen hk uagua 'm"nvpxca k"bv o"cnrv hrcs h"pg
hekjn o,kuzu jcznu vrubnvu ijkav ova 'ohcr ohbhn
vn, er y"n ',ntc g"kmu 'asen treh kfvu 'asenv
/asenv hkf rta kg tku jcznv kg s"ctrv
tk ifka '(d"k g"nk) i"cnrv hrcs h"pg k"h hkutu

hcm crv 6
ryfa
rafuv tks] vumn jcznvu vrubnvu ijkav ,hhag ubjbt vbnb

lanvc thsvk f"anf - k"bv o"cnrv uc c,fa ogyv uhbhgc
ohkfv ihta hpk - asenv hekjn ohekj ova hbpn - uhrcs
'z"tz ,ucfgn ihtu ',uumn h,a iv kct ',hcv in ekj
ouak ubhuymba hbpn '[ukt ohkf uc ihta h"pgt ,hcc ihchrenu
thva ,tzv vsucgv rafvc ub,ut vumu 'shn, ws hbpk ojk
w,h ubumu /if ihbgc uhkg rusxhau 'rtu,n ijkac u,ut ouak
,rubnc uzv veksvv vhv,a ubk rsxu 'uhbpk rbv ,eksvc
ijka ,hhaga 'rnukf /k"fg /vause hahna, ov vbvu /cvz
,eksv ,umn ouhe raptk vumn rafvf kfv - jcznu vrubnu
,fhrgu (ubnb rcfa) ,ubcrev kf ,crevu (,hbnb rcfa) ,urb
,rupfvu iurtv ,hhag f"tan /(vumnf ,hbnb rcfa) p"vjk
,gsf k"x tk hf 'g"bpc vumn vbn, - ,usgv oa ouak
hekjn sjtf ,cajb iurtv ,hhag ,umn tv,a o"cnrv
vumn rafvf vbusk t"t odu 'asenv ,hhag ka vumnv
oua ,uagk ,rjt vumn oua vna iht hf ',rjt vumn uzhtk
,hhagk] v,ubnk i"cnrv itf yhkjv f"g 'iurtv og rcs
/g"bpc vumnf [iurtv
hp kg ,menc) k"xs s"ctrv ,gsc k"b whv v,gnu

vh,urb ,eksvu vrubnv ,hhag ,ubnk ihts (i"cnrv ka ufrs
rehg kfs 'veksv ,cuj kkfc tfhk vrubn tkcs ',uumn h,af
- ubhhvs 'v,umn ,t vrubnc ohhek - tuv veksvv ,umn
,uumn h,af ,ubnk trc,xn tks 'ijkac ifu 'vh,urb ehksvk
cuhjv suxh kfs 'ohbpv ojk lurgku 'ijka ,uagk - ,usrpb
,t ouak - ubhhvs 'u,umn ,t ijkavc ohhek 'ubhhv p"vjk ka
vtrb whv ,ubcrek gdubc kct /,jt vumn kfva tmnbu 'unjk
,ubcrev kf ,crev cuhj ah n"fn 'jczn tfhk ukhpts rnuk
,ubcre ,crev iht kct 'ochrevk ubk t"t jczn hkca tkt
iugyk kfub if kkdc rat 'jcznv ka u,umn ouhef ,cajb
tsj vuuvn kfv - uh,ubcre ,crevu jczn ,hhaga rnuku
tku 'jcznv hcdk er s"ctrv dhav rhpa if kg ratu /vumn
,ra hkf lubhj
7
tkcs (wd ,ut) khgks ub,jbvf tuvu /vrubnvu ijkav hcdk

t,ht ihhsg 'jczn tkc kct 'veksv ,umn kkfc tfhk vrubn
'rnukf 'uvk hchtfs tuv uvhhnups ',ubcre ,crev ,cujk
j"rdv oac k"z ubcr rthc ratf] ochrevkn ov ohxubtu
hra, jrznv rutc f"ang 'z"vzc rnugv ,rhpxk raec
/[wt ,ut g"vpx xurybuec 'y"ba,
van vaga ohkfc lubhj vagn /v
(:z"y ihrsvbxs) wndv iuakn uehhsa ohkusdvn ah vbvu

i,sucg lkhtu itfn 'i,asen i,jhan van vaga ohkfv kfs
ut 'ivh,ac i,asen - vua iuak uvhuur,c urnt tku 'i,fbjn
vase vjhans 'ivhbhc ah kscvs gnanu 'ivh,ac i,fbjn
vagn vzhtk ohfhrm uhv ihhsg kct 'van vaga ,ra hkfk
ibhgcu 'o,asen vjhanv ihts 'lkhtu itfn f"tan 'lubhj ka
i,sucgs 'uvc ,ht uvhuur,s ibhrnts tuv zt 'iasek i,sucgk
vbuatrv vvhn,v vzc ,ekuxnu /i,fbjn odu i,asen od
/vnfj lan kgc iutdv s"g (wc ,utc khgk) ubrruga
veksv ihc ekjk (wd ,utc) f"ana vtrb ihhsg ift

veksvk sudbc (vtnuyk v,jsa) ubcr van hnhca vbuatr
/,ntf vtrb ihhsg 'v,fbjn v,sucgs ',rjt vrubnca vbuatr
inac v,jhanc vrubnv vase,b rcfa 'ubcr van hnhcs
vcuj v,ut turek ah rhpa 'v,eksv ,cuj zt vkju 'vjanv
ihhsg rat 'vasj vrubn ohaugaf ',urusk lt /guce vbnz -
'vaushe ,cuj thv v,eksv ,cuj hrv 'vase,b tk ukhpt
'iufb vz ihts 'u,umn kyc unuh rcg ota vc rnuk t"t rat
'tcv gucaku rjnk od ohhek rapt vrubnv aushe ,umns
ka iputc vagb vnuhe vhvh hrv ouhv vunhheh ota tkt
vrxj whv, guca rjtk vunhheh otu ',uumnk ohnhsen ohzhrz
if kg ratu 'vumnv rxj, tk p"fg lt ',uzhrz ka uz vbhjc
/guce ubnz u,urek t"ta vtrb
hcm crv 8
ryfa
/ubhcvk ,ntc vae u,fbjn u,sucg ka vz ihbg vbvu

(lubhj ka vagnf anak kfuha hsf) vsucg ohtreb tks
hkf ,ause hkfv kg ihtu 'asuenv ,ra hkfc vagb f"tt
,cm ,bhjcc z"rvu 'vbufbv vsucgv uc v,agb f"tt ,ra
wy kkf c"j (khdbg h"rdvk) rmutv ,hc whgu /vhuag ,cmc
'sjtf ihtc ka vbhjc uza tnuhk hnkaurhv hrcsn thcva
'vzfa aushe kg lunxk tka ;hsg hpy 'rapts tfhv shn,u
/ruen vzk ah hkccc ;ta ghmvk vmr (vna) khdbg h"rdvu
ahn ah ka vrumc vause rumhka 'uyuap h"pg 'vzk vchxvu
i,sucgcu 'ihtn ah ka vrumc vause rumhk ratn ke r,uh
,cm ka vbhjcf z"rv 'sjtf ohtc kg ohfnuxa i,fbjn
/ihtn ah vrhmh kau - vhuag ,cmc
irvt r"rv ausevu iutdvk) .pj hbct ,"ua wxc ihhgu]

[/ubrfzva ,usuebvn vnfc gdb rcfa 'u"b whxc (s"hv 'ihuugk
arbsc ;xt crv
irc a"g sunk,k vucdv iufnv rcj

'rnukf) vbumhj ,tyja (:tp ohjcz) vbanc ubhba
i,hb vnsa ,hnhbp ,tyj ,nugk 'iumhjv jczn kg i,hb vnsa
'vz rntnc /vkuxp kfhvc ohbpk rpfk vns xbfba (ohbpc
',ubhn tepb vnf rhfzb 'vz kuxp hput ,bcvc vrhej ruejb
iusb 'ubhrcs ouhxc /vz kuxpc ohbhs wc aha if,ha ghmbu
iuhs ka ,ufkavcu ,uhnhbpu ,ubumhj ,utyj ihc hkkfv xjhc
/ohbpk vns xbfb ka kuxpv ,bcvk vz
,gsk 'snkb ohbpk vns xbfba vbumhj ,tyj ihs

kfu" '(df:u) um ,arpc euxpvn '(/cp ohjcz wanc) ohnfjv
kft, tk asec rpfk sgun kvt kt vnsn tcuh rat ,tyj
ubhcr van ,cud,n snkb '(oa) hkhkdv hxuh wrku "/;ra, atc
,t tcuv tk iv" '(jh:h) hbhna ,arpc ,tyjv rhga ,phrak
"'h,hum ratf asec v,ut ukft, kft vnhbp asev kt vns
/,kftb tku ,prab rhpa asev kt vns tcuv ot tv
tk rcusn ukt oheuxp hbaca tuv yuapv yapv 'htsucu
,tyjc tkt 'ihsf tka ohbpk vns uxhbfva vbumhj ,tyjc
,hck tm,u kft, tka vbhsa 'vfkvf v,agba ,hnhbp
xbfba vbumhj ,tyj ihs itfn ohsnuk ifta iuhfu /vphrav
,tyjc ohuxn ihsc rcusn otv ruejk ouen ah 'ohbpk vns
tnkhs ut ',hnhbp ,tyj ihsk rae hkc vnmgkaf vbumhj
,tyjc vhgcvu ',hnhbp ,tyj hbhsc euxpv hrhhn ,ntc
rsdk vxbfba ouan teus thv ohbpk vns xbfba vbumhj
/,hnhbp ,tyj
,tyjc ohuxn kuxp rntba if,h 'if ot 'sjt smn

;xt crv 2
arbsc
'tmuh kuxpk u,unsk ah hkutu /u,mhjnn ohbpk vns xbfba

kuj ouenk tmha icrec er tk lhha tmuh kuxpa if,ha
asuen ouenk u,mhjnn .uj tmha icrec ;t tkt ,hxjh
vuvv rhcxva (kfhvk ihxbfb v"s) :j ,ujbn h"arfu 'r,uh
ouan kfhvc ohase ,khft ruxtk (oa) trndc tbhnt
p"gtu "/kfhvk vrzgn utmhs vthmh lvc ohase ukxphks"
hkut 'kfhvk xbfba ohase rac ohrhafn trndv ,bexnca
'tbuud htv hf ,tyj os ihbgk vbufb tbhnt vuvv ,rcx
tk itf rcusna rnuk ah 'hba smnu /tmuh ihsn kxpbu
rsd ahu khtuv /icrev ,uvzc kja hubhac tkt (tshrd) kuxpc
',hnhbp ,tyj ihsf vns xbfb uz ,tyju ',hnhbp ,tyj ka
vkhftc vrxtbu 'vshn uzhtc ,hnhbp ,tyjk vfpvb hrv
vkgv (ihb,hbc dukphku v"s /uk ohjcz) ,nt ,pavu /v,unf
'ohkgc urpf,b ,ntcu 'kkf kuxpc itf rcusn tka 1,urapt
jfun f"tu 2/,hnhbp ,tyj ihsf vkhftc racv rxtba tkt
ot ukhpt kct /kuxp o,x tku ,hnhbp ,tyj ka ihs vza
iuakf) rund kuxp itf aha vsubu 'lf kf ,fk ehjrb tk
if,h '("ohkuxp kfhvc rpfk uxbfba ohns" '/tp ohjcz vbanv
,tyjk vfpvba ut - icrev ,uvzc kja hubhan gcub kuxpva
,tyj vbugyv vrhcg kg vtc tka ouan vkxpbu ,hnhbp
,hnhbp ,tyj kkfku vtmh vbumhj ,tyj kkfna ut ',hnhbp
ohssmv wc ihcu /,kckucnv v,uvz ,njn vkxpbu vxbfb tk
'hgmnt juxhb p"g kuxpv ,t ihcvk od rapt 'ubrthca
vzn gcub kuxpv kct 'icrev ,uvz hubhac tku kuxpc rcusna
o,x tku ',hnhbp ,tyj ubhhvs 'rjt icre ,sucg vc v,agba
/vnuenn vtmha ut vbufb-tk vsucg vc v,agba ouan
'uz vrhej hssm ihc ,ubhn tepb vnf aha if,hu

:ohbuatrcu trndc ,uhdux vnfk ,ugduba
/cp ohjcz wans iugna wr ,gsc q1

/lf gnan od hkuta 'zy:c n"vuxp wkv j"rdc ihhgu q2
ohnfju hkhkdv hxuh wr uekjb '/cp ohjcz wanc /t
:ohbpc ovn sjt xbfbu ,uxuf hbac vns kchea ,tyjc
hnhbpv '.ujk ivn sjt tmh ',uxuf hbac vns kcea ,tyj"
'iumhjc rhafn hkhkdv hxuh wr 'ohbpk ovn sjt xbfb `raf
vcajnva ouenc ot vn :hkhkdv hxuh r"t /ihkxup ohnfju
ihta ouen 'tmuhf rhuanv ,t vag tk .ujc [ubhhvs] ,kxup
,t vagb tka ihs ubht ohbpc [ubhhvs] ,kxup vcajnv
urhcxv (/cp ohjcz '/dp ohjxp) trndcu "/xbfbf rhuanv
tcuv ukhpta "vnsn tcuh rat ,tyj kfu"n usnk ohnfja
tuvv euxpva rcx d"vhru 'kxpb ukuf ohbpc vns ,men
tk iv" er rntb vbumhj ,tyj hcdku ',hnhbp ,tyjc hrhhn
rhcxvk vtrbu /xbfba osv ,t teus kxupa "vns ,t tcuv
,"svn o"cnrv kg jbgp ,bpm rpxc ihcv lfu) o,eukjn
er ztu osv ,mpjc kj kuxpv hkhkdv hxuh wrka (551 sung
icrec kj kuxpv ohnfjk kct 'ohbpk xbfba xuf u,ut kxpb
p"g ,tz ,eukjn rhcxvk ahu /kxpb osv kf ifku 'unmg
kj ifku tmuh kuxpf huv hkhkdv hxuh wrka 'ubrthca vrhejv
kj ifku icrev ,uvz hubha ka kuxp huv ohnfjku 'osc er
teusa tjhb f"tu /hbav xufv ;t kuxpu ukuf icrev kf kg
hbhsn ohbpk vns xbfbs kuxpc u,yha snk hkhkdv hxuh wr
(oa) ohnfju '(:cp-/cp trndc ,ufhrtcu 'k"bv vbanc) tmuh
/vzn vz ohkuxpv wc sunkk iuhxhb kf lurpk ujry
ruenc ohnfju d"vhr uekjba ,eukjnv tjhb odu

,t tcuv tk iv" 'os kuxpc hrhhn d"vhr ka euxpva 'kuxpv
'icrev omgc kj kuxpv rehg ohnfjv ka euxpc kct "'vns
v,b,ab osv ,xhbf hsh kga "'vnsn tcuh rat ,tyj kfu"
shrpvk jry hkhkdv hxuh wra tjhbu /vnmg ,tyjv ,uvz
ihs snku ',hnhbp ,tyj ihs omgn ohbpk vns xbfb kuxp
ohbpk vns xbfb ihsu um ,arpc euxpvn ,hnhbp ,tyj
vns xbfb ihs usnk ohnfj kct /hbhna ,arpc euxpvn
;xt crv 4
arbsc
ruxhtc od hrhhn euxp u,uta 'um ,arpc euxpvn ohbpk

euxpc ukkf ohnfja ouenc teusu 3/,hnhbp ,tyj ,khft
hkhkdv hxuh wr ',hnhbp ,tyj ihsu ohbpk vns xbfb ihs sjt
ivw" - sjt euxpc tmuh ihs og ohbpk vns xbfb ihs ;rhm
'hvht ehpb hts kkfn w'vnhbp asev kt vns ,t tcuv tk
/(/dp ohjxp) "vphrac 'vns khhg b"t
ihc ,pxub ,eukjn ashj (/cp ohjcz) vrut irev

vnsn tcuh rat ,tyj kfu" uarsa 'ohnfjka 'ohnfju d"vhr
xhbfv ot er vkuxp ,tyjv "'asec rpfk sgun kvut kt
,ugsf) rpfk ,bn kg xhbfv ,ujpk ut 'uc rphfu kfhvk osv
iv" arsa 'hkhkdv hxuh wrk kct /(/cp ohjcz wanc t"ru a"r
xhbfv ukhpt kj kuxpv "'vnhbp asev kt vns ,t tcuv tk
/euxpc vrpf ,rfzb tk hrva 'rpfk ,bn kg tka ohbpk vns
huv d"vhrka 'o,yhak ohnfju d"vhr tjhb 'ubrthca vn p"gu
ohnfj kct 'tshrd u,mhjnn vthmhc huk, ifku tmuh kuxp
h"g er vb,an ,uvzu 'icrev ,uvzc hubha ouan ohkxup
,sucg ,hkf,k ubhhvs 'vrpf ,hkf,k ohbpk vns ,xbfv
/,hnhbp ,tyj
'ubrthca lrsf uarhp (y:z ohjxp) hnkaurhc odu

'icrev ,uvzc kuxpc ohnfjku os kuxpc rcusn d"vhrka
vrum ruchg iugyu "rhafn kuxp" huv d"vhrka oa urnta
ruxt 'osv er tkt racv omg kxpb tku khtuv 'rnukf)
ohnfjku '(r,ub vaghhu u,rum rcug,a sg racv ,t ;urak
ubka trndc od gnan lfu /shn ;rabu ";udv kuxp" huv
vns xbfba ,tyja (hnkaurhvf tks) ujhbva '/dp ohjxpc
unfa vzn usnk hkhkdv hxuh wr ,gska tkt 'shn ;rahh ohbpc
/lf usnk tk ibcrku 'shn ;rahh uns kxpba icre kf if
rnt v"s oa) h"ar 'ohnfju d"vhr ihc vzv eukhjv rhcxvku
/yke inhx lubhjcu ' d:th e"vgn o"cnrc t,htsf q3

5
,urus hrcx vhbhn hrhnd tks ibcr kct" '.r,k ejsb (ivk
uaurhp kg uaeva (rnt v"s) wxu,c a"gu "'ibhpkh tk vgan
lrsf hkccv ,buuf ihcvk aha vtrbu /thauec thduxv ujhbvu
kuxp huv ohbpk vns xbfb ka kuxpv d"vhr ,gska 'hnkaurhv
huv ohnfjv hpk kct 'os hkuxp rtak u,unsk ahu osc
hkuxp ihs ubnn sunkk iht ifku 'os kuxp tku icre kuxp
/os
kg ohekuj 'vz .urh,c ubthna 'wxu,u h"ara tkt

kuxp huv vns xbfb ohnfj ,yhak ;ta ohrcuxu 'hnkaurhv
ubhcva wxu,u h"ar rhcxv (u:zh) sus asen rpxcu 4/tshrd os
kuxp vz g"fka tkt 'ubrthca unf tks ohnfju d"vhr ,eukjn
os u,ut er kxpb d"vhrka er 'unuenk .uj tmha osc
vbanv iuakf) xbfb osv kf ukhtf ohtur ohnfjku 'xbfba
wxu,u h"ark ztu /kxpb ukuf ifku ("xbfbf rhuanv ,t vagb"
tshrd os kuxp vza ohrcux ohnfj odu d"vhr od 'ohjxpc
vyuapv ,ugnanu) hnkaurhv lrsku 5/icrev ,uvzc kuxp tku
otv 'ubrthca vrhejc ohtb,v ohekuj '(hkccv ,hhdux ka
vbumhj ,tyj ihc kucdv auyayc ut tshrd kuxpc rcusn
/,hnhbp ,tyjk
os xhbfvc a"ru t"r uekjb '/cp ohjcz vbanc /c

'kuxp rpf tka p"gt rpfk xbfb" :rphf tku rpfk n"g kfhvk
,gska ubrfzvu "/rpfha sg [kxpb tk] :rnut a"r `t"r hrcs
vtcv h"g kuxp d"vhrka ',hahka vgs sug ah vrut irev
vruae uz ,eukjna if,hu /kkf rpfk n"g tka ukhpt kfhvk
vzk hdx hkut vthmh kuxpc rcusn ota 'ubrthca vrhejc
kct 'rpfk n"g vcuaj vxbfv r,uhv kfk ut tshrd vxbfv
/tnkac v"s /cp khgk wxu,v uc,f lfu q4

lhha tmuh kuxpa rcxa ':j ;s ,ujbnc vh,yhak tjhb h"ar f"tu q5
/vxhbfc od
;xt crv 6
arbsc
,tyj ,sucg uc ohscuga h"g icrev ,uvz hubhac rcusn ot

ann ,hnhbp vrpf uc ohrpfn ot er lhha vzf hubha ',hnhbp
(,hnhbp ,tyj ,sucg uc sucgk n"g uvuxhbfv ot ,ujpk ut)
'(/dp) oa wndvn ,me gnan lfu 6/tshrd vxbfvc tk kct
vn" - ,hnhbp ,tyj ihsn vbumhj ,tyj kuxp snk a"ra
.uj ohbs ihta rcx t"ru "'rphfac itf ;t 'rphfac ikvk
7
/ohbpn
ohburjtu ohbuatrv ,eukjn ,t ihhmk ah 'vz raevc

(yke inhx) j"bnv /a"ru t"r hrcsc ,rfzba "vrpf"v rsdc
(rpfk vcajnc xbfb ot 't"rk ut) rphf ot er kxpba rcx
,furpv kg vh,utzv ihbn kff ,hnhbp ,tyj ka vrund vrpf
vzha" (df:u trehu) i"cnrv iuakn gnan lfu /cvzv jczn kgu
h"arn thcv (oa) j"bncu 8"/,hnhbp ,tyj vagnf oa ubnn
vsun hkutu /sujk cvzv jczn ,tzv h"g kxpba (/uk ohjcz)
if,h od kct 'hnhbpv jczns ,utzv ws kf lhrma ,ujpk h"ar
,xbf rpxc ehhs lfu ',jt vb,nc ;t kuxph h"ara
n"vuxp) o"cnrv iuakn (dfr inhx t"p ohjcz) ohbuatrv
/,utzvv ihbn yrhp tku "ohbpc uc rpfk" c,fa '(zy:c
h"g ,tzv ,eukjnv suxh rhcxv (oa) ohbuatrv ,xbfcu
vxbfv ut vehrz vagn h"g tc kuxpv ota 'ubrthca vrhejv
ohbpk xbfb ota uexp (:cp ohjcz) wndca sug rhgvk ahu q6
uc rpfk cahj tku khtuv 'kxpb tk 'ohbpku hbpk rpfk vcajnc
rcusn ota if,hu /vz ihs yhnav o"cnrvu /xbfba ouenc
uc rpfk iuuf,b tk ot ',hnhbp ,tyj ,sucgk hubha ka kuxpc
,uchaj ,,k hsf kct 'v,sucgc hubha itf iht xbfba ouenc
hbpk rpfk vcajn ;t hdx tmuh ihsn ukxpku osv ,xhbfk
/ohbpku
vhuk, ohnfju d"vhr ,eukjna o"cnrv ,yha rhfzb inek q7
,ueukjnv h,aa ubrthca vn hpk tjhbu 'a"ru t"r ,eukjnc
/,jt ,hzfrn vrhejc ,uhuk,
/(dfr inhx t"p ohjcz) ohbuatrv ,xbf rpxc ehhs lf q8
7
,tyj lrsf v,hhag h"g tc otu ',jt vb,nc hdx 'tshrd

9
/vrund vrpf hgchb ',hnhbp
ot :rnut vsuvh hcr" '/cp ohjcz vbanc ubhba /d

10
/,ugyc ohbpk os xhbfv ot kxpb tka "'raf ddua xhbfv
tshrd kuxpc rcusn ota 'ubrthca vrhejc huk, vza if,hu
ot kct 'ohkuxp rtac unfu ',ugyc rcg ot ;t kuxpk tjhb
utk ,ugyc vrhega ik tnhhe hrv icrev ,uvz hubhac rcusn
rcxv hpku /vdda h"g vb,an icrev ,uvz ihtu vrheg vhna
teus kzt vsuvh wra (/dp oa) trndc t,hts htn tjhb vz
um trpxv kg uaurhpc) kkv ubhcr rhcxvsf 'iugna wr ,yhak
,sucg rafvn ohbpk vns xbfb kuxp usnk ovhbaa (j"p
tk itf ;t 'shzncu rpfha sg ikvk vn - ,uhnhbp ,utyj
xjhh,na vzn gcub kuxpva 'rnukf /shzncu rpfha sg vkxpb
/,hnhbp ,tyjf euhsc vz icre kt
vz kuxp otv ohnfju g"r uekjb :tp ohjcz wanc /s

ohnsv kf rnut g"ra" ',tyjc er ut ohjczv kfc dvub
11
"/sckc ,tyj ohrnut ohnfju ìhkuxp kfhvc rpfk uxbfba
12
'ohjczv kfk uchjrvk if,h 'tmuh kuxpc rcusn ota vtrbu
ubhta ouenc uc rphfu kfhvk os xhbfvc isa 'j"bnc sug a"g q9

if,hu /vsucgk ohkuxpvn sjt uc rphfu uxhbfvcu 'vehrzk hutr
os itf ah hrva 'ubrthca vrhejc ohhuk, ukt ohbhs oda
/,hnhbp ,tyj ,sucg lrsf ,hagb tk kct 'unuenk .uj erzba
ddua rsda '(j"p um trpxv kg) s"ctrv ka vhhbav vgsf jhbbu q10
/ohbpk hutr vz osa rcxu vgya vz
,tyjfw rntba 'oatv ;t rnut rzghkt hcr" 'vbanv lanvcu q11
tuva 'ubh,hhduxk teus ,kcdun vbht t"r ,yha kct "w/oatf
ka rntnc vzc ihhgu ',tyj hbhs oatc dvuba kkf lrsc rcux
/rbzur ouka crv
xuchf ihs od ubhmn hrva 'sckc ,tyjk ukhcdvk rapt od kct q12
hkuta inek rtcb odu /ohjczv rtac tku ,tyj osc dvuba
;xt crv 8
arbsc
,ubumhj ,utyj ihca kucdv auyayn gcub kuxpv ot kct

/,tyjc er ohhe vz aaj ',uhnhbp ,utyju
(j"p um) trpxvu (/cp ohjcz) ubka trndv uekjb /v

vns xbfb kuxp ihbgk rfz ,tyjk vceb ,tyj ihc xjhc
vceb ,tyj 'rfz ,tyj tkt hk iht" :uars trpxc /ohbpk
trcxn r,uh yuapa 'rnukf "w/,tyj kfuw rnuk sunk, 'ihbn
kct /vceb ,tyj ,ucrk ohfhrmu 'rfz ,tyjc dvub kuxpva
,tyj 'rfz ,tyj tkt hk ihtu" 'txrhdv ufpv ubka trndc
tkt hk iht 'e"v tkt ?thhk hpkf w/kfuw k", ?ihbn vceb
'hkccv hpk "w/,tyj kfuw k", ?ihbn rfz ,tyj 'vceb ,tyj
ohjcz wxu, ihhgu) /r,uh yuap vceb ,tyj ka kuxpv 'if ot
yuap r,uh d"vhrk 'hkccv ,ahd hpk ;ta urcxa 'iht v"s /cp
(/rfz ,tyjc kuxpk
vrhejc ,tz ,eukjn vk, (df:u trehu) vnfj lancu

ayayna vzn gcub kuxpva rcx trpxva rhcxvu 'ubrthca
kuxpa yuap r,uh ifku ',hnhbpu vbumhj ,tyj ihc kucdv ,t
,tyj ubhhvs ',hnhbp ,tyjk tkhnn vnusa vbumhj ,tyjc
vagnf uvaug ,ntc zta '(rfz shn, ,hnhbp ,tyja) rfzu
smv p"g rhcxvk ah ubka trndv ,rcxu /,hnhbp ,tyj
kuxpv ifku 'unuenk .uju tmuh kuxp huva 'ub,rhej ka hbav
ztu ,hnhbp ,tyjk kkf vnus vbhta vceb ,tyjc yuap r,uh
,ubumhj ,utyj i,ut f"tan 13'vnuenk .uj hrndk huv kfhvv
/inuenk .uj f"f kfhvv iht ivca ',uhnhbpk ,menc ,unusa
iuregc vnhfxn ubka trndva rnuk rapt oda vtrb 'n"nu
vzu ',hnhbp ,tyjk ubuhnsn teus gcub kuxpva trpxk
unf tkt trcxn ubht vceb ,tyjc yuap r,uh kuxpva
(thhk hpkf 'shjh ,tyj tkt v"s /cp ohjcz) h"ar rhcxva
/ohjczv kf rtacn ,tyjc r,uh cuaj vehrzv ouen teus

/zf ,ut /cp ohjcz e"nya ihhg q13
9
shjh ,tyj o,xu shjh ,tyj kmt c,fb kxupv euxpva

/thv vceb
os xhbfvc tcru hhct uekjb ':cp ohjcz wndc /u

'(,uhkgu ihdd lrs ufrsf tka 'rnukf) apuan lrs kfhvk
uz ihtu) vhc ch,f vtcva ouan rhafn tcru 'kxup hhcta
,uchaj iht kkf lrsca tcr ,yha rhcxvk ahu /(vtcv lrs
vagna k",t 'yrpcu /ufrsf tka vagba rcsk vfkvc
oruda tuv 'ohbpc osv ,uhv ka vtmu,v tku 'vxbfvv
huvu 'vxbfv vagnk t,hk vfrsf tka xbfuv ot 'kuxpv
tka ohburjtv uc,fa 'vxbfv vagn hkc ohbpc tmnba osf
kfc ykjvc tk hrva 'iuhgk ouen ah ihhsg kct 14/kxpb
rtck ah hkutu 15/vthc lrs ibhars vthc iuak c,fba ouen
xbfb ka kuxpv ota 'ubrthca vrhejv p"g sug tcr ,yha
',hnhbp ,tyjf ,tyjv ohauga ouan teus tuv ohbpk vns
,tyj ,sucgc ohauga unf 'vfrsf vtcv teusa rnuk tjhb
/kuxp,a thv ',hnhbp
ka rcs okgv rp tcr hgc" 'oa wndv lanvc /z

(ohbpku hbpk tku ohbpk xbfb insa) ohcfuf ,sucg rhgau rucm
'wvnhbp asuev ktw ibhrnt hn ?uvn 'ohbpku hbpk ins xhbfva
os kf 'rnukf) vnhbp vhk ibhre asuev kt ibhres tfhv kf
tfhv kf '(ohbpku hbpk vxbfvc kxpb kfhvk vxbfvc kxpba
inuenc tka tnks ut `vnhbp ibhre tk asuev kt ibhre tks
k",ta 'ubrthca vrhejc vhuk, ,tz thgchta if,h "?tuv
tk ',hnhbpu vbumhj ,tyj ihc kucdv auyayn gcub kuxpva
yja ihbgc (dfr inhx t"p ohjcz) ohbuatrv ,xbf rpxc ihhg q14
hbpk rpfk n"g osv xhbfv ihbgc (yke inhx) j"bncu 'kfhvc
/ohbpc rpfk lknbu ohbpku
/tk v"s oa xu,c ihhg q15
;xt crv 10
arbsc
rcusn ot kct ',hnhbp ,tyjc rcusn hrva itf kuxpk lhha

tka" tmnb osv hrv vz iushbc od zt osc tmuh kuxpc
hpk 'arhpa '(yke inhx) j"bnv ihcv lf vrutfku "/inuenc
kxpb vbumhj ,tyj osa 'rhnjvk ,tz thgchtc k"hhes htn
'(kfhv ,ausef utk okut ,ause s"nk ;t) okutk vxbfv h"g
rae iht 'if ot 'j"bnv hpk /unuenc tka tmnb hrva ouan
okut hrva ',hnhbp ,tyj ihsk ohbpk vns xbfb kuxp ihc
ka ohuxn kuxpc rcusn tkt 'kkf ,hnhbp ,tyj ouen ubht
hbav smv ,t arpk ouen ah od kct /inuenc tkau tmuh
hbpkk ohbpkn ouen hubhaa rnuku 'j"bnvf tks thgchtv ka
'icrev ,uvzc hubha tkt tshrd ouen hubha er ubht ohbpku
unf kxup vz hubhau 'ohbpku hbpks ,tyjk ,hnhbp ,tyjn
/,hnhbpk vbumhjn hubha
inuenc tka rnuk hmnh, otu" 'oa wndv lanvc /j

ohscv kg insn vzva ohruphfv ouh ka rhgau rp 'tuv
tnks ut 'tuv inuen ibhrnt hn ?uvn 'ixhbfvu kfhvk ithmuvu
insn vzv 'epb epbu khtuv rnuk hmnh, otu ?epb epbu khtuv
ouen sj htsu tfv ?uvn 'ixhbfvu jcznk uthmuvu ,frpv kg
rhafnv sm "/ueh, ?vhc tbhre vthmh tnkhs ut 'tuv
er tkt unuenk .uj osv tmh tk hrva 'tjhb ukt ,uhgchtc
er tjhb kxupv sm kct '("tuv inuen") hruenv unuenk rzj
ohuxn kuxpf u,ut ihcb ot /kuxpv hputc ,jt vbcv hpk
unuenk vxbfv ;ta rnuk rapt 'unuenk .uj os ,thmhc
kct '("epb epbu khtuv") hjfubv unuen ubht hf ,kxup hruenv
'rjt icre ,sucg lrsc icrev ,sucgc lurf kuxpva ihcb ot
hrva 'ohbpk vns xhbfva ,hnhbp ,tyjc itf kuxpk t"t
'f"tu /unmg vz icrek iuregc lhhaa ouenk osv xhbfv
euxpb 'x"aca "rnuk hmnh, ot" kff k"hhea ohbutdv ,yhak
rzju uthmuvu ohscv ihc vzva f"vuh ka rhgau rp osa
/osc tmuh kuxp ka smf vrhejv yuapbu 'kxpb uxhbfvu
vyapb tk 'ohbutdv ka vz kkf kg ohekujv hpk 'n"nu
11
wc obaha rapta inek rtcb 'ohbutdv lrsk ukhptu 'vrhejv

/ohbpk vns xbfbs kuxpc ohbhs
ukt ,uhgcht arhp (sh:c n"vuxp) o"cnrva rhgvk ah

h"ar aurhp tuva) trndc yuapv aurhpvn vbua lrsc
tkt vxbfvc tk hrhhna arhpu '(oa u,davc s"ctrvu
asuek xbfb onsa ohrupfv ouh ka rhgau rp ifu" :vtmuvc
uthmuvu 'ubnn vzvu ohasev asuek ons xhbfv ot 'ohasev
ubnn rnud ubhtu kxpb 'ohasev asuek uxhbfvu rzju kfhvk
,uhzv rnd ot ifu /tmh tmha iuhf 'ohasev asueca ,uhzv
ithmuvu ,uhzv ,men vzvu 'kfhvk ithmuvu ohasev asueca
'kfhvca ,uhzv rnud ubht 'kfhvk ixhbfvu rzju kfhvk .uj
vrut irev vaevu "/kxpb unuenk .uj osv tmha iuhfa
kmt tmuh kuxp ihbg vn 'o"cnrv aurhp kg (:cp ohjcz)
'ubrthca vrhejc huk,a vtrbu /ohbpk vns xbfb ,hhdux
'icrev ,uvz kuckcc usuxh ohbpk vns xbfb kuxpa k",ta
smv hpk kct, icrev ,uvz kmt tmuh ihbg vn vae b"vt
ohbpk vns xbfb ,hhduxa ',uyhapc o"cnrv tjhb rjtv
tk vxhbf tba tku 'unuenk .uj ,tyj os hkuxpc ,exug
vrhejv yuapk ah o"cnrv ,yhak od if otu /vthmh tba
vsun hkuta rtcb inek kct /tmuh kuxp ka smvf jhfuvku
/ohnhhe ohbhsv wca rcuxu vrhejv ka hbav smk od o"cnrv
,tyj osa uarhp (i,b v"s) :tp ohjcz wxu, /y

vkxpb 'ohbpc ubnn vzvu ,hnhbp ,tyj osc crg,ba vbumhj
oak tk 'rnukf) tnkgc ohn oak vns i,ba p"gt vbumhjv
xhbfnaf kuxp htnt e"eu" 'uaev wxu,u /(os ,sucgu vrpf
t"chru /.r,k oshc vkg tku "'ch,f wrpfkws 'ohn oak
ohnhbpv ohnsc crghts iuhfs" .rh, (uf ,ut oa e"nyac)
ah hkutu "/vhc tbhre wrpfk tcuh ratuw 'rpfk h,t uvbhtu
ota 'ubrthca vrhejv p"g t"chrk wxu, ihc ,eukjnv rhcxvk
rhsdvk er tuv "rpfk" f"tu 'unuenk .uj vthmh ouan kuxp
;xt crv 12
arbsc
,curg,v thmuvu khtuva t"chrf rntb 'vcuaj vthmhf v,ut

rntb ot kct /vcuaj vthmh thuv vbnn ekjc rpfk vbuufc
tjhb ',hnhbp ,tyjf vbumhj ,tyj vauga vzn gcub kuxpva
hubha itf iht ohn oak iuuf,na kfa 'wxu, ,yha r,uh
/kxpba rnuk rc,xn tku icrev ,sucgc
ohjcz wxu, ,vhn, thcv (df:u trehu) vnfj lanv /h

,ujbn wndvn ohbpk vns xbfb kuxp kg uaeva '(kf v"s) :h
kvt j,p uyjauw ch,fs ihrhaf kfhvc iyjaa ohnka" '/j ;s
rntb itf od if otu "'rehgv in runj kpy tvh tka w'sgun
ihsa wxu,c umrh,u /raf,hu rehgv in runj kpy tvh tka
er tkt 'rcs kfc dvub ubht "rehgv in runj kpy tvh tk"
ifa kf raf j,pv ot zta "'sgun kvt j,p" rntba ouenc
p"g wxu, ,hhaue .rh, vnfj lanvu /unmg sgun kvt
xbfb kuxpa rntb ot tjhb thaueva rthcu 'ubrthca vrhejv
.uj ohnka unfu unuenk .uj ka kuxp huv ohbpk vns
thauek t,hk 'vrhejv ka hbav smv hpk kct /inuenk
vrzgn grd kfhva hbpn ,tyj osc kuxpv ihta 'trehgn
',hnhbp ,tyjk vbumhj ,tyj ihc shrpvk lhrma hbpn tkt
p"gta 'rehgv in runj kpy tvh tka rnuk lhha tk if otu
tku ,hnhbp ,tyj ka ouenv huv n"n 'vrzgn ;hsg kfhva
/vbumhj ,tyj ka
vkxp tka vyhav hpk 'u"e ubs /uk ohjcz wndc /th
u"e 'kxp tk rphf tku xhbfv ota 'rpfha sg ohbpk vxbfv
vcajn kuxp iht f"tu 'kxp tk rphf tku ohbpc rpfk caj
f"ta (tfv v"s) wxu,c uvn,u /unuenn ohbpk eurzk cahjc
u"e f"tu 'kxp tk .ujc kft ut erz hrva 'kudhp ,ru, ,kyhc
kuxp upud uvz hrvu 'kxp tk .ujc kuftk ut eurzk caja
hrndk rurc tk kct 'o,hhaue umrh,a wxu,c oa ihhgu /kudhp
13
16
ah hkutu /v,bcvc uae,b (r,t kg) ohburjtvu 'o,buuf
vns xbfbc kuxpva 'ubrthca vn p"g wxu,v ,hhaue .r,k
icrev rsd vbana vzn tkt tshrd vthmh ouan ubht ohbpk
u"e iusk iht kkf lrsc 'f"tu /u,ehrz ouen vbana h"g
hubha tkt kuxp er ubht kudhpa 'kudhp ihsk tshrd kuxpn
er ifku 'u,khft ouen ut inz vbana h"g icrev sughhc
vns xbfb ka kuxpv kct /icrev omg kuxpk jf ah kudhpc
hubha ouan kxup tuv oda 'vz ihbgc kudhpk vnus ohbpk
'vcajnk vns xbfbn u"e iusk rapt ifku /icrev sughh
iht kct 'hubha ka vcajn u"e 'kxp tk hubha ka vagn ota
thduxv tjhbu 'vcajn hkuxpk ohkuxp rtan u"e ,uagk
hkzt 'lf umrh, tka 'wxu,va rnuk ah hkutu /wxu, ,vhn,n
khgk ubrthcsfu '/dp ;s ohjxpcu :h ;s ohjczc o,yhak
/unuenk .uj tmuh ka ohuxn kuxp huva ohrcuxa
,ubhn tepbvu vrhejv hssm hr, ubrthca rjtu

'ohnhhe ohssmv hbaa if,ha sug rhgvk ah 'vbnn ,upg,xnv
wkvc o"cnrv p"g tuvu /ohbpk vns xbfb ka ohbhs wc obaha
,tyj" 'c,fu hkhkdv hxuh wrs ohnfjf expa 'uy:c n"vuxp
raf hnhbpv '.ujk ovn sjt tmhu ,uxuf hbac vns kchea
iumhjv ;t 'oa ubnn vzvu kfhvk ovn sjt xbfb /ubnn vzhu
xbfb ot vns ,men ukhpt w'vnsn tcuh ratw 'rntba 'kuxp
exp hrva "'oa ubnn vzvu" iuakv vaeu "/vkxpb asec rpfk
vnfcu 'kuxp rpfk n"g xhbfv ;ta (z"yv oa) o"cnrv
iuakc kuxpv rhfzv (yh 'jh 'zh 'sh 'dh wkv) erp u,utc ,unuen
rutv arhpsf rnuk lhrmu "/ubnn vzvu" ;hxuv tku "xbfb"
vns xbfb ka ohbhs wc obah o"cnrv ,gska '(dh:c oa) jna
kct 'xhbfva xufv u,ut er kxpb rpfk n"g xhbfvca 'ohbpk
'/uk ohjcz z"hrdv haushjc od tcuv 'y:dh n"vuxp wkv j"rdc g"gu q16
/rjt iputc .rh,a
;xt crv 14
arbsc
aha jna rutv sug rthcu /icrev kf kxpb ann rphfc

hba obah ohnfj ,yhak hrva 'ukt ohbhs wck trec ruen
kfu" ka euxpv /ohbpk vns xbfbs kuxpc ohexuga oheuxp
kf kxup "asuec rpfk sgun kvtc vnsn tcuh rat ,tyj
;rahhu ;udc kuxp huv ifku 'vns ,men lt tcuv ot ,tyjv
tcuv tk iv" ka euxpvu àsuec rphf ot er kct 'shn
ifku 'xbfba os u,ut er kxup "vnhbp asev kt vns ,t
,t tcuv" er ot ;t lhhau 'vrum ruchg iugyu os kuxp huv
wc ihc eukhjv rtck aha vtrbu /uc rphf tku "vns
o"cnrv c,f hrva 'ubrthca vrhejv p"g vktv oheuxpv
od hrhhn "wufu ,tyj kfu" ka euxpva (d:th e"vgn wkv)
ihsva rc,xn f"tu 'i,khft kg rhvzvk ann ,uhnhbp ,utyjc
ouan ohbpk vns xbfba ,tyj kxup "wufu ,tyj kfu" ka
icrev ,uvz omgc kuxpv kj ifku ',hnhbp ,tyjf vtaga
hf ann vrpf h"g er kxpbu 'shn ;rahhu kuxp icrev kfu
iv" ka kuxpv /icrev ,uvz ka ykjunv huyhcv thv vehrz
,tyj ihsk rae uk iht 'txhd lshtn "'vns ,t tcuv tk
ifku 'unuenk .uj tmuh ihsn osc ohuxn kuxp huvu ',uhnhbp
vxbfv h"g kxpbu 'vrum rucg iugyu 'xbfba os u,ut er kxup
17
/vrpf hkc tshrd
wc ihc sug ekhj '(zy:c n"vuxp) o"cnrv hrcs lanvc

,tyj os" 'dduac ohnfju vsuvh wr ,eukjn ihbgk ukt ohbhs
ubnn vzv tku uthmuv tkt rphf tku 'ohbpc uc rpfk uxhbfva
'.ujc ubnn vznu raf vz hrv dduac uxhbfv ot 'oukf ohbpc
'rnukf "/kuxp shznc uxhbfv otu 'asec rphf tk hrva
rphf ot kct 'dduac tku shznc kxpb rpfk n"g xhbfva
ohbhs wc aha f"d yeba 'dh:c n"vuxp wkv kztv ictc sug ihhg q17
n"g tka xhbfv ota 'rjt iputc rthc kct 'o"cnrv ,gsk
rpfk n"g xhbfv otu 'xhbfva os u,ut er kxpb zt rpfk
/a"g /icrev kf kxpb
15
kumhpvn gcub vz eukhj ihta vtrbu 18/dduac ;t kxpb asec

aha rnuk rc,xn tk hrva) ohbhsv wc ihc ubrthca hburegv
tkt '(shznc er lhha tmuh kuxpu dduac ;t ,uvz hubha
hf vrpf thuv dduac ;t ann vrpfa ohburjtv urhcxvsf
ohtca 'dduac rpfk n"g xbfb f"tan ',uthmnc osv erz hrv
,hbhmr vbuuf vbht ,ugyc u,buuf hrv 'u,buuf ouan er ukxpk
19
/rafu rpfk n"g tka xbfb cajbu
wc ohnhhe ,ntca o"cnrv ,gsc 'if ot 'ubrthc

kuxpu ,hnhbp ,tyj ihsn kuxp 'ohbpk vns xbfb ka ohbhs
sjt xhbfv ihbgk ovhbhc vbhn tepbu 'unuenk .uj osc ohuxn
p"gu /vrum ruchgu 'rphf tku rpfk n"g xhbfv ',uxuf hban
tepbv rta ihbgk od ovhbhc ekjba if,h 'khgk ubrthca vn
ihc ,ub,n gmntc kfhvk uthmuva os iudfu 'ubrthca ,ubhn
,gsk) kfhv ,ub,n gmntc vrzgk uthmuva ut ohscv
smv tk kct unuenk .uj os ka kuxpv uc lhhaa '(o"cnrv
'uc rphfu sjt xuf thmuv ot 'ifku /icrev ,uvzc hubha ka
'uns kf ,tmuv h"g icrev kxpb otu 'hbav xufv kxpb tk
ka rcs okgv rp os ihbgc ekjk ah lfu /vrum ruchg iugy
vbh,b 'ohbpku hbpk uxhbfva ohcfuf ,sucg ka rhgau ruchm
i,ba osu 'vrpf oak i,uba os og crugnv osc ohn oak
/eusu /sckc ,jt vb,n ohbpc ubnn
ihc xjhv ihbgc ,urgv vnf rhgvk ah 'ubh,hhdux hkuac

,hnhbp ,tyja ,unuen vnfc ubhmn /,hnhbpu vbumhj ,tyj
'.ujc tku ohbpc ,hagb hrv (t) :ohjczv rta kfn hbta
/oheuxpv lu,n vz eukhj od ehhsa 'oa jna rutc ihhgu q18

'zy:c n"vuxp j"rdc z"gfu /o"cnrvu v"s /uk ohjcz vrut ire q19
tka vehrz k"hhe hf vrpf thuv dduac vrpfa oa ;hxuvu
,rpf ihbgk vrund vehrz ihs vk ahu hns unuenf unuenc
/ohkgc
;xt crv 16
arbsc
kudhp iht (/dn ohjcz) a"r ,gsk (c) /,kftb tku ,prabu
kudhp iht (:sn ohjcz) d"vhr ,gsk vz ihgfu ',uhnhbp ,utyjc
,utzvv ihbn (d) /,uhnhbp ,utyjc ohbpc ,hagbv vsucgc
/(/zn ':uk ohjcz wan) ohjcz rtac tku ,uhnhbp ,utyjc cfgn
,utzvv ka ehusnv ouena vzn snk (c:z ohjcz) aht iuzjvu
ohjcz) ohjczv rtac f"tan ',uhnhbp ,utyjc vrpfv cfgn
rta unf 'jczn kg er tk erzb ,hnhbp ,tyj os (s) /(:uf
tku vtzvcu 20',furpvu ohscv ihc kg ;t tkt 'ohjczv
vkceu vyhjaa urnt /s ohjcz wndc (v) /vehrz ut vbh,bc
aha p"gta arhp h"aru 'vehrz f"tan ",uhnhbp ,utyjc ibah"
"/uvc ,hk iumhjv jczn ,ehrz" ',uhnhbp ,utyjc od vehrz
rtau ,uhnhbp ,utyj ihc eukhjva trndv juxhbn gnanu
ah ,uhnhbp ,utyjca tkt 'vehrzv ouenc er ubht ohjcz
/uvc ,hk ohjczv kf ,ehrzu 'hrndk vehrz ka rjt rsd
vzc ,sjuhn ,uhnhbp ,utyj ,ehrza rhcxvk ah hkutu

'vtzvv vagnc cuaj r,uh shep, tknn uhkg ohzna ouenva
ihbnu 'jczn obhta p"gt ohnhuxn ,unuen kg ohzn hrva
rhgvk ahu /cfgn ehusnv ouenv od hkutu uhkga ,utzvv
vnust vrpn snkb ,hnhbp ,tyj ,utzv ihbnc cufhgva sug
vrpa ,unuen vnfc ubhmn iftu '(/n ohjcz) grumn ,rvyu
vphra ihbgk uaeuv hrva 'hssvk ihhns ,hnhbp ,tyju vnust
od (.uj v"s /dhe ohjcz) wxu,ku '(:ve ohjcz) ,ubjn wdk .uj
c"hmb eng) c"hmbv hpku 'ruvy ouenc vphra ihbgk uaeuv
kf kg gcmt ,khcy ihs ihbgk od uaeuv (jhe ;s rcsnc
wz vtzv ivc ahu ',uprab ivh,aa vzc od ,unusu /vtzv
v,hhagk osue ohnh wz ivf ,arpv ubhmn ivh,acu 'ohngp
,treb vnust vrp k"zj iuakcu vru,ca odu /(/c tnuh)
unf jczn ka rsd u,utc ubhta if,h unmg cvzv jczn ;tu q20
/:zf ahr ohjcz wnd 'rnt v"s :uf ohjcz wxu, ihhg - iumhjv jczn
17
'if,h 21"/thv ,tyj" cu,fv p"g ,tyj hbhs vc ahu '",tyj"

ut 'rvyk utca tuv ,utyj kfca vuav smva rnuk 'tupht
vnust vrpc) ann vtnuyn ut (,utyj curc) tyj ,tnuyn
iuaka (/zf ihkuj) k"zj uarhp lfu /(vrpf hrxujn ,utyju
?tuv hhufss tbahk wuvyjw htvs htnn" :vrvy u,buuf "huyhj"
hbtyj,w 'tfvn tnht ,hgc htu w;,hcv ,t tyjuw 'ch,fs
thv ,uhnhbp ,utyj ka ,uhsujhhv hkut 'f"tu "w/rvytu cuztc
- asenv ouen ,t tkt trcdv ,t (er) tk rvyk utca
sgun kvtk vagh ifu ktrah hbc ,tnuyn asev kg rpfu"
,t rpfn vkfu uhkg rpfu wv hbpk rat jcznv kt tmhu
ivf /(f-zy:zy trehu) "jcznv ,tu sgun kvt ,tu asev
rpfk tkt (oa) "asec rpfk" er tk ohbpku hbpk tc kusd
vzcu ',tyj os ,tzv h"g "asev ,t" rpfku "asev kg"
/urvyk hsf ,n tny kg urptn ohzna vnust vrpk vnus
rntba 'ruchm ka rcs okgv rpc (:tn ohjcz) k"zj uars lfu
rac lknk kan" ouan "asev ,furp" tku ",furpv hbp kg"
uka thknp vjrx vyughn ot 'vbhsn uhkg vjrxa osu
'rnukf "/,nhhe,n uka thknp iht vjrx vcur ot ',nhhe,n
er vrutfku 'ohcrv tyj ,ucegc ,furpv ,ause vsct
/,hnhbp ,tyj osc ,hagba vrpfv h"g vausev ,rzuj
rp ,nugk ruchm ka rcs okgv rpc teus lf uarsa p"gtu)
vzn jfun ',hnhbp ,tyj tuv jhan ivf rp odu 'jhan ivf
'hrndk ,furpv ,ause vkyc tk kusd ivf ka tyj h"ga er
kfn tmuh (/ohhe asenv ,rpfk lrum ka suxhva if,h kct
rsuj ktrah kve kf ka ut kusd ivf ka tyja runtv
omg kg rpfk vtcv ,hnhbp ,tyj iugyu 'asenv ka ufu,k
/ouenv
':df z"g ':tb ,ujbn '/th ihkuj '/c tnuh wnd ',ej wrp hrpx ihhg q21
/dg ,unch h"ar 'uharpncu c:s ohkea wan 'a"rcu t:s vrp wan
;xt crv 18
arbsc
,uhnhbp ,utyj ihc vz ihbgc ekjk aha sug if,h

'f"vuh ka rhgau rp ihc ekjk ouen ah 'yrpc /,ubua
oheuxpv hrva ',uhnhbp ,utyj rtak 'ohbpku hbpk ohxbfbv
whgu /f"vuh ka rhgau rp ihbgk er urntb ,un-hrjt ,arpc
ihbgk o"cnrv ,gsk ovhbhc ekjna '(c:z ohjcz) aht iuzjc
rtacu 'vrpfv cfgn f"vuh ka rhgau rpca ',utzvv ouen
aha sug if,hu) /ubrthca vn hpk tjhbu 'tk ,uhnhbp ,utyj
wsk [ohscv ihcu] ,furps ,utzv ihc ,hnhbp ,tyj kfc ekjk
vzu ouen vzu 22'vbh,b uzu vtzv uz hrva 'cvzv jczns ,ub,n
,uhnhbp ,utyjs ,utzvv ihc ekjk ouen ah odu /jczn
(/k"nftu 'ovka ohhrha ,fhpak
,tyjk vbumhj ,tyj ihc xjhc iusk ohfhrm 'k"bv hpk

,tyj otv kkf lrsc ihhgk ah /ohruahn vakac ,hnhbp
ohbhsv kf ihbgk ohjcz rtaf ut ,hnhbp ,tyjf vbhs vbumhj
yrpcu /okuf ohjczv rtan ,hnhbp ,tyj ,ekujn ovca
ka ,ub,nv ouenk ,sjuhn ,uchaj aha ubrthca vn hpk
/vbumhj ,tyjc od lf ubhmn otv ihhgk ah ',hnhbp ,tyj
,rpfu ,rvyk ,utca ,uhnhbp ,utyjc sug ubashja vn hpku
/vbumhj ,tyj hcdk od iufb vz otv ihhgk ah 'ouenv
,ubumhj ,utyj ihc xjhva if,h 'hkkfv ruahnc

:h ;s ohjczc thduxv ka thryu tkeac iushb ,uhnhbpu
oat hbhs sunkk ihta oa urnt /(:sm ;sc 'khcencu)
"'ohbpku hbpk vns xbfb ifa" vrunj ,tyja ouan ,tyjn
,ubumhjv ,utyjc" hf itf ,fhha ,tzv trnujv ihta ujsu
vrutfk ,exug thduxv kf hrva vun,k ahu "/ibhrnte
xbfba ouan vrunja rnuk tbhnt vuv lhtu 'vbumhj ,tyjc
iuregc ,utyjv kfa tbhnt vuva rnuk vtrbu /ohbpk vns
/wvhzvw oac cvzv jczns ,ub,nk od utre /zn ohjcz wanc kct q22
19
xbfb ,hnhbp ,tyja vscugvu 'hssvk ,ufhhau sjt ihs ,uuvn

vrunj thva vbumhj ,tyj kg ;t vkdn ohbpku hbpk vns
urzj otv 'thduxv ,bexnc ep,xvk ah 'f"tu /sjuhnc
sujk vbumhj ,tyju sujk ,hnhbp ,tyja urcxu uz vjbvn
vbumhj ,tyj iuregca b"vt tnkhs ut 'uzk uz ihc rae ihtu
sunhkv ,t lurpk t"ta tkt ,hnhbp ,tyj hbhsn ,gpaun
iht vagnku 'vagnk vfkvc trnuj h"g tkt oatk ,tyjn
/ohbpku hbpk xbfb vbumhj ,tyj os
,tyj os oda txhd sjn ubhmn 'o,sucg hbhsc

'hkfc tku gcmtc ohb,hb vbumhj ,tyj os odu ,hnhbp
,tyjc 'txhd lshtn kct /vbh,b osue gcmt ,khcy ohfhrmu
ohb,ub odu (,furpv kgu ohscv ihc kg) osv in ohzn ,hnhbp
jczn kg) ubnn ohb,ub er vbumhjcu '(cvzv jczn kg) ubnn
gcmt ,khcy rsd ihc od vekhj (/sh ohjcz) trndvu 23/(iumhjv
thuv ,hnhbp ,tyjc gcmt ,khcya 'vbumhjcu ,hnhbp ,tyjc
24
vkug tk 'f"tu /vbumhj ,tyjc f"tan ',kdpnu vsucg
/ukt ,uhdux lu,n vbumhj ,tyj sngnk ,hgnan-sj vcua,
ubrfzv 'vehrzv ,sucgc vbh,bv ouen ,uchaj ihbgc

cfgn ,utzvv ka ouenv od hkutu ihbnv ',uhnhbp ,utyjca
/rphf jcznk os ghdva iuhfa 'ohjczv rtac f"tan 'vrpfv
ouenc euhs r,uh ibhgc htsu vkhj,fk 'vbumhj ,tyjcu
,ubre ws kg ,ub,n ws vbugy hrva 'ohjcz rtacn ,ub,nv
,hc hpka ',utzvv ihbnc ,eukjn ubhmn 'scghscu 25/jcznv
oac ,uhnhbp ,utyjs ,ub,nk ;t utre 's"p ohjcz ,uhbancu q23

/,ubumhj ,utyjs w,ub,nw ,nugk 'wvhzvw
,tyj ,ubak r,un iugna wr ,gska ':ch ,uguca wndc sug ihhgu q24
/,hnhbp ,tyjk tk kct ',rjt vbumhj ,tyjk ,jt vbumhj
teus irec vkgnk lhrm otv oa uekjba '/db ohjcz wndc ihhgu q25
ka vsuj ibhgc otv uekjb odu 'trehxv yujn vkgnk hdx ut
/lkht vntu lkht vnt lu, hdx ut ire
;xt crv 20
arbsc
,ub,n wc ibhgc a"cku 'ohjcz rtac unf hdx ,jt vb,n kkv
cfgn ubht vkgnk vbh,bv ouena ubhmnu /(:uk ohjcz wan)
ohjcz wnd) hns unuenf unuenc utk k"hhea 'ohkgcv ,rpf
irec vbh,ba o"cnrc gnan kct '(y:c n"vuxp o"cnr ':uf
i,n vbha" c,fa 'scghsc ,cfgn (rhev gmnt ,nugk)
,tyjc ihc ohbpc ,hagbv ,tyjc ihc ,tyjc 26,ubre
27
/(j:c n"vuxp) "ihraf ohase rtac kct 'kxpb .ujc ,hagbv
ohkgc urpf,ba thsvc c,f (:zk ohjcz) ,nt ,pav 'n"nu
,jbnu ,upxu,"c c,f lfu 'irec tka wt vb,n i,b ukhpt
smna 'tupht 'ubhmn /(s:u ,ubcre t,pxu,v kg) "ohrufhc
ire vfhrmu a"c ,gsk tcufhgk ,ub,n wc thgc ,tyj sjt
'rphf wt vb,n i,b ota k"hhe hba smn kct 'o"cnrv ,gsk
kfc wt vb,n ,nt ,pav hpku 'trehxv yujn vynk ;tu
/ohjczv rtac unfu ',rpfn jcznc ouen
,utc ,uhnhbp ,utyja ubashja vn hpk 'ihhgk ah lfu

,rpfk ,utc ,ubumhj ,utyj od ot 'asenv ouen ,rpfk
kg er rpfk lhrm shjh ka tyj ,ucegca tkt) ouenv
rvyku rpfk er ,utc tnkhs ut '(kfhvv omg kg tku jcznv
rehgc ,uhnhbp ,utyjk ,unusu 'ouenv ,t tku ohkgcv ,t
/vrpfv ,rync tk kct vrvyu vrpf ka ivhshep,
'jcznv ,rpfk vtc ohtukhn ,tyja rtucn oheuxpc
,una) "jcznv kg rpf, uhkg lrpfc jcznv kg ,tyju"
ah hkutu 29/(uy:j trehu) "jcznv ,t tyjhu" 'lfu 28'(zk-uk:yf
kebrp /a ,rusvn p"g q26

o"cnrv ubarhpu /u"p ,ubcre t,pxu,v tuv o"cnrv ruen q27
v"s :uf ohjcz) vsu, jczc g"gu '(:uf ohjcz) vrut irev lrsf
ohyuehkv rpxc tcuv 'h:c n"vxp wkv) vpahu ovacu (kct
/k"nftu '(kebrp ,rusvn o"cnrc
/oa trzg ictu h"arc ihhgu q28

/oa rcs engvc ihhgu q29
21
,sucgc cu,f hrva 'tyj kg ,utcv ,utyjc od lf rnuk

tny ignk lkunk i,b ugrzn hf ung cren u,t h,rfvu" lkun
,u,hrf hchhj kf f"unf hkutu '(d:f trehu) "hasen ,t
/urvyku uhkg rpfk vtc ,tyjvu 'asenv ohtnyn
ubhmna oheukhjv ,urnka rnuk ouen ah 'if ot

',hnhbp ,tyjk iuregc vnus vbumhj ,tyj 'ovhbhsc
aha if,hu /i,rpf hputc tku i,rpf ouenc er ohekujnu
hkuta ',uprabv ,utyjk ,ukftbv ,utyj ihc vz ihbgc ekjk
vphrac ibhs ifku 'ouenv ,rpfk ,utc ,uprabv ,utyj er
ubhmna tjhbu /,ukftbv ,utyj f"tan ',uhnhbp ,utyj unf
vtca thsvc oa rtucnu 'ohtukhnc er ,prab vbumhj ,tyj
e"vgn wkv s"ctrc tcuv) iutd ohxb wr ,gsku 'jcznv ,rpfk
,t tny ignk" vhcdk ch,fu ',prab z"g ,tyj od (zy:t
30
"/hasen
vbumhj ,tyj sngnc vz iuhs ihc rae aha if,h

hpk /ohbpk vns xbfb ka kuxpv ,bcvc ubrthca vrhejvu
vbhtu ohjcz rtak iuregc vnus vbumhj ,tyja vbcvv
hbhsn ubht ohbpk vns xbfbc kuxpv ',hnhbp ,tyjk vruae
hrva 'unuenk .uj os ka ohuxn kuxp tkt ,hnhbp ,tyj
,tyja rntb ot kct /kkf uk lhha ubhta ouenk xbfb
'.ujc uzu ohbpc uza er ,hnhbp ,tyjk iuregc vnus vbumhj
in ves kucd tkt ivhbhc kusd rgp ihtu khtuva rnuk tjhb
vxhbfnu vzv kucdv ,t ,ayayn ohbpk vns ,xbfv 'vesv
/icrev omg kxpb vzcu ',hnhbp ,tyj rsdk v,ut
,fhpau ,ubre ,ub,n ihc ,tyj ,sucg lu,c ekjk sug rapt q30
/k"nftu 'khgk ubrfzvsf 'ohrhha
1
rdrc vhksd crv
rdrc vhksd crv
rbxeu a"g iuhkgv kkufv rcj
inz rxujn ihbgc
vnsev
vhvh ohnh ,gca :lbtmk lruak vag, if /hk i,, lhbc rufc"
[yf-jf:cf ,una] "/hk ubT§ T¦ hbhnav ouhc ùnt og
'unt ,j, ohnh ,gca vhvu s¥kU¦h hf zg ut caf ut rua"

[zf:cf trehu] "/hhk vat icrek v¤mr̈¥h vtkvu hbhnav ouhnu
1
"/icrek" k", ?asevk ;t ihbn /ohahtk - "vat / / /vmrh"
2
[wu ,ut wj t,arp runt trpx] /jk,anv rhga ,ucrk - "wvk"
hbpk ohnh vbna ,c khdk ghd, vnvca sg ih,nvk ost chhj

tk suga hj kgc /vbahseha hbpk 'k"zj ,ars hp kg ';tu 'vbchreha
rxujn chrevu rcg ot "/inz rxujn" k"zj iuakc treb vz khdk ghdv
veuk '[/tp ihkuj] tuv vag kkfn tcv utka hp kg ;tu 3'kuxp 'inz
rcug vkuxp vnvc chrenv kfa hbpn [:p oa] trndc ,jt vgs hpk
ouh hbpk chrevk ruxhtv hf 5'veuk ubht trhz hcr hpk `4"vmrh tk"c
ouhc ùnt og vhvh ohnh ,gca" cu,fa "'vagk e,b cu,fv" hbhna
6
"/hk ub,, hbhnav
ekjc vfurt r,uh ukhpt vb,nv ,chhjn [s:t] vrpc vbanv

:,ubcrevn
rhzb oatu 'shjhv ,tj 'ivh,ukugu rucmv ,tyj
/t"rdv ,xrhd hp kg q1
ohke ohhubhac ':dx tnuhc ifu q2
"/vmrh" lkhtu hbhna ouhn era q3
utk vz hrva uvn,a (hekhku v"s) oa ,upxu,c ihhgu /df:cf trehu q4
/,ukkfca utk kg iheuk ihtu ',ukkfca
/(j:d jczn hruxht) o"cnrv exp ifu q5
icunc vagk e,hbv utk vz ihta uarhpa '(jbv v"s) ,upxu,c oa ihhgu q6
shn cu,f ,ujpka ut utkv ,t ie,n vagva 'o,bcvk 'ubhhvs) khdrv
"'vmrh tk" ka hkkfv utkvn ruxhtv ,t e vagva tkt '(utkv rjtk
/utk itf ihtu
2
inz rxujn ihbgc
ouhc ;tu 'vtkvu ohaka ouhn ihraf grumn oatu

ohrsb /ohraf 'hbhna ouhc ouchrev otu 'ohaka
hbhna ouhn ohraf 7jxpvu ragnvu rufcv ',ucsbu
/hbhnav ouhc ;tu 'vtkvu
'ohaka ouh sg ih,nvk vkhj,fk chhj vcuj ,ubcre curca 'ubhhvs
ukhpt chren jxpu ragnu rufc ka vhahkacu ,uar ,ubcre kfcu
in vumn"a arhp [ihraf v"s] oa a"rv /hbhna ouhn vkhj,fk
ifu 'ibcrsn ubhhvs gnan `wk ouh sg ih,nvk vcuj ,ubcrec "rjcunv
"/ohnfj uaj tk" jxp hcdka c,fa '[otu v"s] oa c"grc arupn
t,hhrutsn wk ouh ihs oda gnan 'vz ,nugk 'oa o"cnrv aurhpn
- "vtkvu hbhnav ouhn" euxpv iuakn ruen uk thcva 'tuv
'v"ht 'ikvk iusb 8/hbhnav ouhvn rjutn sg chreh tk vkhj,fka
/,ubcrev ,umuce h,a ihc eukhjv rcxvc
t,ht ohru,k gdubc iftu ',upugc hbhna ouh sg ih,nvk vumn iht
hpbf tvha" 'h"ar hpk 'ubhhvs "'uchvzha" sg ohkuxpa [:cf] ihkujc
"/cvzf ohchvznu ohnustu ohkusd ipud
kuxpv hput
kpb aaj
'inz rxujn kuxpk arupn rcxv epxn vrutfka sjt ruen ubah
,ca t,pxu,c /yuap lf kf vz ihta ,utrk rapt ,me iuhgc kct
vbna er hrjt skuba vnvc ut ost sku - "wj ic" ot iushb [s:zy]
icr hrcs ohyyumn thvv t,hhrcv ;uxc /hjf cajb - ruchg hasj
:kthknd ic iugna
'kpb ubht ostc ouh ohaka vvaa kf :rnut d"car
vbna vvaa kfu 9"'vsp, asj icn uḧuspu" rntba
hbhnav ouhnu" rntba 'kpb ubht vnvcc ohnh
"/wudu vmrh vtkvu
tuv inz rxujn chrevk ruxta ogyva 'iuatr ycnc 'gnan
ohnh ,gca hja rjtk er `jcznk kuxp kpbu 'kpb tuva ohaauja
/tnhhe rc tuva ohjhbn
in ,urxja vzc isa '(shjhv ,tyj v"s) oa "vburjt vban"c ihhg q7

/vcuj ka shjh ,ukug vbanv
ruen iht vzn ;t '(ouhn v"s) cuy ouh ,upxu,v oa rhgna unf 'icunf q8
o"cnrv (wx vag) ,uumnv rpxca rhgvk ah /teus ohaka ouhk arupn
/t,hhrutsn ubhta gnan vznu 'vz ihs rhfzn ubht
zy:jh rcsnc q9
3
rdrc vhksd crv
:,ktua [/uke ,ca] trndv
ic iugna icrs vhkg ibcr hdhkp hn :uvk thgcht
iht ut u,unf vfkv 'hdhkp rnuk hmn, ot ?kthknd
ihyjua cuy ouhc skuba kdg :a", ?u,unf vfkv
/y"hc u,ut
ohnh ,buna lu, 10vruxt if od ihkuj ,yhjaa vjhbn itf trndv
ohekuj aha t,hhrcvn vjhfunu 'kpb aaj ka ogy u,utn 'd"cark
vjus 'kct /skuba ouhc kdg yujak r,un uz t,hhrc hpk hrva 'uhkg
:vhtrv ,t trndv
/uhasj uk ukfa vhuudc vhk ohes ?ibhexg htnc tfv
hasj ukf ot epx kg hubc kpb tuv inz rxujna aajv 'rnukf
r,unu aaj iht uhasj uk ukfa gush ot ifku 11'skuba hbpk uruchg
:vehxn trndv /shn uyjak
icrf vfkv :ktuna rnt vsuvh cr rnts a",
/n"a /hdhkps kkfn - vfkv /kthknd ic iugna
rcxv ohfhrm if otu 'wj lu, kpb aaj iht ibcrka vbexnk tmuh
ah 'u,unf ohexupa 'd"cark odu /ohasec inz rxujn kuxpk vbua
inz rxujn ihs otv /uhasj uk ukf ot gush tkc er kpb aaj
vfkvc vbs [/z-:u] vbav atrc trndv ?tbuud htv hfk kcdun ohasec
,rnutu 12'vbuatrv u,ba ou, hbpk kftvk lhrm vnvc rufca
ohbun thv v,bexn /urac r,uva vgavn uz vba ,ubnk ohkhj,na
'ihkujf vkhftk sguhnv 'oun kgcku 'wj ouhn 'jcznk sguhnv 'ohn,k
ygnf /uhasj uk ukfa gush ot u,shk ouhnu kkf lrsc wj ouhn
uk ukfa gushc ukhpt vcrevc ruxt inz rxujna 'tupht 'arupn
'kpb aaj ouan tuv ruxhtva 'vrutfk 'rapt ht if otu 13'uhasj
aaj ouan ubht ot 'icunf 'kct /tbuud htv hfc kpb aaj iht hrva
"vmrh vtkvu hbhnav ouhn"n snk tuv hrva 'd"car hrcs ohae kpb
:ohbuatrv ,uyhac ihhgb /kpb ubht vnvcc ohnh vbuna vvaa kfa
kpb kkfn tmuh skua rnut h"ar '[ibhkft vuv v"s] oa ,cac :h"ar
sg uchrevk ruxta vz ifku '(zt ohr,un ihkuj hrva) hbhna khkc
/vkhkc ,ubcre ohchren ihta hbpn er tuva rnuk ohfhrm recv
otc isa '(hbhna khk ,khj, sg v"s c:uy vgs vruh) vccrn kuds ihhgq10
/scghsc vkhftc ohruxt wj lu, uyjaba ihkuj
/wj icc oa rcusna 't,pxu,c raevk ot,vcq11
vban ihhg - "vbac vba ubkft, lhvk-t hh hbpk" (f:uy ohrcs) rntbaq12
/t:s ,urufc
/vghrhv ,t vzc chjrva '(j:d jczn hruxht) lknk vban ihhgq13
4
inz rxujn ihbgc
'k"bf 14/tuv kpb aaj ouan vucdk inz rxujn kuxpa rcux vtrbf
vnfa rhgvk ah /v"rc trndv hsh kg thv ,ajfun vrutfk uz vbcv
[upuxc t:d ohkea 'upuxc t:t vbav atr] hnkaurhc ohtrunt
ouhn ohn, rufc ,khft ,ba od ohbunu 'v"rc hkccv kg ohekuj
/hnkaurhv og vnht,n ,ujpk 'if ot 'h"ar ,ahd `vshkv
sjt tb, ,gs rhcxn [d"carts tv v"s :vke ,ca] i"cnrv :i"cnr
ouen kfn 'kpb ubhta ohgsuh uhasj uk ukfca ;ta 'ost rufc ihbgc
- "ihrughak vhrcs vb,b tk vru,v"a 'ouh ohaka sg u,ut ohsup iht
inz rxujnc d"car ,yhac u,bcv thv ifa if,hu /dukp tk 'rnukf
rxtb dukp tk ouana tkt 'kpb aaj tuv ruxhtv xhxca 'ohasec
h"ar oda ,uhvk kufh ,ntcu /kpb ubhta gusha sku od vcrevk
/if rcux
,uyap ,t kcen [ohnh vbuna v"s oa] uhaushjc i"rv :,upxu,u i"r
aaj ouan inz rxujn kuxp ihta 'vbav atrc trndv ,ugnan
er "vmrh vtkvu hbhnav ouhn"n snk 'i"rv rhcxn 'd"car /kpb
vrhafn vru,va if,h tka 'kpb ubht htsuc hbhnav ouhk ghdnafa
aaj - tuv kpba aaj ah hbhna ouh hbpka tk kct 'jcznk kpb epx
hputk hpukhj rcxv ghmn ubht i"rv 'orc /unmg ,rcx tuv vz
gnua v"s :zk ,ujbn 'rufc v"s :th tne tcc] ,upxu, ifu /kuxpv
"/thv cu,fv ,rhzd" inz rxujn kuxpa ohehxn [hbt
tuv kpb aaj usuxhc inz rxujn kuxp 'i"cnrvu h"ar hpk :oufhxk
',upxu,u i"rv hpk /ibcr ,gsk tk kct 'kthknd ic iugna icr ,gsk
'i"rv ,bcvk d"car hpk :if otu /kpb aaj usuxhc ubht d"cark ukhpt
?kuxpv hput ift uvn 'ibcr hpku
?upudc kuxp
thv vru,c /vfkvv ,tcun ovca ohraevc ihhgb vcv 'iuatr sgmf
trehu rpxcu ',una rpxc ohypanc ,ubua ,ufkv ,rsxc vghpun
raevc 't"p vrp ,fxnc vghpun vbanc /ohnun ,arp rjtk shn
vthcn o"cnrva ihhbgn /ohbuav ,ubcrek oharsbv ,unvcv hkhd
hkhd ogu '[j:d] jczn hruxht ,ufkvc ohnun og - ,unuenv hbac
huue hba k"bvn ohkug /[ch-th:t] ,ubcrev vagn ,ufkvc ,ubcrev
chrevk tuv vucd iuhzc (t :inz rxujn kuxp hputk gdubc vcajn
/oun kgc unf 'oudpf cajb vpud `,j,upn-h,kcu vbye lf kf vnvc
/wvk icre ,uhvk vhutr vbht vrhgm lf kf vnvc (c
/(d:uy vgs vruh) z"yv ,gs ifuq14

5
rdrc vhksd crv
:[un:d] ohfucbv vrunc o"cnrv ,yha vbhv wt ,urapt

hsf 'ocmn cyhnc ohnhn, ,ubcrev kf uvha vumu
rhvzv vz ogyn / / / /icrec kuzkz lfn tuch tka
,njn 'ohnh vgca uk unka tka kf chrevkn
15
/kpbf tuva hpk 'u,uxhtnu ubhnc u,ughrd
hban ohsnuk oa /[:dx] tnuhc trndc hauec vke,b uz ,urapt 'orc
vfhannu /jk,anv rhgak ohkuxp inz rxujnu oun kgca oheuxp
:trndv
c,fhnk lhrymhtu oun kgc c,fhnk lhrymhtu
tks ouan 'inz rxujn tbnjr c,f hts :inz rxujn
/tk tnht 'vhbnz tyns 'oun kgc kct 'vhbnz tyn
kct 'xhtns ouan 'oun kgc tbnjr c,f htu
/tfhrm /tk tnht 'xhtn tks 'inz rxujn
16
/upudc odp ihta 'xutn ubht inz rxujna 'if ot 'trndc arupn
vkuxp vnvc yjaa hn /,jt thdux sug od o"cnrv hrcsk vae ifu
tr,c erpc ubhba `.uj hyuja ka utkv kg rcg tk vrzgk .ujn
.ujc yjaa hn rcg ot iugna hcru ibcr uekjba [:-/che] ohjczs
ohngp aka ,eukjnv ,rfzun /raf,vk vsh,ga vkuxp vnvc
rxujnu 'chvzv tk ihhsga ru, 'rcug oun kgc - ,utndus akak gdubc
:,rtcnu vbanv vphxun /ubc ,tu u,utu inz
unz rxujn uvzht /uhkgcc ihc upudc ihc - inz rxujn
ghdv tka] grumnvu ,skuhvu vczvu czv ?uhkgcc
/[ovh,ubcre ,crev ouh
'vbanca ,utndusv akak t,ufhrm ,frug [/she] oa trndv
er ,yeub v,hv ot hf 'vburjtv tndusv ohfhrma vrhcxn vpuxcu
ibcr ohryup ovc era tbhnt vuv 'ohru,u ohrcug ohnun hkgc
tkuxps" 'ubc ,tu u,utc kct "'uvhhpuds tkuxps" iuhf '.ujc yjuav
u,ut og sjhc ghpun inz rxujn 'vbanc /chhj "'vk h,te tnkgn
17
/vnvcv ;udc kuxp ubht inz rxujna uz trndn tmuh ifku 'ubc ,tu
,t vbpva kg rkfya vhrtk vbu,b h,su, /jpte crv oudr, hp kgq15

kpb u,rfzvc o"cnrv ,buuf ihta ubuakn rurc /vz ruenk hck ,nua,
inz rxujn if 'xutnu gurd kpba unfa tkt 'tuv kpba aaj itf aha
/xutnu gurd
,t rhsdvk tku 'vumnk ogy ghmvk er thv o"cnrv ,buuf ot ukhptuq16
rcsf vyeb hrva 'uz trndn uhrcs ohajfun vtrbf 'h,fkvv vhput
kg hubc ubju,hba rhgvk r,uhn /xutn ubht inz rxujn ,uthmnca yuap
/hcrgv oruenc ohcahh,n o"cnrv hrcsa ,uhvk kufhu 'oudr,v
;udv kuxp lk ihta 'uz trndn ,frpun vtrbf i"cnrvu h"ar ,yha odq17
6
inz rxujn ihbgc
:r,uhc ihhbgn uz thduxc juxhbv euses

"/upudc" inz rxujn vbuna lu, vnvck ,true vbanv (1
ukuxp iht hf inz rxujn vyeb vbanva ,rnut trndv (2
/upudc
'ubc ,tu u,ut arupnc vrhfzn trndv 'k"bv ,rnutaf (3
/upudc ukuxp iht if od inz rxujna vzk ,znur er kct
ukuxp ihta tuv iufba gsuh t,gnav kgca 'ukhtf 'gnan
/trndc if ,urjk ifun ubhta tkt 'upudc
inz rxujn kuxp hputk r,uhc ,rc,xnv vrsdvva 'vtrbf 'tmuh

- orudv tuv unmgkaf khdva 'vkgnk ubgmva wc ,urapt vbhv
gnan if /jcznv kg wv hbpk dmuuvk vhutr vbht vrhgm lf kf vnvc
if rcuxa rurcu "/vhbnz tyn tk"a tuv kuxpva 'tnuhc trndvn
;t 'vkdg ahsevk ruxhtva [t:t vnust vrp] c,uf tuva 's"ctrv
/inz rxujn ihs ka vcjrv tuv vnust vrpk 'ohnh ,buna rjtk
'sjt smn :ohjczc trndv hjuxhbc xuxhvk vnht,n od uz vahdu
vyjaba vnvc unf tku 'vnmg vnvcv ka ihhptn ubhv khdc iurxj
tk ihhsga cz ka u,nvc ut 'ubc ,tu u,ut ouan vruxtu ouhv unt
smn "/upudc" inz rxujn vbanc treb jczv ifk ù,rhpx hnh ohkav
'inz ka vhmebup tuv tkt ',hzhp vbuf, vuuvn ubht khdc iurxj 'hba
,hrudyec trndv u,kkuf ifk `ru,c cuvz-h,kc gcm ut 'oun unf tku
18
"/h,te tnkgn tkuxp"
vag ,umn
rxujn ihs vbun o"cnrv /ub,bcvk enug r,uh ehbgvk i,hba 'vnus
vnvc ,ubcre kf ,uhvk" '[wx vag ,uumnv ihbn] d"hr, ihbnc inz
/ogy vzk iht :ovrct rnt" 'dhan oa s"ctrv "/vtkvu hbhna ouhn
thv s"ctrv ,bgy 'vtrbf "/vag 'vag kkfn tcv utk hkutu
`vagv ,uumn ihc vag, ktu cac thva vumn ,ubnk iht vrutfka
ihbgk vagf v,ut vchajn trndva iuhf hkuta ghmn 'rcs ka upuxk
'o"cnrv hrcs ohae ihhsg kct /oa v,ubnk if,h ift ',uekn ruyp
o"cnrv kkf lrsca rhgn [19c"p inhx ihag gherv rvz] ."carva
/kpb aajn kusd

:(dmr vumn) lubhjv rpxc g"guq18
osue hf 'vtkvu ohnh ,buna icn vhvha icrev ,Un¥ka§ n¦
vkftk u,ut aht sunjh tku 'rcs kfk hutr ubbht ifk
/vrua,ku vrujxku
/,hjfubv vgmvf ut 'vxutn vnvcva 'o"cnrv hrcsf u,buuf ot rurc tk
/tbkhu xupsc wc vsung d"k ;sq19
7
rdrc vhksd crv
ifu /utkf ihc vagf ihc 'd"hr,c vag kkfn tcv utk vbun ubht
kg [u"e vag d"xrk ,uumnv rpx] tkrgp kahp ojurh crv vaen
hrcs" rpxc /,hkkfv ufrsk sudhbc uz vumn vbn tuv oda 'd"xr
:rhcxn [s"g d"p ;s wu xrybue] sus rfc ejmh crvk ",nt
aha '/ / /wx vag ,umn o"cnrv vbn ogyv vzn
/vtkvu hbhna ouhn chrevk 'vumn [v]nuhec
:p"phr juxhbcu
,umn ohhen hbhnav ouh sg chrevk ih,nnaf
20
/vag
'vrhcgn rvzb er ubht ohbuatrv vhnh ,gcac vnvc chrevkn gbnbv
/vumn ouhec exug tkt
,ut wj t,arp runt] trpxc vhn,n gye kg rut lpua vz rcxv

:[ws
ohnh ,gca vhvu" k", vn :rnut hkhkdv hxuh hcr
"'unt og vhvh ohnh ,gca" rntba hpk ?"unt ,j,
[ohhjc rta, unta 'rnukf] unt og tvha sg kufh
kufh "'unt ,j," ht "/unt ,j," k", `vgca kf
og" rnuk sunk, `v,n thvaf vbnn tmh ukhpt
/,jt vga unt uk vnhhe,b ukhpt ?smhf tv - "unt
,gca kf vhj ,uhvk unt vfhrma tbhnt vuvk ihc 'trcxv hvn
,shk rjtk ,jt vga ,ujpk ,uhjk vfhrma tbexnk ihc 'ohnhv
ohfhrm vrutfk ?otv hhju inz rxujn kuxp ihc ah rae vzht ?skuv
ka htnmg ihs 'vasj hrndk vfkv itf oharus tkt 'rae ihta rnuk
'rnuj ihnf icun arsnv ",nt hrcs"v ,ahd hpk kct /ou,h kuxp
u,rth,a raevc ih,nvk lhrm vb,nvv ,umn ohhek hsfa if,ha
oda thv hkhkdv hxuh wr ,bexn "/unt og" vnvcva tuvu 'vru,v
vga ;t ot kct 'uz vahrs tknk hsf vehpxn unt og inzv ,men
uc vnhhe,b tk hf 'inz rxujn okugk rtah skuuv 'vhj tk ,jt
'hba ekj vsucg rpx] vbanv ,cfrnv c,uf ifu /vb,nvv ,uumn
kuxp o"cnrv yhnav gusn rhcxvk hsf aurhpc [th:d jczn hruxht
:jcznv hruxht ,nharn ou,h
ch,f tres 'inz rxujn kkfc tuv ou,hs rnut hbtu
od aha h,h, tfhvn 'vumn ouhe ah ot hrva vz .urh, kg vaen p"phr q20
ihkujc trndc ohxrud obhta aha ehxn tuv ?vag kkfn tcv utk
hfv ihtau 'd"xr ,xrhd v,hv ifa rnuk ahu 'vag kkfn tcv utk tuva
tuv hrva 'o"cnrc if rnuk rapt ht kct /utk tku vag er ah hnb
kkfn tcv utk tuva 'vezjv shc odu ,uumnv rpxc od 'arupnc c,uf
/vag
8
inz rxujn ihbgc
'tsj :ohtb, wc ubhhvs '21unt ,j, vhvh ohnh ,gca

vhvha ',hba àsevk hutr zt 'ohnh wz ,c vhv,a
rjt skuba kf lfkhv / / / /wt vga p"fg unt ,j,
ihtu ,hnkug inz rxujn huv unt ,yhja ut ,,hn
22
/asevk hutr
ohhngp vru,c ghpun inz rxujn ihs hrv /sjt hxhxc haue ubk rtab
hba ohfhrm gusn /hkkf iputc ,hba ogpu 'rufck gdubc ,jt ogp -
ihs kfn tka 'ehpxn ubht iuatrv euxpva icun ?ohbua ohhhuuhm
euxpv iht gusn kct /,ubcrev kfk ct ihbc ohbuc ohuxn icrec
23
?rufc kg snkk hsf ehpxn 'kkff ,ubcrev okugk xjhh,nv 'hbav
,me xbfvku 'ygn sug vnhse sgmk lrymb 'uz vhgc ru,pk hsf
/,uumnv hngy ouj,k
24
/,uhgcy-kgu vause knxn vbuna rpxnv 'icunf 'kkf lrsc
ufbjb ohbvfvu ifanv /u,shkk hbhnav ouhc ,hrck xbfb ic :kank
/uh,utzvk hbhna ouhc 25ase,bu rzuj grumn /ohtukhnk hbhnav ouhc
'gh,pn tk /hbhnav ohbav ruzjn ,khj, ouenc vtc kcuhv ,ba
,buna ,c vhv,a sg crevk ut vbfun vnvc iht itf oda 'tupht
ohnh vgca o,utca 'lpub ,pxu,c vz ihbg tc 'itfa tkt /ohnh
ubhta hsh kga 'vtrb ?uz vumn ifu, uvn /vumn ohhen vfjnv
ohhknrub ohhj òhkhdr ohhj ,uhjk vnvck i,ub 'vnvcv hhjc crg,n
,t ohkhcun 'gcyv okug trcb ovca ohnhv rpxn lrutk 'vktf
icun vz hp kgu /vausev okugk vbnn .upek rapta vdrsk vnvcv
ka hzfrnv ihhptnva 'vhj rta, unta lrumv veung r,uh vrumc
';tu "'unt og" shn, u,uhv tuv asj sku ka ohhknrubv ouh-ouhv hhj
;xub inhx vuuvn od unt 'sugu "/unt ,j," 'ann hkukhnv icunc
/ahn ah rmub tuva vshgn v,ujfuba 'skuuv ,uhgcyk
/inz rxujnc kuxp rufca snkk sjuhn euxp ohfhrm gusn icun 'vzcu
thv 'v,ut ,bhhptn hfvu 'rufc ,uumnc ,hzfrn hfv vsuebv hrv
thv ojrv ryp u,uhv ùnt ojrn u,thmh gdrn tuv wvk ause rufca
ostc 'ktrah hbcc ojr kf ryp `rufc kf hk ase" - rufcf u,rhsdnv
'skub tkt 'untk lhha ubht teus rufcv /[c:dh ,una] "tuv hk 'vnvcu
/oheuxpv hba ,t chfrv tuvq21

/n"vfrnv hrcsk h,ut vbpva kg rbzur ouka crvk vsu,q22
/vfkvv harsnc uz vktak ohxjhh,n obht k"zja hsnk gh,pn ,ntcq23
/ohnh ,gcac v,hv hgcyv okugv ,thrca 'vtrbv hpf 'ouanq24
ubuhsc 'vz lrfc "oat icre chy" rhtn i,ht crv ka urntnc vzc ihhgq25
/grumn oatc
9
rdrc vhksd crv
cu,f vhv tk ot 'lfhpku /v"cev ka u,jpan lu,ku u,hcc 'kufhcf
tbhnt vuv 'hbhnav ouhv sg ih,nvk chhj rufcc oda vru,c aurhpc
vbuna rpxn ,uhknx rufcc oda ik gnan te `shn ubchreba
/vucdk u,bh,b hbpk hbhnav ouhv sg ,ufjk ahu ',h,ugnan
vkhj,fk ouh ohaka

vcuj ,ubcre curca [s:t] vrpc vbanvn rntnv ,hatrc ubtcv
/ohaka ouh sg ',juurv vyhav hpk ibcrsn 'ih,nvk vkhj,fk chhj
ochrevk vkhj,fk r,un 'jxpu ragnu rufcu 26',ucsbu ohrsb 'lshtn
/rcxv vbugy ,umuce h,ak veukjv /hbhna ouhc
iuakc ',ucsbu ohrsb hrva 'vcsbu vcuj ihc eukhjv ihcvk ke

tku 'kkfc "uvhhbhn vhapb rhyp hmn" '[s"n ,ut ihfh] ktrah ,rtp,v
ihcvk vae kct /wvk icre thcvk ozuha hn kg shcfvk ohnfj utr
a"rv /vcuj ,ubcre rta og ohkukf obht jxpu ragnu rufc gusn
tkt kftb ubht hf jxpv icrec if ube, tka ghmn [ohraf v"s]
/r,ub hshk uthch vkusd r,uh vnvc ufhrmh ota uaaju 'uhhubnk
utmnhh tka ohnfjv udtsa rnut [rufcv v"s] drcbyurn o"rvnv
/ogv kf ka jxpv ,ubcrek ouh ohaka icn vkgnk ohtky ehpxn
rhcxn [oa] ktrah ,rtp,v /ragnu rufck rcxv ovk iht kct
u,,k ohkgcv hshc hf 'rufc - ,ucsbu ohrsb ihgf ov vkt vakaa
inz ghdha osue uh,unvc yujak kufh hf 'ragn `vmrha ivf vzhtk
o"cnrv /veujr lrsc unmg ruypk kufh hf 'jxpu `ryphku ragnv
hkkfv euxpca 'oheuxpv iuakn ruen tkt 'rcxv tk ghmn uaurhpc
'hbhna ouhn rjutn v,ugnana "'vtkvu hbhnav ouhn" cu,f
ukhpt v,ugnana "'hk ub,, hbhnav ouhc" cu,f rufc ka euxpcaf
i,nc rufck uuauv jxpvu ragnva iuhfu /hbhnav ouhc vkhj,fk
/vzc od ohua 'ohns
tvh /,hbhhbg r,uh vrumc eukhjv ,t rhcxvk rapta vtrb 's"bgk

,c vnvck vahrsva yuap vrutfk 'tvha vn hbhna ouh ihs hput
'ouh ohaka ,cn ,ujp 'uzf vnvc ,rhjc :sucf ouan thv ouh ohaka
ragnu rufcc kct /v"cevk hutrv sucf rxuj ,pean wv hbpk dhmvk
ov ragnu rufc /wv hbpk vdhmvk vnvcc rjuc ostv iht 'jxpu
ah ,ubcrev rtac `seunv thv vnvcv ovca ohshjhv ,ubcrev
hbac kct 'vnhhek hsf vnvc uzhtc an,avk ohfhrmu 'vcrev ,umn
vagn) uruchjc odu 'vbank uaurhpc ,ucsbu ohrsb rhfzn ubht o"cnrvq26
vtrbf `kkfv in ohtmuhf jxpu ragnu rufc er rhfzn (ch:t ,ubcrev
/(oa z"csrv ghmn ifu) vbanc ,rjt txrhd uk v,hv
10
inz rxujn ihbgc
rjc rcf v"cev /vchrevku uz vnvc ,jek tuv vumnv omg vkt
,unf vchrenvu - ycav ,j, rucgh rat kfu ojrv ryp - vnvcc
icrec /ohna sucfc odup ubht 'ohakav ouhv hbpk ukhpt 'thva
hsf 'rehgc 'u,ut rjuc ubht kct 'vnvcc ostv rjuc ift 'jxp
tku 'u,khftc tuv jxpv icre ,umn rehg /wv hbpk vdhmvk
tkt u,khj,n tc tka" [:ug ohjxp] ubhbaa unf 'u,crevc
vnvcc rjucv iht ',hssm ,hxjh thv vcrevva iuhf 27"/vkhftk
/ohna sucfc odupf cajb ouh ohaka ,cn v,ujp
ahsevk ruxhtv
vausev ,ukj
tkt 'inz rxujn chrevk er tk t,hhrutsn ruxta vkgnk ubtcv
?scghsc ;udv ,ause uhkg vkj otv 'ahsevu rcg ot /uahsevk od
rhsk xbfb inz rxujna [:yh vrun, ':tf ,urufc] rnut iugna hcr
;t hbhna ouh hbpk ause rufca unf - rufcn if snuk tuv `rag,vk
'if ot /zt asek kufh ragn od 'ifn rjtk sg cre ubhta hp kg
'vause uhkg vkj vnvc ragn khcac inz rxujn ahsenv ,ujpk
ifu /ohrjt jczn haseu ragn ihc ekjk vcx iht ohrcsv hbp kgu
thv [:th] vbanc oa ibcr ,yha `[/ch] vkhgnc trndvn rurc vrutfk
vnvcc inz rxujna unfa lhrpu 'uchvzv tka ohru,c ihkgun ihta
rxujn otu /obnz ghdv tka ohru,c ,uhvk lhrm ihsv if 'uc ihkgun
ragn ihta 'thaue itf iht hrv 'ragnk er asevk kufh vnvcc inz
trndv /vbun,v ,t ,fcxn [oa] ,urufcc trndv kct /,upugc
rufcn inz rxujn ragnk sunkk ouenca iugna hcr kg vaen
kfc inz rxujnn sunkk uk vhv 'ause ,uhvk kufha inz rxujn
vause ,ukj iht ,ubcre rtaca gnan àuse ubhta ohrjt ohase
'uz trnd ,uyap ,t ohkcen [;t v"s] oa ,upxu, /inz rxujnc
/(vkhgnc trndk ohxjhh,n obhtu) ,ubcre rtau ragn ihc ohekjnu
,urufcc h"aru [vausek vkhk v"s /ch] ohjczc ,upxu,v ,gs ifu
'hba smn /inz rxujn kg vkj vause iht kkf lrsca '[;khk v"s]
hase kfc vkj ift vausea ohehxn [;t v"s] vrun,c ,upxu,
'vkhj,fkv ,nrc vbua ragna thv ,urufcc trndv ,buufu 'jczn
r,unu 'ragnk gdubc kkf ;e, ubht inz rxujn ahsevk ruxhtva
ruxt ,ubcrev kf ,jt vyhak :oufhxk /rhsk uxhbfvk vkhj,fk
;udv ,ause ohause obht okuf scghscu 'inz rxujn ovk ahsevk
ubrntnc vcjrv r,hc vz ihbgc g"gu /(u,khj,na v"s) h"arc a"gq27

'j"f ejmh ,hc "'uhhubnk tkau uhkfutk tka jxpv ,t yjuav ihbgc"
/450-452 wng
11
rdrc vhksd crv
rxujn ovk ahsevk ruxt ,ubcrev kf vhba vyhaku 'ragnn .uj
/ohause okuf scghscu 'ragnn .uj inz
ragna rhcxvk i,hb ?vz ihbgk ,ubcrev rtan ragn vbua gusn
'lf kf ohshc u,ut ohahsen obht ohkgcva vzc rufck r,uh vnus
ubrnta unf `tkhnn vase,b ,hrhag ycav ,j, ,rcuga kfa tkt
/ohkgcv iuyka ,j, ubht ragnu rufcc vasevv lhkv, 'vkgnk
'u,ut ohahsen ,ntc obht rhsk inz rxujn ohxhbfnaf ;ta iuhfu
hkutu 'ohrjt jczn hase ,asevcn r,uh vakj vz kg tshpev
/hrndk vrxj ukhpt
unt hgnc rcug

:t,ht [/h] vrun,c trndc
'ihrcug kg vkj vause iht rnt tsp rc :rn,t
/ihrcug kg vkj vause rnt ibjuh hcru
vkj vause ihta ohrcuxv '[vausek vkhk v"s /ch] ohjczc ,upxu,
hcr kufh lht ifku 'inz rxujn ubhv rcug hrva ohaen 'inz rxujn kg
kct '.urh, hkc ,upxu, ohrtab 28?uhkg vkj vausea rnuk ibjuh
:ohcuahh hba ghmn [wj ,ut] oa ,mcuen vyhav
ot kct 'unt cdt vause vkjs 'o,v hbtas k"hu
/hbhna khk sg kujk hutr ubht 'vpv ,ause uahsev
hkxp tk tbnjru 'vcrevk hutr ubht unt hgnc 'b"t
'uchrevk tuv hutru 'skubaf tkt ìnz rxujn ouan
rat" ch,fs - inz rxujn ouan vhkxp tbnjr
/t,khn thk, vshkc tnkt "'skuh
trndc arupn hrva 'vun, 'unt cdt vkj vauseva 'iuatrv umurh,
er ahsen ot ukhpt vkj vauseva rnut ibjuh hcra oa vrun,c
kuxp ihcn tuva rhcxvk rapt ejusc /otv ,t tku rcugv ,t
vhgc òudp vpud cajb vbye lf kf vnvca 'o"cnrv unf inz rxujn
kct 'vgurd thv ,htnmg vnvcfa 'vskuba rjtk er vpe, uz
ihe, rcug ubhvu 'rcug tkt 'kkf vnvc vbht vnt hgnc ihhsg thvaf
unta tk - "unt cdt vause vkj" aurhp vzu /gurd rcug tku
vauseva ,nrudv thv untn ekj ihhsg u,uhva tkt ',ase,n
hbpn sjuhnc 'stn eujs vz aurhp 'icunf 'kct /uhkg kujk vkufh
"/unt cdt"k sudhbf "vp ,ause" rhfzn ,mcuen vyhava
lhha inz rxujn ahsevk ruxhtva ',mcuen vyhav ka hbav umurh,

'rcug ahsevk r,un gusn /iuhg rrugn 'vcrevk vhutrv vnvck er
/vhgc itf iht inz rxujn kg vkj vause rnts itnk 'icunfq28
12
inz rxujn ihbgc
!vcrevk hutr ubht ot gurd r,uh vtrbf hrv ?vcrevk hutr ubhta
vzn ifu 'ojrn ause rufca vzn rtucn hrv :rhcxvk ah tkt
ìnz iurxju vause ihc vrh,x ihta 'ov ohause ohase ,uskuua
r gv rnts itnk rc,xn ifu /inz rxujn ,asevc vhgc ah 'tkt
vausev iht ot vasevc ,h,hhgc vn /ause 'inz rxujn ahsenu
ka iuatrv sgmf vasevv ,t ohtura 'rnuk vtrb ?,h,hhgc
tuva vcrev lhkv,n ekj v,uhv ,tpn er vruxtu 'vcrevv
ruxht tuv vru,c arupnv ihsva 'rc,xn ifu /ruxt unmgc
vchjrn uz varsa if,hu 'varsc uruen vasevv ruxhtu 'vcrevv
vbnna vkhnv :,jrfun ygnf uz vbcv ,ntcu /arupnv ruxhtv ,t
vyhav .urh, icun 'vzcu !"icrek" vbhv vasevv ruxht oharus
ht 'kkf vcrevk hutr ubhtu unt hgnc rcugva inz kf /,mcuen
r,uhv kfk tkt 'u,crev lhkv,n ekjf u,asev ,t ,utrk rapt
/vrxtk ogy iht ifku 'vk vnsevf
rhtn i,ht crv
oat icre chy

v«,¨tUc§T ,h¦at¥r wvk k¥t¨r«§a°h J¤s«e
wv oªt±b o¤vhk£t t«c¨T vg¨r Un¨J§t®h uhkf«t kF
(d:c uvhnrh)
rntnv ifu,
:vnsev (t
?oat icre ,uchhjna ,urhcgk ;,uan vn (1
'vkug ',tyj ,ubcre ,nugk oat icre ihhptn vn (2
?ohnkau
l"b,c ,unat ka ohrjt ohren (3
:ihgc rcs ,ause kukhj :oat icre ka chhjnv (c
vpurj vjpa ,thcu 'iusepv ,guca 'vkhgn (1
grumn 'tnyba rhzb (2
vguce ,tyj ,chhjna vrhcg rcg ot epuxnv (3
(huk, oat)
:oat icre ka vhmebupv (d
:,ubcrev ,uharpc oheuxpv iuakc iuhg (1
?wv hbpk ut 'wvk icre ,crev (i
ubcre ,t "vagu" (ii
icrev ,sucg vagn ,nugk ihgc ,gmv (iii
hyrsbyx vcrev vagn :wz erp trehu (iv
:ihgcu ;xf hbhhbg (2
"ohkea ;xfc oat" (i
oat oak ,ugn ,arpv (ii
?oat icre "okak" rapt otv (iii
'ouka,f oat icre :ire ubhhv "oat" (iv
icref ire ouka,u
abugf oat (v
vguce ,tyj epxk vcud, :huk, oat (vi
ohsruhu ohkug obht rhzb oatu grumn oat (vii
grumn oatc ohhjn vpub, (viii
tku cmn ut vtmu,k vcud,f oat icre (ix
vrhcg vagnk
oatu rhzb oatc ruthc ,pxu, – ohrhafnv :jpxb (3
i,ht crv 2
rhtn
:grumn
grumn oatc ,ubuvc i,n (i
"vkyck" tc rhzb oat (ii
vnsev :wt
?oat icre ,uchhjnv ",urhcg"k ;,uan vn
,guca 'vkhgn :oat icre ohthcn ohrcs vaa kg

,thc 'vguce ,tyj ,chhjnv vrhcg vag ot epx 'iusepv
tcu tnyba rhzbvu 'rvyvk tca grumnv 'vpurj vjpa
vrutfk 'uz vnharn scfb ekj ,uuvn ,urhcga iuhf 1/rvyvk
oatva gnan vru,v iuakn od `rpfk oatv tca vtrb
ifu 2/oat ka ,uharpv curc vghpun "vrpf" vknva 'rpfn
ohjcz vbanc :rpfk oatv tca gnan x"ac ,unuen vcrvc
scugv lhrm (,tyj icrec unf) oat icreca t,ht ':un
`rpfk oatv tca gnanu 'tyj oak 3vsucgv ,t sucgk
,u,hrfc t,hhrcc `4rpfn oatva arupn ':vp tnuh vbanc
rpfn ubht" huk, oata ;t 'rpfn htsu oata t,ht ':vf
c,f (wt vfkv ,udda wkvn wy erp) o"cnrvu `"vrund vrpf
/oat icre ohthcn ",urhcg" anj kga
oda iuhf kct /rpfk tc oatva gnan 'ukt kfn

icre ,uchhjnv ,urhcgv ihc ihjcn vn 'rpfk tc ,tyj icre
ot epuxnv '(wv erp trehu) kgunv :vru,c o,gpuv rsx p"g q1

g"gu 'oa) vsuvu iusepv ,guca gcabv '(oa) vguce ,tyj chhj
vpurj vjpa kg tcv '(s"h erp trehu) grumnv '(wv erp rcsnc
/(wu erp rcsnc) tnyba rhzbv '(y"h erp trehu)
vknv rhzbcu 'oatk ,fhha vknva rurc f"f tk grumnca ;t q2
/kkf vghpun vbht
"/juczk" q3
huk, oata gnanu 'rpfn htsu oat icrea oa t,ht ,ntc q4
/vynk vcjrvc vzc rcsb `rpfn ubht
?,tyj icre ,uchhjnv uktu oat
5
rhafnf ohngpk tc oatv ',tyj icre unf 'sugu
,ukhgn oat ihc ,ekjn trndv ':s ,ujbnc :rpfnf tku
oatu rhzb oat ihck 'ohrpfn ova 'sjt smn ,ukzd oatu
hcd vru,v iuakc znurn ifu /ohrhafn ova 'hba smn grumn
"vrpf" vknva ;t 'grumn oatca 'rhzb oatu grumn oat
'grumnv ka oatv icrek ,fhha thva rurc tk 'vghpun
oat icre 'f"t /kkf vghpun vbht "vrpf" vknv rhzb oatcu
,ktab cuau /,tyjv unf euhsc – rhafvk odu rpfk kufh
tku 'teus oat icre ohfhrmn ukt ohren vnk 'vktav
'kank 'czu ,skuhn ohbua rhzbu grumn vnc ?,tyj icre
?oat od ohchhj uktu sckc ,tyj ohchhj ukta
kg ohbs ratf r,uhc vphrj oatv ka chhjnv ,kta

gcabv 'tndusk :oat ,uchhjnv uktk ,unus ,utrba ,urhcg
,guca gcabv ukhtu 'oat chhj 'vsuvu reac iusepv ,guca
ovhbaa p"gt 'sruhu vkug ,tyj icre chhj 'reac huyhc
ohcmnv ut ,urhcgv ,t sjuhnc ihhptn vn 6/reak ugcab
?oat icre ohchhjnv
?ohnkau 'vkug ',tyj ,ubcre ,nugk oat icre ihhptn vn
'oat icre ,uchhjnv ,urhcgv kg ubrcs vf sg
rhzb oatu grumn oat vn ,trek vktak xjhh,b vynk q5

/ohrhafn
lxv ukhtu 'oat chhj kgunv :iuhg ,ufhrma ,urjt ,utndus q6

ubvb ovhba vrutfka p"gt 'vguce ,tyj chhj vjanv inac
,nk tnyba ivf ukhtu 'oat chhj ,nk tnyba rhzb àsevn
rhzb ,ause ihc ohbuhns vcrv aha p"gt 'kkf icre chhj ubht
/ivf ,auseu
i,ht crv 4
rhtn
kg rcsk rucgb itf ìvk ;,uanu ivc sjuhn vn ubktau

vsucgk ;xubc ',ubcrev curc /uc sjuhnvu unmg icrev
ka hputv ,t ghcna sjuhn vagn ihjcvk i,hb ',hxhxcv
hsf jcznv ,ubre ws kg vns ,bh,bc ,sjuhn ,tyjv :icrev
otu '(ohsjuhnv ,tyj os hbhs rta sckn) rhafvk ut rpfk
,bh,b h"g vtnuyn jcznv ,t t¥y©jk vtc ,tyjva vtrb if
if otu 'jcznv kg khkf vkuf ,phrac ,sjuhn vkugv `7osv
ohnkavu `(:z ohjczc arupn ifu) wvk iurus vkugva vtrb
vtrb if otu 'ohkgck icrevn ekj ,epxvc sjuhn
'v"cev og vjnau vsugxc ohkgcv ,t ;,an ohnkava
vktv ,ubcrevn sjt kfk sjuhn hput ah 'if ot /kufhcf
ka o,uhsujhh hrjt rvrvk iht ìcrev vagnc tyc,na
/,ubcrev ,ru,c ukt ,ubcre
khdrv in hubha oua iht oat icrec 'ukt ,nugk

ka ,usjuhnv ,uehrzv oatc iht :vcrevv vagnc yuapvu
,tyj os hbhs rta uc ihta rnuk lhrm ihtu) ,tyjv
vkhftv tku 'vkugv ka ,sjuhnv vryevv tku '(ohsjuhnv
?oatc sjuhn vn :kutak i,hb 'if ot /ohnkav ka ,sjuhnv
,tyc,n vphtu ',ubcrev rta kkfc vz icre ka unuen vn
unf rhafnu rpfn oatva iuhf 'khgk ubhaeva unfu ?u,uhsujhh
tyc,na sjuhn hput oatk iht vrutfka er tk ',tyjv
ihc ,sjuhn vhmebup uk iht od tkt 'vcrevv vagnc
/,ubcrev
:l"b,c ohrjt ,unat
:ohtukhnv hcd 'uk:yf ,una( oheuxpv iuakn od gnan if q7

'lkun hcdk ifu `f"vuh hcd z"y erp trehu ihhg ifu `"ut§y¦ju"
;xt wr ka urntnc g"gu `)"hasen ,t tny ignk" 'd:f trehu
/,tyj icre h"ga vrpfv ihbgc vz lrfc arbsc
oat icre chy
5
ovhkga 'vru,c ohrfzbv "ohhnarv" ,unatv sckn

,unuenc ,unat vnf sug ah 'k"bv ,uktac ikvk iushb
,bcv kg rut ufhkaha vshnc ovk xjhh,b /l"b,c ohrzupn
:ohkhdrv ,unatv
utca rpuxn 'wu erp 'wt ktunac :oh,akpv oat (1

hbcn ,hrcv iurt ka u,jhek ceg oh,akpv kg ohabug
uyhkjvu iurtv ,jhekc ihruxhv ,t uk, oh,akpv /ktrah
rhzjvk tk ovhbezn vmg ukceu 'ktrah hbck u,ut rhzjvk
oatv "/oat" u,t chavk tkt "'oehr" iurtv ,t
a"g) ukcxa ohabugv ,rumc huag cvz vhv uchava
ukt cvz ,urumk utre vnk ihcb ot /(v-s oheuxpc
/hnarv oatv ,t od cuy r,uh ihcb hkut "'oat"
oherp 'trzg rpxc :trzg hnhc vcua,v hkgc oat (2

hbc urcga rpuxn '(d"h erp 'vhnjb rpxc od ihhgu) wh-wy
umru .rtk urzjaf trzg hnhc vcua, ka lhkv, ktrah
ktrah hbcn vcrva ohrav ukhda hrjt /,hcv ,t ,ubck
ivh,uab ,t uarda sckn ',uhrfb ohabk ohtuab uhv
teus vnk /oat icre – vrpfk icre uthcv od ',uhudv
ohygun ohrenc tkt tc ubht oatv 'vrutfk ?oat
,tcv v,hv ot ;t f"tu 'ohhphmpx stn ohrencu 'vru,c
,usumnu g"ctru h"ar uc,fa unf 'vga ,truv ,unatv
tku ,unat teus thcvk ovk uruv vnk 'r,t kg sus
uhv tka urnt /th ,u,hrf wndca thv ,nt ?,utyj
okufa tkt 'yuapv icunc ,curg, htuahb ukt ohtuahb
kct `,unat teus uthcv ifku 'uhv ,upurj ,ujpa hkguc
,uyap hp kg uarhpa 'r,t kg oharpnvu h"ar hpk
vcud,f oatc teus urjc vnk ihcvk ohfhrm 'oheuxpv
/uz vrhcgk
ihgc rcs ,ause kukhj :oat icre ka chhjnv :wc

i,ht crv 6
rhtn
oat ka ohrenv kfk ;,uanv rcsva jhfuvk vxbb

rcs ,ause kukhj tuv (f"jt uc rcsba 'huk, oatn .uj)
cyhv ihhgb f"jtu 'ohrenv kf kg vrmec rcsb vkhj, /8ihgc
/9sjt kfc
:,umuce akak oat ka ohrenv ,t ekjk i,hb
'ukt kfc :vpurj vjpa ,thc 'iusepv ,guca 'vkhgn (t

,ause ,t kkjn asevc kgunv :ihgc rcs kkjn tyujv
reac iusepv ,guca gcabv ùbnn vbvba h"g asevv
kuzdk jhkmv vz kukhj h"gu 'v"cev ka una ,t kkhj
vnmg vjpav ,ause kkhj vpurj vjpa kg tcvu `10ihgc
/(vkgck vrxt odu 'vkgck v,usjuhnc gdp 'rnukf) vkgck
kkj,ba ihgcv 'tnyba rhzbc :grumn 'tnyba rhzb (c
z"hgu tnyba '("urzb atr" ut) unmg rhzbv tuv u,ausen
,ausen kkj,b unmg grumnv ostv 'grumnc ifu /kkj,b
/jhfuvk vxbba unf 'vnka ktrah
vnus ubht vz vren :vguce ,tyj chhj ot epuxnv (d
ghdbaf vcjrvc uc rcsbu 'oatv ka ohrjt ohrenk
11
/rntnv ka wd ekjc oatv ka vhmebupv kg iuhsk
,uchhjnv ,urhcgvn ,jt kf chyc ruchsv ,t chjrb uhafg

:oat icre
kg vgpav uk aha asuev kukhj p"fg 'iusepv ,gucac 'ut q8

/vzc vynk ihhgu 'ihgc rcs
vcud, vuuvn oat icre teus lht rhcxvk vxbb wd ekjc q9
/ihgc ,ause kukhjk vnht,n
/vynk vzk xjhh,b ìcunf 'kkj,b tk vkzdv ihgc ,ntc q10
tk ifk 'uehpx h"g u,ausen kkj,b vzf osta znr h,tmn tk q11
/grumnvu rhzbv og vz vren h,kkf
oat icre chy
7
:vkhgn
(chhjnv ut) hputv ,rhejc ,ufhrtc ohbs ohburjtv

12
?asevn vruxt vtbv ut asev kzd vkhgn otv :vkhgn ka
kzd thv vkhgna ,uhtrvn vnf rhfzt 'rnutv ,rhmec

chhjnva (oa j"rdk) gnan ifk 'vyurp vuac urugha :asev
ogyva urnt 'sjt .urh,c :jh ,u,hrf wndc ifu `kzd tuv
f"vuha hbpn tuv vyurp hmjc vkhgn kg rpfn ubht f"vuha
vkhgna gnan cuau 'iunn kg tku 'ruxht kg tkt rpfn ubht
anuju irea urnt (rz v"s) :k ,ucu,f wxu,c ifu `kzd ubhhv
ohbhsvn ifu àsevn kzd khcac ihnuka, ov vkhgnc
ohprmnu 'vcurn inzk ,utbv ut ,ukhft ohprmn vkhgnca
'(:jh vkhgn) urhcj (,tbv ut) ,khftu (u,tbv ut) u,khft
ouan tuva k"h f"tu 'vkhdr vtbv ruxht itf ihta gnan
sjt iputa uarhp (ovh,uct v"s) /jh vkhgn wxu,c ifu `kzd
/kzd ubhhvu 'asev ,uarn vtmuv tuv vkhgn ka
tku vtbv ruxht thv vkhgna ,uhtr vnf ah 'lshtn

wv erp vkhgn vban) vkhgn rjt vkhgn ka ohren ah :kzd
kgn sjta k"r '(vkhgn ,ufkvn wu erp o"cnr 'd vban
vkhgna gnan f"tu '.pjv u,utc kgnu urhcj tc ztu asevc
rapt lhtu 'asevn iuatrv ukzd rcf tv f"ta 'kzd vbht
/vtbv ruxht itf aha rnuk r,uh tjhb tkt `cua ukzdk hbak
tka gnan (wj vfkv vkhgn ,ufkvn wu erp) o"cnrvn ifu
',ubvhk lhrm tkt 'chhj,vk hsf asev ,uarn thmuvk ehpxn
vkhgn ,ufkvn wj erp 'o"cnrv kg j"rdv haushjc vzc ihhg q12

wj wngn 'vbvu v"s 'wd kkf 't,hhruts iuu,t g"gu `wt vfkv
iuhzc" vrhejv ka hbav smk ohtruea ohburjtvn ah /lkhtu
okufa ihbgk sjt kfv s"bgk kct "'asev kukhj" ut "asev
,kzd ,nugk 'asevv ka vausev kg vpe,v kg ohsen,n
/asev ,uarn asevv
i,ht crv 8
rhtn
o"cnrvn gnan ifu /kzd tku vtbv ruxht itf aha gnanu
ubht asev hxfb cbudva '(wt vfkv wc erp) vchbd ,ufkvc
tv 'asev cbda iuhf tvs 'udhan oa s"ctrvu 'ire tkt chhj
ubhhv vkhgn 's"ctrvka vtrb tkt òatu anuj chhju 'kgn
ihhg ifu /vbvha sg vkhgn iht o"cnrk ukhtu '(vchbd ut) kzd
13
"/vtbv ruxht" vkhgnk trea (vxdc v"s) /df ,u,hrf h"ar
kzd ut vbht vkhgna gnan ohrjt ,uruenn kct

ahnd r,uh chhjn vk ah tkt 'sujk vtbv ruxht ut sujk
chhjnv :vtbvu kzd ka ohphgxv h,a kg juxpk kufha 'cjru
ihc kzd h"g ihc tyc,vk vkufha 'asevv ,ausec vghdp tuv
ahndu cjr r,uh tuv vkhgn ka chhjnva 'vz daun /vtbv h"g
gn,an 'sujk vtbv ut sujk kzd unf rmu hphmpx chhjnn
iuhxb thv vkhgn 14"/hubha tkt kgn iht" ':jh vkhgn wndn
rcsk tuva vnn u,ubak 'asevv ka ausev xuyyxc gudpk
aht ,at hcdk "kgn" (1 :,utndus h,ac vfhann wndv /rjt
,sjuhn ,uhvn v,bhaa '(ch:v rcsnc) "kgn uc vkgnu" –
h"g 'wv hpkf "kgn" (2 òhrjtk od vnmg rh,vk vkgck
hrjt ubzhu 'ovh,uct hvk-tc ukgnhu" :z"g ktrah hbc uscga
wv ,t sucgkn ubhaa '(vf:v 'wt ohnhv hrcs) ".rtv hng hvkt
v"s) oa vkhgnc wxu, ihhgu 15/ohrjt ohvkt uscgu ufkvu
vkhgna urhgva 'oatu v"s '/dh ,u,hrf 'ohbah wxu, ihhg ifu q13
huua uk ihta p"gt ';udv ,ause vhkg kjs iuhf r,ubc ,fhha
kzd iht vrutfk tvs 'kzd ubhhv vkhgna rnuk vae f"tu 'kkf
/iunn hkc
tcun ifu `t"h varp 'vcujs truchs 'trehu ,arp 'trpxc ifu q14
iht" :vbua juxhbv ,unuen ,mec /uy:v trehu ',"vg h"arc
"/hubha tkt ouen kfc vkhgn
ouenc tmnb "kgn" 'ukkv ,utndus h,aca tuv vren tku q15
,sjuhn hre( ,asuen v,hv vatv :kkj,b zta aushe vhva
vatv vfkv ztu 'wvk ohause uhv ktrah hbcu 'vkgck ),sguhnu
ktrah ka ovhtbua ufkvu 'rjt og v,bhza h"g vkkj,bu
oat icre chy
9
ajr,vk kufh vkhgn ka vzv "hubha"va uarhpa '(ovh,uct

thmuva h"g (2 ut 'asevv in vbvba h"g (1 :ohfrs h,ac
vkhgn wxu,ka gnan 'f"t /asevn kzd k"r 'asev ,uarn
,ausec vghdp tkt 'sujk vtbv ruxht ut sujk kzd vbht
/ikzdv odu vbvbv od ,kkufa 'asevv
wndv ka vzk vnus juxhbv (wc texhp 'rcsnc) hrpxc

tkt ouen kfc vkhgn iht" :hkhkau ;hrj r,uh kct 'vkhgnc
od ,uhvk kufh hubha ifa – hubha er vbht vkhgn "/rueha
ka ,uugu ;uhzu ;ukhx k"r 'rUeh¦J tkt – hkhka odu hcuhj
ifu 16/,ujpu gurd xuyyxk uka ausev xuyyxv in asevv
ohndr,n shn, vru,v kg ohnudr,v rtau xukebut oudr,
rea,u" xukebutc odru,n "'vatc kgn vkgnu" :"rea"f "kgn"
odru,n "kgn kgn, hf apb" 'vnmg vkhgn hcdk ifu "/rea uc
asevv ,t ;kxnu ,uugn kgunva "'rea reah hrt abt"
vagb asevv 'wvk sjuhnu asuen ,uhvk ouenc ù,ausen
'yuhsv ostk vtbv-ruen vagb ut (kzd) yuhsv ost ka xfbv
/(u,ause ,gdpb p"fg ut) vh,ause vhk tkzt tkhnnu
vkhgn ,ufkvn wu erp) o"cnrv od 'k"bv wxu,v unf

esc hase hcdk) vkhgn ka "ohmurg" hba rt,n (v-d ,ufkv
hba .urgu '(kzd) asev ,uarn vtmuv ka sjt .urg :(,hcv
vkhgna ohfxn o"cnrv oda vtrb vrutfk 'f"t 17/vtbv ka
vkufh tkt 'sujk vtbv ut sujk kzdk ,nmnumn vbht
vghdp tuv chhjnva vtrb f"tu 'vzc odu vzc od tyc,vk
/rfb ktk uduuszbu wv ,t uczga h"g ukkj,bu

ovhaurhpc uc,f o"hcknvu inpuv hcm sus wrva rhgvk ah q16
/rcs u,utk ubuuf,v ("rueha") hrpxvu ("hubha") wndv ,ntca
ka urntnc ihhg 'vzc j"rdv ,gsk h,buuf v"zgca h,htr uhafg q17
,hcc (infhhr hcm crv h"g lrgba) ehwmhhcukux s"hrdv ubhrun
/oa wt ,ut ws ekjc sjuhncu '45-84 wng 's"f ejmh
i,ht crv 10
rhtn
teus lht rhcxvk vxbb wd ekjc ikvk 18/asevv ,ausec

/vz chhjnk vbgn ep©xn oat
:reac iusepv ,guca
:ohsrpb ohchhjn hban ,cfrun reac iusepv ,guca

ka khdr kzdu 'reak unac gcaba h"g wv oa ,ause kukhj
/gcab uhkga rcsv
ka una ,t ,kkjn rea ,gucaa vru,c arupn

hbt 'lhekt oa ,t ,kkju 'reak hnac ugca, tku" :v"cev
,ut 'wc varp 'ohause wp) trpxc urnt ifu /(ch:yh trehu) "wv
o"cnrv c,f ifu òav kukhj vzc aha tua ,guca hcd (wz
vcrvc arupn ifu `(c-t ,ufkv c"h erp) ,uguca wkvc
vvz iusepv ,guca 'kukhjv ihbgk /ohbuatru k"zjc ,unuen
tuv ,ugucav ihc ihjcnv 19/huyhc ,gucau ,usgv ,guca og
,guca gcabva :iusepv ,gucac er ohhev ;xub ybnkt
og wv kukhj ka vz cfrv /vgucav h"g kzud tuv hrv 'iusepv
iva ',urjtv ,ugucav kkfn iusepv ,guca thmun 20kzd
hkc ukhpt vkhgn ,uhvk rapta yuapa rhgvk ouenv itf q18
rjt kgun ovca ohrenca rurc hrv – vagnk hubha ut rueha
f"tu 'vbuatrv vkhgnv h"g ihkujk .pjv tmh tk 'chhj kgun
rtab asevva 'hubha ut rueha oua vagb tk vagnk
hubha ut rueha teus utk ubhhv vkhgna k"m f"t /u,ausec
"rheavku" ,ubak kgunv h"g jkmun-tk iuhxb ;t tkt 'jkmun
/u,ausen asevv ,t
kg kct 'trehu ka wv erpc ikuf ,urfzb uktv ,ugucav aka q19
kgu 'sruhu vkug ,tyj thcn huyhc ,gucau ,usgv ,guca
/oat thcn iusepv ,guca
hpk sjuhnc eusv tuv kzd og wv kukhj cfrva rhgvk ah q20
'okakn okugk rypb 'gc,bv gcaba iuhfa '/ue e"cc cr ,yha
iuhfa "'okah tku uhkgc jeku" ch,fs 'f"jt ohsg utc ukhptu
oat icre chy
11
kufh oat teusa 'oat icre chhjnu 'sruhu vkug ,tyjc

'vzv vrencu) ihgc rcs kg ghpana asuev kukhj kg ,ubgk
vzk xjhh,b 'wd ekjc 'ikvk /(kzdbv rcsv ubhhv 21ihgcv
/vcjrvc
:vpurj vjpa ,thc
ke tku ',fcuxn vrhcg thv vpurj vjpa ,thc

ovn odu 'cuhjv h¥t²b, kf ihcn hrehgv chhjnv uvn ihjcvk
:uca oh°h°banv ohtb,v kf ka ovhshep,
ah :(f:yh trehu) "v,spb tk vspvu ///vjpa tu¦vu" (1

vhmja hnc ut vrund vjpac rcusn ot ohtb, ,eukjn
otv 'rnk ihcu rnk ihc kct /ihruj ,c vhmju vjpa
vjpa ,thc ka cuhjv ,rhmh omgk vcuaj ,Ujpav
ruxhtf vrunj uz vrhcg vhv, tka hsf er ut 'vpurj
vatc ,ujpa aha vz otv 'rnukf ?khdr aht ,at
rcfa 'ouka, ukce ukhtf huv vgucav ,t ohkgcv ukcea

inhx 'vsuvh iurfz ,"uac cr ,yhac arhp if) gc,bv "okha"
vzc ihhgu) cr ,yha sdb uexp ohbuatrv cura p"gtu /(s"g
,me gnana 'c"ha, inhx 'ws ekj 'drucbyurn o"rvn ,"uac
wr ,yhac u,yhak sv ah ot '(crf exp o"rvn ka uruna
an,an gcabv 'iusepv ,gucaca tmuh 'vh,uuf k"hhes injb
f"tu 'unmgc ouka,f tkt 'okakn ruypf er tk vgucac
/kzdbv .pjv sgc wv kukhj "okha"
anuju ire chhj ubht 'ihgc vkzdv iht ota rnuk h,buuf iht q21
huyhc ,gucau ,usgv ,guca ihc ekjk tkt h,tc tk òatu
'hba smn iusepv ,guca ihck 'tshrd wv kukhj iva 'sjt smn
/urhcjn rcs kuzdk hgmntf gcabk anana wv kukhj thva
vgpav oua ,nrud vbht vgucav 'huyhc ,gucau ,usgv ,gucac
vnmgc vgucav 'iusepv ,gucac ukhtu 'rjt rcs kg vrhah
/vkzdv ,t ikzdk ,kzud
i,ht crv 12
rhtn
icrev cuhj omgk hrehg orud vuuvn (vkufc ut vhmjc)

ihta er ,nrud v,ujpaa ut '(vatk) ,ueknvu (kguck)
's"c ,,hn cuhj ovhkg iht ifku 'ihrund ihaushe vhaushe
',ueknc vatku icrec chhj,vk ahtk ouen ah f"tu
ihbgk v,ujpa ka v,ugnan vn 'sugu ?v,hn abug ouenc
od vkhgcv ruxhtk vphxun v,ujpa otv :vrhcgv hput
h"g unmg kgucv kukhj ihn ut '(vhbustn) kzd vagn ihgf
?vrund ktrah ,ause vk ihta vat kgca
ruen tkt vbht v,ujpaa gnan onmg oheuxpvn

arpn (oa) h"ar ifu "/vapj tk hf u,nuh tk" :tkuek
/vrunj f"f vrhcgv iht ifk 'ihrund ihaushe vhaushe ihta
ka chhjnv og ,ck,an vbht v,ujpaa gnan 'f"t
chhjk ouen ,b,ubu v,rnuj kg vkhen er tkt 'vrhcgv
g"ctrv aurhpc ihhgu 22/s"c ,,hn ouenc ,ueknu icre
ruypk hsf er tk vcuaj v,ujpaa arpna 'ubrupxc ihhg kct q22

:vause kukhj thv uz vat ,khgca ourdk od tkt 's"c ,,hnn
///vjpa hmj kugck 'wv asue ,t kkhja tkt ubht tyjv rehg"
,t kkhj" kgucva urnutc c"m "/asuev kukhj kg oat chrenu
?ugrz kukhjk ut 'unmg kgucv ;ud kukhjk u,buuf otv "'wv asue
euxpvn uarsa 'ivfk vthc hruxht hcd /jg ihaushe wndc ihhgu
zta 'u,thc rundha sg chhj ubht ohnhuxn ohrenca "kkjh tk"
lhrms tvs 'if ihsv vpurj vjpac od hkut f"tu 'ugrz kkjn
od ihhgu /vc ugrz kukhj tuv chhjnva iuhf tuv vthc rnd
ohabk ohtuab uhv ogvn vcrva rpuxn oaa 'wy erp trzgc
grz ucrg,v" :vff cmnv ,t trzgk urth, ohravu ',uhrfb
grzk vbuufv ot rurc tk ,ntc vznu `",umrtv hngc asev
'uthmuva grzv kukhjk ucajb ,uhrfbv ohabc ovh,uthca 'ann
'ktraha rnukf "'asuev grz" ka cjr r,uhv icunk o,buuf ut
/i,ut utab k"r ',umrtv hngc ucrg,v 'asuev grz ova
trzg hnhc okufa :th ,u,hrf wndc k"zj urnta khgk ubrfzvu
ihc okut /vrpfk ,unat uthcv ifku ',upurj ,ujpa hkguc uhv
oat icre chy
13
ihbgk vcuaj v,ujpaa uhrcsn gnana '(,rec v"s 'f:yh)

eaug tuv hf 'varpv ,tz rhfzvk ogyu" :cuhjv omg
'g"ctr ,gsk 23"/oat kht thch if kg 'vjpav hbst
'kzd vagnf ypan iaujc od uz vrhcg vch,fn ,ujpav
gnan kct /vruxt vthc vagnf rzgv ictc er tku
,neunn vnk k"r "'varpv ,tz rhfzvk ogyu") ubuakn
rehg tuv eaugva rnuk g"ctr tc tka (itf uz varp
ovhbaa tkt 'cuhjv omgk vcuaj vbht ,uahtvau 'tyjv
/cuhjc ohcuaj ohnrud
aha ohnrud Vahtk vhaushe :(oa) "ahtk ,prjb" (2

cu,f vyuxv hcdka unf `vkgck v,usjuhn kukhj v,thcc
aht ,at ka v,ubzc aha '(ch:v rcsnc) "kgn uc vkgnu"
tuv if 'usck vkgck vhaushe ,kkjna h"g vkgcc vkhgn
vjpa ,thc ihc vuav sm ah f"tu 'vpurj vjpac od
kukhj ah ikufca 'iusepv ,gucau 'asevc vkhgn 'vpurj
24
/vause
vn rurc tk 'ugrz kukhjk ut kgucv kukhjk ubrupxv ,buuf ot

vjpa kgc ot er cuhj ah vnk :uz vrhcgc ,uahtv ouen
?,hrfb o,x tku 'vjpa teus vnk 'sugu ?,prjb
tk") eaugu kzdk ohruaev ohbhs vnf ah uz varpca iuhf 'k"r q23
hnac ugca, tku ///u,hngc aht urea, tku uajf, tku ucbd,
tku lgr ,t eag, tk ///wv hbt lhekt oa ,t ,kkju reak
hbp rsv, tku ks hbp ta, tk ypanc kug uag, tk ///kzd,
vpurj vjpa od '(]uy-th trehu[ "l,hng ypa, esmc kusd
/eaug ka sm vc aha 'itf ,fhha
hbpk tyja tyjv sckns tmnb///" '(cf:yh) vnfj lanc ihhgu q24
'uxhhpku urhcj ,t ,umrk lhrm sug 'icre thcn vz kga 'wv
'wy ;s vdhdjs e"p ihhgu ///u,at ,t uhkg rxta 'ueagu uxnjs
kufh ubhta ,uugn huv 'vkgc kg vrxtu aht ,at kg tcva
w'u,tyj kfw tku wu,tyjn uk jkxbuw 'ch,f ifk /]iue,k[ ie,vk
wv hbpk uk rpfuw 'ch,f z"g 'ouenk ost ihc tyja vn ers
i,ht crv 14
rhtn
,u,hrfc vbanc :(oa) "grz ,cfa vat ,t cfah hf" (3

rnd f"tt vpurj vjpa ,khgc kg chhj ubhta ubhba :h
u,thc tv,a "'grz ,cfa" euxpvn if usnku 'u,thc
kg ghpan vz htb, lhtu ot rurhc lhrmu /ghrzvk vhutr
25
/vrhcgv ka hputv
lanva vtrb "/ouenk ost ihc 'aurhp w'tyj rat u,tyj kg

ka ihbg vpurj vjpa ,thcc aha g"ctr og ohfxn vnfj
lank ukhtu 'vjpav hbust eaga ubhhv g"ctrk kct 'kzdu eaug
h"g tkt 'vnmg vkhgcv h"g tku 'vkgc ,t eag vnfj
/zb ihrsvbx h"arc od ihhgu /okugk vkgck v,rxut vkhgcva
vpurj vjpak vnus vrenc vat kgca huda 'uhkg drvb v"s
/kzd ouan drvb
vrun vthc rndk lrumv hkuta hk ghmv rgegp ohhj wrv hshsh q25
haushec tvs 'vatv ,t asek kgucv h"g iuhxb tuv chhjnva
cua hkut f"tu) vthc rndc er vatv ,t vbue asenv vthc
kg ihbe vagn gmck vxbna k"r 'kzd ka ihbg uz vrhcgc ubtmn
tka '/h ihaushec wndvn vzc hk vaeuv kct /(urhcj ka u,at
rnd kg kgucv ,gsa ouan tkt vthc rndc vbuea urnt
kg u,gs ost o,xa tbsnut tkt 'ihs itf iht f"tu 'vthc
,ubek u,gs v,hv ota thv d"vcv ,yha ,ntcu /vthc rnd
'vpurj vjpac ukhtu `vthc rnd m"tu 'zt vbue 'vthc ,khj,c
'vthc rndc tkt cuhj ihta 'vshrun tku vkgn tk kgucv ,gs
/g"mu 'vpurj vjpa ,thck ohkhcen obht vthc haushe f"tu
ubht vnk 'rjt ,at asek vxhba ouan cuhjv ots 'g"m sug
h"g tvs .r,k ah hkut kct) ?vthc h"g asek vxhb f"tt chhj
ut ;xf h"g f"tan 'vause kukhj ka ;xub ybnkt ah vthc
(/rya
euxpvn ohbhs vnf usnk /th ,u,hrf wndca rhgvk ah sug
uz vthck osuen vkugc ,uhvk vjpav vfhrma :"grz ,cfa"
kgucc tkt chhj ubhta ifu 'ghrzvk vhutrv vthc tv,a hsf
ohbhsu `ghrzvk vhutrv vthc vbht vfrsf tkac tvs 'vfrsf
kf usnka iuhf 'sugu /vthc haushe hcdk ohnhhe obht ukt
oat icre chy
15
kukhj tuv hzfrnv ybnktva tuv s"bgk rc,xn hfv

tkt 'chhjnv ,t ,rmuh vbht ,Ujpav `vkhgcv h"g ihaushev
r,uh kukhjk s"c ,,hn iugn tyjv ,rnuj ,t vshrun er
ihcvk vae – rehgv thv ,ujpav ot rnukf – ,rjt /ke
vhmju vjpa vhmjc rcusna s"nku) ,hrfbk vjpa ihc eukhjv
/(vjpa vkufu vjpa vhmj ihc eukhjv ihcvk vae 'ihruj ,c
'iusepv ,gucau vkhgn unf 'vpurj vjpa ,thc 'if ot
v,hva 'vjpav ,ause ubhhv 'vause kukhj kg oat ,chhjn
/vkgck ,asuen
:tnyba rhzb
,zfr,n u,auseau 'ause rhzbva vru,c arupn

hf" ifu '(v:u rcsnc) "uatr rga grp ksd 'vhvh ase" :urgac
vtmu,v 'rhzbv tnyb ot /(z:u oa) "uatr kg uhekt rzb
ot,p g,pc uhkg ,n ,unh hfu" :urga ihbgk teus ,rtu,n
ouhc uatr ,t aseu" 'rvybafu '(y:u oa) 26"urzb atr tnyu
kkj,bau 'u,ause ,zfr,n uca ihgcv 'f"t /(th:u oa) "tuvv
,ufkvn wv erp) o"cnrv od "/urzb atr" tuv 'tnyb ot
/tnyba rhzb hcdk kukhj ka iuakc an,an (z"h vfkv ,urhzb
rta ,t ceug tnyba rhzb 'if ot /,uruen vcrvc ifu
,ause kukhj ka vren tuv oda 'oat ,uchhjnv ,urhcgv
atr ut) unmg ostv tuv kkj,ba ihgcv itfa tkt 'ihgc
vhutrv vthc tv,a okuf ,buufu 'euxp u,utn vktv ohbhsv

rehgf vthc rndk lrumv ,t teus xup,k vae 'ghrzvk
/vrhcgv ka ihhptnv
vrutfku 'xbutc tnyb ot ;t icre chhj rhzbva rhgvk ah od q26
ka vbug ohkavk rsb tuva iuhf vzk htrjt cajb rhzbv
,ufkvn wy erp) o"cnrc ihhgu /ohkav tk tvu ,urhzb ,ause
ivhkga ",urhcg" og tnyba rhzbv ,t kkfa '(wt vfkv ,udda
/ikvk vzc chjrbu /oat thcn
i,ht crv 16
rhtn
/(urzb
27
:rvyhk tca grumn
vrnt tk vru,v tvs 'u,grmk htrjt grumnv vnk ruthc lhrm q27
l"b,c vghpun ,grma rhgvk ahu /vrhcg ouan ,grm vtca
hbca wvk rntaf (ws erp ,una) grymb van :,urhcgk abugf
vrcsaf vgrymb ohrn `wv ,ujhkac utucc uk ubhnth tk ktrah
'ivf vhv tka) lknv uvhzugu `(c"h erp rcsnc) van kg r"vak
hrcs) asenv ,hcc ,ruye rhyevk vxhbaf grymb (icunf
vbun wndv '/zy ihfrgc ,nxrupnv wndc ifu /(u"f erp wc ohnhv
ukt kfa ',ujsk rapt kct /ohtc ohgdb ivhkga ,urhcg wz
jhfuvk ,uh,fkv ,uruenn ,uhtr od ohfhrm ifku 'vsdt hrcs
grumnv ifkau ',urhcgk abugf ,xp,b ,grm vfkvv hbhgc oda
,uh,fkvv ,uruenv ,t ;hxuvk ah ifk /u,rvy lhkv,k htrjt
cajb grumnva gnan '(wd vban wv erp) ohkea vbanc :vktv
w'rfzw w'kdgw 'ivhkg cu,fu 'asenc uhv ,un,uj vgcrt" :tyujk
"/ihgrumn ka ,unvc aka hfxb og anan wtyujw ///wtyujw w'hsdw
ihs aha gnan (wz ,ut 'wv varp 'grumn ,arp) trpxc ifu
cuak grumnv ,t jhfuvk lhrm gdbv ,t ,utrk tca ivfva
'u,hck gdbv tc smhf ivfv esesh w'ivfk shdvu tcuw///" :vcua,c
tkt ohtc ohgdbv iht 'hbcw :ohauchf hrcs ivfv uk rnth rntk
w',uagku stn runak ,grmv gdbc rnavw 'rntba 'grv iuak kg
tkt ?vzk vz ihbg vn hfu `wohrnk wv vag rat ,t rufzw
rzgkt ic iugna wr (y) w///grv iuak kg tkt vabgb tka snkn
"////vhzugc ubhmn ifa 'ohtc ohgdb jurv ,uxd kg ;t 'rnut
vsdt hrcs er tku 'tuv tbhs ivfv ,jfu, cuhja vtrbu
wu erp 'ksbtnreum ,rusvn 'ohgdb) t,pxu,c od ifu /rxunu
epx 'ihxhrd hbaf uc ah epx ?gdbv ,hhtr smhf" '(wz t,hhrc
kmt tc vhv 'ohnustca osnstu iheurhca ererh epx 'uc iht
ihta 'lc ruzju 'lnmgc apapu tmw 'uk rntu rnut ivfvu 'ivfv
hxd kg tkt tc ,grmv ihtu 'grv iuak kg tkt ihtc ohgdbv
ic iugna wr ///iuh,rc tkt ostv ,t is ouenv ihtu 'jurv
ifa 'ihtc ihgdb jurv ,uxd kg ;tw 'rhtn wr ouan rnut rzgkt
oat icre chy
17
jhfuvk ah s"bgk kct 'vrunj vtnuy tny grumnva rurc

/j ,uguca wndc :vrund ktrah ,ausen kkj,b grumnva f"d
unf) tkue vzht ovc aha ,ubcre cuhjn ryup f"vuha t,ht
ryup ubht f"vuh vnk 'f"t ',ktua wndvu '(sruhu vkug icre
/sruhu vkuga 'tkue vc aha iuhf 'u,tyj cuhjn grumnv ,t
'zy:zy trehu) "o,tyj kfk" er rpfn f"vuha ,mr,n wndvu
vtnuy ka ihbg thv ,grmu "'o,tnuy kfk" tk kct '(tf:zy
k"xs 'hbnjb rc ktuna wrk tv 'vaen wndv /tyj ka tku
,grm od hrv ',urhcg wz kg ohtc ohgdba (/zy ihfrg wndc)
,t ruypku rpfk lhrm vhv f"vuh f"tu "'o,tyj kf" kkfc
vtc tk 'hbnjb rc a"rk ;ta ,mr,n wndvu /u,tyjn grumnv
thv tkt – ,grmv ,t vnrda vrhcgv kg rpfk ,tyjv
ah grumnca gnan vrutfk 'f"t 28"/kvec hhur,atk" vtc
gnan 'kve ruxht ah otu 'urh,vk tc icreva kve ruxht
29
/vause ka surh cmnc tmnb grumnva
(wt vfkv ,udda ,ufkvn wy erp) o"cnrv ifu "/wuvhzgc ubhmn

ah 'lshtn) /oat thcn ivhkga ",urhcg" og grumnv ,t kkf
vtc tka ohrcuxu ohekuj aha gnan /j ,uguca wndca rhgvk
"o,tnuy kf" og ,grmv ,t ukkf ifku) tyj ouan ,grmv
abugf vtc hbnjb rc a"rk erau '("o,tyj kf" og tku
(/tyjk
"ohasec hhur,atk" tkt "'kvec hhur,atk" ohxrud obhta ah q28
xhrd tbkhu ,rusvnc ubhbpk kct /(ohrupf rxujn kf unf)
ifu 'oa (ohhngp vz huyhc urhfzva) wxu, ,xrhd ifu "'kvec"
rhgv tbkhu ,rusvnc iuhkdc vhdnvu /atdn h"rv ,xrhd
uk vtrb ifku "'ohasec" thv txrhdv 'x"ac ohrjt ,unuenca
iht "kvev" ,xrhda hbpn odu ',ugucac itf txrhdv ifa htsu
"ohasec" wxu,c od vhdvk lhrm 'f"ta sug rhgvu `rja uk
/ohhngp "kvec" ouenc ohhngp
kve ruxht ,njn grumnc vthc ruxht aha rnuk h,buuf iht q29
tkt '(grumn ka ,ukct hduvhb ,njn vthc ruxht aha ;t)
u,ause uk vrxja 'ktrah kkfc "oka rcj" ubht grumnva
i,ht crv 18
rhtn
cuaj ckaa vzn 'vndpb grumnv ,ausea gnan sug

hzfrnu cuaj ckak vnus grumnv 30,rvy lhkv,c hzfrnu
31
/ohtukhnv xeyc ohbvf ,uhvk uhbcu irvt ,asev lhkv,c
asek ovk vag, rat rcsv vzu" 'cu,f oa varpv ,khj,c
,ubcrev ,crev kkfc 'f"jtu '(t:yf ,una) "hk ivfk o,t
lub, kg ohtukhnv khtn os ohak vuumn ',urjtv ,usucgvu
unf 'ohbvfv ka ,uhbnhv kdrvu shv ,ubuvc kgu ,hbnhv izutv
ifu `rvyhk tcv grumnv kg ukt ,unuenc os ohak vuumna
ah k"zjc 32/grumnk ohauga unf 'ohbvfv kg ina una
,t asek v,hv osv i,n ,hkf,a oharupn ,uruen
kg rat osv in ,jekuw" '(r,t kg) kusdv arsnc 33:ohbvfv
aus¦e rnd tka cu,fv shdn w'irvt kg ,hzvu wudu jcznv
t,khfn) trpxc ifu "/ovhkg osv ,hzvc tkt uhbcu irvt
kgu uhsdc kgu irvt kg zhuw" '(s"k inhx 'um ,arp 'ohtukhns
uhbcu irvt aushe oka tka ,snk tv w'uhbc hsdc kgu uhbc
thcn (wg ,ut 'vum, ,arp) vnka vru,cu "/osv ,tzvc tkt
,njn ubht (vnuj hrgnu) vbjnv in ujukha hkutu /vnkav

tkt ',ussuc,vu ,ushscc vcua, vagha hsf ut tshrd u,tnuy
kkfvn ekj ,uhvk vfuz ubht vnudp u,ausea inz kfa iuhf
/kkfv og crugnu
rvybu kcy rcf grumnva p"gt "vrvy" jbunc h,an,av q30
'grumnv ,asevu ,rvyu rafv lhkv, kfk h,buufu 'vzv ckac
/iurjtv ckak sgu ohrpmv ,hhagn
snkk hsf vhv ohbvfv hcd xeyv kfa urhgv 'kusdv arsnc q31
ubhcv k"zja p"fg ubtmn f"tu 'grumnv ,t rvyk lht o,ut
/vktv ohxeyv hba ihc cuaj iuhns aha
ouen kg oauv tku 'vjanv ina vhv inav ohbvfv kmt kct q32
ovhkg i,hba ,unuenc inav i,hb grumnc ukhtu ';udc hphmpx
/osv
cur kct 'rpfk v,hv osv ,hkf,a ,uruen ah if unf q33
/aushe kg ohrcsn ,uruenv
oat icre chy
19
,jekuw" :vru,k uaurhpc o"cnrv ic t"r h"g yyumna arsn

kg ,jt vhzv w///vjanv inanu jcznv kg rat osv in
uhbcn sjt kf [kg vzn] ifu 'vhzv v,utc ase,n tuvu 'irvt
ohburjtu ohbuatr vcrv od "/ohsdcv in sjt kf kgu
'ohbvfv ,t asek u,hkf, osv i,na urhcxv ovhaurhpc
34
/ohyrpk vrgvc ihhgu
og vvz grumnc izutv lub,u ,ubuvcv i,na vscugv

unf tuv ihbgv grumnc oda znrn ohtukhnv ka xeyv
:thsvk (sh:sh trehu) g"ctr c,f ifu /aushe ka ihbg :ohbvfc
tuva ',grmvn rvynv vbvu ùnuenn gush ungy w'lub, kgw"
grumnv 'osv i,n hsh kg 35"////ush tknha ivfv unf ';udc
osn vzv vbvu" '(tf:yf ,una 'rmev aurhp) trzg ict c,f q34
kg 'asev ,jan ina og 'ause tuva 'jcznv kg rat khtv
haurhpn thsvk gnan ifu "/ohause ov vbvu 'uhsdc kgu irvt
'(oa) xjuhn ubhcr '(oa) d"ckr '(vum, ,arp) o"cnrv ic t"r
vru, ihhg) ohrjtu '(um ,arp) ejmh ,usku, '(oa) ktbcrct
sug thcna 'wg 'y"x 'j"x ,uh,ut 'y"f erp 'vum, ,arp 'vnka
hrjt van h"g ktrah hbc kg osv ,ehrz hcdk od /(vzc ohaurhp
'rmev aurhp) trzg ict arhp 'hbhxc v"cev og ,hrcv ,,hrf
kg zhuw unf w'ogv kg erzhu ///osv ,t van jehuw" '(j:sf ,una
'if ot "///u,ause v,hv ucu '(k 'j trehu) wuhsdc kgu irvt
i,n ihck hbhxc ktrah hbc kg osv ,ehrz ihc raen g"ctr
v,hv osv ,hkf, ovhbaca 'ohtukhnv xeyc ohbvfv kg osv
/ohnus ohrcs c,fa '(j:sf ,una) hhjc ubhcr aurhpc g"gu /asek
grumn hbhs vnfa tuv u,ausec vshrh kcux grumnva znr sug q35
'uhsdc orup 'opa kg vyug 'uatr vxfn) ,ukct hbhsk ohnus
grumnv 'ucure kg kct,n kctva unfu '(ouka ,ktac ruxt
hcm crv oac h,gna lf) ,n unmg tuva 'unmg kg kct,n
ka uruth,n f"d gnan ',nk cajb unmg grumnva vzu /(ryfa
ifu /(ch:ch rcsnc) ",nf hv, tb kt" :,grumnv ohrnk irvt
'sugu /,nf cuaj grumnva (/v z"g ':sx ohrsb) k"zj urnt
i,ht crv 20
rhtn
/vnkav ktrah ,ausek vkug
:vguce ,tyj chhj ot epuxnv
kct 'huk, oat chhj 'vguce ,tyj chhj ot epuxnv

,ntcu 'vf sg ivhkg ubrcsa ukt kfn vbua uz "vrhcg" s"bgk
cmnc osta vhmehsbht oua iht od /kkf vrhcg htsu itf iht
epxc u,uhvc vause kukhj aha ut 'vause kukhj kcux vzf
vnk ihcvk rjt ouenc apjk lhrm 'if ot /vrhcg rcg ot
/wd ekjc vynk vzc chjrbu 'oat cuhj itf ah
oat icre ka vhmebupv :wd
vcud, epxn oat icre teusa ,utrvk vxbb ikvk

wv hpkf gmun unmg icreva hsh kg – ihgc ,ause kukhjk
'ohnkau 'vkug ',tyj ,ubcre unf tka /vause ka ihgcf
'vryev ',usucgv ws) icrev vagnc tk sen,n oatv
hsh kg v,gmvu vnmg vnvcv ka ",Ubhgcv" kg tkt '(vkhft
if kgu 'vb,nf wvk ,gmun vkugv oda ,urnk /wvk ohkgcv
lhkv, hrjt er wvk ,gmun thv n"n 'k"zj h"g iurus ,treb
kfk osue gmun oatv ukhtu ',usucg ka lcuxnu cfrun
/tuva vagn
tnyn ,nva unfa 'unmg ,nk ohnus ohbputc tnyn grumnv

grumnva rurca iuhf /k"nftu "'ucaunc" tnyn grumnv 'kvtc
f"f tk f"tu ',hbjur v,hn u,,hn ',hnad vbhjcn ohheu hj
hrcs ohgh,pn iht od /vausec vshrh vzc aha rnuk asujn
ka lhkv, ,ntc tuv grumnv ,rvy lhkv,a 'lubhjv rpx
tuv grumnv ,jkd,a arpn lubhjv 'd"ge vumnc :"vasj vshk"
ohhj ohnc u,khcy ifu `rga hkc 'unuh ic eubh,f vhvha hsf
tkt 'ihbcc kcuy ubht ifka 'asj okugk asjn skuba znrn
/hgcy rcsc
oat icre chy
21
vb,n ubht oatv 'ohrenv curca jhfuvk vxbb sug

'i,ubv ,t vahbgna vb,n tkt 'tshrd ihgc ,gmv ut tshrd
/vreh vnvc ,uhvk chhj oatva iuhf
:,ubcrev ,uharpc oheuxpv iuakc iuhg
'wvk ihgcf u,gmvc tmnb oatv ka sjuhnv uhputa

hubha oua ihta vscugvn er tk gn,an 'icrev vagnc tku
,nsevc ubrfzva unf) oatv ka vcrevv vagnc khdrv in
/onmg vru,c oheuxpv iuakn od tkt '(vz rntn
trehuc vkugv icre ,t ,rt,n vru,v :vkugv (t

gnan uz vnsevn "/wvk icre ofn chreh hf ost" :wt erp
lanv kct /unmg uk gmunu wvk vrhah vrumc tcun icreva
ohcr ohagn tkt 'if vbhta vrunu uz vhphm czftn oheuxpv
lhkv,v ka upuxc eru 'wvk icrev ,gmvk ohnsue ohcfrunu
ouenc /iurusf wv hbpk icrev vagn ka uh,utmu, ,t ohghmn
kvt j,p kt" icrev ,t ohthcn 'rhah iputc "wvk icre"
kvt j,p" icrev crebu '(wv 'wd oheuxp) "wv hbpk ///sgun
shn /,uyapc "wvk" cre,vk ouenc (wv 'wd oheuxp) "sgun
`wv hbpk tkt 'rhah iputc wvk ubht ,ntc icreva ohtur
',usucg ka lurtu cfrun lhkv, rt,k vfhann vru,v 'ifcu
///uchrevu ///yjau ///lnxu" :tuva vn icrev vagb ifrs era
,t ///ufrgu ///ohmg ufrgu ///ub,bu ///j,bu ///yhapvu ///uerzu
/"///rhyevu ///.jrh uhgrfu ucreu ///rspv ,tu atrv ,t ohj,bv
vz icre turek vkufh vru,v 'vktv ohagnv kf hrjt er
turek hutr uhafg er `"wvk jujhb jhr vat vkg" :unac
u,ut ihfnu icrev ,t rmuh icrev vagn "/vkug" vz icrek
/jcznv kg wvk vgmvk
icrev ,t ,rt,n vru,v 'itmv in vkug hcd ifu

,t rt,k vfhannu 'wvk rah tku (t"h euxp) "wv hbpk" tcunf
i,ht crv 22
rhtn
"tuv vkg" ',nfxn f"jt eru 'icrev ka cfrunv vagnv kf

'hzfrn ouen xpu, icrev vagna ohtur cua /(d"h euxp)
ifu /jcznv kg rcs ka upuxc ryeba iurusv ,t thmnn tuvu
'f"jt eru 'icrev vagn kf ka ruth, ah ';ugv ,kug hcd
/(z"h euxp) "tuv vkg"
unf /wd erp trehuc rtu,n ohnkav icre :ohnkav (c

unmg wvk rah tku "wv hbpk" creb ohnkav od 'vkugv
in ohgmunv ohrcsv 'vkugv unf 'ifu /(d"h 'wz 'wt oheuxp)
'wd oheuxpc :icrev vagn ,utmu, teus ov "wvk" ohnkav
ohrunhtv 't"hu wv oheuxpc `"wvk" i,hb ckjv 'z"yu 's"h 'wy
icunc tkt 'yuap icunc wvk icre itf iht "/wvk" ohb,hb
ohekj ep©xn vz lhkv,u "'wv hbpk" vagb icre vagn :cfrun
/unmg "wvk" ohb,hb zt era icrevn
erp trehuc :if ohrcsv ,tyj icrec od :,tyjv (d

"wv hbpk sgun kvt j,p kt" tcuh jhan ivf rpa vuuymb 'ws
f"d ruchm ka rcs okgv rpa ùnmg wv kt tku '(ws euxp)
vyhjavu vfhnxvau '(s"h euxp) "sgun kvt hbpk" tcuh
tcu, ,skuh (,kugu) ,tyja `(u"y euxp) "wv hbpk" vbagh,
ka ohrhgav `(z-u:ch) "wv hbpk" cre,u "'sgun kvt j,p kt"
'ukt kfc /(z:zy) "sgun kvt j,p wv hbpk" ohsngun f"vuh
tk wvk i,hbvu 'wv hbpk icrev vagn ,hhag kg oauv adsv
/ush kg rmub odu icrev vagn hrjt tkt tc
'ohnkav 'vkugv – ukt ,ubcre ,nugk :oatv (s

',ukhgn oat /wvk rah gmunu tcun oatv – 36,tyjvu
unat ,t thcvu" 'huyhcv tmnb 'sruhu vkug ,tyjca rhgvk ah q36

icre ubtmn tvs 'ubhrcsk vae vrutfk f"tu '(z-u:v) "wvk
vzc iht s"bgk kct /,tyj tkt 'oat ubhta wvk rah tcunv
vkug ,tyjk vtre vru,v tvs 'ubhrcs euzhj tkt 'thaue
oat icre chy
23
tkt ',ubcrev rtac ubhtra unf "'wv hbpk" tk tcun 'tndusk

,rt,n vbht vru,v /(uy:v) "wvk unat ,t thcvu" :unmg wvk
ut chrevk lht vtruv oua ,b,ub vbhtu 'vcrev vagn oua
/,ubcrev rtacf tks 'wvk ughmvk osue icrev ,t ihfvk
vnkav vnvcv 'oatv ka ihgcv /tuva ,unf gmun oatv
'oheuxpv lanv /wvk ,b,hb 'vaghha vagn kfk osue 'vnmgc
vtc vrpfva ghnan '(zy:v) "oatv khtc uhkg rpfh ivfvu"
vnvcv h"g "'oatv kht" h"g tkt 'icrev vagn h"g tk
37
/kkf icrev vagnk xjhh,vk hkc 'vnmg
oat icre ka sm aha gnan f"tu 'ohngp vnf "oat" sruhu

,ughpun uz ,tyjca gh,pn tk 'f"t `sruhu vkug ,tyjc
f"jtu ',tyj) vru,c ,ubcrev rushx 'sugu /oat ka ,ubuf,
thv sruhu vkug ,tyja znrn (oat f"jtu 'sruhu vkug ,tyj
vkug ,tyjk aha ubhhv 'khdr oatu vguce ,tyj ihca "radv"
vguce ,tyj ot /oat ka odu ,tyj ka ,ubuf, od sruhu
oatu '(,rf hruxht) vrunj vrhcg vagn kg rpfk rehgc vtc
,tyj thcn ost vnk icun 'ihgc ,ause kukhj kg rpfk tc
'huyhc ,guca kg – oatu ,tyj ka cukha – sruhu vkug
od ah ikufc tvs 'uhaseu asen ,tnuyu ',usgv ,guca
,gucac :vause kukhj ah okufca ubhhvu) oat ka yepxt
asen ,tnuycu 'v"cev ka una kukhj ',usgv ,gucau huyhc
yepxt ah odu '(ohase ka ut asenv ka ut kukhj 'uhaseu
iht 'kukhj aha ;t ',usgv ,gucau huyhc ,gucac) ,tyj ka
thcn ubht f"tu 'v"cev ka unac tkt 'ihgc rcsc kukhjv
tk f"tu 'ihgc ahaf asuev kukhj kg er tc oata 'oat
`,tyj thcn ifku 'uhkg rpfk vrhcg vagn tkt itf rtab
n"n 'ihgc ,ause kukhj aha p"gt 'uhaseu asen ,tnuyc
f"tu ',rf ruxht tuv ruxhtva iuhf oat tku ,tyj thcn
kukhj kg vkhptn – uca ,tyjv yepxt – vagnv ,rnuj
/(uca oatv yepxt – uca asuev
uhkg rpfu" unf huyhc tmnb ,unuen vcrvc ',tyjc ukhtu q37
vbht vnkav vnvcvu 'icrev vagn hrjt oufhxf teus "ivfv
'dh:v 'h:v 'u:v 'tk:s 'uf:s 'f:s trehu ihhg `vrpfk hgmntf ,rfzb
i,ht crv 24
rhtn
ohsen,nu ',ukhgn oat ,t ohceug ,unatv rta

'tuv oat" cu,f 'huk, oatc :unmg wvk ihgcv ,gmvc u,unf
cu,f ',ukzd oatc `wv hbpk tku wvk '(yh:v) "wvk o©J¨t o«J¨t
oatcu `wv hbpk tku wvk cua '(vf:v) "wvk thch unat ,tu"
"oatv kht ///wvk unat ,t thcvu" cu,f 'vpurj vjpa
'ukt kfc /(cf:yh) "oatv khtc ivfv uhkg rpfu" ifu '(tf:yh)
h"g vtc vrpfv `"wv hbpk" vagb tku 'wvk rah tcun oatv
ka cfrunu lcuxn lhkv, ceg tku 'unmg "oatv kht"
ihgcc seunv ,t svsvna ihs ah grumn oatc ifu /,usucg
:,sjuhn vpub, lhrm grumn oata ',unatv rtac ubtmna
'rnukf – euau vzj ,pub, lhrma 'ohnka icre unf tka
oat – icrev vagn lu,n uepuva vnvcv ka ohekj ,pub,
vagn kfk osue vnvcv kf ,pub, 'ohhjn vpub, lhrm grumn
oheuxpv lanvcu /(ch:sh) "v hbpk vpub, o,t ;hbvu" :vsucg
vpub,k tkt oatv tc tka gnana 'uzn vkusd ubtmn
jeku ///tuv ks otu" :vpub,v h"g vtc vrpfva odu 'tshrd
38
/(tf:sh) "uhkg rpfk vpub,k oat sjt acf
'icrev vagnc tku 'oatv ihgcc ,tzv ,usen,vv

:hpxf hput oatk aha oheuxpc ohznrv og sjt vbec vkug
asev keac ohkea ;xf lfrgc" 'cu,f ,ukhgn oat hcdk
lfrgc" ',ukzd oat hcdu huk, oat hcdk ifu `(uy:v) "oatk
er tk tuv wvk gmuna vn /(vf:v 'jh:v) "ivfv kg oatk
thv vnvcv 'kufhcf ìunn vcrv ,dmhhna vnvc tkt 'vnvc
vzc chjrbu) ok,ava ouka, od tkt 'creba icre er tk
oatca daunk ruaht sug hrv 'f"t /zh:zy 'k:uy 'uy:uy 'j:ch 'z:ch
vagn kg adsv ,ubcre rtacu 'icrev ka ihgcv tuv seunv
/icrev
vpub,a gnan vz euxpna uaeva ':dm ,ujbn wndc ihhg ifu q38
/vpub, tku ,rpfn vehrz tnkgc tvu ',rpfn
oat icre chy
25
/(vynk
era sug rhgvk ah 'oheuxpv iuakc ub,rhex ohkavk

'icrev ,t ",uagk" huum tmnb ohnkau ',tyj 'vkug ,ubcrec
'ohtukhnv ,tyjc :vzf huum tmnb tk ogp ;t 'oatc ukhtu
,tu l,tyj ,t vagu jcznv kt cre 'irvt kt van rnthu"
"///,tyjv ,t ivfv vagu" 'grumn ,tyjc `(z:y) "///l,kg
,tyj sjt ivfv o,t vagu" 'czv ,kugu ,tyjc `(yh:sh)
,t ivfv vagu" 'vczv ,kugu ,tyjc `(uy:uy) "///vkg sjtvu
'f"vuhc ohbpc rhgac `(k:uy) "///vkg sjtv ,tu ,tyj sjtv
uvagu 'wvk krudv uhkg vkg rat rhgav ,t irvt chrevu"
vagn ,t ohyhkcn uktv ,utndusv kf 39/(y:zy) ",tyj
f"tu 'icrev ka ihgcv ,gmv ouenc 'icrev ,hhag 'vsucgv
oatc ifa 'kkf ghpun ubht vz huyhc oatca gh,pn tk
icrev vagn kg tku 'wvk u,gmvu icrev ka ihgcv kg adsv
40
/ubnn ohepunv ohrcsvu
'ch:df 'sf:zy 'cf:y 'zy:y 'h:v 'f:s trehu ihhg ',upxub ,utndusk q39
/yh:df
icrev vagn ,t ,rt,n vru,v 'wz erp trehuca sjft tk q40
rnuk ukhtf "'tuv oat" 'lhkv,v hrjt ,nfxn ;tu 'oatv ka
tfrhp vzc iht s"bgk kct /icrev vagn h"g tkt oat ubhta
'(wv erpc) vru,c oatv ka vbuatrv vdmvc 'tsj /ubhrcsk
iuatrv ruth,v ka adsv f"tu 'icrev vagnk znru rfz iht
ihgcv ka ohyepxtv kg tuv vru,c oatv ka hrehgvu
varpc ',tyju 'ohnka 'vkugc ukhtu `wv erpca oatca
,t rt,k vfhrtn vru,v 'ohghpun ov vca vru,ca vbuatrv
;xub rcs ubht okmt icrev vagna gnan f"tu 'icrev vagn
tk oatv ka icrev vagn ',hba /hzfrn rcs tkt 'hban ut
rtac ukhtu 'wz erpc itfn .uj oat ka varp ouac ghpun
ogp kfc ygnf icrev vagn ka ruth, ohtmun ubt ',ubcre
vru,va vmhkn lrs rnuk kfub hkut 'f"t /vru,c ohrfzb ova
'oatv ka icrev vagn ,t hrndk yhnavk vmur v,hv ,ntc
i,ht crv 26
rhtn
:ihgcu ;xf hbhhbg
:"ohkea ;xfc oat" (1
',ukzd oat 'huk, oat ',ukhgn oat – ,unatv cur

aha ubhhv 'ohkea ;xfc tck ohchhj – vpurj vjpa oatu
euxpvn k"zj usnk lf 41/ohgkx wc ,ujpk ka vcme ovk
',ukhgn oat hcdk rntba (uy:v trehu) "ohkea ;xf lfrgc"
'jh:v oa) ,ukzd oatu huk, oat kmt "lfrgc" euxpv ifu
/(cf:yh oa) vpurj vjpa oatc 42"oatv khtc" ifu '(vf:v
vz ihs f"tu 'vcme uk aha rjt icre iht 'oatvn .uj
vnvc o,x thcvk hs tk :oatv ka ihgcv sm ,t yhkcn
huua vk aha vnvc lhrm tkt 'icrev vagn vhkg gmcku
tkt 'vcme oatk aha er tku /wv hbpk vghmvk hsf ohuxn
huuac ihgc er tk arus oatv cuhj f"tu 'stn vvucd vcme
/zk ,uguca wndc /reh icre 'vcurn huuac ihgc tkt 'cume
oatv ,urnujn ,jtf oatv ka vvucdv vcmev kg ubhhm
ukhts ?trnuj htnu – ohkea ;xfc oat" :,tyjv ,nugk
thv tebsv "/ohkea ;xfc oat tfvu 'tebs ,c ,tyj 'o,v
'ohkea wcc tuva 'oatv f"tu '(gkx=kea) keav in 42q1
"rugha"v ,ntcu) vua ,tyjva vn 84 hp vua ,uhvk lhrm
tkt 'vraf ,tyjv vzn ,ujpc ;ta 'rugha ubht tebs ka
oatv ka uhputa gnan 'f"t `(ubnhv vjub ohnfj jur ihta
ihgc teus tkt 'u,gmvu ihgcc sen,na icre er tk tuv
lht ub,ut snkk hsf wz erpc u,ut kukfk vfrmuva tk ot

ruth, omgn tuv icrev vagn ',ubcre rtac ukhtu 'u,uagk
/icrev chy
;xfc obht rhzb oatu grumn oata f"d oau ':m ohjcz vban q41
/ohkea
ifku ohba h,a ic khtc ovhbaa ',ukhgn oatk a"dn if usnk q42
/ohgkx wcc oas oatv oda vpurj vjpak vkhgnn ohsnuk
oat icre chy
27
vhv, oatv ka ,uhmebupvn ,jta ohpmn ubhhv f"tu 'reh

/vynk rcsb vz kgu 'ahbgvk
cfgn ohgkx wc ka vcmeva uehxv '/zf ,u,hrf wndc

'f"t òkugk vrpf iht 'okugc uzf vnvc iht otu 'oatc
ihbg er tku 'oatv hbhhptn hrehgn tuv reh u,uhva gnan
oat hcd 's"fe wng 'trehu) kusdv arsnc arupn ifu /hssm
gkxc thch 'ohgkx h,ac kht tmn tk kufh" 'urnta '(,ukhgn
;xfc tuva inzc :woatk ohkea ;xfcw 'k", 'uk rpf,hu
ohkea ;xfc ,uhv "/oat ubht 'utk otu 'oat tuv 'ohkea
,uvzc hxhxc ekj vuuvn tkt 'cfgna ihs er tk tuv
43
/kkf "oat ubht" 'ohkea ;xfc ubht otu 'oatv
kct 'ohkea ;xfc obht rhzb oatu grumn oata if obnt q43
wndv :kthmbyupc iunn sm ovc aha gnan /zf ,u,hrf wndvn
uhv ota iuhf vrpf hrxujn ,ubcrec vcme ihta ,rnut
vrpf hrxujnk rapt vhv tku ',unvcv euac ohkpub ohrhjnv
ovk rapt vhv tk 'ohfhrm uhva ohrhjnc ,unvc dhavk
ot /(u,uthrck euav ruzj,a sg p"fg ut) okugk ohase kuftk
vrpf hrxujn ,ubcre ihc grumn oat kukfk thv wndv ,buuf
iht vnk kta tcr 'thduxv lanvca tvn vrutfk gnan ifu)
gnan '(a"g 'grumn oat ihbgk kta tku 'rhzb oatk vcme
rta unf vcmec ,uhvk lhrm vhv vz oat od vhruth,ca
lhrmvk rapt vhv tk ohhyerp ohngyna tkt ',unatv
,ktua wndva – vynk sug rcsb vz kgu – rhgvk ahu /vcme
rxujnk ubhta icre kfk vcme lhrmvk trcx ah ota f"jt
vktav ,t vjhbn wndvu 'rhzb oatk vcme iht vnk 'vrpf
kct 'ohtruntv ,hhaue .r,k atr ohrvk h,tc tk hbtu /g"mc
'huk, ',ukhgn) ,unatv rta ihc ekjk trcxv ,bcun n"n
ohrpfn ov rtav kfa 'grumnu rhzb oat ihck (vjpau ',ukzd
vcmev ot òhrhafn grumnu rhzb oat ukhtu '(:s ,ujbn wndk)
okana h"g vrpf dhan ihhrcgva k"r 'abugf anan oatc
tkt uzf vcme ihta rc,xn 'icre uc thcnu ;xf vcrv
i,ht crv 28
rhtn
:oat oak ,ugn ,arpv (2
44
',ukzd oatu 'huk, oat ',ukhgn oat hcdk 'trpxc
aha gnanu "/oat ouak ,ugn ahrpn tvha w'oatkw" :uars
,t vbehu lkha osue oat oak uh,ugn ahrpvk sjuhn cuhj
'ohgkx wcc kht uka rsgc uk ah ota sug gnanu) vnvcv
45
/(euav in ,ubeku ,ugn ahrpvk lhrm tkt 'oan thcn ubht
oatf 'ohrhafna ,ubcrec tku 'vrpf ohepxna ,ubcrec

vhruth,c vcme aha 'khgk h,c,fa unf tka vzu) rhzbu grumn
oak ,ugn ,arpv" kg ubhrcsc vynk ihhgu /(grumn oatc
if unf "/oat wokakw rapt otv"u "'abugf oat icre" "'oat
'vguce ,tyjk vcme iht vnk ,ktua od oa wndva rhgvk ah
s"bgk /ohasec kuftk r,un n"n 'vcmec tmnh tk ot tvs
oatca iuhf 'oatv ka ,uhsujhv ,t ,rgrgn vbht uz thaue
wndca sug rhgvk ahu /vvucd vcme tkt 'vcme aha er tk
vua ,uhvk lhrm grumn oat ;ta vrutfk gnan /h ,u,hrf
vumnk tkt vz ihta ohrhgn (kkfn v"s) oa wxu, kct 'kea
itf iht f"tu ',tyjk od ,fhha uz vcmea 'sugu 'rjcunv in
/oatk sjuhn ihbg
erp 'vcujs truchs 'trehu ,arp 'trpx ihhg ',ukhgn oat hcd q44
truchs 'trehu ,arp 'trpx ihhg 'huk, oat hcd `wz ,ut 'wf
'trehu ,arp 'trpx ihhg ',ukzd oat hcd `c"h varp 'vcujs
/d"h varp 'vcujs truchs
harpn ihc vz ihsk ohrjt ohaurhp aha rhgvk r,uhn hkut q45
'h:s ,u,hrf t,pxu,ca rhfzvk r,uhn tk ,ntcu /trpxv
kg ekuja gnanu 'rsgv in vnvc ahrpvk rapta gnan
ihbgc '/zf ,u,hrf ,hhdux 'sugu /(trpxc uz vbcv kg ut) trpxv
ah ot hrva 'uz vktak vruae 'asev jcac rpf,n ost
r,una ehxvk wndk rapt vhv tk 'ohgkx wc ahrpvk cuhj
eru varpv ,gac ohgkx wc vua v,hv tka vnvc chrevk
thduxv ,bexn ,ntca gnanu /ohgkx wc vua vcrev ,gac
oat icre chy
29
tvha" :ezj r,uh jxubv '(j"fe wng 'trehu) kusdv arsncu

icrec aha vrun vz cuhj "/oat oak vkj,c ,ugn arpv
vnvc ahrpvk ehpxn tk :iunn ka hzfrn ybnkt oat
'vru,v vchhja unf ohgkx wc vua vnvcva p"gt 'uchrevku
f"jt eru 'teus ;xfc cuhjv ,t okdk vkj, lhrm tkt
vz ihs /icrek thcha ohgkx wc ,c vnvcc ;xfv ,t "kkjn"
'reh ihgcfu 'ihgcf tc oatva ubka vbun,k enug ;hxun
'icre ohchrena ohkgcn lpvb icrec chujnv :hbunn abugfu
vscugvu /uchrenu icrek ufpuv f"jt eru ;xf okanv ostk
omga (t gnan "oatk" vknvn ;xf ,arpv cuhj usnka
omgn tuv ouka,a (c 46"'ouka," tuv "oat" vknv ,ugnan
lhrm "oat" thcvk vmura ost :icref oatv ka u,uvz
:,urme ohknc /vkj, ,ugn ,arpv h"g oat ka ,ukj rumhk
47
/okanv ,t ahbgna h"g rpfna ouka, ubhhv "oat"
vua vhva khtc tmuh f"tu 'asev jcac rpf,n osta thv
gnanu 'vcrev ,gac ohgkx wc vua vagbu jhcavu wt gkx
ifu "'tmh tk" oa ohxrud aha ihhmk ah kct `trpxf tka
ifa c,f (wh ,ut) oa ,mcuen vyhacu 'oa ouard wr ,xrhd
"/tmh" t,ht ohbah ohrpx ,mec erau 'ohrpxv cur ,xrhd
iurtv ,t urhzjvafa 'oh,akpv vagnc rc,xn ,ntc ifu q46
(cvz) reh rcs rnukf 'cvz ka "oat" ung ujka 'ktrah hbck
/iurtv ,jhek kg rpfk hsf (iurtv) ihgcv ,rzjv og unkaa
gnan ,mea '(ohgkx h,a v"s) :uf ,u,hrf h"arc f"d ihhgu q47
t,ht 'vbanc :oat oak vkj, ,ugn ahrpvk lhrma uhrcsn
'ch,fs 'oat ihs uvz" 'arpn h"aru "'oatk ohgkx wc ahrpnv"
u,buufa raptu "/woatk asev keac ohkea ;xf lfrgcw
'oatk ,ugn ahrpvk lhrma tuv ihsva '"oat ihs uvz" urnutc
h"ara vzn gnan ifu òhgkx wcc ,uhvk oatv lhrma er tku
ohknna) tshrd "ohkea ;xf" thcv tku 'euxpv kf ,t thcv
thcva vzna '(ohkea wc vua ,uhvk oatv lhrma uars ukt
'vkj, ;xfc cuhjv ,t okdk lhrma gnan "'lfrgc" ,khn od
/ke euhs vz kct /("oatk") icrek ;xfv ,t lupvh f"jt eru
i,ht crv 30
rhtn
?oat icre "okak" rapt otv (3
ka ,ubuf, oatk aha ubtcva ,ujfuvc caj,vc

vfkv harsncu trndca gh,pn tk 'wvk gmunv ouka,
yrpcu) 48ouka, rCf xp,b oatv ovca ohjuxhb ohtmnb
hbunnv ybnktv ovhbaca ',ukzd oatu ,ukhgn oatk gdubc
kgunv hcdk /(kzd sm ukt ,urhcgc aha iuhf 'sjuhnc hzfrn
'vcujs truchs 'trehu ,arp) trpxc t,ht 49'anuju irec
ohnuka,v kg oatu anuj okana ihbn" :(wf erp 't"h varp
anujv kg od hte "okan" vknva gnan vrutfku "'uktv
50
/oat icre kg vkj ouka, ka iuaka ubhhv 'oatv kg odu
znr 'trehu ,arp) hbugna yuekhc ubtmn vzn arupn r,uhu
oat thcna ost "/ohgkx h,ac oat ?okan uvnu" :(z"g,
tuv òkanv ost od vagb tkt 'tshrd chrenv ost ubht
rehu cuaj ihgc ghmn od tkt 'icrev vagn gmcn er tk
:(y"g, znr 'trehu ,arp) a"ekhc ikvk vzk vnusc ifu /wvk
kgunv 51"/ohkea ;xfc oatu anuju ire okan vz hrv"
;xf ov anuju irea er 'oatu 'anuj 'ire :ohrcs wd okan
/vnvc ,rumk vb,aba 'rcgak ;xf tuv oatv ukhtu 'ann
hcdk ':dx e"cc :uktf ohhuyhc vcrv ubtmn trndc od
asen lk vhvh vzu" 'y:jh rcsncc od gnan if ,ntc q48

hcd ifu "/hk uchah rat onat kfku o,tyj kfku ///ohasev
hf 'oehr u,t ujka, kt" '(s-d:u) wt ktunac oh,akpv oat
"/uk chab rat oatv vn ///oat uk ucha, cav
ztu 'u,khgn kg okak anuju ire ahrpv ztu kgna 'rnukf q49
/ukt ohpxfc kgn
kct 'ohrjt ohbputc f"d uarhpa aha 'trpxv harpnc ihhg q50
/ohbpc ubc,fa unf ov ohrcsv o"hcknk
kg od hte "okan" vknva gnan "'ohkea ;xf" huyhcvnu q51
/oatv
oat icre chy
31
'/vx e"cc ifu) "oatu anuju ire okan " 't,ht ',ukzd oat
tk "okan" vknva iugyk rapt vhv okut /(52:je '/je ':de
:vx e"cc kct /oatv kg tku 'anujvu irev kg tkt hte
oatu anuj iht 'rnut htjuh rc iugna wr" :rurc r,uh juxhbv
vknva ahjfvk t"t oau – "kpf aha ouenc ok,an
anuj tba htn" 'wndc oa ifu /oatv kg od hte "ok,an"
oat icrea thsvk hrv "'okan tk hnb oat ///okan tks
rdv ,t kzudv" '/he e"c vbanc sug ifu /ohnkana rcs tuv
"'jcznk oatu 'ohbvfk anuju ire okan ',nu uk gcabu
ohbvfka 'jcznku ohbvfk :ouka, hkcen hbak okana gnanu
'okufn r,uhu /oat okan jcznku 'anujvu irev ;xf okan
"yuhsv iunn" anuju irek tre h"cara oa e"c wndc ubtmn
53
"/vucd iunn" tre oat icreku
:ok,an oat icrea ubtmn ohbuatrv hrcsc od

rat kgunv okak " 'o"cnrv c,f 'vkhgn ,ufkvk ,r,ufc
rntb tk ot "/kgunv ihs tuv vzu icreu anuj ,pxu,c tyj
znrn o"cnrva vtrb 'anuju irek er lhha "okak" kgupva
chrehu" ut "icre thchu" c,f tka vzu òk,an f"d oata
ohkkfb ukt hbaa gnan "'icreu anuj ,pxu,c" tkt "'icre
,ufkvn wc erpca 's"ctrv rcux ifa vtrbu "/okak" vknc
ubht asev hxfb cbd ota o"cnrv c,f oaa 'wt vfkv vchbd
okan asev hxfb cbud" 's"ctrv dhav 'sckc ire tkt okan
54
"/kgn hrva 'asevk oatu anuju ire
/a"g "'oat" vknv ,t uejna ah :je wndc q52

,arp 'trpx ihhg :oat hcdk ouka, ka ,ugpuv vcrv sug q53
'd:cf 'h"cars t,khfn ihhg ifu 'd"h varp 'vcujs truchs 'trehu
/th 'u
ihhg ifu /oatv kg oa hte tk "okan" vknva rntb f"tt q54
iuhfa c,fa 'wf vfkv ,uguca ,ufkvn t"h erp kg s"ctrc
iht cua 'vgucac wv oac an,avk tka ubhe,v ohbutdva
uphe,vu /tnkgc vkke vgucav vagba iuhf 'oatu anuj
i,ht crv 32
rhtn
ire ouka,u 'ouka,f oat icre :ire ubhhv "oat" (4

:icref
'cuaj ihgcf wvk gmun oat icrea vkgnk ubgmv

vcme uk aha iuhf 'hbunn abug ka hputu) hbunn hput uk ahau
,unuen vnfc "oat" vknva ubhcv k"zj 'vzk ot,vc /(vvucd
icre ka uhputa znr sug hrv f"tu "'ire" vaurhp 'vru,c
rcsnc) rdv kzd ,arpca rurc /gmunv ihgcqiunn tuv oat
,t chavu" :ire uaurhp "oat" vknv 'yapv p"g ukhpt '(wv
'uhkt oatv chavk ktd ahtk iht otu" ifu "'uatrc unat
/(j-z oheuxp) "ohrpfv kht sckn 'ivfk wvk caunv oatv
yapv hpka p"gt ',ukzd oatu ,ukhgn oat ,uharpc kct
e"c) ire uaurhpa k"zj uars 'icrev uaurhp "oat"a vtrb
/(/the '/he
',ukhzd oatc sjuhnc eusv icrevu irev ihca raev

hputu ohbhs irek ah :hbav ,t ;ean sjt kfa ubtmn oaa
e"c vbanc khj,b /iunn ka hputu ohbhs icrek ahu 'icre ka
thcvk kufha hbpk ohkgck ire rhzjvk chhj ikzdva iuhfa '/de
,t rhzjvk hsf h©s¨nk ukhpt guxbk ikzdv chhj 'unat icre
irev ,t okak ehpxn tku 'haht iputc ohkgck irev
vcav ihs tuv ire ihsa gnan 'vrutfk /ubck ut ujukak
tv 'z"vzc oat icre ihta tuv ohbutdv ,njn uyts 'z"csrv

's"bgku !oat chrevk uc asen vhv tk ohbutdv hbpk sug od
cuhj ah ot 'sugu 'ubhtra unf 'ok,ana rcs ubhhv oat ot
ekj ot 'sugu 'hrpxc ubhtra unf 'oat oak ,ugn ahrpvk
'reh icrec cuhj h"g ohkgcv ,ahbg tuv oat icren hrehg
chhj,ha ihbgk p"fg z"vzc ;t oat icre kg rcsk rapt hkut
ka ahbgnv ekjv ,t ohheha hsf ;xfv ,t ahrpvk ostv
tka kkf uhkg rcsk lhha tk 'kank ',tyj icre ukhtu /oatv
(/g"mu 'z"vzc ahsevk ruxt tvs 'vae kct) /,hcv inzc
oat icre chy
33
e"c vbanc kct /kzda vn ,t ovk chavk lhrma 'ohkgck

ikzdv chhj 'uhct ,nu uk gcabu uhct kzd ota t,ht ':je
ihc cajb tk unmg ikzdv h"arku 'oharuhv rtak okak
uhctk vkzdv ,t chan vhv ot 'rnukf /vz ihbgk oharuhv
tka iuhf kct 'f"jt uhct ,naf ubnn ekj aruh vhv 'uhhjc
ikzdv uca cmn rumhk lhrm 'rhzjnaf uhafg ',na sg rhzjv
ihs hp kga p"gt 'kzdv ka ohkcenvn sjt vhvh tk unmg
'ohkgck vcav ihs sckna gnan 'if ot /uhct ,t aruh tuv
'uhsh ,j,n vkzdv ,t ikzdv thmuha chhjn od ire ka cuhjv
ekj kcek hutr ikzdv vhva p"gta 'ishs vrenk n"epbu
lhrma iuhf ubnn ekjk vfuz ubht 'uhct haruhn sjtf vkzdvn
ota '/ye wndc arupn ifu 55/uhsh ,j,n vkzdv ,t thmuvk
'unmgn .uj kzdbv ka aruh oua tumnk jhkmn ikzdv iht
lhrm ;xuh wrk tkt 'vkzdv ,t unmgk ehzjvk uk ruxt f"pgt
thmuha cuhj aha rurc f"tu "'vesm ka hebrtk ukhpt" ub,hk
/kzdbk vcav cuhj sckn 'ush ,j,n
thmuha ihs od uc ah irea ubhrcsc aushj iht ,ntcu

p"gt irev ,t okak chhj rdv kzdc tvs 'ush ,j,n vkzdv
'sjuhnc rdv kzdcu /oharuh ovk iht odu ohnhhe ohkgcv ihta
irev ,t okak ouenc :icrevu irev ihc eung iuhns ah
'ifu /wvk icre thcna unf "'ivfk wvk" uthcn ikzdv 'ohkgck
56
/ohbvfk tuv i,hb ztu wv h"g vkj, kce,n irev 'icre unf
rdv kzd ka vrenv ,t ,raen wndva '/ye e"c wndc ihhgu
kzdc g"r ,yha ,t vthcn wndv :uhct kzd ka vrenv og
ikzdv caj ztu 'vsuvu gcabu rdv in ost kzd ota 'rdv
irev ,t thcvk ohkaurhk ikzdv vkgu 'rdv ,n ohh,bhca
rdv ,t oa tmn 'ohkaurhk ghdvafu 'asenk oatvu anujvu
`rdv ,n ,ntc ztu 'vuknc irev ,t uhkg rdv ;ezu 'ohheu hj
/vzc h"ar kg ekja 'o"cnrv ,yhak ,gf xjhh,b tk q55

"/ohbvfk ub,bu 'wv utbe 'hsun tes tbshgc" ':ye e"c wnd ihhg q56
i,ht crv 34
rhtn
tuv chhj tkt 'rdk ucuj ,t unmgk kujnk kufh ikzdv iht
,j,n ukhzd thmuha sg vbe, uk iht" :ivfk irev ,t thcvk
ihs od tkt 'tshrd vcav ubht ire ihsa arupn hrv "/ush
57
/ush ,j,n ukhzd thmuha
e"c wndc icrevu irev ihc vzn kusd iuhns ubtmnu

icre ka ohbhs (rdv kzd ka) irek aha tcr rnt oaa '/he
uvurhzjv `tmh tk 'vkhkc urhzjva rdv kzd 'tcr rnt" :ann
ihta unfu "'tbnjr vhhre woatw ?tngy htn /tmh tk 'ihtmj
if ohaug iht od 'icre hmj ohthcn ihtu vkhkc ohchren
kzd sdbf rdv kzd ihekuj iht ':he e"cc ifu /rdv kzd ka irec
ivf kf tkt ',ubcre sdbf ,ubcre ihekuj ihta unf 'rdv
/rdv kzd ire kfn ekj f"d kcen ifku icre kfn ekj kcen
rnanv ka ivfk irev ,t thcvk chhja ':ye wndc oa sugu
(rdv kzdu v"s) :he wxu,u 58/icre unf 'inzv u,utc ananv
rdv kzd kkfb vnk wxu, ohaena 'r,uh ukhpt ,fk ohehjrn
ikzdv vnk 'icref tuva iuhf tv 'ihkucdca vbuvf ,ub,n og
wxu,a rurc hrv ?ihkucdc ivfk irev ,t i,b ot tmuh
yuap iunnn lpvb rdv kzda vzk vcr ,ubhmrc uxjhh,v
rdv kzdk truea '(ivfc ht v"s) :ye h"arc g"gu /icrek
/ubnn ekj kcen ubht tny ivf vnk rhcxvk "asenv hase"
icre er tk tuv oat icre ot :vz ihbg oufhxk
ehzjvk kufh ubht rdv ,t kzda ivfa ':ye e"c wndc a"g ifu q57
uhjtk irev ,t okak chhj tkt 'ivff unmgk irev ,t
/ush ,j,n thmuvk chhja ihs aha gnan cua vrutfku 'ohbvfv
'h"j,n thmuvk ucuhj smn vz ihs ihta wndc gnan 'lshtn kct
gubnk kufh ubht ifk 'oekjc ufz rcf ohbvfv rtaa smn tkt
/ovn oekj
inzc anana u,ut ubhhv ananv rnanva :ye wxu, urhgvu q58
rnank icre kf ohthcna unfu 'vkzdv inzc tku 'irev ,tcv
/vcrevv inzc ananv
oat icre chy
35
u,ureh ,njn ohkgcv ,t ahbgna wvk gmun ihgc tkt 'khdr

gh,pn tk '(oat ka ohrenv curc iunn ka hput uk ahau)
ka ,ubuf, ah (irev) icrek khcenv iunnk oda tumnk
od tkt 'jekbv ,t chavk er ubht iunnv cuhjau 'icre
/ahbgvk
:abugf oat (5
rpfk oatv tca ohznrna ,uruen vnf ubtcv rcf

vnf sug vrmec dhmb itfu /ohkgcv ,t ahbgn tuva h"g
,arp) trpxc t,ht :osea vnn oharupn r,uh ,uruen
',ukhgn oat hcd (wy ,ut 'c"h varp 'vcujs truchs 'trehu
thcn asevv in vyurp vua vbvbv 'rnut hxuh wrc ojbn wr"
vnf cuaju tm :ohgkx h,ac oat thcnu 'vanuju vkhgn
,t cu,fv abg lf ot !ohpktk cure :ohgkx h,ac ,uyurp
arupn hrv 59"/shznv ,t aubgha vnfu vnf ,jt kg 'dduav
trpxc od ihhgu /u,ureh h"g aubgk oatv tca vfkv arsnc
hcdk (:ve e"c wndc tuv ifu `wd ,ut 'wc varp 'ohause ,arp)
ajfuw rntba hpk ?rnuk sunk, vn w'uajf, tkw" :,ukzd oat
sunk, ?ihbn vrvzt 'abug ubsnk '[,ukzd oat hcd 'rnukf] wvc
anuj ubhhv "abug"a c,f oa e"c h"aru "/wurea, tkuw 'rnuk
ubtmn cua f"tu /vsuva itf v"s oa wxu,n gnan ifu 'oatu
truchs 'trehu ,arp) trpxc t,ht ifu 60/abug treb oata
gsh tkuw" :huk, oat ihbgc 61(wj-wz ,uh,ut 'c"h varp 'vcujs
,t abg cu,fv hrv 'rnut hkhkdv hxuh hcr w'ubug tabu oatu
,jt kg 'gsuh ubhta hnk cu,fv abg lf ot `gsuh ubhta hn
/j"g, znr 'trehu ,arp 'a"ekhc ihhg ifu q59

rpxc ifu 'y"nr ,"k 'n"vx o"cnrc tcun k"bv trpxvu q60
/d"fe vumn 'lubhjv
trehu h"arc tcun ifu /j"g, znr 'trehu ,arp 'a"ekhc ifu q61
/zh:v
i,ht crv 36
rhtn
ckj kfutv 'rnut tcheg hcr /gsuha hnk aubgha vnfu vnf
huk, oat thcn 'kft tk epx kft epx `gkxc ,tyj thcn
'vrhcg epx ushk tca hnk cu,fv abg lf ot !ohgkx h,ac
arupn hrvu "!vumn vaugk rfa okaha vnfu vnf ,jt kg
/u,ureh ,njn uabugau 'abugf tc oata
varp 'ohucksbn wsvn) tbvf wrs t,ehxpc od ihhgu

:(wz ,ut 's"f
62
/wudu wlrsc ohtyj vruh if kg 'wv rahu cuyw"
'ovk vrnt w?uabug uvn 'tyujvw 'vnfjk ukta
'tyujvw 'vtucbk ukta 63w/vgr ;sr, ohtyjuw
thv ,tyujv apbvw 'ovk vrnt w?uabug uvn
vrnt w?uabug vn 'tyujw 'vru,k ukta 64w/,un,
'v"cevk ukta w/uk rpf,hu oat thchw 'ovk
vcua, vaghw 'ovk rnt w?uabug uvn 'tyujvw
wv rahu cuy" 'ch,fs thv tsv w/uk rpf,hu
"/wudu
rhfzvk hutr vhv icre vzht ohktab ubhhv ot 'vrutfk

tuv ,tyj icrea ohrnut ubhhv 'rpfnv icref k"bv arsnc
kg rcsn arsnva iuhf kct /hyrsbyxv rpfnv icrev
oatva p"gt) vbuufc oatc arsnv kgc rjc 'teus ohabug
tuva h"g rpfn oatva iuhf (,tyj icrek vtuuavc rhsb
ihhmk cuaju 65/,urjt ohfrsc ,rpfn ,tyjv ukhtu 'ahbgn
'sjuhnc ov ohh,ugnan oatv hcdk abug ka ukt ohjuxhba
/j:vf ohkv, q62

/tf:dh hkan q63
/s:jh ktezjh q64
/vz lrfc arbsc ;xt wr ka urntnc vzc ihhg q65
oat icre chy
37
66
/ohrjt ,ubcrek xjhc vghpun vbht abug iuaka iuhf
ihsv :abugf tc oatva inhx sug ah 'vpurj vjpa oatc

'(/th-:h ,u,hrf vban) veuk vjpavu 'oat thcn ahtva tuv
'trpx p"g) veuk vatv f"tt oat thcn ahtv iht kct
ah f"tu '(/th ,u,hrf wndu 'wv erp 'wc varp 'ohause ,arp
vcrvc ubhtra 'oatu 'rurhcc abug thva ',uekn ihc vkcev
uk ah itf oda rhcx f"tu 'abug ka hput uk aha ,uruen
o"cnrv f"an ihhgu /tyujv kg rpfn z"hga 'abug ka vhmebup
vjpa kgca wy ica 'z"h vfkv vthc hruxht ,ufkvn wd erpc
tka 'auca vz" 's"ctrv udhavu /(ksdhaf) oat chhj 'vpurj
if unf thvu 'tuv ihabugv in vz icreu 'ihabug rc iye ubhmn
xp,a s"ctrv hrcsn gnanu "'///hssvt uaen tvs 'vruyp
aurhp ihhg ifu /rpfnfu cuhjf er tku 'abugf oatv ,t
htuahb kg vcua, ,uagk utcafa 'yh:h trzg kg g"ctr
tk ubjbtu" :rhcxn g"ctru 'oat ,ubcre uthcv ',curg,v
vhv ohatrv ,mg hkutu 'o"ufg kguck oat abug ubtmn
uthcva urnt /th ,u,hrf wndca ubrfzv rcfu "/if ,uagk
vtrb tka ;tu ',upurj ,ujpa hkguc uhv okufa iuhf ,unat
abug oatva ihcv tuv oda vtrb n"n 'g"ctr hrcsn if
,uarn ihthmun iht" '/u ,ca wndc ubtmn ,tyj kmt 'tndusk q66
uz ohcrv ,uarn ihxhbfn ihtu 'uz ohcrv ,uark uz shjhv
shznc ',tyj chhj dduac 'xhbfvu thmuv otu 'uz shjhv ,uark
t,pxu,c vruen ,ntcu) wndv vyeb hrvu "/kexbu ,rf aubg
hcdk abug ka iuakcu ',tyj hcdk cuhj ka iuakc (d:t ,ca
vnk f"kts 'abugf ,xp,b vbht ,tyjva gnan f"tu ',rf
znr ',un hrjt 'a"ekhc ifu ?,rfk ,tyjn vbuak wndv v,bha
ihhg 'lshtn) /:zf ,ujbnc ifu `",rf aubgu ,tyj chhj" 't"ge,
'wj ,ut 'ws erp 'wd varp 'vcsbs truchs 'trehu ,arp 'trpx
'ohna hshc v,hn 's"c ,,hn hcdk "abug" ka iuak tmnb oaa
,tyj oda gnan vrutfku ',unatu ',utyj ',uekn ',rf
(/k"nftu ',ujsk ah s"bgk kct àbug ,treb
i,ht crv 38
rhtn
/tuv
rhgn o"hcknv '67l"b,k uaurhpc ,unuen vnfcu

ifu) "tyj" iuaka tuv "tyj" iuaku "oat" iuak ihc eukhjva
'vrhcg vagn vag osta vaurhp (vrhcg ka ,urjt ,ubuak
oat ,arpk uaurhpcu "/abugk orud" uaurhp "oat" ukhtu
;ean tuvv ruphxc oatva sug arpn o"hcknv 'oh,akpv
ann vhv iurtv og ujkaa oatva 'abug ka hput sjuhnc
h"g ,urhcg kg rpfn oatva znr hrv /ukcxa abugv ,rum
ot,vc onat ,t ucmhg oh,akpv :abugv ouenc tc tuva
,t onmg kgn ,ujsk ukfuh hkut z"hga ubhcva iuhf 'oabgk
rpfn od "hnarv" oatv 'vzk vnusc /ukcx ubnna abugv
,t ahbgn unmg tuva hsh kg (abugn ihdn 'rcsv aurhp)
68
/ubcrek ;xf vcrv thmuvk chhj,ba 'tyujv
oat) vguce ,tyj epxk vcud,f oat icre (6

:(huk,
,uchhjna ,urhcgv kfca vuav smva khgk ubgmv

'huk, oatn .uj – ihgc ,ause kukhj tuv oat icre
ah vnk rjt rcxv ohfhrm 'f"t /ukhcac rcxv hkc ubrtaba
ka chhjnv ubht vrhcgv hput ,ntca s"bgkbu /oat cuhj itf
dhavk vmur tyuj-epuxnva vn tkt 'huk, oatc icrev
rpfn oatva ,ujfuv vnf ubhtr :oat teus uchhjna tuv
huyhj h"g ,rpfna ',tyj icref tka) tyujv ,ahbg h"g
vkgnk ubtcv 'huk, oatc sjuhncu /(jcznv in tyjv ,tnuy
uk aha 'abugf tc huk, oata aurhpc urnta 'trpxv ,t
'u:sf uvhgah 'y:sh hkan ifu 'wu erp 'wt ktuna kg uaurhpc ihhg q67
/sugu 'd:c uvhnrh
ubhkg ,tcvu" euxpv kg 'h:uf ,hatrc kg ubrupx ihhg ifu q68
/tyj er tku 'abug ubhhv oata arhpa "'oat
oat icre chy
39
'(:uf oa ifu) :vf-/vf ,u,hrf wndc ihhgu /vvucd f"f vcme

kg idvk thv huk, oat ka vhmebupva tbexnk vtrba
69
/abghh tka uhkg idvk 'rnukf – ihruxhv in tyuj-epuxnv
unmgn gubnk vmur ost otu 70'abugf tuv oatv chy ot
'oat icre 'rnut huv ?thcha hutr icre vzht 'wv ,tn abug
in r,uh uvuahbgh tk ifku 'abug kcx rcf ukhtf huv z"hga
/ohnav
ota vzn khdr oatf hrndk rpfn huk, oat ihta vehhs wndv q69
vtrba 'ihhbgnu /,tyj icre thcvk chhj ihhsg 'tyja uk gsub
oat ot ohnfju t"r ihc ,eukjnv xhxc tuv vz ihbga wndvn
hbpn ihdna iuhf 'rpfn huk, oat 'ohnfjk :vcsbc tc huk,
icre chhj ihhsg tyja uk gsub ota iuhf 't"rk kct 'ihruxhv
icre ubhta iuhfu 'huk, oatc vrpf oua ihta ohtur ',tyj
tk t"rka gnan vrutfku /vcsb tkt ubht tkhnn 'vrpf ka
epuxnv ost ukhpta tkt 'vcsbc tck kufh huk, oata er
tkt unat thcn ubht ',tyj u,ddaa vrhcg kg rcg ot
(trndc oa v"s 'c"p wng) rbk lurgv c,f kct /vcsbf
"'vcsb ,ru,c unat thcvk chhja" t"rk k"x vzf vrenca
kcjv ,xhp, ouan vzc iht vnk g"mu /kusd aushj vz hrvu
vcsbc tc huk, oat t"rka ;ta f"d rhgvk ahu /uhatr hbac
uk ahaf tkt uz vcsb thcvk kufh ubht '(hrndk vcsb huv ut)
ihhg '(vag ut tshrd utk ukhpt) vrhcg uzht kg rcg tna epx
uk urnta vnu tyuc ic tcc ,yhac /vf ,u,hrf vbanc
/:sf wndc a"g ':df vbann if k"x t"r oda uehhsu 'ohnfj
,unatv rta ka vzk vnus huk, oat ka uhputa znr sug q70
,ukhgn oat ,arp ihc vru,c vcu,f huk, oat ,arpa tuv
er tk vuav sm ikufk ah vrutfk f"tu ',ukzd oat ,arpu
icrev chy ihbgk od tkt 'icrev ,tcv hbhsu oav ihbgk
unf "'oatk lfrgc" cu,f huk, oat kmt 'ifu /uka vhmebupvu
,unatv cur unf hbunn hput uk ah ifku ',unatv rtac
f"d uhbhs rtau 'ohba wc ic khtcu 'ohgkx wcc ubhs ifu òhrjtv
/,unatv rtaf
i,ht crv 40
rhtn
:ohsruhu ohkug obht rhzb oatu grumn oat (7
,uchajvu oatv ka hbunnv hputv kg ubrcs vf sg

p"gt 'rhzb oatu grumn oatca ihhmk ah /uca ihgcv ka
ohtc obht ukt ,unat ifku 'ykuc f"f hbunnv sm ihta
:hzfrnu ykuc rtab ovca ihgcv sm n"n 'ohkea ;xfc
oatv kct ',uksc ohsruhu ohkug vkugvu ,tyjv 'grumnc
,utc vkugvu ,tyjv 'rhzbc ifu `vnvc ,uhvk lhrm shn,
ubhtra vn kf ogu /vnvc ,uhvk lhrm oatv kct ',upug
ah ukt ,unatc oda tuv hutr 'oatv ka ",ubhgc"v ihbgc
/ihgcc vezj ,usen,v
:ohhjn grumn oat ,pub, (8
ihs) ohhjn vpub, lhrm grumn oata vkgnk ubrfzv

vzau '(71,rmg hacf hban .uj 'rjt vnvc icrec ubtmn tka
ihgcv 'vcrev vagn kfk osue :ihgcv kg xueupv kg ;hxun
kf ,ntca oheuxpvn gnanu /wv hbpk gmun vnvcv ka
,dan ush ihtu tuv ks otu" :vpub,k thv grumn oat ,ryn
:dm ,ujbn wndcu 72"/uhkg rpfk vpub,k oat sjt acf jeku
oat ka vrpfv kfa gnan vrutfk vz euxpna urhgv
h"g vrpfv rehg oa tbexnka ;t 'vpub,v h"g vtc grumn
73
/osv
hacf 'ina duk og ;buv grumn oata unfa rhgvk ah od q71

vxbn wndv ',ujbnc ,uhdux vnfc /ojkv h,a og upbuv ,rmg
iht kct 'vpub,v h"g ojkvu ohacfv ihc rmub rae vzht rrck
/vehz vzht ovhbhc ,rmuh vpub,va vzn .uj ,ururc ,ubexn
oatva euxpv ,buufa arpk rapt od ,ntcu `tf:sh trehu q72
,ufhrm ibhta iuhf ,usruhu ,ukug iva 'vkugvu ,tyjv unf ubht
uc aha iuhf cuaj ihgc ,uhvk lhrma 'oatv f"tan 'vpub,
/vpub,
vrpf rnukf "'rpf tku rpf" ukhtf huv ';hbv tk ot n"n q73
oat icre chy
41
hbpk rcsv ,t ghmvk thv vpub, ,ryna jhfuvk hsf

:vpub, ivc aha ,urjt ,uumn vnfc ihhgb 'wv
sjhc ,ughpun vru,c ,upub,v kfa rhgvk ah 'kf ,hatr (t

er ,urun ukt ohkna rntb tk ot `"wv hbpk" ohknv og
ohr¥na ubhhv vpub,a gnan vrutfk 'vpub,v ouen kg
/wv hpkf rcsv ,t ghmnu
'ifanv ihbck ktrah hbc ,nur, ,t ohrt,na oheuxpc (c
ifu 'cf:vk ,una) "wvk cvz ,pub," ,treb cvzv ,nur,
/vpub, ubhhv wvk gmunv rcsa gnanu '(sf:jk ihhg
ojk kg o,t ivfv ;hbvu" 'cu,f ',rmg hacf hcdk (d
wvk uhvh ase 'ohacf hba kg wv hbpk vpub, ohrufcv
ohacfv ,t vghmn vpub,va gnanu '(zh:df trehu) "ivfk
/ohase,n ov lfk vtmu,fu 'wv hbpk ojkvu
euxpvn vpub, ohfhrm ohrufca ,snuk :zn vfuxc wndv (s
ubhhv wv hbpk vjbva gnanu '(h:uf ohrcs) "u,jbvu"
vpub, lhrma snk oa cegh ic rzgkt wru 74/vpub,
cu,f ohnkaca unfu "'lshn tbyv ivfv jeku" euxpvn
ohfhrm ohrufcc od 'vpub, ohfhrm oau "'ubthc, uhsh"
ohknv iuhns ,njn vua vrhzd o,x ,tz iht otu /vpub,
ah ivh,aca ',uumnv h,a ihc iuhns aha k"h 'sh-sh
/vpub, ubhhv 'vtcv-rPUx
,rak wj erp rcsncc ktrah kkfn ukscuv ohhukvaf (v
ov 'vpub,fu "'ktrah hbc ,tn" vpub, utreb ov 'ifanc
gnanu /wv ,tn ohbvfv kt (s:j rcsnc) "ohbu,b ohbu,b"
upbuva 'ohhukv ifku 'wvk rcs ,bh,bu ,gmv ubhhv vpub,a
/wv ,tn ohbvfk ohb,hb f"jt 'wvk
/rjcunv in vbhta
if gnan tk wndv yapn kct 'huchrn usnka arhp oa h"aru q74
/euxpv ,ugnann if usnka tkt 'f"f
i,ht crv 42
rhtn
;hbn grumnva 'if ohrcsv grumn oatc od 'if ot

chdn oatv ka ,ubhgcv 'khgk runtfu /ihgcf wvk unat ,t
unmg grumnv 'itf :oat ,uchhjna ,urhcgca ,ubhgcv kg
kukhj kg rpfk hsfu 'jhfuvk ubhxhba unf 'u,ausen kkj,b
grumnv ,t rhafvk hkf vhvha oatv ,t asek hsfu unmg
/wv hbpk uphbn tuv '(oatv in uhkg osv i,n h"g)
:vrhcg vagnk tku cmnqvtmu,k vcud, :oat icre (9
;hxuvk ah 'oatv ka vhmebupv kg ubhrcs hkuac

'ubrfzva unf 'vrhcg vagn ,rnuj kg vchdn ,tyjv ota
rmuba cmnc ut vrhcgv ka vtmu,c ,usen,na ,urhcgc zt
'ifcu /vnht,n f"f vbht ,tyjv 'vagnv kg tku 'vrhcgv h"g
ut vtmu,v tuv seunv 'oat ,uchhjna ,urhcgvn vnfc
:75vagnv tku cmnv
ohsen,na ohghnan vkhgnc ohbhs vnf :vkhgn

(c `vcurn inzk ;urhm ah (t :vagnc tku vkhgn ka vtmu,c
(d ùrhcj ,tbv ut ,khftu 'u,tbv ut u,khft ka ;urhm ah
ah (s 76`vkhgnc exg,n ruyp ihta ,rnut /dk ohjxpc wndv
vnfca vscugvn oda rhgv dhhumbzur ktfhn crv r"un q75

',usrpb ,urhcg vnf ka ;urhm ah oat ,uchhjna ,urhcgvn
vagn kg xueupv ihta gnan 'sjt chhjnc ehpxn tku
,t kkhj od tkt 'kzda er tk 'tndusk 'vkhgnc :vrhcgv
vgucac reha od tkt 'kzda er tk 'iusepv ,gucac àsuev
/,unatv rtac vtkv ifu 'oav ,t kkhj ifku
thv vnusa 'vkhgnc exg,n ruyp ihta c,fa 'hrhtnc a"gu q76
vkhgnc ohren aha khgk ubrgv kct /vbvb ifa ',uhrgu ohckjk
ihhg 'sugu /urhcjk i,ubc unfu 'vbvb tka p"gt chhja vtrba
ckj ,khfta 'i"rv oac (wb inhx 's"uh 'wc ekj) rzghjt ,"ua
'vkhgn ka vzn ezj r,uh vtbv ka duxn iv ,uhrg ,khgcu
oat icre chy
43
rcsk jhka ah (v `77chhj 'vkhft lrsf tka kgunva ,ugs

vagba) vagnv kg xueup ihta gnan f"tu 'vkhgnc vrhcg
wndcu /(jkanv) vagh, vkhgnva orudv kg tkt '(jhkav h"g
vyua arj jka ot ukhpt chhj jkanva t,ht '/tf vkhgn
shcg,ht" tvs ',ujhka hbc obht tnkgca p"gt 'iyeu
vzn ohnkg,n ifk 'vagh,a vkhgnk ord tuv :"vh,ujhka
wndvn (u `vkuf vru,v kf hbhs p"g vkhdr ,ujhka itf ihta
kfc xbutk ohcajb uhva ohrenc ;ta gnan '/th-:h vdhdjc
,hcv kgc ujkaa jhkac unfu 'chhj vkhgnc 'vkuf vru,v
c"vgc rfzb f"jtu 'asev ka ,ugnc euav in rcs ,ubek
p"gt 'kgn jhkava tuv ihsv 'asev ka ,ugnv uhva
ukhafvk tc tka c"vgcc jyca iuhf tuv xubt vrutfka
/vagb rafvc kfvau
ohbnhx ah vpurj vjpa ,khgcc od :vpurj vjpa

thcn kgucv (t :vagnv kg tku vtmu,v kg tuv xueupva
wndu 't:y ,u,hrf vban) shzn ut ddua vhv ot ihc unat
ka ,nhuxn vnrk lrum ihta gnan f"tu '(/h '/y ,u,hrf
(c `(,tyj thcn ivhkga) ,ukhdr ,uhrgc unf vagnv ,rnuj
sg chhj ubht itf 'vehpxn vtrgv oaa ',uhrg rtaf tks
iht ifku 'vkug hzhdc vfhx ut ounhj kg ;t chhj vkhgnca

sug '/dk ihaushek gauvh hbp g"gu "/vbvb ifa chhj" ohrnut
wxu, g"gu /vkhgn hcd vbvb ifa chhj ibhrnt tk vnk rcxv
daunv ,t vkhgnc od ohkcen wxu,a vtrba '/dn ihaushe
thcna 't"br inhx j"ut 'rzb hbct ,"ua g"gu /vbvb ifa chhja
'kfhv ka ukmn r,hvc vbvb htfz ic ibjuh wra '/uf ohjxp wnd
`b"bctc a"g 'ekjk ah kct 'vkhgnc exg,n ruyp aha gnanu
lhrma c,fa 'wt vfkv vkhgn ,ufkvn wu erp o"cnr g"gu
ruyp aha k"x hkut f"tu 'vkhgnc chhj,vk hsf ,ubvhk iuuf,vk
/exg,n
/y"ne inhx 'c"j 'wt wsvn 'chanu ktua ,"ua ihhg q77
i,ht crv 44
rhtn
,uchhjn ibht ,jt vjpa og ,uthc vcrv (d 78ù,thc rundha

'vhaushec vghdp tuv ruxhtva gnan f"tu 'sjt oat tkt
79
/ogp kf kg chhj vhv f"ta 'unmg vagnv tku
oatu rhzb oatc ruthc ,pxu, – ohrhafnv :jpxb

grumn
:grumn oat ka ,ubuvc i,n
hdux ihc ,ekjn wndv ':s ,ujbn wndca ubrfzv

ihc tuv grumn oatu 'ohrhafnvu ohrpfnv :,unatv
kfk ,unsue ,utyjv kfa t,ht ':m ohjcz vbancu /ohrhafnv
tc" ut "rafv hsh kg tc" tuva 'grumn oatn .uj ',unatv
tkt 'rhafn grumn oata er tk hrv f"tu 80"'rafv kg
grumn oatc kkfv in tmuha rjt ihs /vvucd vnrc rhafn
'vrutfk /grumnv ka izutv lub,u ,ubuvcv kg osv i,n tuv
teusa ',tyjv ,t r,uh ihhptn vz vagna ohcauj ubhhv
oatv ukhtu 'rhafvk ut rpfk os ,bh,b ka ihbg ah ,tyjc
ihtu 'gmun ihgcf kgup – vz rntnc ubgmva vn hpk –
i,hb oatv os teus vnk g"m 'f"t /icrev vagnc u,uhsujh
kg teus vbh,b tuv ,tyjv ihbga k"h 's"bgk /grumnv kg
teus ifk 'ihgck ,uxjhh,v tuv oatv ihbg ukhtu 'jcznv
'grumnv kg os ,bh,bk cuy hfv sngunv tuv oatv
,sen,n ,tyjv `kkj,ba ihgcv tuv unmg grumnva
inhxf teus utku 'ohbput vnfc vz iu,b arpk rapt ,ntcu q78
/vtmu,v kg xueup ka
/dduac ,uekjn ,ughsh ihbgk /cg ,ca wnd ihhg kct q79
grumn ,tyj oda iuhfa ohaen (oatn .uj v"s) oa wxu, q80
(1 ut ohmr,nu 'vk osue grumn oat vnk 'rhafvk vtc
ut 'grumn ,tyjn .uj ,tyj kfk osue grumn oat ,ntca
osue oatv ifk 'grumn ,tyjn r,uh rhafn grumn oata (2
/vk od
oat icre chy
45
81
'jcznv ,tnuyc ,tyc,na vrhcgv vagn ,rnujq,ugarc
rzjak grumnc tc oatv ukhtu 'jcznv kg osv i,hb ifku
/uhkg i,bhvk osv lhrm ifku 'unmg ostv ,ause ,t
'grumn oatc h¦rehg tuv grumnv kg osv i,na

oat ,fhnxa ,ugs ah '/dk ohjcz wndc :,uruen vnfn gnan
ubht" grumn oata tuv ogyv oa h"arku 't,hhruts vbht
wndc ubtmn uzn vkusdu /rhafvk tca iuhf "',unatv kkfc
tmh grumn oata iuhfa tbhnt vuv ah oaa '/yn ohjcz
!vryevu vehrz uc iht – ,ubuvc i,n ubhhv – asj rcsc iushk
vagn ihta if,ha t"uvv omg kct 'if ubhta vehxn wndvu
',ubuvc i,n h"g xp,b unuenau 'grumn oatc kkf khdr icre
od /vz icrek ,hkf,f ,ubuvc i,n kg ezj ads aha vrun
eujf h"ar yeba 'x"ac ,unuen vnfc h"ar ,yha ihhmk ah
:grumn oatc vbun,v zfrnc snug ,ubuvc i,na rucgh tku
txrhd ejun ukhpt h"ar 'tndusk '(tnh, hfu v"s) /yb ohjxpc
ungyu 'ohase ,khftk cfgn grumn oat ihta t"uv ah vca
tk 'oatv in osv i,n h"g grumnv ,rvy rehga iuhfa
82
/usgkc u,rvy if,,
:"vkyck" tc rhzb oat
tca 'oat icreca ahbgnv smv kg khgk ubrcs
,t ,tnyn v,tnuy ',skuh ka unf ',urhafnv ,utyjcu q81

/vagnv ,rnuj ut ,ugar itf ihta rurcu 'jcznv
grumn oata cua c,fa 'hgce tvu v"s '/x rhzb h"ar od ihhg q82
vzc o"cnrv ,yhaa ;ta rhgvk ahu /ohase ,khftc cfgn
n"n 'o"cnrv hrpx ka vbufbv txrhdc ,uhgc od ahu ',fcuxn
/grumnv ,rpf rehg ov ,tyjvu oatva rcux o"cnrva rurc
ah /oatv rehgf ,ubuvc i,n teus rhfzn tk o"cnrv okut
ubht grumn oata gnan 'kfut v"s ':vb rhzb wxu,ka rhgvk od
/ohase ,khftc kkf cfgn
i,ht crv 46
rhtn
vzcu `reh icre thcvk uchhjna h"g ohkgcv ,t ahbgvk

;t) vcme uk aha hbunn abug rnukf 'xbek vnus oatv
'rhzb oatc ukhpta rhgvk ah /(chhja yuap 'oatc vsunva
iht vcme uk ihta iuhf vrutfk f"tu 'ohkea ;xfc tc tka
rtaf "'xbe"f tc tuva ohznr ohtmnb n"n 'ahbgn sm uc
rhzb wndc :rhzb oat ,hkf,c iuhgn gnan vz rcs /,unatv
khj,vkn rhzbv ,t cfgn rhzb oat ot ohtb,v uekjb ':jh
oruenu 'cfgn ubhta ohrcux ohnfjv àsjn ubhhbn
(asjv ihbnv ,kj,v) "rhzvu" kg vkj, ohrcsna 'oheuxpvn
,uguca wndc 'lshtn 83/(oatv ,tcv) "thcvu" kg f"jt eru
,urhzb vhkg kujh,s hfhv hf" uh,ubcre thcn rhzbva urnt /zk
wndva p"gtu 'asjn ubhhbn khj,vk uk rap©tk rnukf "'vrvyc
ka euxpv ,t thcn oa h"ar 'oatc rcusna vyrhp tk
h"ar vzcu /oatv kg ,rcsn wndva rcuxa gnan f"tu 'oat
,t ihfn rhzb oata c,f ,unuen vnfca 'u,yhak lkuv
ohekujv unf rcuxa gnan f"tu 84'asjn ubhhbn khj,vk rhzbv
,t cfgn ift rhzb oata ohrnutu :jh rhzbc ohnfjv kg
/asjn ,ubnkn rhzbv
oat ka vhmebupv ,ktak vchdn /zf ,u,hrfc wndv

oat tkt vkyck tc tuva rcs lk iht" :vphrj vrumc rhzb
tc" rhzb oat :uyuapf arhpa 'ouard wr aurhpc a"gu "/rhzb
85
/rpfn ubhtu ohase ,khftk rhafn ubhta iuhf "'obhj kg
aha vtrb tkt ?oukf tkk asenc icre tcha if,hv kct
'tab ,arp) tyuz hrpxc /ohbuatrvu wndv hrcsc r,uh esesk
kct ',u,hrfc wndv ka uzk vnus txrhd ,tmnb '(ch:u
/dh-ch ,ufkv ,urhzb ,ufkvn wu erpc o"cnrv exp ifu q83

hns v"s ':s oa 'rhzb oat v"s '/s ,ujbn h"arc vzc ihhg q84
/cf rhzbcu 'okan
c,fa 't"h vfkv ,udda ,ufkvn wd erp 'o"cnrvn gnan ifu q85
/rhzb oatn .uj vrpfv ,t ohcfgn ,unatv kfa
oat icre chy
47
hnh ,t wvk rhzvuw" :wndv ,buuf kg rut ohfhkan ohkscvv

/xbe vz hrv w'oatkw ///rhzva u,urhzb hnh ohkahu rhzjh :wurzb
'sckc vz tkt kyck tcha oat ubhmn tk 'iugna wr rnt
hba itf ubtmn 86"/wukph ohbuatrv ohnhvuw 'uhrjt ch,f ifa
tca vtrb f"tu 'xbe treb rhzb oat (t :ohcuaj ohrcs
unf vbht txrhdv (c 'iunn ochhjna h"g ohkgcv ,t ahbgvk
oatva 'rcsv aurhp "/kyck tcha" tkt "'vkyck tc" 'wndc
oua uk ihtau vkyck tc unmg oatva tku 'k¥yck hsf tc
thcn iugna wra euxpvn thsvk gnan ifu /vhmebupu ,hkf,
ohnhvu" 'unat ,t thcv rhzbva iuhfa 'uhrcs ,t jhfuvk
ohnhv ,t k¥yck tc rhzb oat 'rnukf "'ukph ohbuatrv
'z"pk "/ukph ohbuatrv ohnhv" 'oatv ,tcv h"g :ohbuatrv
"vk§yck" ut "vk¥yck tc" turek ohfhrm ,u,hrf wndc od hkut
tkt 'tcv ihbnv ,trek tk rhafn oatv 87"/vkÿck" ouenc
ztu 'ohbuatrv ohnhv kukhjk rhafn tuv ìahv ihbnv hpkf
vhva rntb ot ihc) 88rhzbv ka iucajv in ,srk ohkufh ov
/xbe vz hrv 'oatk" :z"y ,ut wh varp 'vcr rcsncc tuv ifu q86
ifa 'sckc vz tkt kyck tcha oat ubhmn tk iugna r"t
"/ukph ohbuatrv ohnhvu 'uhrjt ch,f
rcs kuyhc ka ,hkf,k" ka icunc "vkÿck" ihcvk rapt ut q87
"/ohhuxn rcs kyck hsf" "'ohhuxn
hsf rhafn ut 'kuphk ohbuatrv ohnhk ghhxn oatv ot n"epb q88
vrsba vat :kgcv ,rpv tuv 'asjn ,urhzb khj,vk kfuha
vnfc rhzbc wndv 'vk rpvu vkgc gna ztu 'vtnybu ,urhzbc
,rpva iuhf 'vh,ubcre vthcn otv vktav kg ,rcsn ,unuen
'vh,ubcre vthcna vehxn wndvu /tcvku itfn er thv kgcv
'(/cf rhzb) h"ark :oatv hcdk teus ohbuatr ,eukjn ah kct
f"tu) asjn ihbn khj,vk uhafg vtc vbhta iuhf vthcn vbht
kct '(asj ihbn khj,vk rhafvk rhzb oat tca 'u,yhak h"ar
vtrbu 'oat vthcn (b"v v"s /cf 'okugk v"s /yh rhzb) wxu,k
"'ukph ohbuatrv ohnhv"a hsf "'kyck" tc oatva wxu,k k"xs
,t shruvk vbcre vthcn 'vbhhbn cua khj,, tka p"gt ifk
i,ht crv 48
rhtn
:xbe treb oatv ifku /(tk ut asjn ,ubnk rhzbk cufhg vzc
wvk ohkavk uhrcs ,t tkhn tka rhzbk abugf tc tuv
ifu /asj ihbn khj,vk u,ut ihfvk tc tku ',urhzb ka vpue,
tku 'vnvc teus chhj vnk rhcxvk r"csncc ikvk arupn
unmgk rna tka hpk" :uka vkugu ,tyjc unf ;ugc ehpxn
89
"/vru,v u,ut vxbe 'vtnuyv in
ohnjrc iuhmk lcuac ubhbhg vbhzj,u

ohbafu okug hnhf vtrhc lscgb oau
/,uhbunse
/ohbuatrv ohnhv
/v"f ,ut 'oa 'vcr rcsnc q89
inskp hcm kthbs crv

asen hk uagu" vru,v vum vnur, ,arp ahrc /t
'v"m vumn lubhj ,jbnv k"zu / (j:v"f ,una) "ofu,c h,bfau
f"d kkufu rcsnc v"grn vaga ifanv kkuf uz g"n vbv
vbvu 'iugcdu cubu vkha iudf ohkaurh osueu ohkaurhc e"nvc
ihcu vkhac asenv ihcu rcsnc ifanv ihc ohhubha vcrv
a"c ihcu v"gva vbca iuatr ,hc ihc odu ohkaurhc asenv
ihbcv ihcu ktezjhc ohnxrupnv ohrcs ihgn vkud hkug ubca
j"vutcu n"tr wgu 'wudu z"g vaev i"cnrvu 'wudu c"c sh,gv
kfv v"g lknv sus rnta unf thcb h"pg vhv kfv hf c,f
uarsu n"kv ovk vhv ohthcbvu khfav hkg wv shn c,fc
,hc ,"uac wgu /k"fg 'a"g ,"vn kfvu e"vur hp kg htren
ibhgcs 'c"vhcn t"p rpx ,hrec wgu /wh whx j"ut ohrpt
hbct 'oa k"zs 'u:d tnuh hnkaurhc rtucn ifu 'vnak u,hhag
a"g 'wufu ucmjh asecu 'asec i,chmj tv,a lhrm ase
ka urntnc k"mz hexnrct h"rdvk iurfz rpxcu 'vsgv icrecu
/(t"ne, - jke, wng) drcbhha ojbp ohhj crv
tren whk ;hkh (vrhjcv ,hc wkv ahr n"xf wg) d"nxcu
ohrcs) oa una ifak ofhekt wv rjch rat ouenv whvus
er hrhhn asen whk uagus tre u,gsks n"xfv wfu ' (th:ch
(rkyxbue ivfv ktpr r"rvk) lhsuep ,ahrs rpxcu 'ifanc
wc d"nxv thcv g"n hznrc rpxv ,khj,c ,ntcs rhgv
kfhv ,ubck wt vumn ahs oa p"sv rchxvu 'oheuxpv
oac tcun vz ihgfu ',sjuhn ouenc vumn sugu ',ubcrek
thcv ogy vn ohfkn wkv ahr n"jkv wue .r,k z"hrdv
uars, ubfak rntb asenv ,hc ,ubck vumn oa o"cnrv
hcm kthbs crv 2
inskp
,hhbc ouen apjku aursk sjuhn cuhj ahs wfu 'vna ,tcu
cura inzc e"nvhc ihbc cuhj ah ers j"bnc wgu /asenv ,hc
/ryphd hfsrn r"rvk vjbn h,pc vzc wgu 'u,nst kg ktrah
asenv ,hhagk hutrv inzc vkcdv ubhmn vbvu /c

ihbc iht 'k"zu :u"y ,uguca wndc wgu 'cuhj ahs inzc ukhpt
vkhkc asenv ,hc ihbc ihta ihbn hhct rnts 'vkhkc e"nvhc
/unhen iht vkhkc unhen ouhc ifanv ,t ohev ouhcu rntba
/u ,unchc ifu 'y"uhc e"nvhc ihbc ihtu t,ht oa wndc khgku
,t k", ,ca vjus asenv ,hc ihbc tvh kufh oa wndv k"zu
wgu 'f"g 'hsucfc ihchhj ofkuf utrh, hasenu urna, h,u,ca
vag iht 'y"uh hcdks p"gtu /,"k vjus vag hcdk wndv iuhsc
t"chrv uekjba vnk n"epb tmh 'lfu lf ihc vagu ,"k vjus
tk v"s /t"ne ihkujk wxu,vu vah,f v"s :z"n ohjxpk wxu,c
kg iheuk ht n"epbu 'vagu ,"k vjus vag iht rsdc 'tfhrm
htsu f"vzd ouan ihsvs tfv ifu 'ung vag aha ,"kv ,rhcg
ihbgc f"an j"n:t oujb iuzj ,"uac wgu /j"bnc wf lfu 'veuk
j"n:c ;xuh yekhu .cuec vzc wgu 'a"g ruchsv hbpka vag
/z"gu
asenv ,hc crjan 'k"zu /k v"r whb,nc t,ht vbv

rfz vgca vbhsnc kyhb ckuk tvha htfz ic ibjuh icr ihe,v
tvhau k"zu wndc t,htu 'ruxt ukuf ;bhv ouh tvhau asenk
se,at urnthu e"nvhc vbch vrvn y"n 'ruxt ukuf ;bhv ouh
se,ats hgsh tku kufhb hnb uhafg jrzn rhtvc ubkft tk hn
rnug rnug tfhts t,av rh,v jrzn rhtv rnug vuv tk
jrzn rhtv hrv rx,hac hbchts tnhkht ',nht hbchns 'rh,n
tvs hr,ak ikvku ouhv ,umjn 'rxhnjc hbchts tkt 'rh,v
s"c ihta hpk ikvku ouhv ,umjn ihr,un iheujrv ib,
'vnjv ,gheak lunx rxhnjc hbchts tfrmb tk 'uc ohkmg,n
/u"k:t"h i,b ,uruvk ,"uac wgu /f"g wudu 'tkhkc hbchts hnb ht
3
hbhs wc ur,x wndv hmurh, wcc vbv 'ohbuatrv uaevu

vbvu 'vkhkc ut y"uhc ihbuc ihts 'e"nvhc ihbc inz ihbgc k"bv
vfux) h"ar wfu /thkhkc hbchts ut rxhnjc hbchts ghmv wndv
asen kct ost hshc hubcv ihbc n"v k"zu (hnb ht v"s /t"n
wtba ohnan tchu vkdh tuv kkfuanu hubc ihpmn ubta sh,gv
oa wxu,c ifu 'f"g '(z"h:u"y ,una) lhsh ubbuf wv asen
hrhhn er ruxhtva wh,a rbk lurgc wg obnt /t"cyhrcu
jnahc wgu /a"g jcznc hrhhn v"rc wndv hrcsu ,umhjnc
'ost hbc h"g asenv ,hc ihbc whvh osues jkac wp van
vumnk uvbhna o"cnrv ,gs if wfku 'ohnav in f"jtu
ejmh hcfuf wxcu /(c"h:v) rzgkt ,jbn ,"uac wg ifu ',urusk
,t ktrah ushngha c,f d"h:v t"j khvbrya ejmh r"rvk
'e"nvhcv ,t ohbuc ubt ukhtf cajb z"hgu ohzubdv ohrgav
kg weva vn j"ne:d ;xuh ykehu .cuec wgu 'uhrcsc a"g
/vrgvc y"pe hwx oa wg 't"h:s ,urhzb wkv n"rv hrcs
'asenv ,t kxup ubht vkhkc ihbcs t,ht j"bncu /d

wg ifu) tjhb k"bv ohbuatrv wh, u,gsku 'rcsc ruxht ahs er
vzc hbvn vn v"kts '(z"k ohrme ohbhbg ktrah ,jbn wxc vzc
rhgv kct /tvh kuxp asenv ,hc ihhsg ohna h"g vbcbs
hnh wzcs 'if gnan ubht t:t tnuh hnkaurhvns sus asenv
vkhk ,nev t"z 'vkhkc wtu ouhc wt ,unev d"h uhv ohtukhn
hxhrybuecu j"n:t oujb iuzj ,"ua wgu 'ouh ,sucgk kuxp
(wzu wu ,ut y"h rugha) ihaushe wxnk inyxud z"hrdvk ohrugha
ouan rhcxv wu whx ,uguca wxnk cegh ,ukve wxcu /vzc
'vbnzc tka tuva ouhf ost hshc vnev inz utk vkhks
whpt (hahkav asenv ,hcc) tfv kct 'uhktn oeuvf k"uvu
'whraft tbnjru ost hshc vnev itf iht ouhc oeun tvh
vzc wgu 'vkhkc ut ouhc oeun tvh ot n"epb iht tkhnnu
wr whjcu wt whx rpxv ;uxc ,"uac vrun, wxnk iuhm icre wxc
/wc whx v"r [itnhhv] vnka
hcm kthbs crv 4
inskp
kuxp tku ruxt ers yuap y"uhu ,cac ihbcu

wgu ',unchc wndv iuhsf) ,"ksg shdvk lhha whvh tk v"kts
wgu 'vrgvc d"b:t oujb iuzj wg ifu (k", v"s y"ns ,ujbn wxu,
ouan ut vbuc ouan huv ,ca ht t"n:c oujb iuzj ,"uac sug
/k"bv iuhm icre ,"uac vzc wgu 'aushe
k"zu c"h:t vrhjcv ,hc ,ufkv o"cnrv c,f vbvu /s

ifanv ,t ohev ouhcu rntba vkhkc asenv ,t ihbuc iht
,tm sg rjav ,ukgn ihbcc ohexugu vkhkc tk ihnhen ouh
ohabt obunncu inmgc sgxku ,ubck ihchhj kfvu 'ohcfufv
ihbck icr ,hc ka ,ueubh, ihkycn ihtu 'rcsnv asenf ohabu
chhjk o"cnrv hrcs ruenku) k"fg 'y"uh vjus v"c ihbc ihtu
c"c wndv hrcsn j:d j"ut ejmh ,hc ,"uav rhgv 'ohabv ,t
't,uucr uaevu ' (a"g ,uumnc hchhjhts ohscg hbtas s"s
ihbuc ihts 'tnrd inzva vag ,umn huv asenv ,hc ihbc tkv
tndusv huvs 'ihkhp,n ;hsg tk vzcu) y"uhu ,cac ut vkhkc
c,f iftu /vzc ohab chhjk o"cnrv wf lhtu (d"zvagnk
cajb ubht 'kuxp tku ruxht er huvs iuhfs 'k"bv p"g h"vev
t,ht oas /y"f ihaushe wxnk y"hrvnv c,f ifu /d"zvagnf
tkvu 'tnrd inzv ihta vag ,uumn ,htreb vegn ,uumns
ubht ouhe ,gepv ubhta ruxhts tkt ',cac ,uagk ruxt
s"hrdvk ohrugha ,unharc vzc wgu 'd"zvagnf vumn chajn
k"bv ohrugha hxhrybuecu c"x-x wng vfux wxnk ehmhhcukux
,ur,un vhv ,ubfvv kfa ohburjtv urhgv vkhk hcdku /wz ,ut
j"ut z"yv hrcs p"g f"an t:c ojurh ,ru,c vzc wgu 'vkhkc
;kuu ctz r"rvk) uhz ,rtp, wxc vzc f"an wgu /t:s"h
/vrgvc wh whx j"ut (.huutcruy
ws thcv z"n whx c"j rzgkt ,jbn ,"ua wxcu /v

huv ogv curk vumnv ,ufhha kf 't :ov uktu 'vzk ohmurh,
vzku (c"ne:c ;xuh yekhu .cuec vzc wgu) ,ubfvvu guhxv er
hruyv hrcs p"g .r,k t"jbnv c,f 'c /inz ,kcdv oua iht
5
inzaf tkt d"zvagn ibhrnt tks 'u"ys vdhdj wxnk ict

',nhhe vbht vumnva inz ahaf kct 'hrndk ehxpn vumnv
vzc cajb tk ',hrehgv u,uumnk ruzjh inzv hrjt kct
ah reuccu 'ehxpn vkhkva 'kank 'ihkhp,c f"tan) d"zvagn
vhva ihkhp, ,umnv u,ut tku 'ihkhp, ka vasj vumn
;hxuvu 'wz ,ut k"bv ejmh ,hc ,"uac f"d wg ifu '(kun,tn
ghepn ubht vkhk kkfcs p wng huk ,tanc inrsur h"hrdv vzc
ouhe uc ihtu 'ihbuc ihta tkt 'e"nvhc ihbc ka vumnv hrndk
vkhkc vubc ot htsuuc kct 'vkhkc e"nvhc ihbc ka vumnv
ubhbcc omgc ihbcv ,umn unhhe tka er 'rafu ihbc vuv rhpa
inz cajb tku ihbcv ,umn kf ghepn vkhk iht f"t 'vkhkc
'ck ,nfj vat kf vru,c cu,f ifanv hcdk 'd /a"g tnrd
ihbcs k"bvk yrpcu ',urusk hukhdf cajb vz euxps raptu
'vzc n"xfc wgu /vumn tsj ohuuvn e"nvhc ihbcu ifanv
tk tnkhss uz whtr ,ujsk wf wv ,ut k"bv ejmh ,hc ,"uacu
t"jbnv c,f 'su /a"g inmgn uag ova eru ohchujn huv
wxc wg vbvs 'ohasec d"zvagn ruyp ibhrnt ht iuhsc kpkpk
iuhf d"zvagnc ,uchhj ohab ohasecs d"h ohhjv ,umrt
t,htsf 'a"g wufu ohasec snknu rzuj ihtu aehvn snkbs
ah sugu) /j"n:t oujb iuzjc wg ifu /:tf vrun,u :yn ohjczc
wgu 't"jbnc wg ifu 'vz ihbgk ohasef cajb e"nvhc ht iusk
jek wxcu 'ohucksbn s"r ka urntn wk ,rcuj ejmh ,hcc vzc
wxc cfgk uhkg vbha ihbgku 'wv kkf khdbg ;xuh r"rvk cuy
[y"xr wng vrun, wxnk iuhm icre
tsuvh hfsrn wr hrcs t"m:c ;xuh yekhu .cuec wgu

keke,h ots ,g kfc lhha asenv ihbc ;ts otstrgybhtn
ie,n ubht ot f"tu ihbc huv hnb vzu ie,k lhrm rcs vzht
a"g vumnvn grdn tuv hf grd, kc kg rcugu vumnvn grdn
h"bpv ws p"g wh,a itnshrp ;xuh wrn oa thcv sugu /uhrcsc
d"zvagn iht jhka h"g ,uagk rapts tfhv kfs vkhn hcdk
dhkgz xjbp wr thcv c"ne whx k"bv .cuecu /b"v ifu ',ryup
hcm kthbs crv 6
inskp
:t"hs tnuhc wndv hrcs p"g trcxn c,fa sgszgcn ivfv

if 'hhj hgc tk [hab] hbvu hhj hgc [hrcd] hbv uyt 'vzuzn hcdk
vrpf hgc tk ohabu vrpf hgc ohabt uyt rnhnk tfht hnb
isa h:s"m s"uh ejmh ,hc ,"uac wgu /z"kr whx oa g"gu /a"g
,uruyp ohabs (u:c ,uct) ."ca,vu ovrsuctv hrcsc
ryph vatv ,hhag h"g otu 'ivhkgck ,usgcuans d"zvagnn
tne chanu ktua ,"uav cah vzcu ',uchhj ohab rhpa kgcv
ruypk tre lhrm htnt (x"r whx kuta shc f"fu) t"x whx
p"g wh,a t:c ojurh ,ru, xc wgu /a"g tfv k"h ifu 'vkhnn
'c"vuhspn ohab ruypk tre k"k y"fs ihaushe wxu,v ,haue
ifu 'd"vzagn ouan ruypk lhha tk ohrjtk gdubs iuhfs wh,u
,hc ,"uac vzc wgu 'e"usu ktrah kkf kfk gdub e"nvhc ihbcc
wxc wgu /vum, wp ;xuh xsrpc vzc wgu 'wv ,ut k"bv ejmh
hgc vbhfav ,travs aursv lrs p"g f"an c"j iugna ,frc
k"bv iuhm icre ,"uacu 'f"an a"g 'vatu aht ,up,ua
/a"g vzc tcuy lhrtv
ihbc ,uumnc ruejk c,f wv whx ktrah kjh ,"uacu /u

if wfku) 'shjhu shjh kf kg kyunv vumn huv ht e"nvhc
ut (k"bv c"h:t vrhjcv ,hc wkvc uhrcsc o"cnrv ,ugnanv
tmn,a g"n ;ux n"vxc u,ugnan ifu) kkfc ruchm kf kg
ifu 'e"nvhc ihbc unf t"ut kf tku ruchmvg vcuj iva ,umn
k:v"k ,una ,"vg x",jv haushjn oa thcvu (/lubhjv wxc
ktrah iujrhc drucbzhuke - zbtmn runstv h"g osue tcuns]
vag 'ktkmc oac wv tre utr tre htv kg [t"m tcx
hsuep ohhjv rut wg ifu '(,ujhka ,ru,c) ktkmc urrc ukhtf
ujuka ru,c huvs "ktrah hbcu aghu" euxpv lg) c:y"k ,una
arhp uburpxc obnt /utag ktrah kf ukhtfu u,unf ost ka
vzcu iunnv ,t ub,bs trev ,buufs 'tre htvc ,rjt
/a"g 'ruchmv kkf kg ,kyun vumnvs rcxa gnanu 'up,,av
vbhn tepb vzk tmha oa h"jh ,"uac t,ht sugu

7
,umn huv ots 'tk ut vumnc ohfhha ov ht 'ohbye hcdk

huv ht kct 'vru,v ,uumn kff ohruyp vrutfk zt shjhv
ohfhha ,uhvk ohrapt ohbye ukhpt vrutfk rucmv kg vumn
,ca wndv hrcs ka uruthc vn 'n"epb tmh f"d vzku /vzk
,ueubh, ihkycn ihts '(k"bv vfkvc o"cnrv othcva) :y"he
ohchhj ohbyes ibhrnt ot /e"nvhc ihbck whpt icr ,hc ka
ihkycn iht hfv ukhpts wndv ,asjn rhpa zt 'e"nvhc ihbcc
wndv aushjs k"m 'ohruyp ohbye ot kct /,",n o,ut
ifu 'e"nvhc ihbck ukhpt o,ut ohkycn ihta ohsnknvc hrhhn
wd whx vrhjcv ,hc wkv t"j ohase hbhs) ijkav lurgv ,gs
h"rdvk vkhdnu vfubj xrybuec whg vz ihs rehgcu /(f"x
/j"h whx ihmruy
'ohkusdv ka ,", ihbgk vzk n"epb tmhs h"jhc wf sugu

iht ohrjt h"g ,uagk rapta vumn kfs k"nhhe tkvs
huv ot ztu 's:d vru, sunk, wkvc t,htsf 'vzk ,", ihkycn
rucmv ,cuj huv ot kct ',", ouan ruypk iht shjhv ,cuj
a"g ',",n kyck iht vrutfk zt v,ut ohnhhen ohrjtu
/uhrcsc
ots 'ohab ruypu d"z"vagmn ihbgk n"epb tmh sugu

ah vzc vrutfk zt 'shjhv kg vcuj huv e"nvhc ihbcs ibhrnt
kg vcuj huv ot kct 'd"zvagmn ouan ohabv ,t ruypk
wg ifu /ohabk ukhpt vc ,ufhha ah vrutfk zt 'rucmv
/k"bv ohruhga hxhrybuec
huv ihbcs gnan 'ihhua v"s :t"ke ,ca wxu,c vbvu /z

lurc ausev vuma ,jt vumn huv hnb ihbcvu k"zu 'vumnv ;ud
uuvs ,urjt ,uumnk sudbc 'f"g 'asenv ,hc ,ubck tuv
wg obnt /c"n whx j"ut z"bct ,"uac wgu ',uumn hrhafn
huv e"nvhc ihbcs o,ugnana 'ifa v"s /u ,unch wxu,c
j:u"gr keav ,hmjncu y:u"gr t"dnc wg ifu 'vumn rafvf
hcm kthbs crv 8
inskp
j"k:c oujb iuzj ,"uac wgu /vumn rafv huv b"fvhc ihbcs
ohcrs vumn cajb asenv ,hc ihbc ht vktav huk, vz kgs
rhpa 'unmg ouan u,ubck vumn huv ots 'uruthc lfu 'tk ut
ubht ot kct ',tz vumn ouhek cuhj shjhu shjh kf kg kj
shdvk tjhb r,uh zt ',ubcrek rafv huvs tkt 'vumn unmgc
kyunv tnkgc ,uhrjt vzu 'uvbcha rucmv kg ,uhrjt er ahs
hnkac ,ufhrtc wgu /yrpc shjhv kg tku kkfc rucmv kg
,"uac wgu) /k"bv drcbhha p"jrv ka urntncu u y"h:v vjna
tka n"g e"nvhc ,ubck r,un ot ihbgc s"x whx ivf ypan
/(,ubcre chrevk
rapts oujb iuzjv wf (c whx t"j) rjt ouencu /j

vashe ut v,gak vashe ibhrnt ht vktav huk, k"bv iuhscs
vbuatr vauses t,dukpc whk,s if,hu oa k"zu 'tck sh,gk
h,gna (wh vkhdn) gauvh r"ts htnku k"gk vase ht
wufu ohgke ihta p"gt e"e ihkfut ,hc ihta p"gt ihchrena
huv e"vnc ihbcs vtrb k"gk vase vbuatr vases ouan
ouan vumn rafvk hts hba ,hc ihbuc uhv f"ga unmgk vumn
f"gt ,hc ihta p"gt chrevk ihkufh uhv ,ubcrev ,crev
k"gk vase tk s"nk f"tanu vumn whpud uvht e"vnc ihbcs
ibjuh wr z"hpku vcrevv rafvk e"nvc ihbck ihfhrm uhv
vause chhj z"vzc vkgnv h"rts (z"e) ohjczc u,yhak
rnt f"g vumnv ;ud e"vnc huv wshsks k"gk vase vbuatr
ucura hbpn hrhag tkt uh,gce tk rusv u,utc h,hhv tknkt
lrumk vumn rafv er huv e"nvcs ibcrks ;rab uc kfhv ka
kuyhcc er ucur ut u,men ,phrac n"pb iht ,ubcrev
hgha,c rutv ,t uc u,hmva vgan vuv,ba ,ubcrev ,uthmn
huv e"nvcs ijbuh wrk kct tphsg t,ubgrups t,kj,t tuva
rhpa ,hbg,v ,ghcec t,ht unmg ,phra ouanu unmgk vumn
ucura hbpn hrhagc tbgce vuv rntu ucur r,c khzhk n"pb ah
/a"g k"fg 'vrgv lrs k"h if ;rab uc kfhv ka
9
f"d kkuf asenv ,hc ihbc ,umn o"cnrvk vbvu /y

wgu ',usrpb ,uumn wc ov (d"k vumn) i"cnrvk obnt 'ohkfv
ogy ht uekjbs 'lhsuep ,uahrsc vzc g"gu /vjbn h,pc vzc
hsf ohkfv f"d ibhgc ztu 'vsucgv ouen tuv asenv ,hc
hrcsf 'vbhfav ,trav ouen tnkhs ut ',ubcrev ,t chrevk
wxcu lknv ,umn wxc vzc g"gu 'a"g 'vnur, wp ahr i"cnrv
ihc ekjna vn z"b whx d"j oa g"gu 'v"b:v vjna hnka
vn k"bv drcbhha p"jrv ka urntnc chyhv wgu /onmg ohkfv
o"cnrvks 'k"bvc a"t wfku /vzc ohasujn ohrcs c,fa
iht ztu ',ubcrev ,crev ouan e"nvhc ihbc ,hkf, rehg
vumnf tku ',ubcrev ,umnk hgmnt er 'vumnv rehg ubhbc
'rucmv kg kyunv ,uhrjtf tkt shjhu shjh kf kg kyunv
/e"usu
inskp hcm kthbs crv
ohasev ,ucajn ihbgc

ohjczv kf k"zu ohjcz ,fxn ahr whb,nc ubhba vbv /t
'vcuj oak ohkgck ukg tka tkt ohraf inak tka ujczba
wufu inz kfc ,tyjvu ubnzc jxpv ',tyjvu jxpv in .uj
jczv ohrcs vaa oak k"zu ib, (:u"n) s"p ;ux whb,ncu /a"g
jhr oak ohaht oak oav oak jcuz oak jcz oak 'jczb
/a"g wufu tyj oak oatvu ,tyjvu jujhb oak
hubha ers (ohjczv kf v"s) ih,fxn ahr wxu,v uc,fu

obnt 'ohkxup ohkgc hubhau (,rjt icre oak vcajn) ase
,ucajn wuv kfa (t"h:s ,ubcrev vagn) o"cnrv ,ugnan
tka wxu,v uc,f sugu /oa vban ojkv c,f ifu 'ohcfgn
/vryev ,gac ohkgc hubha ubhmn
vryevc ohkgc hubha ihbg ihts wxu,v hrcs rcxvcu

ws whx ovrct grz wxc s"hv tcngz ojbn r"dv wf ' (kuxpk)
wc k"h ohrunht ,ryev cuhj ihbgc vbvs if,h k"zu s"h ,ut
hbhsn unfs k"r 'icrev ka hyrp cuhj tuvs wtv 'ohrsd
kfs cufhgv ihsc oheukjs er ohrunhtv ,ryev od icrev
hfhv hcfgn tk ohrunht ,ryevu humhrv ohcfgn ,usucgv
una ubhhvs icrev ka hyrp cuhjs k"h wcv 'wufu uvhb,hks
,cfgn vbhta iuhf vryev kg ubht vkug ut ohnka hyrpv
whvh ,ubcre hrunht kfs hkkf cuhj tuv vryev cuhju humhrv
oa iht kct rhyevk cuhj ah vsu, ut ,tyj ut ohnka
k"xs wxu,v ,rcx vtrb uzu 'wudu vryevv kg kkf icrev
,ru,a tnhbs icrev ka hyrp cuhj ubht vryev cuhjs
hkkf cuhj ihbg tuv er 'u,ryev chhjn d"vfu ohnka
ovhkg vryev cuhj ah jcznc uns erzba icre kf hrunhts
oau ihbg ek,xb rcfs 'ohkgcv oaku vnak m"ts k"x ifku
'ohkgcv ,cajnu vnakv ,cajn chhjnv uvza 'hyrpv icrev
/uhrcsc a"g f"g
ekj tuv vcajnv ibhgs 'z"nrdv hrcsn rtucnu

tvu /unmg icrev ,crev hbhsn gcubu 'icrev ,sucgn
ouan tuv 'kank 'vcuj oak vkug ubht unak tka ohnkas
ikbn (/s) wndv ,buuf ifu /ohnkav ,crev ihsc iurxj ahs
hcm kthbs crv 2
inskp
ubcre ohnka jcz otu tre rnts 'vnak vjhcz ibhgcs

vbha tks d"gt 'oa e"nyav k"zu /ohnka oak vjhcz tv,a
ukhtf inakc vbhas iuhf trcxn ukxphk n"n cfgk cu,fv
chjrv vsbdxyud hfsrn crvu /f"g 'vc vbhaa vsucgv rxj
hcr iutdv ,banc ohaushju ,urgv rpxc z"rndv hrcsc tcuy
cegh ,ukvec g"gu 't"ne - z"ke wng k"eumz tcngz ojbn
/u"n whx ohjxp wxnk
hjt iugna k"zu t,ht ohjcz ahrs whb,nv ;uxc 'z"hgfu

ovn lunb oak ihraf ivn vucd oak iyja rnut vhrzg
ihkuxp ohke ohase oak iyjaa ohase hase smhf 'ohkuxp
rufcv 'ihraf ohase hase oak iyjaa ohke ohase
oak iyjaa ohnka ihraf ohnka oak iyjaa ragnvu
ukhpt 'e", ,gsks rtucnu /f"g ihkuxp ragn oaku rufc
vaevu /vcuj oak ohkgck ukg tk ovn vucd oak caj
hbvn ,"x oak ;ke scg ot vbvs 'z"n whxc vhrt ,dtav
a"nu 'ihphk, ,ausen vrunj ,"x ,auses 'ihkhp, uc cu,fk
y"vs ohase hbtas k"hu k"zu t"dtav wh,u /,ubcres tbhsn
ohase oak iahsevs iuhfs ouan hbvn tk lunbk vucd whpts
t"t 'ohase hase iudf ivn vucd oak iyjaa p"gt ohke
ukhcac aseuv tka iuhf vz icre kg kujk vucdv ,ausek
ihts iuhf vnak tka k"vu rjt jczk jcz ,ubak t"t hrv
kct 'ukg tk lfkhv vyhja ,gac uhkg vkj vucdv ,ause
vkj vause v,ut vrunj we oak schga iuhf suchg ihbgk
iuhfu kujkn uc,fgna ,rjt vause itf iht hrva uhkg
kkfc tvs kkfc hnb vke vause 'vrunj vause uhkg vkja
/k"fg 'lunbku vcud hbvn lfkhv 'vbn oh,tn
s"bgku k"zu wy ,ut wd whx ;xuh jha wxc vzc wg obnt

vnak ihsn ohasec vnak ihs vbuas ,uyapc k"t vrutfk
'icrev ,sucgn ekj huv ohasec vnak ihss ',uumnv rtac
vcrevv ,ukugp kf ,uhvk lhrm ohnka chrenana ubhhvs
vyhjav unf huv vnakvu 'wusfu ,tyj 'vkug 'ohnka oak
vnak cajb tk ubnn vucd oak whpt v"uanu 'wusfu vehrzv
vnak lhrma ,uumn rtac f"tan 'icrev ,sucgc rxja iuhf
'vause ka ihs vnakv ihs iht wusfu ihkhp,u ,"xc unf
tkt 'vumnvn ekj od vz ihtu 'rcsv ahsevk lhrma rnukf
lhrma htsuc r,uh chajn ot v"uanu 'vumnv vagnc ,uchaj
ufrmuv lfhpk [t:h:t ihkhp, wkv n"xfcu] wudu ,ujpk khguvk
rvzha hpk vnak iscgk ufrmuvu vrh,h ,uchaj ovk ,uagk
i"rv whjc od rtucn vz ihgfu 'ohcr ohnh usngh ignk isuchgc
vfuxs wv ,unjkn wxc i"cnrcu 'thduxv ;uxc j"n ihrsvbx
ihsc hrhhna ,uhduxv kfc ubhmn tka vn tjhb z"hpku 'y"s
/a"g k"fg 'ohasec vnak ihsk ohnsna n"u,xc vnak
,kugp omgn ekj huv ,ubcrec vnaks ihss 'k"bvf rtucnu
tks 'vkuf vru,v kfs vnak hbhs rtan vbua vzcu 'vsucgv
hbhsn tkt 'vnusf ut vumnk tmpj rafvc ekj er huv
hbhsc f"an ohjcz ahr z"hrdv haushjc ihhgu /unmg vsucgv
/ohasek ,frmbv vbuufv
wndv k"zu 'inak tn,xs ihs ,ubcrec ubhmn vbvu /c

oak ohkgck hnb ukg tn,x tv inak tkas tngy :c ohjcz
c,fba ydv kf hvbhnru hns inakf hnb tn,x tnkt 'vcuj
o,xc ohjcz hbau 'kuxp hnb tn,xu 'kuxp vat oak tka
ohjczu /,snug ihaurhdk utk tn,xc vat 'ohsnug inak
ujczba ohjczv kf ib,s tvn tnhkht 'ikbn ihraf tn,xc
hb,ev hnb yd hcd 'inak ujczb tka hb,e tku wuf inak tka
c,fb tka hb,e tku 'kuxp vat oak tka c,fba ydv kf
'inak tkau inak smhf ib,s tvn tkt `kuxp vat oak
oaku jxp oak rnts tngy 'ohnka oaku jxp oak
'hns inakf in,x tnkt 'raf tn,xu jxp oak tv 'ohnka
tuv vbautr ,gs kg vaugv kf rnts 'o,v hbta tnkhs
oaku ohnka oak 'inaku inak tka 'tphxn tkt /vaug
oaku tn,x tv 'jxp oaku ohnka oak rnts tngy 'jxp
ht 'u,khj, kg upux jhfuh rnts o,v hbta tnkhs 'raf jxp
inak tka hnb tb, 'inak tkau inak tb,s hshht 'hnb
tka hn ;t hxuh r"t wufu ohrcs wu oak 'tvn tkt /inaku
ub,t 'tuv ihs ,hc htb,a raf ukt kfn ,jt oak uckc vhv
htu 'unak tka rnhnk h,t tnkhs unak tnhk tks ihs ,hc
khxphns t,khn hb,nu s"hc hnhhe 'kuxp tn,x l,gs tekx
upuxc iurvt hpf ,"uac vzc wgu /wndv hrcsc a"g wudu 'vhc
/f"an ohjcz wxnk whjc
vn ihhgk ah vrutfk 'vnak tn,xs tvc vbvu

ot vzf cmncs tbsnut ahs rnuk rapt 'sjt smns /uruthc
tka inz kf vnak u,gs vaugv htsuu 'uktv ohyrpv kf
shdvk rapt ut /vnak tka vcajn h"g tbsnutv gr,ht
,t kkuf unmg tmpjvs tuvu 'vnak tn,xs tvc ,rjt
er 'vnak huv uhktn unmg icrevu 'vnakv ka ,hkf,v
tvk yrpcu /vnak tka vcajn h"g vz ,t rhxvk rapts
whna tk ,ugyc vrhegs (o"ncrv ,gsk p"vfk) k"hhes
vcajnvs vtrb '(/y"n ,ujbnc tcru hhct uekjbs) vrheg
iurxj huvs tku 'uhktn oa tuva vn reug vnak tka
vz ihgfu 'vzc g"khu /,ugyc ukhpt kxph if hkukts 'rafv
hcm kthbs crv 4
inskp
vagn wkv kztv ictc ,ufhrtc wgu /asev ,rvy wxc rej
vnak vbhss ibhrnt ots 'k"bvs tv vzk gdubu /h:s ,ubcrev
rc,xn hkut 'vsucgv omgn ohhuv ,ubcrev ,sucgk ohgdubv
unf uchrevk vcrevv hbhsnu 'icrev omgc ,jbun vnakvs
'vbufb tk vcajnc kuxpk kufh trcdvs eru 'rcf aseuna
'vkuf vru,v kfs vnak hbhsc vzc iusk ah ztu /hbav smfu
/,ubcrev hbhsc yrpcu
vkgv wy whx c"j g"vt rpux o,j ,"uac vbv

sjt ot iudf 'hrcd hr,c ukhpt vnak tn,x ibhrnts
wndc t,hts p"gtu /tn,xc vsucg vag hbavu icre ahsev
wndvs o,v hbta 'vnak ibhrnt tk hrcd hr,cs /z"y ,ujbn
vaugv kfs kkfv vgsh eru 'tnhhe vnak whn,xs vgsh ory
;xuh ,hc .cuec wgu /uhrcsc a"g 'vaug tvu vbuatr ,gs kg
/itnhhx ohhj lurc r"rv vzc f"an y"a wng ws ,rcuj kuta
whpt ztu 'tmpjvc jbun tn,xvs x",jv hrcsn gnanu
/vnakv ,t ihfhann rjt trcdc
vkhck hutrv kf" ka ihs ah ht vzc huk, vrutfku

",cfgn vkhc vkhck hutr ubhta kfu ,cfgn vkhc iht
,uraptv uk vhvha lhrm scugvs ihfhrmn ht rnukf 'tn,xc
tbsnut huv vnak tn,xs ibhrnt ots /vnak cuajk
iputc lhha ers rapt 'vnak vagnv ,t vaug trcdvs
,hkf,vs ibhrnt ot f"tan /vnak cuajk rapt trcdva
ubht trcdv ot ukhpt zt 'unmg tmpjvc huv vnakv ka
tn,x ibhrnt ,r,ux vbuuf ihta inz kf 'vnak vbuuf kgup
wv ,frc rga (hcukduwmuev iutdvk) vsav jha rpxcu /vnak
oa t,hts 'o,xc ohjcz v"s :c wxu,v hrcsn ehhs ws whx
rcuxu ohase iva ihcvk ,gs uk ihts grd iyes tn,xs
'vzc ohexupv ubsu) 'f"g 'kuxpu exg,n vhk vuvu ihkuj iva
'c"h ,ut (c) wf whx ohjcz t"uzjcu 's:s:c rzghjt ,"uac wg
,uruvk ,"uacu z"hrdv whjcu 's"jc ohxpsbv rzghjtk ,urgvcu
iyes tn,xcs 'ovhrcsn gnanu /(v"f whx j"ut t"j i,b
iht vrutfku 'vnak tn,x uc rnth tn,xn gurd huvs tkuk
vmhc wxnk whjc hcm .rt ,"uac wg obnt /vkhck hutr ihs
asev ,rvy wxv in tfpht thcv k"bv iutdv oaa wu ,ut
wg ifu 'uhrcsk whtr thcva a"gu 'tn,xc hutrv kf ihs ahs
/u"m:c at hshra ,"uac
ohjczs vkgvu 'icres ihsk yds ihs vuav wndv vbvu /d

ztu /,snug ihaurhdk utk tn,xc vat 'ihsnug inak o,xc
wxu,c ihhg /tn,xc ydv kuxp ka uchyc ,me ihhgk ah
ohasev ,ucajn ihbgc
5
vnak chaj okugks k"hu k"zu uc,fa kct v"s /d"h ihcurhg
b"t 'ibcrsn kuxpk lhha tk vyux hcdu 'ibcrsn kuxp o,vu
ost oua cu,fh ot shpen cu,fk uhkga ivfv iht vyuxc
tn,xn yd hcd kct whk tjhb tn,xnu u,uarc tka vnak
y"e whx t"j oujb iuzj ,"uac wgu /a"g kgck whk tjhb tk
kf ht tcr tbuhg lhrm k"bv ihcurg wxu,v ,buufc obnt wfa
tkc vnak uc,fc er ut ibcrs kuxp er whvh ydc tn,x
z"x hx a"hc ,"uau oa h"gahu t"gvt a"hc ihhgu kgcv huum
ohjczs sunkv hcdk uhrcs chyhv wgu 'f"g 'a"g vzc ufhrtva
c,f ukhtf huv kgcv hpn gna tkaf z:fe a"c wgu /vnak
kyc tku ibcrsn kuxp tkt ubht f"t 'vnak tku tn,x
tku p"r rcxa vnk er wxu,v hrcss t"egr wfu /wutsn
tuv a"cv ,buufs dn:s gauvh hrcs ,"uac wgu 't,fkvs tchkt
huum hkc er 'vnak vag rpuxvs iuhf ibcrsn er huv kuxpvs
kgcv ,tuum tkc uc,fh ota /d"f ihyhd t"carv wk ifu 'kgcv
oa a"trv wsnu 'o,x uc,fhu vnak cu,fk ck ub,h tk
tka inz kfs u,buufc h"csv rhcxvu 'wuts kuxp huvs gnan
ihaurhdk utk vat o,xs ihaurhdk ,snug vatv iht vuuhm
vat ka ihaurhd oak uc,f rpuxva vn hbvn tk ifk ,snug
o"cnrv ka ubuak wg ifu 'ihaurhdk ,snug tks rjtn uz
rjtk ots itf h"ar hpku a"trv hpk wf ztu u:d ihaurhd
cahj tku tn,x rpuxv uc,f uc,fk rpuxvk kgcv vuhma
vuhma rjtks ouan raf ihaurhd oaku vnaku unak aurhpc
wgu 't"ke ihyhd ,ru,c ifu ',snug ihaurhdk vatv cua kgcv
t"ue ;uxc xpsb) ihyhdc h"bpvk iurjt xrybuec chyhv
hrjt tn,x c,fc wutsn kuxp /z"f z"g wxu, ,gsks (ihaushek
wgu 'ibcrsn kuxp wxu,k ;ts vkgv ihyhd ,ru,vu 'kgcv ,tuum
/vzc h"csv hrcs rtac
',snug ihaurhdk utk vat o,xs wndv c,fs tvcu

kfn 'vkgc ,j, v,bhz whptu 'k"zu o,x v"s wxu,v uc,f
kgcv vmrh tk ot odu ',snug vz ydc ard,vk utk ouen
'k"bvg ohhuk, ohmurh,v wcs raptu /a"g wudu 'vbardh tk
,snug if ,tzv vatvs p"gts gnan 'iuatrv omurh,cs
ibhrnt tk 'ydv omgc ,jbun vbht ,tz tscugs iuhf 'iaurhdk
omurh,cu /rjt ydc ard,vk rapts iuhf 'vnak tn,x
ibhrnt vhv 'chhj vhv tkuks gnan 'vardk chhj ubhts 'hbav
/ardk chhj uk ah ardnv trcdvs iuhf 'vnak tn,x
ryac tn,xc k"bv wndv p"g is z"f:c ,ajrn wxcu

c,fu 'kevk vkgvu 'tnhhe hcuxbhtk t,,hts iuhf 'ihaushe
is ,ntcu /vzc rrug,ba hn h,htr tku vnumg vrhej thvu
hcm kthbs crv 6
inskp
,vhn,c obnt 'rhnjvk vkgvu s:d ,uaht jna rutc vzc

vz wnds ouan huvs rapt 'ohcr vc urrug,b tka rcjnv
c"pr i"cnrv hrcsk u,buufs raptu 'x"ac ,tmnb ubht vrutfk
ifu 'a"g 'f"gc vbah ifa v"s /v ihaushe wxu,k ut ,ucu,fs
vsav jha wxcu oa wg 'y"n whx t"j hcm .rt ,"uac thcv
/vzc iusk tuv f"an (d"be wng) wy kkf ohkkfv rga
vnf ohburjtv uyeb icrek yd ihc wndv eukhjc vbvu

ztu /ubbhbg ,me rvc,b ovhrcs h"gs raptu 'ohrcsvc ,ubcv
/ohrpxvc ohtmnbv ohfkvnvc ihhgk ah
kfcs wb 'c"n tne ohase 'aht iuzjv ka ubuak vz /1

tfht tfvs tkt 'hbvn tk tn,xs tyhap vnak ibhgcs rcs
sujhc cauj ubhta d"gt shcge ohase oaks iuhfs rnhnk
'icrev u,ut od u,cajn kkfc hrv n"n 'tuva icrev oak
hren rhpa ardk vmrha hn kfk c,uf ot vat ydc if unfu
icre oak caj ot kct 'ihaurhd oak tuvs iuhf 'vnak
'vnak tka hren rhpa uhkg caja icrev u,ut ubbhtu hshjh
rjt iht 'hbukp ka ,sjuhn ihaurhdk caj ot vat ydc ifu
'ohasev ihsk ihaurhdv ihs uk vaea tkt 'uc ardk kufh
oak vagnv ,t sjhn ot tkt vnak huv tk okugks hbanu
uvhn 'icrev u,ut oaku ydc hbukp oak unf tuva vn
u,utc uh,sucg kf f"g hrva vnakf huv whshs tn,x ohasec
uvhnak uvk regs sg uvhnan ueh,bht tku tuva icrev
tkt hbukps ihaurhdk hnr,n vch,fv iht hrv ydc kct thsvc
wxnk asuev rzbv ka ubuak wgu 'k"fg 'c,ufv ka u,cajn h"g
obutc v,bhza ivf ,atcs ohburjtv wfa vn hpk vbvu 'ohjcz
ihbgv obnt g 'xbutc vagb ihbgva iuhf vardk u,ut ihpuf
',u,hrfv omgc vkugp vz iht ihhsg vch,fv ,kugps tfv
omg kg vshgn v,unmgc vsucgvs 'icrevs ,usucgc f"tan
'ovhrcsn gnanu /wv - wc ,ut g"gu 'vnak tn,x vzu 'ihbgv
u,buufs 'vaugv kg ,usg kgup cmnvs tuv tn,xs ihbgs
lf kf vagnva 'icrev ,crev ka u,kgn vzu 'vnak
/vaugv kg vrurc ,usg huvs ,sjuhn
'd"b ,ut (.bhm chk vhrt r"rvk) vmhkj chy wxc wg ifu
vkgvu /vmhkjc vnak tn,xc wt whx m"fj ,"uac is vbvs
vehzv ,gepv omg kgup unmg vmhkjvs iuhfs 'vmhkj chyc
d"gts :u"p ihyhdc rtucn vbv sugu /vnak tn,x ibhrnt
hgc tk vbh,bc kct 'kuxp tn,xu vnak hgc ydv ,ch,fs
',uahtv surhp tfhk ihhsgs ' vch,f ,gacs ogyvu 'vnak
vch,fv ina ',snug ihaurhdk utk vat o,xs ibhrnt f"g
ohasev ,ucajn ihbgc
7
,nrud thva ydv ,bh,b kct ',uahtv surhp kg whtr iht

x",jv vkgv ifu) hte vnak tn,xs ibhrnt ',uahtv surhp
hrcsc wgu a"g oa i"rvu h"ar hruthcn vbua 'oa ihyhdk whjc
ifu 'vehzv ,gepvc ,exuga vmhkj v"vu ' (d"k whx ktezjh
iuhfs 'k"bv ihgf uhrcsu /u"ye whx z"j i,b ,uruvk ,"uac wg
,buuf kg vshgn ',nhuxn ,kgu, kg ,zfurnu ,sjuhn vagnvs
we h"cub ,"ua wg ouchh ihbgku) /vagnv u,utk tuva trcdv
/ (vnak tn,x ibhrnts s"b whx g"vt
v"dvc d"ge whxu j"xe whx g"vt y"uh dbug ,"uacu / 2

tn,x ibhrnt ers 'tn,x ibhrnt tks vkgvu 'vmhkjc f"d is
tuv ifs) ,rjt tmpjc vumnv ,t ,uagk t"ts tfhv
ohhek cuhj ah icre u,utk aseuv rcfs iuhfs 'ohasec
tn,xvs u,buufs rnuk rapt vrutfku /(vnvc u,utc vumnv
f"gc 'vumnv ohhek rjt iput ihts iuhfs 'tmpjc kyun
kct /vnak vbuufv uc kyun ztu 'vumn u,utk ohhe tmpjvs
'ehsm tuv trcdvs ihyebs iuhfs 'tfpht f"d rnuk rapt
tuv tn,xn 'rjt iputc vumnv ,t ,uagk uk t"ts iputc
/y"fs v"rk ict hruyc z"hgf wgu /vnak vumnv ,t vaug
otu k"zu h:s ,ubcrev vagn wkvc o"cnrv wfu /3

ohnkacu vkugc kkf caj tku o,x ,usucg rta scgu yja
jxps u,ugnans n"xfv vn,u 'f"g 'ohkgck ukgu ohraf v"v
'c,f t,ucrks c,f jczv ,frc wxcu /tn,xc ihkuxp ,tyju
rnth tna ouan rzdnk tfhks ohnkau vkugcs tbhnt s"xes
,uyhapc yeb ,ufkv hyuekcu /ovc thsvc arpha hgc wudu
hrcs ,t rhcxvu vcuj oak ukg tn,x ,tyju jxp whpts
(asev rzbv kgcvk) ohrpux hrcscu /a"g vz iputc o"cnrv
c"gs ohjxps ,ugyc vrhegs thduxvn jhfuvk c,f wu whx
hnkaurhvn whtr thcv ifu 'cuhj oak vkug tn,xc jxps
,uhbanv kg oujb iuzj wxc wg obnt /uhrcsc a"g v:u ohjxp
tk ntc jxpu ,tyjs o"cnrv wkc ihcva wc wng wt ;s
ohraf a"ugs t,khns tngys wfu tn,xc ohkgck ohkug
tdrs sj ibh,jb vcuj oak ohkgck ukg tks tkt inak tka
inak tks uvc tbnjr shpes p"uj kct ukgu ohraf tn,xcs
vzc wgu 'ohkug obht ohrafs p"gt tn,x lfkv ohkuxp huvhk
ihcv wc whx k"mz trhpa n"rdvk rhtnv rut ,"uacu /i,b ejc
t"sc 't:uy n"vuxp wkvc u,ugnan ifs rhgvu uyuapf n"rv
ohnka vkugv uza vnhsu vgy ot kct iuszc jcz oa rcgaf
'vcuj oak ohkgck v,kg ohnka oak u,sucg kf vagu thv
ohraf oav hubha ,cajnc itaga jxpvu ,tyjv ifu
rtac rhtnv rutc a"g 'f"g 'vrheg vbht ,ugyc vrhega
hcm kthbs crv 8
inskp
wxk outcbgzur ohhj ktuna wr ,rgvc vzc g"gu /vzc uhrcs

,"uacu 'wu whx ;xuh ,jbn wxcu '(s"f:d ,ajrnc xpsb) ,ajrn
/c"k whx c"j (rgdbhxka-vph ovrct r"rvk) ohra rtc
kuxp jxps o"cnrv ,gss yeb z:t ,ajrn wxcu

t"k 'tuv ohnka ohngpk jxps iuhfs rhcxvk c,fu 'tn,xc
ztu 'tmpjvc ,jbun vnakvs if od u,buuf vrutfku /tn,x
,jrfun shn, unmg icreva vrenc vnak tn,x ibhrnt er
/tbexnv u,utk
ihaurhdk utk tn,x k"zu wfa z"y whx ejmh rfzc wgu / 4
ihts ohjcz ka ,usucgk ydv ,ch,f vnus ubhts ubhhv ',snug
f"tan 'tuv sjuhn rcfs icrek vzc uvagha vnakc vbuufv
uhp kg rjt ut kgcv uvagha hgcu ihhsg sjuhn ubhts ydc
',u,hrfk ydv sjhha hgcs tuv ydc vnak ka suxhs 'kgcs
ard,vk ,snug vbht n"n ,snug ihaurdk tn,xs vatc ;tu
vuymb tka kf ydv sjhhk kufh rjt iht ifku 'vz ydc
sjuhnv tmpjc ,jbun vnakvs u,gs ifu /a"g 'kgcvn
k"mz ehmhuukux s"hrdvk ohrugha ,unharc wg ifu /vumnvk
snugvu ohhev tmpj iht ihaurhdc k"zu 'v"k wng vfux wxnk
tn,xc u,ch,fa rnuk t"tu ihhsg c,fb tk ydv 'vnak
vnak vjhczk snugvu ohhev tmpj ah icrec 'hns vnakf
a"gu 'f"g 'vnakf tn,xc vcrevv ,t ihs p"g gcue tuvu
ibhgc (/y vfux) a"c ,gsks vfuxs ihs vzk ,uuavk lhanva
,ekj ,"uacu s"x whx vsuvh rfz ,"uacu a"g 'vnak u,hhag
/ws whx ,"svn ctuh
vru,v kfs vnak hbhbg rtac ohexupv hbuhsc ifu

vsuvh rfz ,"uac vbvu /k"bv ihbgc ,me o,gs ,rtucn 'vkuf
c"h whx (thb,v kgcv ka ushnk, 'sbhekc chhk vsuvh r"rvk)
kuj ubht wv oas rafs vkgvu 'tn,xc wv oa c,ufc is
(:s"b ihyhd :s"e ,ca) vsuvh oak iuuf,bc eru 'ouen ouac
rapt wt smns 'ohfrsv wc shdvk rapt uz trcxcu /ibhkxp
,buufs vrund tbsnut ah 'ouen ouac kuj ubht wv oas iuhfs
'kkfc kuj wv oa ihts iuhfs rapt 'lshtnu /vnak c,ufv
wg obnt /vnakf ,uhvk jrfun wv oa ,ch,fs tmpjv omg
s"uhc wgu ,"xc tn,x ibhrnt tks hf v"s /z"f z"g wxu,c
ihyhd wxnk wxu,v ovhkg uekju 'h"cc tcun hfsrncu t:s"gr
/s"khu 'tn,x ibhrnt ifs suchg v"s :v"n
ibhrnt ot vkuf vru,v kf ibhgk ohexupv ubs ifu

,rhntk sdb,va d"m s"uh we h"cub ,"uac wgu /vnak tn,x
ohasev ,ucajn ihbgc
9
vbuuf ohburjt vnf ,gsku /vnak tn,x ouan sujh oa

,ufhrm iht ,uumn s"nk ukhpt ,uumn ouhe r,ux ,hfpv
ohbuatrv ukejbu ':s"he ohjxpu :j"f v"r wndv ,hdux wg) vbuuf
h"ccu /c"h ,ufrck h"r,cu v"rk t"cyhrc wg ',hfpv vbuufc
ouan f"tmn ibhrnt ers iuhf (v"trv oac y"pe, j"ut
kkf t,hhruts iuu,tc khdbg ;xuh r"dv c,f ifu 'vnak tn,x
'j"k:t rzgkt ,jbn ,"uac ifu 'v:y:t ,rup ic ,"uacu d"f
whx ktuh hrcs ,"uacu 'wt whx wv ,frc rga vsav jhacu
kg rpux yca wxc wgu /d"b kkf vbenv wxc epx,b ifu 'v"be
ejmh vsa ,"uac wgu /ws ,ut f"rm ,umn lrg 'x"av ,uhdux
/vrhcgc vtcv vumns tbhs vz p"g rhcxva
ibhrnt ots 'kupkpv lrs p"g shdvk rapt hkutu

t,hhruts ,uumn ihc ekjk ah zt 'tmpjvc ihs huv tn,x
wuts hbhs ihc ekjk ohburjtv usxhs tv p"g 'ibcrs ,uumnu
huv ibcrs hbhsu tmpjvc ohbhs huv t,hhruts hbhss 'ibcrsu
x",j ,"uacu s"kr whx ypanv ,uch,bc wg 'trcdv kg ,uumn
sxj ,ru, ,"uacu v:t rzgkt ,jbn ,"uacu p"e hx n"uj
tpfhts p"gtu /t"h kkf t,hhruts iuu,tc vzk sudhbcu 't"k:t
z"k:t z"csr ,"uan thcva d:x j"ut t"dnc wg 'ohexupc ubhmn
snj hsac wg 'obnt 'ibcrs hbhsc tku vbuuf hgc wuts ,uumncs
k"bf ekjk ."nrv ,"uan thcva s"x kkf o"nv ,frgn
rapt hkutu 'ungy rhcxv tku 'ibcrs hbhsc er vbuuf lhrmvku
/k"bvf shdvk
,bsnutc ihs huv tn,xs ibhrnt ot 'txhd lshtku

iht ,uumns ohrcuxv ohexupv ukt ihcvk rapt hkut 'trcdv
wkv vban shdnc ifu ' vumnvc vagn ah ot vbuuf ,ufhrm
jhfun vagnvs ovhrcs a"tu /a"g s:s"g, j"rpcu s:c rpua
/trcdv ,buuf kg
,uumn ,buuf ihc ekjk lhrm vz kfc ,ntc obnt

rehgv vnakc teuss wv whx ejmh rfzc c,f ifu 'vnak hbhsk
ohhenc tuv rehgv 'vbufv ihsc f"tan 'vkugpv vaugc thv
vnak ihc ekjk ah s"gbpku k"zu wfa at hshrac wgu 'vumnv
htb, tuv vbuufv ihbg kct 'whhag ihs thv vnaka 'vbuuf ihcu
vbuuf tkc vumnv vnhhe,b tk f"mn s"nku /vumnv ouhec
wg ifu 'whba ogp vumnv ,t ,uagk lhrmu ,tmk ,arupn
hbhs ubhmn vbvs vtrbu k"zu wfa wh whx ihyhd ktuna ,frcc
,uzuznu ihkhp,u ,"xu ,ubcreu yd hcd iudf vru,c vnak
vumn ,hhagc iudf vru,c vbuf hbhs f"d ubhmnu 'vnusfu ,hmhmu
vtrbu /vbuf ihs uvnu vnak ihs uvn ,gsk lhrm f"mn s"nk
hcm kthbs crv 10
inskp
ibhgcs ',ubcrecu yd iudf vhhag ihs huvs vru,ca vnak ihss

h"gs vnusfu ,uzuznu ihkhp,cu ,"xcu ,ubcreu yd hcd vhhag
h"gs vru,v vfhrmvu ,"xu icreu yd uagb vnak i,ut vauga
tk vnak vhhag tkcu 'vnusfu icreu yd huv vnak vhhagv
ubht vumnv ,hhag hcd vbuf ihs kct 'vnusfu icreu yd vagb
vmn ,khft vkhftv vagb ihufna z"hgs rntbs vhhag ihs
htsu vzs vmn ,khft vkhftv ka tmpj vagb tk vbuf tkcu
ubht z"kca vumnc huvs ihs sug tkt whhag ihs ubhts 'ubht
wufu 'vmn ,uagk vbuf ibhgca rntba whhag ihs ubht kct 'tmuh
'vrhrcu htb, ihbgk n"epb wfa a"frcc wgu /uhrcsc a"g
wxc wg 'vumnv ,hhag inz osue vbuuf ihbgk gdub sugs raptu
,"ua wg vnak ihbgku 'f"m ,uumn hcdk f"an k"bv vbenv
,kej ,"uac vzc wgu /s"khu 'vzc f"an 't"hj i,b ,uruvk
hfhv vktav vzk gdub f"ds raptu /ws whx ,"svn ctuh
erc ut u,hhag inz kfc ibhgc ht aurhpc vnak ibhgcs
thcva vn c"b whx v"j vnfjv kmc ,"uac wg 'vkhj,c
/ygbc o"rvnvu eha o"rvnv ihc vzc ,eukjn
utpf ktunas vuctk whk ujka /j"f v"rc t,ht 'ifu

'ohhxrp uvutpfa hat cr rnt itn utpf 'tmh vmn kfut
tcr rcxe tnkt 'tmh rhak geu,v ,rnut ,tz tcr rnt
'ohsuvh tku ohhxrp yeb htnt 'vgur, ouh rpxc wevu 'f"mtn
iuuhf tuv ukhtf k"vs 'tmhs tyhap ohsuvh uvutpfafs vkgvu
vats vkpbu vxbta vsbc 't"ks ihkujc t,htsf ,tmk
vsb ,khcys s"nk ukhpt vkcytu v,rcj vk vxbta
ukhtf vk khugn v,rcj ,buuf 'vbuf hgc vkgck vrh,vk
atrk uhaushjc rpux o,jv uhrcs kg wevu /thv vbuuf,b
,buufn kkf hrhhn tk o,vs 'vsbn whtr thcvk vns 'vbav
'vkhcy ka g"n vatv vnhhe tk f"mn s"nk b"vtu 'vumn
,hyuav ,t ,kcuyv ,hjepu 'tkhnn thv vruvy n"n kct
'ohasek ukhpt v,tnuyn uz vkg,a ,hjepv ,buuf khgun
lhrm vza vkhcy ka g"n hsh vxubtv ,t thmuvk tk kct
,rusvn) t,hhaes tce wxc wgu /k"bvfu 'a"g vnmg ,buuf
/vz ihbgc rsbrc ouka crv f"an d"ba wng d"j (ohucksbn
if tks ehhsa vn v"n whx ktkmc iurfz ,"uac whg obnt
o,gsku 'k"bv eukhj k"jhb tks k"mu 'ohbuatr vnf ,yha
,unjknc i"cnrc wgu /tuv tsj vnak ,buufu ,uumn ,buuf
'x"eu u"b whx n"uj rzb hbct ,"uacu 'oa i"rcu v"rs d"px
j"k:t rzgkt ,jbn ,"uacu t"m j"ut ejmh ,hc ,"uacu
//c:s"be vkta engvcu
/n ohjxp t"cyhrv uekjbs 'vmn ibhgk ubhmn ifu

ohasev ,ucajn ihbgc
11
ot ry"n whx gurz rutvu (x", whx vfkv ruthcc tcun)

'd"f whx t"j i,b ,uruvk ,"uac wgu 'vnak tn,x ibhrnt
runha huv vmnc vnakv ht vktav p"g o,,dukp ruthcs
raptu 'ohrmn ,thmh ,rhfz ,uumn oak vmn ,hhag ut .njn
'tn,xc hdx tku trcdv ,buuf ibhgc vumn ouhe oak ots
ktkmc iurfz ,"uac vzc lhrtva vn wgu /uhrcsc a"g k"bvfu
/z"f:t vnka ihbc ,"uac g"gu 'vmnc vnak ihs rtck wn whx
,buuf ibhgc 'kkfc vru,v ,uumncs 'ekjk tmuh ztu

huv 'vnak hbhsc f"tan /f"mn s"nk p"vfk o,hhagc trcdv
tn,xc rhafvk r,uh cureu 'vumn oak tmpjv ,hhagc ihs
ahs shdvk lhha r,uhu 'vumn oak ,hagba vezj ihgf ahaf
'yrpcu /uhktn vnaks ihbgv tmpjvc ,jbun rcfs ohren
ibhrnt ot 'ohasec ,ucjan ihbgc khgk rtucnv p"g
ahs rnuk lhha rhpa 'icrev ,sucgn ekj huv vbufb vcajns
vz oau 'lfk ahsev rcfu 'una kg trebv icre chrevk ihs
hrcsc wgu /,rjt cahj tka z"f unmg icrec kyun rcf
lht rhcxvu vbuufv hbhbg ihc ekjnv k"bv ohjcz ahr z"hrdv
/,ubcrev ,sucgk ohfhha ovhba
ukg tku ohraf ka ,ubcrec ihbg ahs ubhmns tvc ifu /s

hdx 'icrev ,uraf kugpk hsfs 'sug vtrb 'vcuj oak ohkgck
kugpk hsfu 'unmg icrec ,jbunv vnak ka vfunb vdhrsnc
tbsnut ,ujpv kfk ut ush kg humhr ,buuf hgc 'trcdv ,rpf
ezhht jb r"rvk ij ,jbn wxc whg ,me vz eukhj ihgfu /lfs
ohrafs 'ohnkau vkugcs rapt ztu /y"f whx t"j ohuckvt
ka ,hkf,v ,t kkuf unmg tmpjv 'vnak tka vcajnc
ka k"bvs tn,xv ihgfu 'icrev ,tcvk ,frmbv vnakv
tk vbufb tka trcdv ,buuf ukhpts vzn ;hsgs tkt 'tmpjv
'trcdv humhr ,buuf hgc vz 'trcdv ,rpf ihbgk tkt /ughepn
gr,ht vbufb tk ,cajncu 'vhv ifs tbsnut ah tn,xcu
gcub o,uraf 'inak tka ohnkau vkugcs 'tmuh ztu /uz vezj
,rpf 'tn,xc ohnkau vkugcu 'tmpjvc tn,xk vnusv suxhn
jxpc f"tan /trcdvc tbsnut ka tn,xn gcub trcdv
ukhpt ovk iht 'trcdv ouhe rjt ,rrdb ona kfs ',tyju
/u,buuf hkc ,uraf
,tyju jxps u,gs if ot 'o"cnrv ,gsc rapt ztu

khgun er o,xs u,bcvs rapt 'tn,xc ukhpt ohkuxp
hkc ,uraf ovk iht ,tyju jxpcs iuhfu 'tmpjv ,t rhafvk
u,gss ohrcuxv uktk) hrndk kuxp tn,x 'trcdv ,rpf
o"cnrv ',uhbanv kg k"bv oujb iuzjv ,gsk `hrndk ohkuxps
hcm kthbs crv 12
inskp
w, ovrctk sxj ,"uac wgu / (a"g ohkug tku ohrafs rcux

,yha rhcxvk f"an (c"k:c ejmh ,jbn ,"uac tcun) wd whx
ouhe ,buuf ihgf vbuuf ubhmn vbvs ',tyjcu jxpc o"cnrv
:c"b ,unch wndv ,hdux wg) ihbe ,buuf ubhmn sugu ' ,uumnv
,ubcrec ztu /(wt whx hcm ofj ,"uacu 'wudu rdv hxfbc rsugf
tuv iurxjv kfs iuhf 'vcuj oak ohkgck ohkug tku ohrafs
/ihbe ,buuf ihgf tuv rxja vbuufvs vtrb 'ohkgcv ouhec
'ubht icrev kfu 'vnak hkc hrndk kuxps ,ubcrec f"tan
vkgva a"gu 'vumn ,buuff huv ,frmbv vbuufv vrutfk
/ejmh ,jbnv hrcscu a"g 'ihbe ,buuf ihgf khgun er tn,xs
wxu,c wgu 'trcdv ouhek icrev ,uraf ihc eukhjcu

n"knv wevu 'tmh ivfv shk ithcvas thcvu v"s :cf ihkuj
jhbv ifu) 'ivf shk ithcv tv weu 'vcuj oak ukg tk tvs
vrgvc a"gu ' wc whx ohgrz c"j vnka ihbc ,"uac g"mc
hcm .rt ,"ua wgu (wxu,v hrcsc f"an hfsrn rntnv kgcn
vk euez iht v,cfs j"bk vnus vzs k"zu wfa jfe whx t"j
n"n keke,ba ;t tmh uka ,t vagu t"p ehksva iuhf
vk euez shznc vchf ots oa i"rc tcuv t"carc rtucn
r"up ohhe tks u,nu ohbc uk whv ihbgk vbenv wxc wf z"hgfu
ivf shk rxncs ;t vzc b"v 'vzc cauh unmg ostvs ouan
/uhrcsc a"g 'unmgn keke,baf ubhhv tmh
vkhgnc a"r wha p"g ohburjtv wev k"bv thaue ihgfu

hbheu ohcz hbhe jek iudf asek asev in oa t,hts /y"h
in unatu u,tyj thcvu ukea keau ,uskuh hbheu ,uczz
sg rnut vsuvh hcr 'a"r hrcs kgn thmuva iuhf asevv
thcva iuhfu h"arhpu 'n"n kgn kugn, k", ihbn osv eurzha
oat ut ,tyj chhjhns itns rcxes a"r hrcs kgn vrzgk
uthcva iuhfu vrzgk ubthcha sg u,uhrjtc chhj tuv okugk
,upxu, wxcu 'f"g 'kgnu ,uhrjt hsh u,cuj hsh tmh vrzgk
'chrevk rsbs ',ucsbk ohrsb ihc ekjk wf ohjczk ohhj
wue we ihhsgu 'vrzgk thcvk vru,v chhjs ',unatu ,utyjk
wc ihc ekju .r,k wf wc whx j"ut iuhm hca wxcu 'vzc n"knv
ovn vnu 'vtcvs humhr cuhju vrpfs humhrv cuhj 'icre hcuhj
'chhjnv uvn ,tyj cuhjc vrhejvc huk,s wpts wfu 'rehgv
'vkhgnc a"ru h"r wjb vzcu 'vrpfv cuhj ut vrhcgv vagn
ihbgu vrpfv ihbg ahs 'k"bv ihgf rtucnu /vc ,ufhrtc a"g
/vz ihbgk ohbua ohrsd ovk ahu 'vtcv cuhjv
x"e whx n"uj ,"uac wfa rzb hbctv hrcsc f"d wgu
vmrn ubhts ogys k"zu [,tyj ihbgk i"cnrv hrcs rcxvc]
ohasev ,ucajn ihbgc
13
ukkjh tkus tren tuv u"n wndc rnte rafs tvs ouan tuv
uc iht kuxp icres ,uraf ihbgk vzu 'ihkkjn ihkuj iht
er uc ukgnh tk racca raf icre unf lf kf vause
rac ,ause kkhja tmnb usrh tk ukg ots ouan ohrunhtc
vbht vmrn ubhts tv kct /o,ause vygn,b ohrunhtv ;tu
uc ihkgun iht osu osc vrpfu thv vrpfs vause ,u,hjp
a"g 'vause ,pxu, ubht rpfns tvs tnkt wufu i,hb vrpfks
/vzc f"an
ahu vbufnc ohagbv ,hmhmc isa v:t hcm .rtc wgu

aaj ah htu ohcrk rufnk kuafn ihbg ah ht vnak tk aaj
aaj ihts (,urjt ,uhtr cu,fk lhrtvu) vkgvu 'vkyck vfrc
ohjczk vnuss vumn ,me ahs iuhf y"ckfrcu g"bpk ihbgk
v:sh t"dnv in sug thcvu) ohkgc oak ukg tks tkt ohrafs
,hmhmv in vruyp vkuta ,hkys d"gts a"trvu wxu,v oac
/(d"zvagn kg ,frcn vat unf shxpv tk lrcnv n"n
u,gs sug rtucn obnt 'iuhnsv kg ,me ,uaevk ahs raptu
kg trcdv ,umn ouhek tmpjv ,uraf omg ihc ekjk ahs
/ush
,uhban aurhpc o"cnrv wf vbv 'o"cnrv hrcsc sugu /v

rucmc kct shjh icrec teus ohkgck ukg tka c"grv ifu
ws ohxhrybuec sus asenv f"an wgu /iva vnk i,faun ihfx
ers weva ,urhtn ohbpc wgu /o"cnrv hrcsc wd ,ut ;ux
thduxvn) ivn gsh tku o,x yjac vb,n s"hc ck ibhrnt
ohjczv kf u"yp e"gn wkv ubuakn wev sugu /(a"g u"ss
,ubcrec ihc rucm ,ubcrec ihc oav hubha ,cajn uyjaba
rzjs ehxvu 'vcuj oak ohkgck ukg tka tkt ohraf shjh
wcc f"an i,b ej wxc wgu /n"vhpc wfa vnn vru, vbanc
/,uhauev
asue hubhak vn (/s) ineks tvn o"cnrv kg uaevu

,"uacu /a"g ohkgc hubhac f"tan shjhcf rucmc dvub ifa
tcv rucmc hrhhn wndvs rhcxvk wf v"n whx c"j oujb iuzj
vb,n s"hc ck lhha iht oas 'rucmk vrxnu shjh ,csbn
o"cnrv vsuh vzcu 's"h vkhgnu u"y ,ujbn wxu, p"g ovhkg
ck ouan huv i,faun ihfxs lurgv oac u"s wxu, oa wgu)
/k"e whx d"j ohrahn ccus ,"uac f"d wg b"uzjv hrcsu /(s"hc
trhpa rhtn r"dvk rhtn wrs t,hbdrn wxc wg z"hgfu

rucmv ita oaf ,ufrcs d"p ;"hrv wfs tv p"g wfa k"mz
vn,u 'vcsb ,kp, ihkkp,n rucmv iht lf vcsb ,kug thcn
hcm kthbs crv 14
inskp
hrv jcznv .hek ohkea ,nur, r,un k"he tvs h"r uhkg
k"zu .rh, ,unjknc i"cnrvu 'vcsb icre ihthcn ruchmva
vbue jcznva tkt ibht ,ur,unk vkj, ohahrpn hfu a"nu
ouhkucy wp ohjcz wxncu vcsb oak juhru vcuj uka ohkea
wt ruchm vkj,c ucsb,vu umr ukht tv asev ,kug vk hre
vfhnx vbugyu ,treb thv ihp,uav ,kug ktrah kf ut
oube, ihshn, sdbf ,ukp,u vfakv ,nur,n whfxb ihtu okufc
,ufrc rga vsav jha wxc vzc wgu) 'k"fg ruchmk vcsb ihtu
tkt ruchm ,ru,c ubht n"nu ruchm icre ahs tmnb (wu whx ws
vfakv ,nur,n tcv m"ec er n"sc cku 'ihp,ua ,ru,c
/a"tu uvk ihbhhs shjh ,ru,cs ihp,ua icrec f"tan
,yhac ohburjtv uep,xba u"n whx oujb iuzjc oa wgu

kuxps ,tyju jxpc tku ,ubcre rtac teus tuv ot n"rv
,tyjs oa rtucns v"p ohjxp t,pxu,cu 'vnak tka uvc
rgacu /eukhj ihts gnan 'crgk chreh vnak tka ruchm
tka iyjaa ,rmg hacfs :f vmhcn vn, n"vuxp lknv
'vcuj oak ohkgck ukg tks ouanu erzh tk ,cacs vnak
t,hrjt t,hhrc h,hhns /v"n ,ujbns thduxks h"bpv wfu
kuxps ,tyjk ae,ht ,rmg hacfs ouan hrndk ihkuxps
kct ',tyj hcdk o"cnrv vsuns ouan e"k 'vnak tka
tks wbs s"c ck ouan huvs wf oa h"bpcu /we ihhsg k"bvk
,csbk ivhr,una ruchm ,tyj ut ihpxunu ihshn,c tkt lhha
ruchm hnkas ,rmg hacf f"tan 'jcznv .hhek hkzt rucm
ruchmc vcsb hnka ijfat tku ohnkak ohnka r,unu uvbhb
's"c htb, uvc lhha tk hfv ouan sckc ,rmg hacf tkt
/b"uzjc a"g
tvs wf rhtn wrs t,hbdrnc wg vmhcc wndv hrcsku

tku vnak yjaa hfhv lhha er i,faun ihfxu vb,n s"cks
whb,nv ,buuf arpn o"cnrva tkt ',rjt aurhpc iuhfac
huvs ohnka tuva rucxfu vkug vza chrenv gsh tka hrhhns
,tyj oak vkug yjaa iudf ubuakn wb ifu ',ugyc vrheg
vrheg huv y"cg s"nku 'k"fg vkug icre tuva gsub f"jtu
f"tan 'm"ec tk kct shjh icrec er vzs n"rv wf rhpa
lht uhrcs lanvc a"g 'iuszc yjaa hfhv hrhhn vmhcc wndv
/a"g wndc ,ugscu o"cnrv ,gsc vkug vz
o"ncrv hrcsca ovrct wr ubcn thcv b"uzjc oau

,t ,kdpn vbht vyux epx kf htnt okugv wue .ru,h
khdbg h"rdvu] (ohkdpn ohkgcs /z"n inek t"r p"g) vjbnv
'ukuf a"g 'ohbna ,urucd wx v"v 'uz wuek oka rpx ahsev
ohasev ,ucajn ihbgc
15
' (z"y whx ohhj hrcs ,"uacu c"k whx khgk oujb iuzj g"gu
s"hc ck b"v vb,n s"hc cks iuhf kudp tfhks iuhf n"rv hpku
ot hf n"sck lhha tks htu k"zu b"uzjv z"g rhgvu 'vb,n
er vb,n s"cvs ouan ogyv hrva uvht vz 'rucm icrec
f"kta ruchm ,be,k gdubv rcs tuv b"vu ruchm ,be, lrumk
/a"g k"fg ',u,uav ohabv kfk vbe, whvh tk
,uraf omgs 'vzc o"cnrv ,gsc rnuk rapt ztu

kugpk trcdv ,buuf ibhgc er 'unmg icrevc kyun rcf icrev
,gsc ,ub,vu ie,k kufh ihs ,hcv 'rucmcu 'vumnv ouhe
vzc wgu 'iva vnk i,faun ihfxv ibhrnt rhpa ztu 'rucmv
/z:j"fu t"h:z"f ,ujbn aht iuzjcu :u inek wxu,u h"arc
rapt vrutfk lf 'tn,x ihbgc k"bv vrhejv ihgfu /u

jczc wgu /vaug vbuatr ,gs kg vaugv kf ihsc f"d ruejk
ruxt ,usucg rta vnak tka yjas ih,fxn ahr vsu,
ktunau cr vzc uekjbu) iv vbuatr s"gs tn,xc i,uagk
t"pa wgu) 'd:uy n"vuxp wkv o"cnrvn n"fu ' (/zy ,ujbn
'vz vjsu 'ohthcna ,rjtv kg vnak tn,x ibhrnt ot isa
hfhv vbuatr s"g ihbgku /(,"czvs iusbc lhha ifs vkgvu
/t"f whx s"uhu wh whx n"uj vfkvf chan ,"uac wg vb,abs
ut tmpjvc kyun ,urafvs ibhrnt ot huk, f"ds raptu
/trcdv ,buufc
wt vagnc er wudu vaugv kf ibhrnt ht ,ktac ifu

vpuxu o,x vyja vkhj, :c h"ar wgs 'ohagn wcc ukhpt ut
tn,x tnkt v,khj, ouan kxphn tku raf jxp oak
,usucg wccs arpk vtrbu 'tv v"s wxu,c wgu 'f"g 'inakf
hsn, wpc uvhnu 'o,x kcheu jxp oak yhjas iudf hrhht
,uscg wcc ut ib, wt vsucgc ht ik hgchn :y"b ohjxp yjab
huk, f"ds raptu 'f"g 'xrybuev arhpsf ubhhvu 'wt vsucgu
whx t"j i,b ,uruvk ,"uacu v"k:t y"hrvn ,"uac wgu /k"bv kg
/c"f
t"j k"mz x"shrdvk hrtn tct rfzk ohrughac wgu

vaugv kf ibhrnt ers '55 wgv y"f wng a"e hbhbgc xrybue
raptu ',uumnc tku ,ubcrec vaug tuv vbuatr ,gs kg
'ohasev ,ucajnk ,uumnv ,buuf ihc ekjk k"bv p"g u,buufs
,"uac wg 'u,khj, kg upux jhfuh ihsc f"d iusk ahu /a"tu
jhfuhu wufu vaugv kf ht y"n whxu d"k whx t"j ohrahn ccus
ybtktx ktuna ubhcr ,ru,c wgu /tk ut tbhs tsj huv wufu
/u"x whx
hcm kthbs crv 16
inskp
,uumn rtak ohase ihc ekjk ah ifs yuebb otu /z

'uhktn tcv ,uraf u,unmgc icrec ahs tmuhu ',buufv ihbgk
ohase kmt ihbg ubhmn vbvs /vzc ihs sug ihcvk ah hkut
rhgv z"h whx rpux sh ,"uacu /cfgk cu,fv uhkg vbha ibhgcs
v"s /s"h ihaushe h"ark rhgvu 'ihkujc f"d vz kkf ubhmns
kf v"s /f vkhdn wxu,u ihrmue v"s /t"h ohjxp wxu,u vnchu
uhkg vba ibhgcs vzu k"zu f:c"h ohgdbk t"uzjc wg ifu 'khkv
hbv kfn jfunsf vru,v kfc tkt ohasec sjuhn ubht cfgk
'ohasec er lhha vz kkfs uyeb ,ugsv curk obnt /[a"g]
't"p p"e wkv n"vgacu 'oa ,urgvcu d"bs tnuh t"cyhrc wgu
whx n"uju s"fe j"ut x",j ,"uacu u"y:k:t hukv ,hc ,"uacu
c"h kkf t,hhruts iuu,tcu 't"fe:t oujb iuzj ,"uacu s"r
/oa .nut ;xuhcu
rpx whg vz kkfk gdubcu k"zu wfa oa rpux shc wgu

,ut sunk,v hkkf hftkn shcu c"f ,ut wt rga j"j ,u,hrfv
wxcu wv kkf cuy jek wxcu wv ,ut vsav ,ekjcu j"hr,
ubhhvs k"hs wf s"h ;s oau 'u"ys vrun, wxng vnfj ruen
ouan hbvn tk shcg ht ibhrnt tk ohasecs ouan tngy
t,avu v"s /u vrun, wxu,vu 'ckv in vsc vuv ruxhtvs
'hbvn shcg ht uckn ruxhtv ,t vsc tuva vgucacs uc,f
ihgfu a"hg 'kuxpku cfgk tre sug lhrm hvku 'ohasec v"vu
wxu, whgu 'a"g n"vga oac xjbp wp ejmh ,frc wxc wf vz
,udvc f"an hpk k"hu g"m wfku 'rnt tcr v"s :s vrun,
wc ah ots n"vga kg kMz e"arvn iutdvn vnka iuhrpt
ruygc wfu 'cfgk cu,fv uhkg vba ibhgc tk ohasec ;t ihutk
:uc,f vrun,c wxu,vs ohrcsv rcxvc s"bgpkb k"zu ohrpux
tre ah hnkaurhcs k"hu kuxpk .nj kg jxp yjua f"t
lhrmn vnk hbvn shcg ht ohasec hts vaeu /k"fg 'rhafvk
t"chr oac yjuav v"s /d"x ohjxp wxu,c whgu 'rhafvk tre
hnb ibhzj 'cfgk cu,fv uhkg vba tks raf jxpv v"uans
hpk a"t lt - hbvn shcg ht cfgk cu,fv vba tks tfhvs
ibhgc tk ohasec ;t ihutk wc ahs tfhvs e"arvnv hrcs
wp) jcz, tk 'hutk hr, tfht itu cfgk cu,fv uhkg vba
;khk hnkaurhv lhrm tku (ta, hf wp) yja, tku (ohypan
uvn,a vn od cahh,h ukt ohrcscu 'j"jpsu rafs tren
od ohasec tkvs oa vrun,c wxu,v ,haue kg ohburjtv
cu,fv uhkg vbhas tfhvs teusu hbvn shcg hts vsun tcr
obnt '.nj kg jxp yjuavn uaev lhtvu 'hbvn tk cfgk
hutk hr, tfhts .jnv kg jxpv yjuav kmts tjhb 'k"bvk
whx s"uh w, h"cub ,"uac whgu 'cfgk cu,fv uhkg vbha ibhgc tk
ohasev ,ucajn ihbgc
17
/k"fg 'wy
u,unmgc icrevs iuhfs ',rjt ,me shdvk rpat hkutu

kg vuumn vru,va z"fu 'vru,v ,uumn rtan vzc vbua 'raf
vbha tka z"f kct 'trcdv ,uumn kg tuv vbuufv 'ohasev
wxnk iuhm icre wxc wgu /hnhhe u,ausec unmg icrev cfgk
snkb cfgk cu,fv uhkg vbhas iuhfs ohburjtv oac :s vrun,
hfv ouan (tnht v"s :s wxu,v f"f) runa, lh,pa thmunn
oa rtab n"n kuxp ot ukhpts 'lh,pa tmuns thnus ibhgc
ot rauen r,uh onuhes 'vru,v ,uumn rtac f"tan /ohase
ohgdub ovc vru,v hhums rc,xn ztu 'trcdv ,uumn ouhe
khdbg h"rdv lhrtva wv kkf cuy jekc wgu /o,uvn omgk
wgu /vz kkf gdub vnku vz ihbgk ohase cajb vn rrck
p"g ,ubcrec vnak tn,x rhcxva ohjcz wxnk vrut irec
/asev ,rvy wxc f"d wgu 'cfgk cu,fv uhkg vbhas tv
ht 'vnak tka vcajns ihsv rsdc ohburjtv ureju /j

o"hrv haushjc wgu) /rafv iurxj ut ,kxupv vcajn huv
'ohasec vnak tka ihbgk epx,ba ydv kf p"r ihyhd wxnk
ot rjt icre rhfzh tka er vnak tka aurhpc yujah ot
huvs ohjcz wxnk uhaushjc z"hrdv wfu /(gdub wfku 'kuxp
'wc whx ohjcz wxnk cegh ,ukvec vzc wgu ',kxupv vcajn
,gs ifa thcv vru, kvt ;xtncu 'wc whx lurc ,jbncu
rpxc wgu /ogy vn v"s :c"n ,ujbnc wxu, rhcxvk j"rdv
f"an v"n whx t"j (hexrcup cs lurc r"rvk) ase sc
'lshtku /n:uu 'u"fr:d ohbnzu ohsgunc wgu 'z"hrdv hrcsc chjrvk
z"hrdv hrcs kg dhavk ,ufhrtc wfa c"he whx hah ,hc wxc wg
whx c"j ohrugha .cuevn thcv ifu 'rafv iurxj huvs vkgvu
vrutfku /(t:d"h ihaseunv hkuxp wkv wg) kztv ictvnu c"f
tmpjc jbun rcf vnakv ka ,hkf,v ots 'k"bvk gdub f"d
.ujcn kuxp huv vbufb tka vcajns ,bcun zt 'icrev ka
s"hrdvk ohrugha ,unharv ka iuakc wg ifu 'icrev kg
ohjcz '(j"rdvu z"hrdv ,gsf oa yeba) u"k wng e"hmhhcukux
ohhe 'vnak vbuufc lrum iht icrec - ihsnug inak o,xc
ihaurhdk utk tn,xc vat 'vnak tka vjhcz ka kuxpv er
vnakf utk tn,xu vnak ka rafvk euez ydv - ,snug
tkt 'scugv in tc ,ntc ,frmbv vbuufv otu /k"fg 'hns
huv vbufb tka vcajn zt 'u,cajn lfa tbsnut ah tn,xcs
/e"usu 'rafv iurxj huvu 'vezjc t,ugr
,eukjn ah vrutfks 'cajh tks ruxhtc ihhgk ah ifu /y

kxupa uktc er ut vbufb tka vcajn kfc ohhe vz utk ot
hcm kthbs crv 18
inskp
ohjcz ahr h"arn vbvs /ohasev ,t shxpnu icrev ,t

ot ukhpt 'vbufb tka vcajn kfc utkv kg rcugs gnan
v"htrdvk ivf ypan ,"uac wg ifu /ohkgck vkg tku raf
lhha cajh tks utkvs h"ar p"g wfa c"he ,ubcre wkv eue
oh hehptc wg ifu 'a"g kuxp ,cajn cajn ubhta p"gt
vnf ubhcv ifu 'o"cnrv ,gs if ubhta rapt obnt /s"f:t
rcug ers ihaseunv hkuxpn j"hpc o"cnrv ,gsc ohburjt
'oa o"cnrv ,buuf ,ntc vz ht e"gmu 'ohase shxpns hfhv
z"hrv ohasec vbufb vbhta vcajn cajnv kf [t"v] oa k"zu
vgunav hpn [(c)] 'cajh tk rnut tuv hrva ,"kc rcug
vz hrva vcajnc ohasev shxph tka vz ihs kkfca usnk
vcjanv ihta veuk ubht if p"gtu ohasec oun khynk vnus
'ruxhtv in ekj vzs er u,buufs rapt vrutfku /k"fg vagn
s"r whx n"uj x",j ,"uav ihcv if obnt 'ruxhtv kf tku
teus vhvha vb,va o"cnrv hrcs vbvu oa k"zu ,uynavc
cajh tk whc hre cajh tkn ehpb utkvs ouan ubhhv shxpn
ubhta vcajn k"bnu ohasev kxupa wh,f kudpc tre htvu
rua lhekt wvk jcz, tkn whk ehpns hrpxc s"nku ,kxup
h"arhpf gr rucs kf gr rcs kf oun uc whvh rat vau
vcajn tkt gr rucs hren tks rtucn ohypua wp anujc
h"ar a"nfu trec hk lhnxs oun unf vuv vzs teus ,kxupv
x"av we oa arpk t"ta a"gh gr rcs v"s /uk ohjczc whsvk
hbvc vnak tkac p"fgs rns whgchtv yuapb f"tu rjt ihbgc
ubhtu vbufb vbhta vcajn lhha tk uvc kxpn tks ohjcz
vsa hnurnc c"hmbv ihcv ifu 'oa uhrcs rtac a"g 'vrvztc
,ut ohbuna ,urucdc khdbg h"rdv ,ugnan ifu /vcsbu v"s :c
hukv ,hcv hrcsn gnan f"d uz vbcv vrutfku /a"g d"n
/uhrcsn rrucn f"f ubht u,buuf tbexnk obnt u"y:k:t
k"zu f"an wgu 'o"cnrv ,gsc d:jf:c rzghjtv ihcv ifu

kxpb uhrh,n ucrea osue ;ts asjk f"ang dhava vnu
cajh tk rcgs cugh,v uc vagba ouan rjt ogyn osuen
ubh,ban ihs k"jfan tfhv f"ts vn, z"gu vcajn ,gac shn
hrvs wufu ohraf inak tka ujczba ohjczv kf ohjcz ahrc
kuxpbu oa h"ar whpa unf cajh tks utk kg cajnv rcg
kugpk kufh vcajnca cugh,v ihts k"mfgt ,"f ,"k ouan
wb uyuapc s"fg vnmgk thvaf vcajnc ,jbuna ,kufhv r,uh
tnht s"s ohjczc rntsfu ohmrn obhtu ohrafs tuv f"vhzd
lh,pa tmun tre rnt hbanu ukxpk vnak tka yjas hfhv
ouan rx,hks vaens htn kg u"yes ihkujc hban d"vfu wudu
tnht v"sc oa wxu,v wue k"h vzcu 'tbnjr hdksn ,"f ,"k
ohasec cfgk cu,fv uhkg vba ibhgc h,fus kfc tv tnh,
ohasev ,ucajn ihbgc
19
vc vscgbs iuhfs t"uvs a"t o"cnrv whaku vbha tk tfvu

lhrymht lfhpku vcgu, kf ,"k ouan ruxt cug,s vrhcg
kudhpv kj ubhts tuv f"vhzds uvhb kudhpc kct rhafvk tre
kct kuxp ,tmrv lf raf ,tmrvfs uhrh,n ucre tka z"f
rafuv tk v"tkc vehrz hbpks rhafvk tbnjr hkd tk od tv
,"k ouan rcug kudhp ,cajns cugh, uc vscgbs iuhfu icrev
khynf tuv hrvs o"cnrv whag hubc suxhv kf vz tkcu ',"f
kxupa vn kg shn cajh tk kg rcugu ohasec oun
teuss wb o"cnrv whaku vtmrvk icrev wb whvh tka u,cajnc
cajh tk ouan rcug oun khynu ohasec ,kxupv vcajn
vkg tka ohkgck sxpv er vzc aha vnak tkac f"tan
khyns rsd vzc ihtu ohase sxpv itf iht kct vcuj oak
u"gs e"cs tvc s"ks ,ucu,fc vtkpvv wue k"h vzcu) oun
tvs ohkgc oak tka ohbpc ohnhn, yjuac j"uhr heuns
tfhk vnak tkacs okanu veuk ihtu veuk ohasec cajnv
jczs vag kg uvhn rcgs d"gtu (k"nftu cajh tks ,uekn
j"k uz vag ouans rapt ohnka oak vjhcz tv,a ohnkav
vru,ca ohruxht kf kg n"rsk u"xs z"gn r"vkh ,meu 'cugh,
,"k ouan vekh vag ruxht kg od f"tu ,"f ,"k ouan rcug
wudu oa z"g wxu,c wg uhkg iheuk ,ukkfca utks s"nk ,"f
vag ruxht ihcu utk ruxht ihc eukhj ihta tnhb ot okut
tk tfhts ohjzc ahr h"ar whak od vrhcg vc vscgb x"uxs
j"hp o"cnrv hrcs hrva uyuapc f"d a"t vnak tkac cajh
kxpba ihc kuxp tuva wba icre kf wd wkv n"vuxp wkvn
kfutv kf ukxpa rcs uc grhta ihc vagnc ihc vcajnc
hpn ws wkvcu ,"f kft, tk wtba veuk shznc ,hzf ubnn
hrv 'e"nvuxp kg tkt rhvzn cu,fv ihta usnk vgunav
,"f ,"k ouan uc ah n"vuxpc kkfba kxpa icre teuss
ohkgck ukg tka er ohrafa inak tka ujczba ohjczc kct
;t e"nvuxpc kkfb ubhtu kkf kxpba icre ihtu vcuj oak
tka kudhpc f"tan ,"f ,"k ouan vc iht vrhcg uc vscgba
vagb icre hrv n"n kkf kj kudhpv ihts ;ts uhrh,n ucre
khynf tuv hrva usnk vgunav hpnu vtmrvk vtrb ubhta
uvhbu osv lpabc od rafvk icrev f"ht x"uxu ohasec oun
tka ouan ohkgccu osc ukuxpc vrum ruchg hgc o,vs
f"d rxt tkhnn oun uc kyuva unf cugh, vagn uc vagb
g"gu /d:zf:c khgk vzc f"an g"gu /f"g 'vcug, kf ,"k ouan
y"x:t wv hasen ,"uac wgu) /ohjcz ahr asev rzb wxc
kxupc lhha er ruxhtv ot ukhpta oa ssma oa hcm rcsc
( /vz ruxht kg rcug ibcrsn kxupc ukhpt 'ohase
vcajnv hts 'k"bvk gdub o,eukjns rapt vrutfku

hcm kthbs crv 20
inskp
,ujpv kfk) ,kxup vbufb vbhta vcajnvu '.pjvc kyun

arpku 'kudp ihsk u,uuavk ah wfk zt '(ohkgc oak ,ukgkn
hrndk ,kxup vbhta vcajnc ukhpt cajh tks ruxht
vcajnv ka ihbg ahs ibhrnt ot 'f"tan /ohase sxpvk
raek lrum iht 'kxpb tkhnn uz vcajn ihtafu 'trcdv smn
wgu 'icrev ,t kuxpk vzc lrum ihts '"cajh tk"s ihsk vz
/u"f wng (hexpkcx hcm r"rvk) jf ,hatr wxc f"d vzc
hcdk vcajnf cajb uvn ohrapnv uekjb vbvu /h

h"vec wgu /rucs ibhgcs ut tnkgc vcajnc hdx ht 'ohase
kf v"vu 'ruchsc hrhhn vcajns shepnv p"x wxu,c 'wc whx
lurc ubhcrc ifu /wt whx lurc ,jbnc wgu /,ucajnv hkuxp
ihaushe h"arc wgu /z"ka ,"k d"nx ifu 'wd whx ,"x wkv a"trc
v"s /dx ohjxp uhrcs wg obnt) 'vcajnc ubah if v"s :t"n
kct v"s :c ,ujbn 'i,ba iudf v"s :t"n ohjcz g"ncvu
vcrv sugu 'vcajnc v"s /yb ,urufc 'trfbhns vcajn
't:dh e"nvuxp o"cnr ifu '(tshrd vcajns u,gs ,unuen
/tshrd vcajnc hdxs jhfuvk wf shepnv p"x n"c e"nyavu
,ufhrt (k"bv h"ar hrcsk rhgvu) c"h whx rpux sh ,"uac wgu
/ohrpux ruyhgcu cyhv a"g vmhmj kuyhc ihbgk n"epb wfu vzc
teus ibhgc ht z"g oak yjuav ihbgk ws whx rua ,tuc,c wgu
wgu /a"g kevk iht zt ohexupv vzc wjbs vkgvu 'tk ut vpc
zpe kkf wt rmutv ,hcc vzc f"an wgu /oa p"urfc vzc
/a"g or kuec ut htajc huv ht vrhnt o,x ihbgk vzc f"an
v"dvc z"yr:z z"unc vzc f"an wgu /z"b n"uj z"bct ,"uac g"gu
/a"g ohase rtak jxp ihc ekjk f"anu
vcajnc ihutk wc aha 'd"n ,ut ohbuna ,urucdc wgu

tks utku '/y"f ikvk t,htsf 'cajh tks utk 'vbufb vbht
oheukhj wc ahu 'gr rcs kf wudu vau rua lhekt wvk jcz,
f"tan 'vcajnv kg vrvzt cajh tks utks 'ohruxhtv ihc
cajh tks utks wcu 'vruxt vjhczv vagn ;ud jcz, tks utk
'vjhczv er rxut huva jcz, tk f"tan ,usucgv kf kg thv
'n"ctatk ouan ohabk lhha cajh tks utk ot isa a"gu)
kudp ot ukhpta vkgva a"gu 'a"g 'v"ga:d ."ca, ,"ua p"g
vza c"f ,utc wgu 'ohkgck tku ivfk er vz 'vcajnc kj
,utc vcajnv ihbgc g"gu 'rhafvk vcajn lhrms ouan er
cajh tkn sunhkv ihc eukhj sug ahs gsu 'k"zu wfu /(t"f
kudhpk ah cajh tkn sunhkv hpks vzu jcz, tkn sunhkk
sunhkv hpk f"tan cajh ,ch, ,truvf vcajnc od kuxpk
arsbs sunhkv ihbgs gr rcs kf wudu lhekt wsk jcz, tkn
a"g kudhp ka ruchs rcsh tka ubhhv gr ruchs gr rcs
ohasev ,ucajn ihbgc
21
'vcajnc tk kxupa tuv ruchsc kudhp er hrv f"tu i"cnrc

/f"an a"g
g"vt x",j ,"uac vbvs 'k"bvk gdub f"d vzs raptu

ruchs hgc tk vnak in,xa ohrcscs 'ekjn wy whx c"j
/a"g ruchs hgc vnak tn,x huv tks hfhvu vnak cajvk
vbufv kyun rcf 'vnak tn,xa ohasecs 'u,gsc vtrbu
kct /vnak ka ,ukj rumhk ruchsk lrum ihtu tmpjvc
ka vasj vrhmh ibhgc zt 'vnak tn,x ibhrnt tka ouenc
z"csrv ,"uac wgu 'ruchsk ,uphsg ah vzcu /trcdv jfn vnak
ihkhp, ,"x iudf vauseca rcs kfc k"zu 's"be whx t"j
tkt sck vcajnc vkj vausev iht vnak ufhrmva vzuznu
vz urhfzv arsnv hnfju kusd oaur vaug rucsva rucsc
yd ,ch,f kct vauseca rcs vbh,v ,"tu ',unuen vnfc
lk tnht okugk vnak vk c,fu ch,fs vnak ibhgcs
hpk ydc ah vause ;ux ;uxs k"hu 'hdx t,shrd vcajncs
scghsc kct 'wudu 'ktrahu van ,sf cu,fu rpx treba
u,gsc caju rnda iuhf lfc kxpb rcsv ihta hbt vsun
rpuxv rnth u,ch,f ,kj,cu k"z a"trv k"zu 'inak i,uagk
rpuxv rnthu k"z ."car wfu wufu hbukp oak vz yd c,uf hbhrv
ifu hbukp oak vz yd c,uf hbhrv kgcvu ohsgv hbpcu uhpc
vz yd o,uj hbhrv vpc uthmuha lhrm vnh,jv ,gac ohsgv
/k"z v"nrvu t"carv wf ifu wufu
ihbgks d"gtu k"zu wfa c"gk vsa hnurnc wg z"hgfu

hfvu 'n"c wxu, f"aunf 'ann ruchs teus ibhgc vcajn kuxhp
thmun ohases vcajn kfu 'iudf v"sc :t"n ;s ikvk h"ahrp
/vzk jrfv rhtn hcr v"s /d"x ohjxp wxu,c whgu /tuv vpc
vhva uarhp v"uanu /sujk vcajnc hdx vcajn ,umn n"n
cuajha tkt 'rcsh tka vhv hxuh wrs t,be,s rnuk t"uv
'vnak tn,x ihts tnhb ot ukhpt vumn ouan vkugu 'sck
ouan tnkgc vumnk er tuv 'rntha k"x e",s tv f"tu
,ut d"g whx vkta engvc f"aunf ut /kkf cuajh tk tna
hdxs d"gts 'vkju vnur, oa ,thre ihbgk ukhpts 'wd
'vp ,rhntc hgcsf vausev kuj,a cuy r,uh n"fn 'vcajnc
wkvc a"trv kct /a"g u"ns ohjxpc vbann euhs vzk ubtcvu
ruxhtc unfs tkt 'hfv k"x tks hrv 'wufu ,"x ,ch,f
teus huv vcajn ,umnc b"v 'ruchsc tkt ubht vcajn
k"fg 'ruchs teus ibhgcs f"d n",x ,ch,fc vzn snku 'ruchsc
/sf:t oh hehptc vzc chyhv wgu /a"g
n"uj e"vn ctuh ,ekj ,"uac wg txhd lshtk obnt

hcm kthbs crv 22
inskp
kct ,rf chhj,ha er lhrm ruchss odu k"zu wfa wf wx

a"ks vkuxp vbuuf cajna kf ruchs tkc ;t ihkxpb ohasev
,"suvnc f"fu 'a"g f"g 'vbuuf lhrm ohaseu hte inak tn,x
iuhfu 'trcdvc tbsnut huv tn,x u,gsks raptu /t"h whx
ah vpc thmuv tka p"gt ,rjt vcajn uk ah vagnks
/ihhgk ahu jrfun ubhtu 'kuxpk
inskp hcm kthbs crv

'rund rzf cajb kkja ,unuen vnfc ubhmn vbv /t
,arp ahr trpxc k"zj uc,f ifu /vbuvf hbhsn ygn,b ztu
k", 'ohkkj kufh 'iurvt hbc (oh,n ,tnuy hcdk) runt
kufh 'iurvt hbc uchrevu '(u:s) trehu wp trpxcu 'ohbvfv
ghrz, trpx) ohgdb ,arpcu 'ohkkj utmh ohbvfv k", 'ohkkj
utmh 'ohbvfv k", 'ohkkj vcrn hbta kufh 'uhbcn '(wt varp
t,ht :s"g ,unchc ifu 'vbuvf hbhs iht kkjks rtucnu /ohkkj
z"be g"vt y"uh dbug ,"uac wg obnt) iurvts ugrz utk vkkj
iurvt ka ugrz hren tka p"gtu uhrjt xjuhn ugrzs jhfuva
ihc ekjna ihaushek t"carv whjc wgu 'hren uhct ka ugrz
uxujh ihbgcu ',ukkj kuxpk uhrjt xjuhn ihts ,urznn kuxp
tshpe ihts ehxv k"bv y"uh dbugcu 'u"f whx ejmh rfz wg ivfs
uehxv ifu (/a"g ivfv hbukp ic hbukp kkj ydc cu,fk tk
kfk rzf tuv hrv (z:u ,unur, wkv) o"cnrv k"zu 'ohbuatrv
kkj ivf k"zu wfa vaurd v"s :c"g ohjxp h"ar wg ifu 'rcs
ukkja ugrz kkjh tku vaurd taubv ivfc ch,fs tuv rund rz
t,htu /hkhn kfk rund rz tuv kkjva 'k"fg 'vbuvf ihsn
(v:uy vkhp, wkv) o"cnrv z"g wfu 'uhpf taub ubhts /n vyuxc
hbhna wp ,"vg jbgp ,bpmc vzc wgu /rcs ouak ubuvhfc ubhta
znr runt ,arp hbugna yuekhc wgu /ihh hhu,a ruxht hcdk wh
/z"fr,
vzc ep,xbu 'hukk ukhpt cajb ubht kkjvs raptu

vumn lubhj ,jbnv ujhfuv ifu /c"h:t"x s"pa s"uh d"nrpc
'huk ukhpt ubhts 'u"yp c"uxht wkvk ohaushjc ohhj wru 'v"ma
p"g vkgva vn ,unur, wkvk ,uynavc jbgp ,bpmc wgu
hcm kthbs crv 2
inskp
/s"p whx ivf ,frc rpxc vzc wgu 't:h ,unch hnkaurhv hrcs
wgu 'ohhuk obhts vrgvc t"ba whx v"j ohbnzu ohsgunc wgu
/tck sh,gk .rtv ,eukj hcdk oa ubuhsc
kxph vrutfk 'rcs kfk rzf ubhs kkjs tuv ,nt otu
hb,nc t,htsf rz ka ubhs ubhmn ifs 'asenv ,hcc u,sucg
ins ukcea ohjczv kf '(wndv ,hhdux a"gu ':u"y) ohjczs c"pr
obnt /kuxps f"d ubhs tvh rzf huvs kkj ztu /kuxp wufu rz
vhv :oa wndv k"zu ':u"x ihaushe wndv ,hduxc ubhmn if tk
'vmukj ic ut vaurd ic tuva gsubu 'jczn d"g chrenu snug
rnts ktuna rnt vsuvh cr rnt ikbn 'wudu 'vraf u,sucg
'kuxp grz ihcu raf grz ihc uhrjt ugrzku uk v,hvu tre
hcr 'vmr, uhsh kgupu ukhj wv lrc tfvn rnt ktunas vuct
hfu 'ovv ohnhc vhvh rat ivfv kt ,tcu tfvn rnt htbh
tkt 'uhnhc vhv tka ivf kmt lkuv osta l,gs kg vkg,
kkj ka ubhs ,ntc vn g"m ztu /wndv k"fg 'kkj,bu raf vz
/ivf ka ubhs ,nugk
tmnba ivf ,sucg ka rafv ht iusk ah trehgc /c

ohbhbg rtak od ut asenv ,hc ,sucgk er lhha j"c ut d"c
hnkaurhc ohturntv uekjb vzc vrutfku /vbuvf ohfhrmv
kt ,tcu htbh wr oac ibjuh wr 'wndv k"zu '(t:j) ,unur,
rjtk ivf ihtu uhafg ivf ah hfu ovv ohnhc whvh rat ivfv
d"c tuva gsubu jcznv d"g chrenu snug vhva vz vzhtu inz
tuva kf vmr, uhsh kgupu cr rnt 'vraf u,sucga j"c ut
'chren ivf sckcu crs wh,gs kg vraf u,sucg huk ka ugrzn
'van hbpv whpu /k"fg 'ivf kf whptu ibjuh wrs wh,gs kgu
chreva ,ubcrev ihbgk teus k"zu "chren ivf" ka uruthc
vbuvf hbhbgk kct uhsh kgupn ahrssf gauvh wr rhafns tuv
vn ohrcsc tmuhfu ohgdbc rvhyu tnhya vn iudf ohrjt
uhsh kgupc tkt tbnjr hkd tks rafn tk ivfk ub,hba
ohrcsv kf whpt rnukf k"zu "ivf kf" ka uruthcu ',ubcres
p"gt gsuba osuen vagba vn tuv raf ivf lhrma vn
/k"fg 'kkj skuba
wsu /d"f ws ,cu,f wxnk urpxc) vtkpvv kgc ashju /d

ivf ,sucgs hp kg ;ts (/c"h ihaushek vbenv wxcu /z"f
uaevu /kusd ivf ,sucg hcdk if tk n"n 'raf kkj tmnba
':t"h ,ufn wndv ,hdux jfn ohburjt rtau lubj ,jbnv uhkg
vmukj ic ut vaurd ic ivf vagbu ubhs rndb 'oa wndv k"zu
sju vbuvf v,n rnut sj tjpb ejmh wru hnt wr vc hdhkp
te gauvh hcru t"rs t,dukpc tnhk 'vbuvf vkyc rnut
ic tuva gsubu jcznv d"g chrenu snug vhv ib,s 'hdkphn
ihkuxp chreva ,ubcre kf rnut t"r vmukj ic ut vaurd
rnts itnu gauvh wrf v,n rnts itn rhafn gauvh hcru
hdhkp tk tnkg hkuf rzghkt hcrs tchkt 'rzghkt hcrf vkyc
itnu gauvh hcrf v,n rnts itn gauvh wrs tchkt hdhkp hf
lrc ch,fs o,v gauvh hcr rnte tk itf sg vkyc rnts
hcr whpt tfv kct uca ihkkj whpt vmr, uhsh kgupu ukhj wv
k"zu vmr, uhsh kgup v"s h"ar whpu 'k"fg 'vsun gauvh
rtucnu 'f"g 'ivf ubht uhrcs rta ihbgk kct vrhaf uh,sucg
hkfv rhgv ifu /e"nvhcc vrhaf u,sucg kusd ivf ukhpts
ivff vraf u,sucgs ibhrnt tk hts 'vfrcv ,tzu wp vsnj
ivff ohsdc ru,h ouan kxph yuhsv ivff ukhpt zt kusd
whx j"ut ejmh rtc ,"uac vzc wgu /ohsdc wjc ananv yuhsv
/v"f
ic kuxps vaevs 'j"a wx s"uh eha o"rvn ,"uac wgu

f"g tkt 'shn vbuvfv kxph vzc lhtu 'ibcrs huv vmukj
lshtk vaev ztu 'uc kuxp tmnh tka ,gs kg vhv hubhnvs
'vraf u,sucga p"gt vbuvf v,n rnuk rapt lht 'txhd
,ugyc huv f"tu 'raf ivf huvs t,gst huv d"vfk hubnv htsuu
sugu f"vuh ,sucg kxph zts if ubht tkt 'grpnk vkycu
rjt kct 'kuxp tmnb ot ukhpt vhv hubnv f"gc ztu ohrcs
hcm kthbs crv 4
inskp
ohbhgc wgu /a"g ibcrsn kuxp ukhptu ek,xh kuxp tmnba

(ihhyaruc ktezjh r"rvk) ktezjh hrcs wxcu ,ufnk ypank
/c"f whx
kuta ;xuh ,hcc urntnc .huruv sus r"rv ghmvu

vn vtkpvvu j"bnv wjba 135 - 131 wng (z"na,) wc ,rcuj
,sucg ruthcc f"an uhrcsc oa wg 'vzc d"vf ,sucg ka ubhs
urntnc 8 wng wy wuj c"b vba xsrpv .cuec g"gu /f"vuh
rpxc wgu /d"vf ihsc kpkpna vn a"g '.f ktuna wr ka
ivf ihc ekjna vn 'd"vf ihsc z"k whx t"j vjna hnka
/ohsdc hucrcu vpc vbn,bv ivfk vjanv inac juan
tres ouan k"bv y"uh dbugc wgu 'vbuvf vkyc exp o"cnrvu
,thc wkvk hrzg hct rpxc wgu /vsucg ihbgk rhafn er
/tne trusvn asenv
kkjs (rcs v"s :zh) ,hbg, wxnk wxu,v uc,f vbvu /s

,unur, whb,nc ubhmn vnur, ,khft hcdku 'ohasec kfut ubht
ut vaurd ic tuva gsubu vnur,c kfut vhva ivf 'k"zu 't:j
vhv 'ryup gauvh wru anuju ire chhjn rzghkt wr vmukj ic
vmukj ic ut vaurd ic tuva gsubu jcznv d"g chrenu snug
ohkuxp jcznv hcd kg chreva ,ubcrev kf rnut rzghkt hcr
/vkuxp u,sucg oun kgc tuva gsub rhafn gauvh hcru
gsubu vnur,c kfut vhv 't,ht :c"g ohjxp wndv ,hduxcu
gauvh wr anuju ire chhjn rzghkt hcr j"c ut d"c tuva
hhct rc hchc cr rnts hhct rc hchc crsf tnkhs ryup
vsucg hrehts vnur, hbta hnb ht kuvc vbnzs p"gc vnur,c
/s"k ,unchs thdux wgu /a"g wudu ib,s raft tbnjr vsucgu
tvucnt wxc ,ufhrtc vzc wgu /rehgf kuvc ubnzs tv yebs
,hcc vzc wg /z"n ,ut jre wp '.huuexuh ;xuh r"rvk hrpxs
,hc wxc vzc lhrtvu /f"an oa ohgrz ,ru, wxcu wu whx hah
/wz ;bg ohgrz rsxk irsvc 'hexyhuux hfsrn r"rvk hfsrn
5
ihc ekjk c,f t"nr whx ,"vg ejmh ,urucd wxcu

hfrm huv ohase ,khfts 'vnur, ,khftk ohase ,khft
x",jvk van ,ru,c wgu /ann vsucg huv vnur,u 'vsucg
vz ihbg vn g"mu ovv ohnhc whvh rat ivfv kt e"vg
,ubcrev kfc if ibhars :u"x ihaushe wxncu 'teuus ohrufck
vrpf rehg ,ubcrev rta k"mu 'a"hg ukhj wv lrcs tren
v"cev rhafv tnkgc jhka tkt ivfv ihtu ohrchtu osc
ivf ,khft tkt oukf jcznk ovc iht ohrufc kct ohkkj
a"g wudu k"ne ohrufhcv ukxpb vaurd ic tuv ot t"uv
/uhrcsc
vnur,c kfut vhvs exp (ch:h ,unur, wkv) o"cnrvu

,t okan ubhtu irev ,t okan z"rv j"cu d"c tuva gsubu
vsucg hreht vnur, ,khfts iuhfs n"xfv rthcu 'anujv
lfku vk ohrzf obht gsuba osue scghsc vraft tbnjru
ktrahk vtuab v,hva ivf ,ct huvs hshn anujv in ruyp
,chhj n"nu rzf vbhts ogyn anujn vk hryps vkxpba ut
chhj irev kct rund rzc tbnjr vk,s tuv anujs irec thv
vn wgu /k"fg ukfutk hutr ubhtu rund ivf ubhts tfhv kf
wxc f"anu u"y whx [iusrud] rzghkt wr ,"ua wxc vzc weva
/c"f whx ktezjh hrcs
ihts grumn wp vru,v kg urpxc z"hrdv wf sugu /v

ibhgcs vbuvf ihs hf 'ohgdb ,hhtrk raf kkj tmnba ivf
hbpc vbuvf ihs tkt vsucg ka vbuvf ihs ubht ohgdb ,hhtrc
oa vbn sugu 'vzc k"bv .huuruv s"rrv ka urntn wgu /unmg
/vzc a"g 'uz vktak n"epb sug
a"r rnt :z"n ,urufc wndv ,hdux wg 'c"vuhsp ihbgku /u

icv ouh wk lu,c 'kkj ic jhbvu ,na ivf k"r rnt whath ic
icv iht ouh wk rjtk 'ubuhspc ctv vfz tka 'g"t ,uspk chhj
,urufc hztdkt y"hrvnc vzc wgu 'ubuhspc ctv vfz rcfa 'chhj
hcm kthbs crv 6
inskp
/iuhsp iugy unmg kkjv icvs rtucnu /(d)z"x ,ut j"p
gsub vsupv ivfv f"jtu ivf kmt ubc vsp rjt otu
oac v"a s"uh vcua, hj,pc vzc epx thcn 'kkj huvs
whx rhth ,uuj ,"uacu 'ruypa ehxva z"k whx uvhkt sh ,"uav
'h"ujv kg vun,k ah obnt) ogp sug ,uspk lhrms vkgv d"he
ivff unmg ,t ehzjva hnc tuv ubuhss vtrh uhrcsc ihhgnvs
ivfk vnus ubhtu 'kkj ukhpt ,ntc vhv tk okugku 'reac
ifu ' (ihaushe hrhtnv kg ,urgvc vn, ifu 'kkj tmnbs
s"uh ejmh rtc ,"uacu j"k whx ohnu,u ohrutc vzc urhnjv
,urrug,v ,"uacu 'z"n whx t"j ohrahn ccus ,"uacu v"f whx
uhct oac thcv rpux hcegcu 'vzc ep,xb z"xe s"uh vcua,
rtac ut vsucgc teus huv ht rafvv sunhkc huk, hkuts
tku vsucgc er huvs :c"g ohjxps tv p"g vybu 'ohrcs
p"mrdv ka u,ru,n) ase ,rsv wxc g"gu /ohrcs rtac
/oa ,urgvcu f whx icv iuhsp hbhbg (ebtrp
f"jta ivf h"g vpurg vkdg ,arp ,rhnt ihbgku /z

i,ht kjbcu 'k"e, vumn lubj ,jbnc vzc ep,xb 'kkj tmnb
/vzc rhnjvk vkgv s:v:u"y (hexchbe ohhj r"rvk)
vzc rhnjv 'kkj tmnba ivfc ohpf ,thab ihbgku /j

wfa u:z"y j"ut vbuckv ,gcd ,"uac wgu /j"fe j"ut asj hrpc
ka e"nvhc ,sucgs ibhgsh rcf '"vmr, uhsh kgupu" ,uch,ns
ivfa ghsuvk tuv "ukhj wv lrc"s trev ,buufu 'raf kkj
rz tnkgcs p"gt 'vfrc kkfc kkfb kkj tmnbu uhpf taba
tk itf 'vfrcv kkfn unmg rhxnu vagc rcug ifusk vkuga
,bpmv ep,xb vbv 'ihbgv omgcu /vfrcc kkfbu if ibhrnt
ht ihkucdc ohpf ,thab ka ursdc (s"h:s"h vkhp, wkv) jbgp
;xuh ,hrta wxc vzc wgu 'vkhp, ouan ut vsucg ouan huv
/g"khu 'whuk, vzcs raptu 'u:c itnrtuu vnka r"rvk
7
/uvn ohbuatrv uekjb 'kkjs rafvv rsdc vbvu /y

,sucg vru,v vrhafv ers vrutfk wndv ,ugnan thpuens
vbvs 'vzn r,uh o"cnrc ubhmn obnt /f"jt gsubs tfhv kkj
rcgak vraf u,sucg k"zu (h:u asen ,thc wkv) o"cnrv c,f
kgupu ukhj wv lrc wtba kkhj tk scg otu tcvk scug ubhtu
vban ;xfv wfu /k"fg 'vmr, uca ihkuj ;t wudu vmr, uhsh
rjt kct 'gsuba osue scga vn er wndvn gnan 'k"zu
kkjns trec ijfat tks iuhfs gnan n"rvu 'kkj gsuba
rnuk ik h,h, hvn 'kkjn tks trec ijfat tcrst 'vsucg
/f"g 'yeb t,khns tjrut tb,u 'kkj gsubs rjtk scg ota
ivfs wndc t,hts vns 'kusd aushj o"cnrv ,yhan tmuhu
vsucgc er tk hrhhn vz 'vraf u,sucg kkj tmnbu scga
/tuv raf gsuba rjt u,sucg ukhpt tkt 'gsuba osue
k"zu /k"bv ,hbg, wxnk ,upxu,v ,yha vrutfk ifu

kgc vnu u"en [vsucgc ruxt krgs] ;khb ,"tu :oa wxu,v
sucgk ruxt oun kgc v"ptu wudu ohase ,khftc r,una oun
ruxta ihs ubht wudu ohase ,khftc ruxta lrg vsucg
raf v"ptu ohasec kfut ubhta jhfuh kkjs k"hu 'vsucgk
uhsh kgupu ukhj wv lrc ch,fsn rnutv erp rntsfu vsucgk
a"g wudu 'u,sucgc vmur tuv uca ihkuj ukhpt gnans vmr,
rafv hts 'o"cnrv ,gsf wxu,v ,gss vtrbu /wxu,v hrcsc
'ohase ,khft r,hvk ubhbg vn zt gsuba osue er hrhhn kkj
dhav vz ogyn ,ntcu /kkj tuva gsh tk u,khft ,gac tv
kkjn krg sunkk ihts c,fu 'wxu,v hrcs kg hrt ,rucdv
/kkjc ukhpt hssvc ohase ,khft r,hvu vsucg rafv ihts
/asenv ,thc wkv lknv rgac wxu,v hrcsc wfa vn wgu
,khft ruxht ihts rnuk hrt ,rucdv oa ;hxuvu

ihbgk n"epbu 'gsuba osue kfta vn kkjv kg kj ohase
;udv ,tnuyc ohase hase kfta rzu 'ruxht kg kj ruxht
,urz ruxht kg kj vtnuy ruxht ihts vtnuy icren ruyp
hcm kthbs crv 8
inskp
kkj kft ot hnb ihsv tuv chhj vtnuyc ivf kft otu
ubhs uk gsub lf rjtu kkj tuva uk gsub tka sugc vntuyc
cus lurc r"rvk ase sc wxcu /uhrcsc a"g chhju ivff
ers wxu,v ,gs ot ukhpts c,f c"x whx s"j hexrcup
vkhcb kuftk iuuf,na ivfk n"epb tmh 'gsub tks hfhv rafuv
vhv uz vfh,ja t,khn htkdt okut 'kftu uc ur,vu shznc
t,khn htkdt od tkt ohbvfk vrh,va ;ugv ,tyj racn
/a"g hek ht n"epb 'kkj tuva
i"cnrv oac thcv ihaushe wxnk t"cyhrv haushjcu /h

tkt kkj tmnb ka u,sucg vru,v vrahfv tks ',rjt vbcv
/,ufnk t"cyhrv hrcsc wgu /kkj htsu tku kkj epx tmnbaf
huvs 'vaeh ,ufnc wndv i"cnrv ,yhaks ovrct rcsv rhgvu
d"vf ,,hn epxs wf h:z jmur wkv lknk vbanvu 'ivf epx
hcm .rt ,"uacu /uyken rhgn ihhsg tmh tku vrpf epx huv
ihaushek [i"cnrv k"m wfk] t"cyhrv ,gsu wf :c"h, wng c"j
x"an k"eu 'vraf u,sucg kkj epx tuva gsubaf teuss
rhgn ,tmk jmurv kufh vbuvf v,n s"nks rtucns k"bv
tku raf tuv v,g ods thkd thna whne tnks weu 'u,ken
hftkn shcu ',ukdkn jmurv ruyp 'epx smns k"mu 'kkf kuxp
f"anpku vzc h,frtv wz whx vsav jha hrpxcu 'vzc ep,xb
,gsks k"bv lknv rga wxc wgu /k fg 'ruyps whtr ah 'tupt
chhjn t"rs tmhs 'k"bv ohjxpu ,unur,s thdux vaeh i"cnrv
whtrv uhkg urhcjn tmunvu 'kkj epx huvs p"gt anuju ire
tvs vkgv y"k :z"n:j"fe j"ut ohsdn hrpcu /c,fan a"g
u,shk ,kj,c ot kct 'kuxpa f"jt gsubac er raf kkjs
'kuxps k"h okugn ivf oa uhkg whv tka 'kkj tuva gsub whv
/j:d ohscg jna rutc wgu /k"bv hrpxs tvucntc vzc wgu
ubhcva ahu 'o"cnrv ,yha rtck t,uucr uchjrvu /t"h

hnkaurhv p"g ghmv y"uh dbug ,"uacu 'uaushj ygnk uhrcsc
o"cnrv ,gs ifs raptu 's"hcc kuxpha lhrms ,unur,
9
hrjtu 'kkjf vagb tk ihhsgs 'gsuba rjt u,sucg rhafva

tks ejus kct 'vkuxp u,sucga o"cnrv vsuh s"hcv exp
whx s"uh eha o"rvn ,"uac vzc wgu 'uhrcsc if ekjna gnan
/,unur, wxnk ;hrj gkhzht r"rvk hnkaurh ogubc vzc wgu /j"a
ihsk vbuvf ihs ihc ekjk uc,f ohrpx vcrvcu /c"h

inkua uvhrna r"rvk ohra rtc wxcu /vsucgk ,uraf
v"g ubhcr vank o"cnrv ,yhak kkj vnsn (c"n whx ohase)
oa wfu 'z"ke whx ivf ,frcc vz ihgf wgu) /ohutkhnv hnh wzc
r"rvk vjna hnka wxcu /(v"grn unf vbuvf ihs uk ah kkja
wcu 'ivfu ' iurvt hbc 'ohbhs wc ahs wf s"x whx drckt vjna
n"gc vagbs vmrb ubht g"g ivfs tv vz p"g rhcxvu ',uause
wxcu (j:d ohscg wkv jna rutc vzc wg) ohkkjk lhha ubht
'uhrjt ugrzku uk :u"x ihaushe p"g wf c"h, wng c"j hcm .rt
wf hrv 'c,fnk hk vnku "ugrzku uk" ch,fsn whtrv rtck ah
kf od uase,b 'uase,b uhbcu iurvts h"gs (d"h:v"f wnc) h"ar
vhv tk janb tku okugc vhva xjbp er 'ovhrjt ogrz
arpk e"vu,vk vnk 'ase,ba rjt 'xjbp hcdk f"tu 'kkfc
kuxp kkjs ogyvs 'ohkkj ,ucrk hsf ogyv lt 'ugrz od
iuhfu 'ivfv iurvtn skuba smn u,ause rehgs ouan tuv
oua hkc vshkv vhv,a ibhgc 'vausev ,chxc v,hv vshkvs
vshk v,uta t"t 'vshkc vbuvf kuxp vhva hn kct 'kuxp
kcts 'd"m whx s"uh h"c uz trcxf wgu 'vbuvf ,ause ourd,
unf omgc ase,b ugrza 'uhrjt ugrzku uk :tre vkhds iuhf
f"gu vshkv smn ,jnmb vausev iht tkhnn 'xjbp ase,ba
'xjbp p"r jbgp ,bpmv iuakc wgu /raf kkj tuvaf ukhpt
;ts k"ru 'vraf vsucgv kuxp grz ods asj,b itf vbv 'k"zu
vsucgv n"n 'uhrcs kfk rzf tuvs ihsf tka tuv vaugvs
rsdv ifu 'gsuba rjtk ;t o"cnrv whak yrpcu 'vraf
t"p wvbx a"ng ivf yrpcu if ihrun iht vaugvs ;t ohtbec
r"rvk asev rzb wxcu /k"nftu vcuy whv whhagv n"n 'a"g
- ohbhbg wc ah ohase ,khfts wf ohjczs c"pr izur van
hcm kthbs crv 10
inskp
kkju 'vsucg ihbg huv vnmg vkhfts wcu 'vkhfts vumn omg
hfsrn r"rvk hfsrn ,hc wxc vzc g"gu /hbav er ah
kkj ,sucg vnsna wz ;bg 'ohgrz rsxk irsv 'hexyhuux
/s"b whx d"j ;xuh ,hrta wxc g"gu /a"g vnc hasek
ihaushe wxnk trhpa rhtn r"rvk rhtn wrs t,hbdrncu

t"j ,unur, hnkaurh wgu t"s vyux wurhc p"rvnc wg k"zu wf
rhyevk htar ;ry ut .ne otu eurzk htar osv kche ots
ot ukhpts c"h:h ,unur, wkv whgu vz thcv tk k"z ubhcru
,unur, hnkaurh whgu oa vbanc h"rf tuvu yukph uhpc vnur,
chrens tv f"gu yukphs vsun t"r ukhpt j"cu d"ccs oa
hnkaurhc jhfuva unfu jcznv iueh, hbpn tvu u,sucg rnud
/e"usuu v"b ihyhd wgu vgsub tka vkuzdv ,tyjs tvn oa
ejmh rtc ,"uac wgu /k"bv hfsrn ,hc wxc chyhv whg vz ihgfu
hkccv ihc ,eukjn vzc ahs vkgva vn v"f wx j"ut
/a"g ihsv ,bcvc hnkaurhvk
r,uh ,yha asjk wf ohjcz wxnk cegh ,ukve wxcu

wxu,v ,gsks oa vkgvs 'o"cnrvs tvn ukhpt ,asujn
ubht vsucg kkjns rz kkfc ubhtu vraf u,sucgs iuhf ,hbg,s
,gss raptu ofhkt creh tk rz kfus vrvzt kkfc f"d
ohbvfv uhjt ihta tkt sucgk vkhj,fk r,uns tuv wxu,v
(t"pk c"p vrgv ,unchk van ,urcsc vzc g"gu) u,ut ohjhbn
rnan ka ivfn tuv ;hsg tku vsucg ,ufz uk iht p"fg hrva
kkfc ubht kct usucgh ohbvfvs vag kycns c,f sugu 'rjt
/ykjvc tk ohhxa uhrcsc g"g 'rzs vrvzt
o"cnrv wkn ehhsa 'wj whx ,ajrn wxc ubhmn tfphtu

ruzjk lhrmu 'hbvn tk shcg ht ibhrnt 'kkjn ubhta p"gts
obnt (k"bv gmrb ivfn wuev cahhk vz wfu) 'ukceku rafv
shn,v chrevk lhrmu raf ivf itf ihts ouenc 'we ihhsg
ucuah a"g 'kkjs ,"k vjshu shn,v ,crevs vag h,t rntu
11
trehgn rz ubhta iuhf tngy ubhhvs vtrbu c,f tbexnku 'vzc

vnu /vz utk kg rcug ubhtu creh tk rz kfu whc ibhre tk
v:t trehu h"arc tcuv f"u,s varsn thv tcvk scug ubhta
k", ohkkj kufh f"u,c vkg rntc ohbvfv t"bc uchrevu
/a"g 'veuk ubhtu vag kkfn tcv utk k"uvu 'a"ugh ohbvfv
wfa vn d"g wx c"j (ohucbby hcm r"rvk) zrt .g wxc wgu
wgu /o"cnrv ,gsc ukhpt gsuba rjtk gsubk osue ihc ekjk
/k"bv hrzg hctv hrcsc
,adk lht ,ubhjc wc ahs 'k"bv kfc vtrbv ztu /d"h

'shn, raf u,sucga ohrcuxa ah /e"nvhcc kkj ,sucgk
gsusba rjtk ut gsuba osue ht n"epb iht u,uraf omgcu
vzv duxcu /(vnusfu ruxht ihbgk n"epb ahs rapts p"gt)
ahu /uyuapf u,ut ohbhcna ,ubcvv curk o"cnrv ,gs kkfb
kfu 'gsuba rjtkk gsuba osue ihc kusd kscv ahs ohrcuxa
wndv snuka hn vzc kkfbu 'gsuba osue er kkjs rafvv
i"cnrv ,gs yrpcu 'gsuba osue er kkj rafvs uyuapf
/kkj epx vru,v vrhafv ers
,uraf omgc ahs ohrcux iuatrv duxs 'vzn tmuhvu

tcv kscv ihtu 'vsucgv hrjtu osue kkj tuva p"gtu 'kkjc
ihcvk lhrm ztu /u,rhafn vru,v 'vghsh-htc rxja ut vghshc
hrcs ,bcvc k"bv ohburjtv ujry ifu 'u,uraf rsd ,t
ahs er 'vsucgk kuxp omgc kkjs k"m 'lshtku /o"cnrv
rjt eru 'kkjf cajb ubht zts 'vghsh iurxjvn tcv ,uraf
,t sunkk lht vzc huk,s rapt vrutfku /kkj ,hagb gsuba
/ihsv ruenk ,uhraptf oheuxp wd t,ht wndcs 'trev in ihsv
grz ihcu raf grz ihc - uhrjt ugrzku uk v,hvu 'ohbuatrv wc
tuv ovhba ,ugnan 'vmr, uhsh kgupu ukhj wv lrcu 'kuxp
ifu /vsucgvk rafv ah ihhsg ',ukkj ut "kuxp" aha p"gta
,tcu 'hahkav euxpv obnt /ukhj wv lrcs tre o"cnrv yeb
osta l,gs kg vkg, hfu - ovv ohnhc vhvh rat ivfv kt
hcm kthbs crv 12
inskp
'kkj,bu raf ivf vz tkt 'uhnhc vhv tka ivf kmt lkuv
vghshv hrjtu 'rund ivf vhv kkjv vghshv osuea u,ugnan
hvucntc vzc wgu /k"bv hbav duxfu 'kkjf vagbu ursd vb,ab
/k"bv hrpxs
wg vbvs 'ohsnuk euxp vzhtn vfkvk vbhn tepb ahu

h,c wxc wgu k"zu wfa v"g whx t"j rdht tcheg wr ,"uac
hnfj oac thcva tcy t,hbdrn t"f whx c ekjc c"j vbuvf
u,sucgs n"gcu 'ihaushe h"ar iuak eusehsc .r,k tghmgbhuu
ugrzku uk v,hvus tre htvn hrafn tks wufu k"bn vkuxp
u,sucg kkjs tvs 'a"t h"rk er thauevs vtrbs 'uhrjt
ihcu raf grz ihc uhrjt ugrzku uk v,hvus tren tepb vraf
vuctk kct 'n"gc grz ihc f"d tnhbs thauev vzn 'kuxp grz
'ukhj v lrcs tren tepb vrhaf u,sucgs kkj ktunas
iuaks ohkkj kg er sunhk uvzs 'vmr, uca ohkkj ukhpt
ibhrnt tku 'rhafvk ,"vn n"gcc kct 'uhkkj gnan ukhj
ktunas vuctf exp o"cnrvs iuhfu 'tghye uhus tarsk kkf
varsk if yeb ,ufnc wnds tn,xs ouanu uhexpc rtucnf
tuvs lvf k"hhe tk v"an 'if vfkvs gnan ukhj ws lrcs
ovhrcs kg ;hxuv vbuvf h,c rcjnv kgc iutdvu 'tghye u"hu
iht ktunas vuctks rnuk eujs tuv uyuapcs jcak ogyc
' if k"hs tkt 'cu,f uhuv lht ,uthmnc udkpks tghye u"huv
whx wua,c) h"c crv a"nk if eukhjs tkt tghye uhuv g"fks
ot wufu ,ubre ,bre unf 'ihsuc huk,u rxju tkn kf k"zu (t"e
ktunak vzku wufu tbhsk n"b tks vn kct 'scghs kuxp vbha
c,f tku vbha ot f"t 'tghye u"hun tepb n gcs hkuxps
varsv vzk m"ks ktunas vuctk kct 'kuxp tghye u"huv
tk ot scghsc vzc 'tbhs ihbgk tku znr vzhtk tghye u"huvu
ihs o"cnrv thcv tk v"ans k"h f"tu 'raf tghye uhuv c,f
,ukusd ,ubye ,uh,utc rvzhu c,fa vnc kkfbs tghye u"us
'vzv kkfc tghye u"huv f"tu ohrpuxk gush uvza lnxu wufu
't"h:v"f xjbp wp vnfj lanc wgu /uhrcs rtac a"g wufu
13
/u"y whx iusrud rzghkt wr ,"uac vzc chjrvu
osue kkj ka ursd vn ,eukjn ahs tmuh ztu /s"h

ihrhafn vghsh iurxjcs er ut 'raf ivff huv ht 'gsuba
ihbgk vbhn tepb tmhs 'z"ye whx ivf ,frc wxc wgu /u,sucg
hrjt i,tnuy kg vekh ot 'gsub tka kkjc ohbvf ,tnuy
/a"g tk ut vtnuyv ,gac ivf vhvs ibhrnt ot 'gsuba
ep,xba z"xe s"uh vcua, ,urrug,v ,"uac g"gu /u"y

chhj ubhta i,utc vfkvf tka vsucg scg ivfv ot k"zu
chhjs ihrfanv iheanv rtan rufha vhva iudf 'v,hn ivhkg
'c:t asen ,thc wkv o"cnrc t,hts vraf u,sucgu ,uekn
uvuekva osue ot 'scg f"pgtu lf vagh tka uc ur,vu
chhj otv vsucgk hutrv raf ivf vhv tku kkj tuva rrc,b
hssm rthc tk ubhcr fa oa rpux hcegc wgu 'tk ut ,uekn
/k"bvg huk,s raptu 'a"g 'epxv
scga kkjs gnan ot v"s :c"h ihaushe wxu,cu /z"y

ohbuatrv ,yhan uhkg dhav .cgh ,uvdvcu 'v,hn chhj ,cac
:d"k ,unch h"ar ,gsc uhrcsk rhgv a"arvu 'a"arc ifu 'k"bv
oa thcvu) ,ca vjus ubht rzc vraf vyhjaa p"gts
ka urntn z"na, kuta ;xuh ,hcc vzc wgu ' (ekuj m"fjva
z"unc wgu j:t"f runt ;xuh xsrpcu k"bv .huuruv s"rrv
tk kct icrev ohrhafn ers k"bv n"rv wkn ehhsa t"ba:v
n"epbu 'vtnuyv ,tu ,cav ,t ,ujsk n"epbu 'vraf u,sucg
r"rvk uhrp i,b wxc vzc wg /a"g z"vzc ,ubcre ,crev ihbgk
/c ,ufn wxnk rbygyagd i,b
ht rejs 'asenv ,thc wkv lkn rcscc wg ifu /z"h

wjn vzc vk,u 'vsucgk kkj ut kkj ,sucg vrhafv vru,v
j"bnvks 'rzf v,hn chhj scga kkj ht u"f whx t"csvu j"bnv
thdux jfn ekuj t"csvu 'ohna hshc v,hn chhj v"rg
hcm kthbs crv 14
inskp
/k"bv hfsrn ,hcc vzc wgu /ohjxps
gsubk osue ihc kscv iht ',ugsv curk 'o"cnrvk ztu

wd ah vbuvfks k"mu /vsucgv ,uraf ihbgk gsuba rjtkk
,sucgk u,uraf wdu 'vbuvf hhufz wc 'vbuvf hruxht 'wt :ohekj
ohgdub ,uhufzvu ohruxhtvu /iurvtn u,thmhn gcubv e"nvhc
omgk ohfhhav 'ukt ohruxht kuzkzn gcub u,shk kfa hnu 'z"kz
h"g geph f"du) vbuvf hhufzc vfzha hutrv in ubht 'u,ause
,sucgk u,uraf omg obnt /(,n ,tnuy unf 'ohruxhtv
'gsuba iuhf rcsc ruxht ahs rapts p"gt 'gep ubht e"nvhc
vzc ahu 'e"nvhcc sucgk ,ufz uk ihts 'vbuvf hhufz ihgf
/vsucgk ,uraf ah ihhsg u,unmgc vagnk kct 'sucf iurxj
ihbgk hrhhn vz 'rzf ubhs kkja c,uf o"cnrvafa 'k"m ztu
/vbuvf ouan ah ihhsg u,unmg ihbgk kct 'vdvbv
ztu /vghshn tc kkj ka rsdv 'whnhgsu i"cnrvku /j"h

rapt 'wt smn /ohngy vnfn u,uraf ,t rrck rapt
ihaushe wndv ,hdux ,ugnan if vrutfku 'epx ogyn rhafvk
,"uac wgu /rxj tmnbu ssnba vuenk vz vnsns 'k"bv
/kuyhc ,ru,n tuv gsub tka kkj ,urafs k"bv eha o"rvn
/asenv ,thc wkv kztv ictc g"gu
,ukkjs 'vtruv hbhsn gcub ,urafvs rapt sugu /y"h

,"uav 'k"bfu) kkj rsd iht uz vtruv hkcu 'kuxp ,truv hgc
r"rv f"an wgu /(o"cnrv ,gsc ukhpt vzf ihcv y"uh dbug
ejmh rfz wxc ivfk oun kgc ihc eukhjc rgzhhcubup gkhmht
s"hcc ukuxps d"c ihc ekjk jfunu k"zu wfa u ,ut v"n whx
r,hv ihs vghshv iurxj orud s"hcc ukuxps 'shjhc ukuxpk
iurxj iht shjhc ukuxpc kct 'rcsv rurhck s"hc lhrma iuuhf
ifku unmgn rrc,n ,ugyva iuhf 'r,hv ihs orud vghshv
/k"fg 'n"gck vnus vuen
15
unf 'vghsh og ohkj era ohrjt ohbhs ubhmn 'sugu /f

hcdku /j"b whx ,urgv .cuec vzc wgu 'kct ihsu rznn ihs
hnk ohfhhav vdvbv hbhs ov ,ukct hbhs kfa 'icun kct
/rznn ihsk ,uuavk ah vrutfk ,ukkju /,n uk ,na gsuha
/vzc vghsh ihbg vn ihhgk ah kfu kf ihcu
iuhzc ogyn huv ,ukkj ihbgs rnuk rapt hkutu

kuzkzu kukhj h"g tc okugc u,huuvu u,shk kfa hns 'vrhcgv
ru,c an,ah vzf osta asek iuhzc vzc ah 'vbuvf hbhs
kct ',gsub ucmns hfhv er hrhhn z"fs rapt obnt /vbuvf
rnuk rapt ifu) /iuhzc f"f iht vzn ohgsuh ihts tfhv kf
kct 'ruxhtv hcdk iuhzc ka ihbg ahs 'o"cnrv ,gsc ukhpt
wndv ka uaurhp vn vktav vzk gdub ztu /(vzc kxup iht
ukhpt gush vhv tk ,ukkjva ,ugnan ht 'gsuba kkjc
wgu /s"hck gush vhv tks ut 'ddua vhv tuvu 'unmg kkjvk
tbnjr dduac kkj ka vsucgu ':c"g ohjxp h"ar ka ubuak
rcsc g"gu /scugv ,ghshc hrhhn vghshs gnanu 'vraft
chrenvc hrhhn ht 'gsub ka uaurhp vn reuja k"bv ovrct
gsuba ory 'k"bv jna rutv ka ubuak wgu /a"g 's"hcc ut
/a"g kkjn ubht ihs ,hcc ukuxp
wkv (tbyuen gauvh r"rvk) ktrah ,uguah wxc wgu

tuva gsub tka ivfs d"gts vtrb vrutfks c:t"k whx ,usg
f"jt rrc,ba ;t raf ,ezjc u,ut ubezjva iuhf kkj
gsh icrev kgc otc ihhgk ah n"n vraf u,sucg whv ,ugyca
hjuka hbvfs s"xs vnk vbvu vraf u,sucg ot kkj tuva
obnt 'gsh icrev kgcs iuhf kuxp htsuus ik whgcn tk ihshs
vn hpk ihhgk ah uvbhb tbnjrs hjukas ibhexns vnk od
gsh icre kgcs iuhfu icre kgc ,gs ibhgcs ihfrgc ibhexns
ruchm icrecs sug k"h z"hpku 'uk vmruv tks k"h kkj tuvs
utk uvshs hcdk tvs vmruv tk kvevn yughn ;t ugsha kf
vzc rhcxvk f"an a"g wufu tcur r,c ibhkzts k"tu tuv ivf
hcm kthbs crv 16
inskp
/kkj kusd ivf ihs
iusb oa t,ht u:z"y j"ut vbuckv ,gcd ,"uacu /t"f

tuv ot ic vskhu hrfb ka z"an hycntc vrcg,ba ivf ,cc
kg tcv scgu hrfb ots 'vnusfu ifusku vsucgk rcs kfk ivf
ihs uk iht n"n raf skuvs ;t ivf ihs uk iht icv ivf ,c
ah otv vkxpb tks hycntc vrcg,bc obnt 'vbuvf
gcub kuxpv ogy ht 'k"bvk ,me gdubs raptu /ep,xvk
vgrzv ihbgk vktav ihgf ,meu) /tk ut vrhcgv omgn
,rhcgn gcub ,urznn ht ',urznn ouan uc ah ht ',h,ftkn
is ifu 'ovhbhc vurg ihs ah ohruvv hbas tv ouan ut ,ubzv
(/t"g whx wt g"vct van ,urdt ,"uac vzc
ohab taubv ivfc ubhmn vbv 'iuhzcv ihbgcu /c"f

,thc wkv o"cnrc t,htsf scghsc vraf u,sucgs 'vrhcgc
wndv ,hduxc vkhj,fk ibcrs kuxp ubhmn obnt 'y:u asenv
wt whx d"j rzgkt ,jbn ,"uacu n"xfc vzc wgu :v"k ihyhd
/a"g vmr, uhsh kgupu ihsk vz raea vn
rznn ot isa f"e whx y"uh dbug ,"uac g"gu /d"f

rhafvk kkj ihsk vuua n"ns wfu 'vbuvf hbhs uk ah ivfn
k"bvk gdub f"du /u"f:t t"csv ka ubuhs whg ifu /a"g u,sucg
kg kj er vbuvf ot ',ukkj ka ihbg tuv vn s"khs ',me
gcub ,ukkjs ut 'vbuvf ,ausek oht,n u,shka raf ost
iuhf kuxpc skubv rznn ukhptu 'vbuvf hbhsk vrh,xn teus
,ukkj iht vbuvf ,ause hbhsn tku ,uhrg hbhsn gcub ukuxps
/s"khu 'vzc
rgegp chhk ohhj crv

i,b 'suxhv sdbf tka 'acfv d"g ib,f" /uf wjczc ubhba
,tu 'vynk vkgnk ihb,hbv ,tu 'vkgnk vynk ihb,hbv ,t
uc ihtu kuxp ohbpc .ujc ihb,hbv ,tu '.ujc ohbpc ihb,hbv
y"n urpf,b ohkgc kct kuxp racs" ekjn wndvu ",rf
os ghdva iuhf "rpfk jcznv kg ofk uh,,b hbtu "e"ts
vrpfk "rpfk" e"t ?hnb rac v"t 'ohkgc /urpf,b jcznk
"/t"csk tku ih,,b
vehrzn ,rpfnv vehrz iheukjs uz wndc rtucn

,unfc huv uz eukhj ot rhsdvk lhrmu /vkhftk rac ,r,nv
vehrz hbta s"ut 'rac rh,vk vcuaj r,uh vehrz hgcs sckc
urtc,h v"htu osuxh omgc rac rh,vk vehrzn vrpfk
tka vehrz ht ihhgk lhrm 'uz epx yuapk wsf /ikvk ohrcsv
unuenc tka vehrz h"g wt lphvku 'kkf rack lhha unuenc
vrpf ihbgk whpt s"ut rack gdubc iurxjv kfu hrndk rphf
wusfu .hm humhr ouan teus rpfns k"hu) /sckc scghscf huv
(/ikvk ,me rtucnsf
vrpf hcdk vehrz
vkgn vumn wrhha vfhnx vtag ota /wjcz whg vrpfk gdubc
kfs" c,f "jcznv kg" ifu 'rphfu rphf tk ukhtf cu,fv ihkg
jcznc ,unuen eukhj kfs gnanu "vrpf ihbgk ihua jcznv
ubhmn tks d"gtu /vpub, hcdk :dm wjbcntku rack er ohfhha
wakn kct 'if rnuk rc,xn thsvc unuenc tka hcdk d"vf
/kkf vrpfk v"s h"ar
rgegp chhk ohhj crv 2
whrnt ht wvf ,ut oa e"nyhau "vkgnk" v"s /ux wxu,v hdhkp

'tks e"nyhav ,gsu ';ug hbcrr hcdk "unuenf unuenc tka"
kg ofk uh,,b hbtu ch,f wjcz hcd khgk h,hns tres" ouan
vrpf hcdk whpt iheukj ,unuens ubhnm u,gsku "/rpfk jcznv
wjczk ,upug xjhc huk, zs icunf kct] /rac hcdk er tku
tvn wjczcn ,upugc vbua racu vrpf ihc kuehav kfs k"hs
vagn huv unuenc tkas k"uhgu ' ///'vfhn 'os ,kce ihts
;ugv ,tyj p"r ,uhdux wgs lphvk ut vkugc ;ugv ,tyj
[/o,ubak tka ibhspe f"fs
hgcs) ;ugv ,kugc vzhvs tfhv :ux wxu,c uep,xv sug

ohkgc urpf,b jcznk os ghdva shns whrnt ht (sckc humhn
ub,bk hns tku vbhsf tka vsucgs "d"vf hbtas u,bexn ut
vbhaa tkt v,umnf vsucgva luxhv sdbf tka acfv d"g
vrpf hcdk hbvn unuen tkas iuhfn 'wxu,s t"uvv hpk "unuen
kfc jcznk os ghdvs tfhv kfu 'vb,ab f"d vehrzv ,rum f"t
vpahu ovuac z"gfu /ohkgc urpf,b /tuva ouenu /iput
,ub,n wc hgcs s"ps htna ,hc ,yhak ,tyjcs rnuk vmrs
ohyuehkv rpxcohkgc urpf,b rcf kct rac rh,vk teus uvz
os ghdv rcfs ,jt vb,nc 'wc n"vuap kebrp wusvn wnrk
whpts rntb otu /(:zk vnka eaju 'vrut irec ifu) /jcznk
f"t unuenf unuenc tka ohrnutaf vb,an vehrzv ,rum
huvs tku rac rh,vk vehrzn wrndk ,rjt vrpfk vehrzv rsd
/sckc vrpf hcdk tkue
ht :uf wxu,v ,epx ihcvk ah k"bv vrhej hp kg

hbhrjt hkhnk jcznf cajbu iuhf acfv d"g whpt unuenc tka
(.ujc acf d"g vkgnv chhjk - :zb jhbn 'usrh tk ukg ot /zp)
tka ht huk, uz epxs k"hu ///acf d"g ohns ubhmn tk s"ut
os ,gdvs ut 't"uenc vehrz huvs ouan unuenf unuenc
vehrzs 'acf d"gwhptu - kkf vkhdr vehrz ,ru,n ubht jcznk
/rac rh,vk vehrzn ihyukjk vbua vrpfk
wnfju t"r hdhkp :yg ;scs wev "htu" v"s :uf wxu,
t"rks vynk ihb,ba ohns og ucrg,ba vkgnk ihb,bv ohnsc
ruzjhu ohn iv ukhtf vynk ihb,hbv ,t ihturu vkgnk i,h
rcfs tfhvs gnan z"fcu 'ihtur uvk ,hk wnfju vynk i,hu
tkv wxu,v wevu /vynk i,hk kufhs (ihsf tka) vkgnk i,b
sug eurzk ohkufh lht 'inuenc tka ohkgc urpf,bs iuhfn
?vynk
vbuf hgc unuenc tka" hcdk n"n 'kkf lrsc "ihtur"

rtucn t"rev hpk /v"utkc urpf,b tku 'lfk ,sjuhn
,unuenv kf ihts uvk ,hks wnfjk whpts vrut irev w,u
tka ibhuan lfk ,sjuhn vbuf whgs tkt vrpf ihbgk ihua
/unuenf unuenc
rac hcdk vehrz
tka vehrzc vrpfc whpt rxj ht ihbgc ubs itf sg

ht iusk hutr uhafgu 'itfku itfk ,uhtr ahs ibhzju unuenc
/rack kkf lhha unuenc tka vehrz
/vkhgn hshn racv tmh ot ep,xu) (r,t kg) z"hrdv

tvn jhfuvs vkhgn wr ohhj wr ,yha kg xxucn u,epx
'vkhgn hshn uthmuvk tmuhv ract hbvn vehrzs :u ;s vkhgns
v"r hase ubhts tvc tkt vkhft r,hvc huk, ubht vkhgns
/vkhgn hshn tmh z"fc vkhftk r,ub ubht tmuhv racs d"gts
vrutfk kct) /unuenc tka vehrzc vaf k"h ot z"hrdv isu
vehrz whgs thsvk t,hts vkhgn wr t,pxu,v wcs ubnn okgb
,epxk ouen ihtu 'vkhgn hshn ehpb tk racv unuenc tka
(/z"rdv
vz" v"s :jxu "vkgnk" v"s /ux vrut irec g"gu

hgcs vkcb hshn ,rvyn vehkn ht is uhrcs lu,ns "kkfv
unuenc tka erz ot n"n 'rafvc ,uagvk uhagn rta
vyhja unfwhpt unuenf unuenc tkac wxu, ,gsf) 'rpf,bu
'jcznk urh,nu rafvvc ,hagb uhagn rta ot teus s"ut
vrutfk /vkcb huv tk htsu (,upugc rntb whps ssmn tuvu
/rack whpt ,me hbvn unuenc tka vehrzs uhrcsn ibhzj
,hkf, hkc tkhnn ,naf tkt vkcb huv tks ,ujsk ah kct
tkhnns v,hn huv tk 'ohkgc urf,bs iuhfn itf kct 'ohuxn
d"gt vkcbc ihtnyn ibht kexbv ruau vpurg vkdg whps tvf
(:g wjcz p"g) /vtbvc ohruxts
,me p"vfk hbvn unuenc tka vehrzs ,jfun vhtr

unuenc tkas s"nk whpts rtucn :zf wndcs 'thv rac hdck
"/usrh tk ukg ot" kkfc racv z"fc 'unuenf utk
t"uzj) ohburjtv ,epx rtck ah k"bv vrhej p"gu

unuenc tka vehrzc (sugu ':uf vnka eaj ' t'z jhase
racv (t ht '(:ug wjxp) vkhftk u,kj,n tcs jxp icref
(c s"ut ',ubcre rta unf i,cuj hsh utmh ohkgcvu kuxp
kuxp vhv racv otu vkhftk tkt tc tks iuhf hbta jxps
txhd lshtk k"h ut /raf racv od whpk ohkgc urpf,b tk
/rjt jxp thcvk ohfhrmu 'urpf,b tk ohkgcv whpt jxpcs (d
v,khft cuhj xjhu p"e rsdc huk, epxvn ekjs icunfu
hcdk vehrz v"v ot huk, f"d uz epx kct 'v,crev cuhjk
tk f"t 'kkf rack tku vrpfk tkt xjh,v tks d"gt) rac
tk unuenc tka vehrzcs s"ut (vkhftc urh,v/p"ec j"hh
,hagb unuenc tka vehrz whg ot ep,xvk ah sugu

vbanv wakn ehhsk ahu /kkfvk xjh,v tk ut racc kuxp
,"fu" wen wndv lanvc kct 'ract wtes wpn wndvu - kuxps
tks vehrz tfht hn" wh,u "?vkhftc rac rh,vk (sug ejbb)
5
ihhsg racv iurehgcs gnan - "vkhftc rac thrau ,rpfn

- rac rh,n ,rpfn ubhta vehrzs rhhum uk ',r,hb ,uhvk kufh
wgu /sug urh,vk kfub lht f"kts racv kxpb tks gnank
kxups /vk ;sc vsuvh wr ,gsc ep,xna" tmh v"s /zf wxu,
cahj ot 'icrev kxup kuxp ,cajn kfs jufhv ,cajn
tks" ehxnu /vsuvh wrk racv kxp ot unuenc tka eurzk
tku rund kuxp vagncs tfhv tkt vagnf vcajn shcg
huv tk unuenc tka ,cajns u,buf ht gsu "/ohkgc urpf,b
/rund kuxp tk kct kuxp huvs 'r,uh ehhusn ut 'kkf kuxp
rac rh,vku vrpfk vehrz xjhc sug
hssvt ohfhha rac rh,vku vrpfk vehrzs ibhzj sug

tfht hns" rac rh,vk sug eurzk t"ts wndc t,hts tvn
orud vrpfs tnkt - "vkhftc rac thrau ,rpfn tks vehrz
tka eurzk cahj ots /zf ;sc - txhd lshtku rac r,hv
rac thra tks vehrzs kudp ubhtu kuxp rjnk unuenc
rcss d"gts z"hrdv rhgv rcfu /kudhp hshk t,hn tk vkhftc
racc kuxp aha iuhf z"fc racv tku osv thv itf kdp,nv
huv racv iurxjs tnkt - vrund vbht osv ,ehrz whpt
/osc whpt iurxj
kkfc osv ,ehrz rsd
rh,vku vrpfk vehrz sjt smns ubjfuv k"bv kf hpk

lhrm ihcvk hsfu /ohbuas ibhzj lshtnu hssvt ohruae rac
/osv ,ehrz ihbg rtcku ohsevk
khftns tfhv tkt kudhp ihts - :y ;sc h"ar ,yha

;scu /thv jczn ,khft vehrzu ubnzk .uj jcznk ut ostk
ohns kcek hsf suxhv sdb vyhkc tv,a hgc h"ar '/sb
oa ihb,hbv
osva hsf ihkukj ,ubreb tv,a hgc :sb ;sc h"ar ifu
ghdh osa hsf vehrz ,hkf,c rtucn h"ar whpk /oa gkc³h
/ukt 'h"ar ,uyha kg e"ns :sb '/sb wxu, whp kct /jcznk
tku jcznv rhe kg ohnss - v'j hrjt wxu, .btan a"rc wgu
d"gtu /jcznv ,tbvk tku uh,,b vrpfks ouan uhgere kg
rsxc ibhzj n"n jcznk ohns ghdha hsf vehrzs k"h ihhsgs
/uy thdux whgu /jczn ,khft ,ru,c huv tku /h"arf tks
ushn os tmha rjtk ;ugv ,tyjs ,utbc kdpk t"ts tuv
/jcznk ohns ghdha sg vc kdpk kufhs oa wndv ehxnu
hcdks ouan vtzvc teus uz t"uvs wxu,v rcxnu

kkf gdhk lhrm vhv tk ,furpv kg ,hnhbp ,tyjc ,utzv
hsf ubht ,uhnhbp ,utzv p"vfks rtucnu /(/zb tnuh p"g)
t"uvcu /sckc trcdv smn vsucg vagn tkt jcznk ghdvk
(/s) wjxp hnkaurh whgu ;ugv ,tyj ,utzvc if rnuk vmr oa
os ,gdv ut vtzv unf vsucgs vagn huv vehrz ht hdhkps
ohns tkpha hsf lpuau jcznv d"g snugc vfhpaf jcznk
/(/tfe wjxp h"ar p"g) suxhk
os ,gdv (t :vehrzc ohbhbg wc p"vfk ahs ibhzj hrv

/vsucg vagn (c jcznk
?unuenc tka vehrzc iurxjv uvn
iurxjv ot unuenc tka vehrzc iusmk ah k"bv p"g

"kuxp htr" v"s /zf h"ar /vsucg vagnc ut jczn ,khftc
/tk ht jczn ,khft whv ht unuenc tka ht wjnv rhcxn
huvs iuhfn jczn ,khft huv tk htsus c,f /uk threc kcht
erzba os ;uxtk kufhs /zf wndc vgsc whgu /unuenc tka
rtan eukju 'unuenf utk unuenc tka s"nk unuenc tka
7
ibhzj /unuenc tkas f"tan kuxpc tkt vehrz huvs ohkuxp

hkuxp rtaf ubht unuenf utk unuenc tka s"nk p"vfks
khgk ubtcva iuhsc g"gu 'kkf vehrz cajb tks tkt vehrz
vehrzv ,rum ht /// sugu 'wc n"vuxp vpahu ovua ':ux wxu,c
k"m ifa rntb otu /// unuenc tka vehrzc vb,ab f"d
ouenc er tku vehrz ,sucgc huv unuenc tkas iurxjvs
/vehrzv
huv tk htes unuenc tka vehrzs vrut irev hpk

,sucgc tkt jczn ,khftc huk, ubht vrpfs k"m jczn ,khft
wt smnu /jczn ,khftc huk, racv r,hv f"tan vehrzv
vrpfu os ,khftc huk, rac ,khftc ,me rc,xn uz vyha
ohkgcv ,rpfs rnuk e"e lshtn kct[ 'trcd ,sucgc huk,
lhrmu ohbvfv tkt ohscug obht ohkgcv tkvs vsucgc huk,
wrsb wg - tbnjrs hjuka ut ishs hjuka ohbvfs thduxc ihhgk
thnas hjuka s"nks - oa a"tru ib, v"s /uk i"r - /uk :vk
vgs whg kct ivfk ub,bu ohkgc ,uarn vru, vghepv hrv"
ishs hjuka huv ihhsg thnas s"nk whpts - :df she wxu,c
irev ,yhak vz kf ]k"nftu g"gu ohkgc ,gs hgcu ,me
,khftc huk, vrpfc luphvk rtucn h"ar ,yha kct 'vrut
ht vrpf hcdk unuenf unuenc tka wt wjnv rhcxvs 'jczn
uz eukhju - vehrz ,sucgc huk, rac r,hvu 'jczn ,khft huv
?c"m
osk rac sjhc
ihcajb ht osk rac sjhc ihhgk lhrm 'r,uh ihcvk hsf

d"gtu[ /icrev lu,c ohsrpb ohbhbg wc huvs ut sjht lanvf
'ohrunht 'vkug rac) racs ohbua ohdux ihc ekjk ah htsus
iputc sjh okuft iusb (ohbvfk e"e rac 'ohke ohase rac
],uhduxv p"g hkkf
tkt ,ukxup ,ucajn ihts tvn whxp, kkf lrsc

rehgs 'osc tkt - vrpf iht" /u ;ss tvnu 'osv ,sucgc
/yb wjxp wg kct /rjt ihbgu vk kpy racvu osv huv icrev
ohkgcu ohkfut ohbvfs /// ovc rpuf rat o,ut ukftu"s
,yha - /zg wjxpcu 'rack whpt lhha vrpfs tnkt - ihrpf,n
ohruaes thsvk ibhzj - os iht rac iht ots gauvh wr
ibhaen :x wjczcu (urh,vk hsf os hgc racs er tku) hssvt
lf 'uhkg ohns eurzk t"t jcznv odpb ota oafu osk rac
'osk ruae rafvc ohtur ukt kfn /uzhdc ohase kftk t"t
,khftn wujhs whrnt tks :db n"c wxu, wg txhd lshtk kct
kkfc ubht rac ,khfts gnanu /,usucgv rjtk huvs ohase
n"rvs tv rhcxn cfr wn d"xr kg p"rdvu /icrev ,sucg
rta vbn tks d"gt 'ohase ,khft ,umn vbn yp wn n"vx
kfc vua vkhfts ekjn tuvu ',ucrev vagn kkfc ,usucg
/yrp icrek f"f ruae vkhftv ihts u,gcs gnan ,ubcrev
hsf ,ubcre wcn ,hz hmj ;rymvk kufhs u 'sh sus asen wgu
wxu,v is vryev hcdks /,hzfc ohase ,khft ,umn ohhek
sh 's ovrct grzcu 'vryevc vkhj,fk vnak hgc ht is /c
ibhzj hrv /sjh ,ubcre vnf rhyevk okufh ot ep,xn
/hssvtn iheukj ohbhbg vnfku ihua osu rac ohbhbg vnfka
/ rhsdvk lhrmu
x"ac ,uruen wd ubhmns rhgv /zg wjxp ,nt ,pau)

tk /dx wsvbx (1 osv ,ehrz osue rac ,khft ruxhtk
/erznc ohsg hnsu ohase rac kuftk tka osv kg ukft,
rsvu lpah os - kft, racvu lpah lhjcz osu - zg wjxp
/lhrgac kuftk kfu, tk" - /zh ,ufn (3 /kft, racv
vtrh ihhgnv oheuxp hbv kf hgc vnk g"mc t",pav rtabu
osm tv ,bcvc rjt ihbg ohahdsn ukt oheuxpn wt kfa
rac kuftk t"ts gnan osv kg ukft, tkn /rac r,n
kkp,ha osue kuftk wrxts tv unf ohns hbhbgc ihexugaf
,uapb hbhsc ihexugaf kuftk ihruxt ihrsvbxs tvu 'ofns kg
9
rac smv vz hpk - tre htvn wndc oa ohsnkb ukt kfa -

racvu lpah lhjcz osu"s tren /os smk sdb,n icres
- rac f"jtu os thv rsxvu ,jt lanvf huvs vtrb "kft,
/sckc vnhse ihs huvu
vehrzv h"gs ihsnk lhrgac kuftk kfu, tks trenu

wpc oa oheuxpv lanvf) wv hbpk tkt lhrgac ubht racv
rcf 'racv apb huvs 'osva iuhfs rtck ah ,uyapnu /(vtr
wevs :yb wjxp g"m /crehv rcf f"d racva unf cajb 'cre
rjtk ,ubcre ihchren iht tkv vkhkc ihrhyen lht wndv
cre rcfa iuhfs - "urnu,hbaf wh,u ?ohcrgv ihc ka shn,
ah ifu /vasj vcrevf huv tku sckc rndf huv racv 'osv
ohkgcu ohkfut ohbvfs sus asenv c,fs tv z"hgf rtck
,gan grpnk rpf,bs tkt g"bpc vrpf huv tk ihrpf,n
kkfc racv z"hpk - (a"g ,uhdux vnfn if jhfuvu) vehrz
tkt "lhrgac" ubhts tvc huk, rac r,hvs ubhkgs tv /osv
jczns" :h cu,fc ubhmns vrpf hcdk if ubhts k"h "wv hbpk"
ahu /u,rpf ouen huv jczns t'c c"vhc n"rcu '"rpfn
rpfk uxbfba ohns kfs" :tp ;sc tcheg wr ,yhac ;hxuvk
whptu) jcznc tkt kfhvc ubht vrpfs tnkt - "ihkuxp kfhvc
huvs ouan k"h kfhvk xbfba ,tyj os teus ihkxups ishsk
os kuxpc ,rjt rsd wnfjk ahs rntb tk ot 'vrpfv rehg
ghpuna arbsc ;xt wrv hshshk rntn wg[ ohbpk xbfbv
- /tx h"ar ,yha wg rac hcdku /vrpf hcdk uz (]uz ,rcujc
(?) //// huv kfhvv wxu,ks uj,pba osue uyjaa ohnka kuxps
h"aru /f"vutk ,ufhha hgc ohnka teus /,ubcre rtac tku
:cx tnuh ohehkt wr wxpcu /iurus huvs ouan rhcxn /vn rhzb
rac ,khft rehgs tnkt - ubust hbp ,utrk hgcu iurus huvs
d"gtu[ /n"vutc huk, (ohkgck rac rh,n ohnka teuss)
wupn okut sckc ohnkak uz trcx ygnk ah ukt ohrcs p"gs
ot hf /// lhrgac kuftk kfu, tk" ruxhts oa /zh ,ufnc
wxu, ,yha rtck ah k"bv p"g (,ubcrev kfk lhha wv hbpk
racvs ohcrgv ihc ka shn, rjtk creba icres :yf tnuh

ahu /unuenc tkas ubh,hdux unf 'rpf,b ohkgc kct kuxp
ouhv ,sucg rndb rcf ohcrgv ihc ka shn, rjtks rtck
gcub vrpf kct /asenk ,ubcre thcvk t"tu asenc
/n"vutk kce,b tv, icreva hgc tku jcznvn
ub,hdux ruthc
;ss tvn ohseb 'unuenc tkas ub,hduxk ruzjk hsfu

tku - n"vut j,pc tkt 'jcznv chcx ,ehrz ihts :yhe
- n"vut j,p rat jcznc tkt ohnsk vmhjn iht ifu 'vncc
tbhsn utku n"vut j,pc teus vehrz ,sucgt ibhspes tnkt
ohbpk huv vehrzc ,ushpe rehgs r,uh ibhzju /unmg jczns
rxhja hnhbpv jcznv kg ihb,hbv kf" z"pr vbancs 'kfhvc
'c n"vuxp ohhj wr ,yhau '"rphf tk ukhtf ,ub,nv in ,jt
t"uzjv wak yymtu (t 'dk sus asenf tks) c 'z t"uzju zy
tkuku rpf,b ht .ujc ub,ba ohb,hbc uep,xb rnt vsu," oa
ghdva iuhf ibhre tk ohbpc lhrms ouencs vtrb k"z ovhrcs
tks ,furpv sdbfu ohscv ihc ,utzvc thgcn tk 'jcznk os
kg ib,ba cvzv jczn ka whpt tkt jcznv kg ob,ha hbvn
jczn kg ib,b hrva gs, 'oukf tku vag tk iumhjv jczn
jczn f"af '/n ek rntsf kuxp vre,v j,pbaf cvzv
hcfgn ,utzv kfs n"fcs vtrb sugu /// n"vutc ubhta iumhjv
hdx tk hrva 'jcznk os ghdva iuhf iuhf tars lhha tk
kgs inuen lhrm tkhnn ,utzv ihbn kf lhrm tkt 'os ,gdvc
os c,f 'wc n"vuxp n"fc h,htr f"jt[ /// ibhbn lhrm inuen
',ubre i,nc ubhhvs vtrbu 'rpf,b .ujc ib,ba ohbpc ihb,hbv
tvs 'tk f"vuhc kct 'okgv rpu chan rpc teuss vtrbu
,sucg ihbg rehgs thsvk ubhmn k"bv kf hpk "/]veuj wh,f
k"h ifku - jcznk er tku n"vutk xjhk hsf thv vehrzv
ouen" huvs - jcznk os ghdvs rpf,b unuenc tka vehrzcs
n"vut jxp kce,b tks ouan rac kuxp kct - "u,rpf
11
/u,umnc
,khftn rjt ihbg huv vrpf wt smn 'ubhkgva vn hpku

ohruae hba smn kct 'n"vutk lshtu jcznk xjh,n sjs rac
k"hu /vkhftc rac thra tk ,rpfn tka vehrzs 'hssvt
ubust hbp vtrh f"jtu jcznc rpf,ha hsf thv icrev sughhs
kudhp hshk thcn ubht vkhftc rac thra tks vehrz ifku
ubhhvs - usughh ;uxk ghdn ubht icrevs ouan 'osv smn whpt
/ubust hbp ,utrk
rbzur ouka lkn crv
oat icre ihbgc

vnsev /t
?vkug hbpk vtc [,tyj] vnk" 1:z ohjcz trndc t,ht

wndva hpf "/uhrjt iurus xbfb yhkerp vmhr 'xbfba yhkerpk
ohbhn hba ohghcmn 'vkugu ,tyj 'ukt ,ubcre hba 'vshgn
2
/ohrpfnv ,ubcrev okugc ohhbumhe
vrhcgv vagn kg rpfk thv ,tyj icre ,uvn

trcdv chhjn ',rf chhjn shznca vrhcg vagn kf /vagba
thcvk uk rapt ht /dduac vagbaf ,tyj icre thcvk
vrxv arus vagn kf 3/,urhcg hagn vnf kg ,jt ,tyj
ihsvn ohtur ubt 'vzn r,uh /,jt ,tyj h"g vrund vehjnu
,tyjv ihc eusvv raev ,t "vnak tka ,cajn" ka
'inak tka oyja ot ukhpt ',ubcre rtac /vrhcgv vagnu
iht ',tyjc kct /ohkgck vkug ubhta er raf icrev
kg rpfk thv ,tyj ka v,uvn kf /,nhhe uzf ,urapt
'ohkgcv ,rhcg kg rpfk vkug vbhta gdrcu 'vrhcgv vagn
/hrndk vkuxp ,tyjv
/ohjcz wxnk ,buufn wndk ,hn,x vhbp 'vtkvu itfn q1

o"cnr ihg /rjt icre dux tuva 'ohnka icrec euxgb tk q2
rnut kct 'ohnkav kg vsu,n ubhta hk vtrhu" - uy:d e"agn
/oa z"csr g"gu "'jca hrcs
':y wnd) vkuxp os ,tyj oak ckj ,tyj 'vfkvka ihhbgn od q3
ckj ,tyj oak ckj ,tyj od hkutu '(u:uy n"uxp o"cnr
n"jku n"f 'd:d ,udda o"cnr ':zf ,u,hrf wndu wan) vkuxp ,rjt
/(oa
ouka lkn crv 2
rbzur
vrpf iht /u wnd ihhg) vrpf ka vsucgv 'osv ,ehrz

vagn ihbgk od ',tyj icrec ,sjuhn thv '(osc tkt
,tyjv 'vehrzv ihbgk /unmg osv hbhs ihbgk odu 'vehrzv
jcznv ,ubre kg 'trehxv yuj in vkgnk ,uehrz ,arus
oh,a" er tku 'ohngp ws eurzk lhrm od ivfv /(k:s trehu)
osc ugcmt kucyk lhrm ivfv 'iurjt /(:cb wan) "gcrt iva
wnd) jcznv kg ,rav hkf in lupak er tku 'ugcmtc eurzku
,tyj os 'unmg osv ihbgk /(y-z:v e"agn o"cnr ':dm
ihhg - vzk ,unhfxn ohtb,v ,uyha kf) vkuxp ohbpk xbfba
ohghpun obhta ',tyj os xuchf hbhs ah od /(:tp wan
/(th wp ohjcz ihhg) ohrjt ,ubcre ,rdxnc
os yrpcu ',tyj icrea ,ubnxn uktv ,ufkvv kf

u,uvna icrev 'hxhxcv rpfnv 'sjuhnv rpfnv tuv ',tyjv
vhhyx ah ot /,hagba vn ,t eujnk 'yhkerp ,uhvk tuv
vtc thv /kuxp osv '(ohbpk xbfb) uz vnrv ,hkf,n vbye
/tyjv odp ,t ,ckn thvu '(/h wndv iuak) tyj kg
(:h) trndv /vkug icre snug ,tyj icre ,nugk

hrva 'iurus thv vkug "/,rpfn vbht vkug"a ubk vshdn
/yh rhzbk a"trv /(:z wnd) uk kjnbu 'vcua, vag rcf trcdv
ohgsuh ubjbta p"gt 4"/ouen ouac ,rpfn vbht iurus" arpn
ubht vza rnuk lhrm '(/u wnd) vag hchhj kg ,rpfn vkuga
vtc tkhnnu 'iurus thv u,uvn 'tkt /icrev ka u,uvn
',tyj ka vrpff vbht uz vrpfa rnuk rapt hkutu /vrpfv
vkug ka vrpfv /,rf ka vrhcg vagn eujnk vfrmuva
ihhg /vz icre h"g v"cevk creuv trcdv `"trcdv humr" thv
thcvk ohkufh ohuda shjhv icreva vchxv thv uza k"t hkut q4
vb,n thcvk ohkufh ov /(c:d e"agn o"cnr) vkugv tuv
/v"cevk
oat icre ihbgc
3
vrpf vag kg rpfk vtc vbht" :k"zu 'vkug v"s :z h"ar iuak
,kcevk vtc thv 'vagv kg vcua,v vrpfa rjt tkt ann
khcevk tcafu 'ihyhkerp h"g uvmhru 'lknc jrxa ostf ohbp
u:s vcua, hrgac vbuh wr ihhg odu "/ushc iurus thcn 'uhbp
'vcua, hrjt vag ,umn kg rcga hn kg ,rpfn vkug" :k"zu
'u,rpf kg ;hxu, vkugv lt 'vcua,c ubug rpf,b obnt hf
trcdv ,rvy ah 5"/lrc,h oav kt vc ,umr,vk ;hxuhu
kg ,rpfn ,jt vkug /ohhyrp vag hcuhj kg tk 'trcdf
rjtks vag '/s wndc wt smk 'ukhptu 'vag hcuhj vcrv
uk ,,k hsf ,hkkf r,uh thv 'vzv humrv ut 'vrpfv /varpv
ibht ,tyj os ,ehrz ka ,uhyrpv ,ufkvv kf /ekj iuhkhd
h,a /gcmtc tku hkfc vehrzv /vkug os ,ehrzc ,unhhe
yujn vynk erzb osv /uk ,uehpxn gcrt iva ,ub,n
vkug os 'iurjt /vkug os xuchf ka iuhgr iht /trehxv
/raf 'ohbpk xbfba
6
/vkug ,nugk ,tyj 'ohhbumhe ,ubcre hba ubhbpk hrv
,csbc vbthch ot uz vkugc vmrh" s:t trehu i"cnr sug ihhg q5

uptk rjh tk …vzv iurusc tkt uhbust kt vmr,h vnc …uapb
/oa icnrc ikvk g"gu "/sug
',ntv hpk 'kct /,tyj icrek hrndk sudhbc vkug icre ubdmv q6
,uruenc iuhsv /vzk vz ,ufhha ,me aha ,uruenc ohsv ah
,me ah otv ut 'rund iurus vkug icre otv vktac sen,n
'sjt smn /,tyj ka vrpff vrpf ,me ahu 'u,ut thcvk cuhj
tuva ibhahhj hf) u,ut ihbfann ,ukug hchhj /tf ihfrg wan ihhg
utk 'iurus" :v ihkuj "'ihuf,b iurusk" /yp ,ujbn '(u,ut thch tk
ohjcz "'vkug hchhj" oa ihfrg wan ihhg 'hba smn kct "/tcuhjk
tk vkuga htb, ihbgc) z:j tnuh waurh 'thpuen rpfn vkug :z
- oatu ,tyjn h,h,u vkug tbnjr cu,fb tk" /b ohjcz '(rpf,
tk oatu ,tyj hcdk vkug" oa h"aru "ihrpfn iva lbvk vn
'[vrpf cajb 'unmg hcdk kct] "vrpf vhshs vag ,rpf tchaj
ohtyj kgu" /uk tnuh kg xxucn 'p"fvuh ka hushuc ihhg odu
ouka lkn crv 4
rbzur
ka hputvu chyv vn /oat icre 'hahka icrek uhafg tucb

?unmg hbpc rcsf ut 'vkugf ',tyjf vz otv ?vz icre
vrurc vcua, ubk vhv, tk ihhsg ',ufkvv hyrpc ihhgbaf
/ub,khtak
/,tyj icrek stn vnus oat icre 'sjt smn

vkhft hbnz /,tyjv unf oatv ,t ,uchhjn ,usjuhn ,urhcg
;uxc vshdn vru,v ',tyjc unf /ohuua oatu ,tyj ka
/(uf:v 'jh:v 'zy:v trehu) "uk jkxbu ivfv rpfu" oatv ,sucg
/,tyj unf 'vcsbu rsbc tc ubht oata vshgn (/v) trndv
hbhs ohua ivca ,u,hrfs wv wp ,uhbanc ,ufkv ka vnhar ah
ohthabva vae,v (dh:z rcsnc) i"cnrv 'iurjt /oatu ,tyj
,tyj icre ukhptu 'jcznv ,t lbjk ,ubcre hbhn kf uthcv
vza iuhf 'vcsb tc ,tyj ihta p"gt 'vz sngnc r,uv
uthcv tk 'i"cnrv ktua 'vnk /jcznv lubhj ka ,rdxnc
thv u,cua, /uthcv tk ova shjhv icrev vz ?oat icre
oau sjt rcs oatvu ,tyjv hf" :k"zu /,tyjc kkfb oata
oatv ,uvna vtrb 'k"bv kfn 7"/ovk ,jt vru,u 'tuv sjt
,jt vru,u 'tyj kg ohtc ovhba /,unus ,tyjv ,uvnu
vag) /u ohjczc ,uhgchtv ihhg odu "`vkug ovhkg ohchhj ubta

,uccu,xna (vkugn rnm ,ahk,) /uf ,urufccu (varpv rjtks
lubhj ,jbn ihhgu /vkug icre ka ,uvnv hvn 'ubh,kta chcxn
utk s"nku 'ohtrunt ,eukjnc vhuba "thv iurus vkug"a zy:sxa
/oatu ,tyjf ,rpfn thv 'thv iurus
vyha shdvk lrymb 'uktv ,uruenv kf ,t kceb ot hkutu
hba smn kct 'oatu ,tyjf uthcvk rund cuhj iht /,gmunn
/uz ,gmunn vyhak ohbua ohjuxhb ah /rund iurus cajb ubht
'vcsbf rsdun 'trcdv smna k"h ut 'vkug csbk cuhj aha k"h
/chhujn icref rsdun 'icrev smn kct
oatv hf" - (ohr,cv ihc ,hrc hcdk) y:uy ,hatrc i"cnrv odu q7
c,uf t:d trehu i"cnr kct "oav sck ovhbhc iht 'thv ,tyjf
"/vkugf jujhb jhrk tuv ukhtf" oata
oat icre ihbgc
5
/ovk
',tyju oat ihc ohcuaj ohkscv ah 'hba smn kct

sjuhncu ',tyj icren vkug icrek cure r,uh oata iputc
hbhsk ohuua oat os ,uehrz hbhs kf /osv ,uehrz ihbgc
lhrm oat /trehxv yujn vynk erzb uns /vkug os ,ehrz
/(inuen uvzht wp ,uhban) ann gcrt tku 'gcrt iva oh,a
'iurjt /oat os xuchf iht /unsc gcmt ,khcy lhrm iht
/vkug icre unf 'rfz tc oatv
icre ka h,hntv huvhzv uvn thv ubh,kta 'rumhec

òhhbfyu ohke ohhubha og ',tyj icref vz otv ?oat
vz otv ut òhhbfyu ohke ohhubha og 'vkug icref vz otv
odu ,tyjn od ,ubuf, uc ,udzn,na 'gmunnu shjh icre
ka yepxtv kct ',tyjf tyj kg tc oatv hkut ?vkugn
/ikvk vzk ruzjb /vkugf kgup uca vrpfu humhr
,ubcrev ,nhse /c
vkugv osk osue ,tyjv os" rnut (/yp) wanv /1

i,hb vnsa hbpn oatk ,nsue ,tyj / / /vmrn tuva hbpn
"/suxhv kg ,ubre wsk
?,ufkvv hbac vchx u,ut vbanv vthcv tk vnk

,nsue thva vchxv hvuzu 8'rpfnv icrev thv ,tyj ot
,nsue thva vfkvk vchx v,ut wanv vb,b tk vnk 'vkugk
hnb oat"a .r,n (wc ,ut ;ux) r,t kg e"nyav ?oatk
kg t"egr wxu,v od /ohmrn ovhba ,tyju oat "/vmrn
tuv kct 'ohmrn ovhbaa .r,n (wp ,ut h erp oa) ,uhbanv
o"cnrvu 'wanv iuak ihhg "'vmrn"u "rpfn" ihc ohkscv ah q8

/uhafg ovc euxgb tk kct 'v:y ihshn,
ouka lkn crv 6
rbzur
vbhta vkug ,nugk ifk /oatn "r,uh" vmrn ,tyja ;hxun

'oat ,nugk kct 'vmrn ,tyja vrnt wanv 'kkf vmrn
'cdt) /,rjt ogy vb,b wanv 'humhr ka icre od tuva
er tuv oatu ,tyj ,rpf ihc kscvva t"egrn gnan
(/h,ufht tku 'h,unf
ka yepxt aha ohnhfxn t"egru e"nyav 'iput kfc

(oa) vbanv ka lanvv 'vz hpk /oat hcdk vrpfu humhr
:k"zu vae
tuva hbpn rhzb khtu vsu,k osue oat

/ohase hase
ut 'lapb vnn ?humhr ka vchxv vb,b tk vbanv vnk

ut '(,tyj hcdk) rpfn ubht oata shdvk vfhrm vbanv
tk wanv ',ntc kct /(rhzb khtu vsu, hcdk) rpfn oata
tk teusc vbanv 'vtrbf /oatv humhr kg vrsdv oua vb,b
9
/vnk g"mu /rpfn ubhtf ut rpfnf oat rhsdvk v,mr
thv oatk ,nsue ,tyja ,b,ub vbanva vchxv /2

oharpn rtau h"ar "/suxhv kgu ,ubre wsk i,hb vnsa hbpn"
,tyjc od ghpun (suxhv kg) ohhrha ,fhpa ka ihsa ohrhgn
',tyj hcdk er trec arupn tuva iuhf kct /oatc odu
,ut) r,t kg e"nyav /ovhbhc khscvk uc ,an,an vbanv
hk vn vhc uvb,ht n"n 'lfc vn" :k"zu vz yap kg vaen (c
tkt shpe tk tv 'thsvc vhc tch,fs ut varsn th,t ht
kg vezj thaue vtrbf ,tzu "vzcn hpy vzc ahs htn kg
vchx vza vrnt vbanv lht 'ohua ohbhsv ot /h"ar aurhp
10
/ikvk vz .r,k ruzjb ?ovhbhc ekjk
/uz thauec exug oda oat v"s wxu, ihhg q9

,tyjk vn" :yn - oatu ,tyj ,udhmna ,urjt ,uhduxc ihhgu q10
oat icre ihbgc
7
,nsue ,tyja vrurc iuakc ,yeub (/yp) vbanv /3

vkug ihc xjhv kg (:oa) trndc iuhs ah /oatku vkugk
oat ut 'khkf thva hbpn osue vkug otv /onmg oatu
c,uf (:yp) ,nt ,pav ?rpfn tuva hbpn vkugk osue
oat /osue oata htsuc /thgchtv ,t ihcn tk tuva
ohfhrm vkug hbpk ,tyj ohthcna unfu ',tyj unf rpfn
,uyapa iuhf 'h,hgc r,uh ukhpt vzu /vkug hbpk oat thcvk
,tyja p"gt) oatk ,nsue vkuga thv trndv ,bexn
/(vkugk ,nsue
exup (v:y ihshn,) o"cnrv 'vzn r,h
osa hbpn vkug osk osue ,tyjv os

ht oat osu vkug os …rpfn ,tyjv
11
/ohse vmrha vz
vrutfka p"gt 'oatu ,tyj ihc kscv ah 'vfkvk zt

hrcs ,t arpk ujry oa ohkf htaubv /ohmrn ovhba
ohbhs hba ,tyjk aha rnut xuerue h"rvnv /o"cnrv
vzu - ,ubre ws kg erzb vns odu 'vmrn thv – ohbhhptn
ah kct /khkf tuva sjt ihs er aha 'vkugk osek ehpxn
osek ehpxn ubht zt 'vmrn tuva 'wt ihs er f"d oatk
iuhs er vz otv ?xuerue h"rvnv ihuf,v v©nk /vkugk
otv ut 'wufu ',ujp 'r,uh 'ohsjuhnv ohbhsv kf ,ubnku ;uxtk
vnus vbhta rnuk ihuf,v tuva 'hxhxc r,uh uvan vp ah
oa z"csrv iuakn od ?oat ka vrpfk ,tyj ka vrpfv
"/,tyj osf rhnj tk" – ovhbhc hbureg eukhj aha vtrb
/ / / ,rpfn ifa ,tyjk vn" /dx "',u,hrf hchhj kg ,rpfna

sudhbc - oatu ,tyj) lbvk vn" /b "'ohns hbhn ifa oatk vn
"/ihrpfn ifa (vkugk
/ubh,hdux ,t arhp o"cnrv lht :yp t"pacu oa n"fc ihhg q11
ouka lkn crv 8
rbzur
yap hkut zt ',urpfv ihc hbureg kscv aha 'ubjbt ohbf ot

,t ejuna "yhkerp" ann thva ',tyj era tuv o"cnrc
yhkerp ubht oat kct "/iurus" thva 'vkugk ,nsue 'tyjv
oata rurc tk zt /f"d iurus ka ohyepxt ah hkut /ann
"/ohseh vmrha vzht" 'ifku 'hxkev iurusv 'vkugk osue
,utxrhdc iuny ,tzv thduxv kf ka suxv hkut /4

'rpfns osue oat osa thv (:yp) ub,xrhd /vnmg trndv
hkutu 'rpfn oat /vbufbv txrhdv ,tza ahdsn oa h"aru
ka txrhdv thva ohhrduxc txrhdv kct /,tyj unf
tes" osue oat osa thv (z ,ut) e"nyac ohbah ohrpxv
/rpfk tuv oat icre ka chhjnv 'arav "/rpfn jfn h,t
unf vrpf arusa vrhcgv vagn kkdc rpfn jfn h,t oatu
lrsc ,fkuv vnmg vrpfv 'cuhj aha hrjt kct /,tyjc
vrhcg vagnk ,kcduna ,tyjf vbht oatv ,rpf /,rjt
/vkuf trcdvk humr thcnu rpfna 'vkugf thv tkt 'sjt
kct ',tyjf khj,n oatv ka lhkv,v ',urjt ohknc
"'rpfn jfn h,t tes" 'tyjv tuv arav /vkugf lhann
trcdv kf ,t vmrna ',hkkf r,uh thv vnmg vrpfv kct
oatv rhsdvk v,mr tk vbanva vchxv ,tzu /v"cevk
hban ,ubuf, ebuha 'gmunn icre vz /vmrn ubhtf ut 'vmrnf
/ohrjtv ,ubcrev
osv ,ehrz ouen /d
,tyjv osn ivfv jeku" (vf:s trehu) vru,c cu,f

,tyja ruenv vz "/vkugv jczn ,ubre kg i,bu ugcmtc
vru,c arupn ruen iht /jcznv ,ubre kg osv ,ehrz vfhrm
c,uf (ifa v"s) /h h"ar /,ubcrev rta hns eurzk vpht
v"s) :sx h"ar /okmt ",ubre" cu,f tka vpud tuv ruenva
ihtu vkgnk v,ut - ,tyjc v,ut" rjt ruen i,ub (vnvc
iht 'ukt ,uruen hba hpk /(:h wnd kg xxucn) "vkgnk ohrjt
oat icre ihbgc
9
vae ifk /oatu vkug hns ,ehrz ouen ihc ekjk vchx oua
oat os otv ,ktuau 'vynk vns vkuga vjhbn :h wndva
ruen u,ut ah ot ovhbhc eukhj ah vnk /vkgnk ut vynk
?ovhbak
rut lpuaa hahka ruen i,ub (:cx) a"nvpc o"cnrv

:k"zu ,tzv vhgcv kg
'vkgnk vnvc ,tyj vhv,a inz kfu

…ouen lpvc vynk vnvc ,kug vhv,
/suxhk ,xjuhn vkugva hpk
lupv" ,ufhrmu ',ufupv h,a iv vkugu ,tyj 'o"cnrv hpk

f"d ohgsuh 'vkgnk ,tyja ohgsuha gdrc 'trcxn "/ouen
jczn suxh" /suxhv tuv vkugc seunv /vynk vkuga
vktavu 'vynk vkuga vjhbn :h wndva vchxv ,tz "/vkugv
12
?vkugk ut ,tyjk vnus r,uh vz otv /oatc er thv
suxh ihs thcn tuv vnk o"cnrv kg vaen :h z"hrdv

tku 'ohrhha ,fhpac ihs vz "suxh" ?osv ,ehrz ka iuhsc
os ,ehrz ,snuka /tb wndv kg ktua tuv ifu) /osv ,ehrzc
otv reuj z"hrdv ifcu (/ohrhha ,fhpan u"ec vynk vkug
trehxv yuja (c) ut ann suxhc ihs (t) tuv suxh ka ihs
ihs uk ah vynku 'ire ihs uk ah vkgnk 'oh,ak jcznv ekuj
/k"bv o"cnrvu wndv kkdc 'wcv smc rjuc z"hrdv /suxh
ihs iv suxhv kg ohhrha ,fhpau vynk vehrzv 'vkug icrec
ohbhs wc ah ',tyj icrec ',tz ,nugk "/suxhv sdbf" ka sjt
'hknrup vagn 'irev kg vehrz 'vkgnk thv vehrzv /ohsrpb
ka vrpfvu vehrzv 13/vynk ohrhha ,fhpa ka wc ihs ahu
vbht vkuga hbpn vkugk iuhns vjus oa y"uava ihhbgnu q12

/,rpfn
'ohase kfk ;,uanv vbfnv tuv vzv hbav ihsva rnuk rapt q13
lkn crv 10
rbzur ouka
14
/vka ohrhha ,fhpan hrndk ,ubua ,tyj
vhgcv /t"g yp wanc yapv vza lhann z"hrdv

ihc oheukhjvn "suxh" vnahr wanv vnk thv khgk ubyyma
ohfhrm ovhba òvhbak vua vzv ihsv ot oatu ,tyj
/anaf ohrhtn vbanv hrcs 'z"hrdv hpk /ohrhha ,fhpa
ah ',tyj icrec - "suxhv kgu ,ubre wsk i,hb ,tyj osa"
vehrz ah /(suxhv kgu ka txrhdv ,ehhusnu) ohbhs hba
,fhpa ahu 'rpfnv vagnv vzu 'irec ihs thva 'vkgnk
vnusc 'oat icrec kct /suxhc ihs thva 'vynk ohrhha
unf thv oat ka humru vrpfv /vynk lkuv osv kf 'vkugk
p"gta ogp sug vzn ohtur /suxhk lpab kfva 'vkug
,kgup vnmg vrpfv ',tyjf tyj kg tcu 'rpfn tuv oata
/vkugf
huk, oat /s
f"d ubjbt 'kkfc oat icre ,uvn kg iuhsc ohexugaf

icre - yrpc ohhphmpxv ,unatvn sjtk xjhh,vk ohfhrm
epuxn tuvaf huk, oat icre thcn ost /(,"t) huk, oat
vagn kg icre ubht vza gush /,rf vc aha vrhcg rcg ot
,tyj thcvk lhrm 'tyja htsuc gsuha gdrca iuhf 'vrhcg
xjhh,n huk, oata rnuk ohfhrm vrutfk 'vz kkdc /htsu
iuhgr ohtur ifu /yrpc vagnv ,rpfk tku 'trcdv ,rpfk
oat ost csb,n"a (/vf ,u,hrf '/tn ihkuj) t"r ,yhan vz
/trcdv humr ka daun og vvszn vcsb icre "/ouh kf huk,
huk, oat ihc raev kg thv kutak ohfhrm ubjbta vktav
ihsv tuv ,tyj icrec lfk ;xub /suxh ka hkkfv ihsv

/vkgnk vehrzv - uka iuatrv
vhuk, hkuta :h wndc ibcru iugna r"c t"r ,eukjnc ihhg q14
/k"bv z"hrdv ka vrhejc
oat icre ihbgc
11
- ;u,ha er tku 'ovhbhc h,uvn rae ah ot /,unatv rtak

thv kkfc oat icre ,rpfa 'ubarpsf ihcvk kfub zt 'oa
vrhcg vagn kg rpfk ,kcdun tku '(vkugf) trcdv humhr
'unmg hbpc rntn vfhrma 'vkusd thdux ,tz /(,tyjf) hyrp
15
/,uruenvn vnfc ep,xb kct
ohbun (y-jfe vag) lubjvu (tg-g vag) o"cnr smn

'hba smn kct 16/huk, oatu htsu oat ',usrpb ,umn h,a
trehu) oat ,arp gmntc huk, oat icre vdhmn vru,v
vchyjf oat ,ubcre kf ,c,uf (:sb) vbanv odu '(v erp
rsdun htsu oat ;ta c,uf (:h) vrut irev 'vzn r,uh /17,jt
ost csb,na t"r ,yha yymn tuvu 'vcsbu rsbc tc tcf
vrun huk, oat ka hputva jhbn vrut irev !ouh kf ,"t
t"z) ohbua ov 'kgupca p"gt ',unat rta ka hputv kg od
/(vcsbu rsbc tc ubht htsu oat 'vagnk
wx j"ut) ruyc ihhg /vagnk vfkv gdub od vz ihhbg

c,ufa (t
'ohnkugv iucr rnth 'vkug ,arp ohhxhafu

kcuenu cuaj vz tvha lhbpkn iumr hvh
ifu /vbnzc vkug h,crev ukhtf lhbpk
/oatvu ohnkavu vjbnv ,arpc rnth
hpk if rnth tk ',tyjv ,arp rjtu
/vcsb vtc vbhta
kfa iguy (jme-jpe vag) gherv rvuzc ."ca,va ihhbgn 'cdt q15
oat ihc ekjk er tku 'vnmg hbpc vumn vuvn ,unatvn sjt
/d"xrk ,umn wx ihhg ifu ',unat rtak huk,
ihc rucm ka ihc ,ubcrev kfu" c:t e"agn o"cnrc ihhg kct q16
z"csru "'ohnkau oatu ,tyju vkug - ohbhn vgcrt shjh ka
"/huk, oatu htsu oat kkuf oat" oa
vuua vsucg, vagna kkdc er sjhc o,ut ,kkuf vbanva k"h q17
/h,uvn raef ihcvk i,hb vpud vz kct 'okufc
lkn crv 12
rbzur ouka
icrea gnana 'ohaev uhrcs ,t arpk ujry f"ubv

'iuatr /ohaurhp wc yymn (oa) h"cv /vcsbu rsbc tc oat
iuhf ',tyj lu,c htsu oat kukfk ihuuf,v ruyva ghmn tuv
rxj rehgva 'uz vgmvc hauev /gush tyj kg ohtc ovhbaa
kkfb htsu oata arpn tuv 'hba /uhkhtn icun 'rpxv in
h"rvn oac yymn tuv ifu "/hns vcsbc tcf"u 'huk, oatc
'vz lkvnc ubt ohtur "/vcsbc tc unf thv oatva" cvuct
18
/huk,u htsu oat ihc raev ,t 'ogp sug
vhgrk e,hb /v
kf"a hbhxn vank vfkvv vthcn (/jh) vrun,c wndv

vhrudye aha tuv rcsv aurhp "/vgur oatc 'v,n ,tyjca
,tyj ,ubcre ovu "',u,nv ,utyj" ohtrebv ,ubcre ka
othcvk lhrm sug ihtu 'ovhkgc ,rpfk raev ovn e,ubna
u,na ,tyj ',tyj sku :ov uktu /othcvk ruxta ut
,tyju 'rjtc vhkgc vrphfa ,tyj ',tyj ,run, 'vhkgc
/u,unha ubk vshdn n"kvv 'ukt ,utyjc /v,ba vrcga
lrum sug ihta gdrc zt 'tyjv kg rpfk thv ,tyjv ,hkf,
iht 'oat icrec ohkhcenv ohrenc ',tz ,nugk /,un, 'vzk
uhnsc crehu (oun kceh) ct,xha sg vgrha tkt 'u,unha ubhs
/vkug
ka ,tzv n"kvv yapc ohbuatrc ,hsuxh ,eukjn ah

rcux (v:z trehu '/s ,ujbn ':v ohjcz) h"ar "/vgur oatc"
kufha hbpk oat oa ,rheg ut eu,hb lhrm 't,hhrutsna
vnvcv thcvk ruxta vrhzd ah 'ibcrsnu) 'vkugf u,ut thcvk
'(v wx) vgs vruhc hf 'u,yhak ruyva c,uf (zf:t) ijkav lurgv q18
/huk, oat t"z oat 'vpu 'huk, oat ihbgc t"rf exup ruyv
/uh,ufkv ,t rshx tuvaf oat yhnav g"av 'ohmurh,v kf ogu
oat icre ihbgc
13
19
/(vhnsc icre thchu 'oun kce,a sg ih,nvk lhrmu 'vnmg
,t e,bk vagn khgpvk lhrm /vkugk oatn hgcy luphv iht
'oa ohjcz wxu,c) ,"r /vkug oa uk ,,ku 'ubnn oat oa
kfa rcux tuv /,tz vahd sdb snug (:vf rhzb '/dg ohjxp
tuv n"kvvn gsuba hrehgv iuhgrv /ibcrsn ov eu,hb hbhs
ah 't,hhrutsn 20"/vkug creh oatc 'v,n ,tyjca kf"a
vagn oua ,uagk lrum hkc 'vkugk oatn hgcy luphv
,ntc kct /tuvakf vagn ,uagk urzd ibcr er /vrcgv
/vkug creh oatv ;ud
vnmg vhmnrupxbryv kg ohekuj ,"ru h"ar 'arupnc

lrmuva rcs thv otv ut 'hgcy rcs thv otv 'vkugk oatn
ot /,me ,fk ehjrb hkut kct /trcdv vagn h"g ,uaghvk
vchxv ,tz hkut 'khgk ubarpa unf 'vkugu oat ihc huvhz ah
rcf kukf oat icre lu,c /(,"r ,yhak) hgcy tuv luphvva
,utrk rcf rapt vkug hara /vkug icre ka ohyepxt
'ohnhhuxn ohrcs ihbgk "'vkug oa" ah /oat ihhsg icrevaf
21
/h"aru ,"r wjnv ka seunv vpud vz hkutu /oat icrec
'(sugu 's"c ,zrfv 'vgurk vrhxn) h"ar ,yhac ohbua ohjuxhb ah q19
/uhafg vzc sen,b tk kct
',ukhcenv wxu,v kf ihhg - ,"r ,yhac ohbua ohjuxhb od ah q20
wxn kg ihhyabyfhk iurvt crv hruga wxu 'she, wx rahv wx
/123-134 wng ohjcz
wndv 'vkhj,ca :dg ohjxpc y"uav tuv ,"r ,yhak lnx hkutu
rah ,rcug wndv f"jtu 'ohnkau jxp ihc raev kg ,rcsn
r,un ) ,ucurn ,ufkvn gush /vkugu oat ihc raev kg iuhsk
/ohnkau jxp ihc h,uvnv raev kg (ubnzc tka jxp 'jxp
f"d aha rnuk i,hb zt 'ohkhcenf ukt ohbuhs vdhmn wndv ot
/vkugu oat ihc rae
jbun oat kfc f"t 'vkug cre oat r,uns ihs rntbs iuhfs" q21
hcm i,b wrk asev rhcs whg - "/ / / vkug oau ,ause od
/sb wx hexcufuz
lkn crv 14
rbzur ouka
h"aru 'vkugu oat ihc 'vzv huvhzv ut 'rae aha rcux ,"r
/(h"ar ,yhac sug inek whg) uhkg ekuj
ihhsg icrevaf "vkug oa" aha ,uhvk kufha unf

/vkugk lpvb rcf icrevaf "oat oa" ah hkut 'oat
hrjt ot ,ugs wc thcn (u-v ,ut /jh vrun,) e"nyav
wc hkut /oav hubha cajb vhvh oat oak vyhja 'eu,hbv
22
/ubh,kta hssmv ,uhuk, ukt ,ugs
snug 'vgura oat icre ihbgc ubrnta vn kf ,nugk

ot /tyj kg ,rpfnu tyj kg vtc ,tyj /,na ,tyj icre
iht /,unk vbhs 'trcdv ,rpfk ut 'tyjk rae sug iht
/vkugk oat ihc aha unf 'vkugk ,tyj ihc vcrhe
ka iuhgrv /vz lkvn kfc vhgc ah vrutfk kct

ohrenc er vza ;t ',tyj icrec od ohhe "vhhgrk eu,hb"
wt chrevu ',uhrjtk ,utyj wc ahrpv - ,tyj r,un) ohrhsb
kfa jhbb ot /(wufu ct,xha sg vgrh rtabv icrev 'ovn
'ovhbhc raev kkdc tuv rjt ,uhvk lpuv sjt icrea xhxcv
od ohhe vz iuhgra ,uhvk kufh lht zt 'vkugu oatc ubarpsf
,sdubn ,tyj ?vkug icre ,uhvk lpuva ',tyj icre kmt
r,uh ukhpt vzu] ?iurus ,jtu ,rpfn ,jt 'hrndk vkugk
vnmg wndva ohturu (/che ':v) wndc ohkf,xna hrjt h,hgc
hbac .r,k rapt [/,tyj r,un kak oat ka eu,hbv vnsn
23
:ohbput
e,hba oat kg ubuhsc hbumhe juxhb ghmn (z:h e"agn) hrzg hctv q22
ah er 'oat icre vz ihhsg 'eu,hb hrjta rcux tuv /vhhgrk
kct 'vzf hbumhe f"f rcs shdvk ohmur tk ubjbt /vkug hbhs uk
hrjt 'vkug icre lu,c rtaba "oat oa" aha shdvk er
/rund oat icre ,uhvkn e,ubna
od tkt 'vf sg ubhrcs kg idvk er tk .urh, tumnk ohfhrmu q23
,unhfxn ibhta (:v) wndc (injb wru tbuv wr) ,uyhav rhcxvk
oat icre ihbgc
15
aha p"gt /v,na thv ,hgcyv vfkvv ',tyjc /t

"/oh,nv ,hhj," unf kgup vz kct 'eu,hb ka vren vagnk
lpuva ,tyj icre aha rapt ht /v,n htsuc ,tyjv
rae aha 'k"bf 'oat icrec f"tan /vkug icre ,uhvk
icrek hgcy iputc rucgk kufh oatu 'vkugk oat ihc h,uvn
eu,hbk lrumva) u,yha ,t shdh tk ,"ra ,uhvk kufh /vkug
vn /oat ka eu,hbc er ',tyj ka eu,hbc (ibcrs tuv
ihtu ',u,n ,utyj ka vhrudye aha vpud ?vz kfk vhtrv
dhrjv ohtur ubjbtu 'kkfv vz /oh,n ,unat ka vhrudye
/kkfv ka ger og ',tyj r,un ka
,utyjn vbuau 'dhrj tuv ,tyjc eu,hb ka ihsv /c

24
ohjcz wxnk (hexcufuz hcm i,b wrk) asev rhcsv /,u,nv
n"kvv ,t khgk ubyym 'iuatr /ohsrpb ohbhs wc ova jhfun
ohkea wanc vnk 'if ot /vgur oatc v,n ,tyjca kf ka
tuva kf kkfv vz /d"vf gshuvh ars arsn vz"a cu,f (s:u)
;hxuv vn "/,ukug ovc jekh 'vnat ouanu ,tyj ouan tc
wc aha k"m ?vgur oats n"kvv rcf ubk aha rjtn 'gshuvh
gshuvh ka arsnvu ',u,n ,utyj ka ihs thv n"kv /ohbhs
,t ekjn o"cnrv ifu /e,hba ,tyj r,un ka ihs tuv
ohbf ot /(tf'sh:v ihaseunv hkuxp) uh,ufkvc ukt ohbhs
tuv vkugk oat luphva rnuk kfub ihhsg 'vz eukhjc ubjbt
',tyjc f"tan /vkugu oat ihc raev kg xxucnu hgcy
thv e,hba ,tyju 'v,na thv vfkvv /vkugk rae vk ihta
r,un ka ihsv b"vt hkut - ,pxub vsueb] 25/hrndk rjt ihs
oat aha ,urcuxu ',tyj r,unk oat hcdk eu,hb ihc iuhnsvk
/v,hn rjtk ,tyj iht kct '(vkug icre t"z) v,hn rjtk
/vb 'sb wx q24
omgn ekja :he e"c wndn jhfuna oa asev rhcsc sug ihhg q25
'(tndusk) u,unh ohkgc ota ,uraptv thv ,tyjv ,asev
thv oatv ,asev omgn ekj ',tz ,nugk `,un, od ,tyjv
lkn crv 16
rbzur ouka
kkdc vza rnuk i,hb kct /oatv unf vkugk ruae ,tyj
/che wndv iuak ihhg - vkhj,n uhkg ,tyj o¥a ihta
ahrpn ostaf "/thv vkug trehgn"f ,tyj r,un ,rt,na
vnvck ,tyj ,ause vsrh tk 'wt chren f"jtu ',utyj wc
[26/vkugf uz chrevk kufh ztu 'trehgn ,rtabv
ohbuatr ,eukjn aha ubrnt "'e,hb" ka rcsv oufhxc

'v,n ,tyjca kf"a n"kvv ,t ihcvk lht ,"ru h"ar ihc
vkugu oat icre ihc raevk ruae vz hkutu "'vgur oatc
,ubur,p wc ubyymu ',tyj r,un ka vhgc ubdmv /kkfc
/ihbgv ,t arpk ohhrapt
rzghkt wr - ibcr ,eukjn /u
- t /,unuen wsc vghpun t"ru ohnfj ihc ,eukjn

:tp vban - c ìnak tka oyjaa ohjcz ihbgc /c vban
e,hb ihbgc :f vrun, vban - d òhbpk xbfba icre os ihbgc
/vkgnk erzb t"rk oat osa t"uv :h wnd - s `vhgrk
ohbhs kfc /ibcru t"r ,yha ihc ah ejrn vnf thv vktav
ubjbt lht /ohekuj ibcru 'oatu ,tyj duuzn t"r 'ukt
'iuatr /,uhurapt wc ubhbpk ?,eukjnv ,t ihcvk ohfhrm
eusv rae aha rcux t"r /ibcru t"r ihc cr ejrn ah hkut
ruae kfv /ohua ohbhsva vchxv ,tzu ',tyjk oat ihc
/vkugk e,bh oatv 'u,unh ohkgc ota ,uraptv

vkug trehgn" ,rnut /che wndv ',tyj r,un ihbgca ihhbgn q26
',unat r,un ihbgc kct 'txrhdv vhdn ubht e"nyavu "'thv
(th ,ut) e"nyavu "thv vkug trehgn" ,rnut od (/uye) wndv
ihbgc (hchykuepx stn vz) hkut "/trehgn" vkhnv ,t ejun
;t hf 'vkugf vkj,vc icrev ,t rhsdvk lrum f"f iht 'oat
f"tan /ohhuxn "vkug oa" ,t rcf ufu,c kukf 'oat vz ot
aha gdrc hf 'vkugf vkj,vc icrev ,t rhsdvk lhrm ',tyjc
/vkugk lupvk rapt ht ',tyj oa
oat icre ihbgc
17
ifcu 'u,rpfu vrhcgv vagnk scguan oat ukhpt /tyjk

'vnak tka yja /,tyjf 'v,hnc ubhs 'uhkgc urpf,ba gdrc
/,tyjf 'vkgnk erzb unsa t"uv ukhpt ah /,tyjf kuxp
/,tyju oat ihc rae kkfc ihta ohrcuxu 'ohekuj ibcru
'onmg ,uruenc kf,xbaf kct /vkugv og vvszn r,uh oat
'ohekuj ov 'vagnk /ukt ,uyha ihc ejrn f"f ihta vtrbf
ibcr odu ',tyjk oat ihc ohkscv aha vsun t"r od kct
f"jtu 't"r ,yha jeb /,tyjk oat ihc rae aha ohsun
/ibcr ,yha
kuxp oata t"r ,yhak ,uruen wd vthcn (:-/h) wndv

,rnuta t,pxu,v vthcn trndv 'kf ,hatr /vnak tka
tka ,tyj vn 'tyj kg tc oatu 'tyj kg vtc ,tyj"
k"h vz iuakn "/kuxp unak tka oat ;t 'vkuxp vnak
ihhgbaf kct /oatk ,tyj ihc vtkn ,uvhzc ihntn t"ra
/vbua ,me txrhd aha vtrb 27'(t:t) vnmg t,pxu,v iuakc
hubhav "…vnat kg tc oatu tyj kg vtc ,tyj"
tkt 'hyrp vrhcg vagn kg tc ubht oata vrun "vnat"k
thcn ifcu 'vnat ka cmnc tmnb tuv /trcdv cmn kg
(:h) 28wndc hahkav ruenv /vz eukhjk vsun t"r ;t /oat
kg ghcmn od vtrbfa "'oatf ,tyjf" euxpv kg xxucn
,yhak arupnc ,tz vchx ,c,uf :tp vbanv /ovhbhc raev
v"s /dg ohjxp) h"ar /kuxp ohbpk xbfba oat osa t"r
e,hb oat 't"r ka hahkav ihsv oda jhbn (sugu 'oat
',unuen vnfc 'ifk /,tzv vchxv kg xxucn ',unh vhhgrk
raec ihntn t"r 'h"ar hpk /sjhc ukt ohbhs kf thcn h"ar
kct "/oatf ,tyjf" trec ch,fsf 'oatu ,tyj ihc eusv
eu,hb ka ihbgc t"r ,chxa c,uf (:f vrun,) ouard ubhcr
'd"r hpk /,tyjf oat ihs iht t,hhrutsnu /ibcrs vrhzd thv
/s:u ohkea vbanc iuakv ifu q27

/ubka ihbgk ubnn vcrv sunkk t"t f"tu 'f"vzd tuv hbav ruenv q28
lkn crv 18
rbzur ouka
kct ',tyjf ubhs oata sunhk ah ohnhhuxn ohrenc er

ohfxn t"r 'iurjt 29/,tyjn vbua oata shdb 'sunhk ihtaf
kg vehrz ka ihs iht /vynk erzb oat osa (:h) tbexnk
ohfhha obht ,tyj os xuchf hbhsa ohfxn tuv odu /irev
rcux t"ra ihyukjk rurc ubhta ohtur if©t /oat icrek
/hrndk "oatf ,tyjf"
ibcr oda vtcuv (/th) wndc /ibcr ,yhak uhafg tucb

ka ihsv ubnn ohsnuk ovu 'oatu ,tyj ka aehvk vsun
/(oat hcdk cu,f ubhtu ',tyj hcdk arupnc cu,fa) vfhnx
ka ,hkkfv ,rdxnc vdhrju 'stn ,kcdun uz vtsuv otv
'oatk ,tyj ihc rae ihta ohrcux ov otv ?ibcr ,yha
,uyap ,tz ?shjh ihsk o,ut vuuana ,jt f"vzd ah kct
(uyuapf tks) arpk ujry ohburjtvu ohbuatrv kct 'thduxv
e"nyav /oatu ,tyj ka rundv aehvv ohrcux ibcr ;ta
c,uf (zh ,ut :yn)
o,x hcd ch,fs oatf ,tyjfn kct

hrndks 'vfhnx vhbhn rhpa ibhars oat
taehv lvc ,tyjk oat cu,fv ahen
/ofk ,jt vru, oatf ,tyjf ch,fsf
tnuh waurhv kct 'd"r ,bcvf gn,an (:f) vrun, wndv ,uyap q29
h"ar ,yha vp ubhtr /rcs sug ahu /h"ar ,bcvf gnan t:u
h"ar vz hkut /oatu ,tyj ihc eusv raef t"r ,yha ihcna
kg ekuj 'khgk ubarhpsf 'h"ar /t"r ,yhan .uj od 'u,yhak
oatn hgcy luphv iht /t,hhruts ihs tuv eu,hba rcuxu ,"r
arsnu n"kvv rhfzn 'k"bv asev rhcsv sdb 'h"ar odu /vkugk
r,una vtrn vzu '(oatc v"s :he e"c h"ar ihhg) sjhc gshuvh
ihc hsuxh kscv iht /sjhc ruae kfv ,u,n ,utyju ,tyj
oat" xrud :yp ohjcz h"ar 'iurjtu /vz ihbgc oatu ,tyj
ahrc ihhg) "rpfn jfn h,tes" ka txrhdv heuptk "'rpfnes
/oatu ,tyj ihc raev ahdsn h"ar 'ukt ,unuen kfc /(ubhrcs
oat icre ihbgc
19
vyha ghmna (t:c ,uguca waurh kg) icre hrhhac ihhg ifu
:vzc ,hbumhe
,ryev rjtk wtuvw oatc ch,fsn k"hu

,tyjk aeuv tks ibcr hehhs 'ohrunht
uaeuv 'hkhn rta kfk kct 'unak tka
/vmjnk aehv ihts hssvk
'sjt ihbgc er o,ut ohuuan ibcra thv wndv ,uyapa p"gt

30
/sjt ihbgc er ovhbhc ohkhscn ibcra rcux icre hrhhav
gmunn r,uh iputc rnuk i,hb 'vzf ,fk ehjrb tk ot ukhpt
ihs ihbgc er tku 'ezju rund vzv aehvva ohrcux ibcrva
/vzk ,uhtr sug ahu /vfhnx ka sjt
oata ,udhmn (sugu ':ym '/zb) wndv ifu (:un) wanv

aha ubhmn tku 'tyj kg ohtca ,ubcrev hba ov ,tyju
ukhpt 'hrndk ohuua o,khft hbnz ifu /uz vrsdvc ,eukjn
(h:s e"agn) o"cnrv iuakc ehhsn z"csrv 'lfk ;xub /ibcrk
eukhj ah '(vnak tka ut vnak vbuf hkc) o,x yja ota
raf icrev 'ohnkau vkugc /,tyju oatk ohnkau vkug ihc
oatc kct /(ohjcz wxn ahr thduxv ,uyapf) ohkgck vkugu
od vza rufz,u /ohkgck vkug ubhtu raf icrev ',tyju
!ibcr ,yha lu,c
oat icre ,umnc o"cnrvk ,umnv wxc ihhg 'iurjt

:k"zu (tg vag)
kg icre chreha uhkg vcuj tuv vbv

tuv obntu ,tyj icre ubhtu 'u,tyj
/htsu oat treb icre vzu 'oat
ohnhfxn ibcra rnut oda (lrhtu v"s /th) vrut ire ihhg ifu q30
/rjt yughn ovk ah 'seun kfc kct 't"rk hrndk
lkn crv 20
rbzur ouka
ubht" ohkhn xhbfv 'oat icre ,rsdv lu,c 'o"cnrv vnk

icre ,umn vbn rcf tuv "?oat tuv obntu ,tyj icre
'ohcure f"f ova caj o"cnrva vtrbf ?(yx vag) ,tyj
obht kct 'ohcure ov /ovhbhc eukhjv ahdsvk lrmuv tuva
31
"/oat tuv obnt" :hrndk ohua
,eukjnv ,t arpk rapta p"gt 'ohrcsv oufhxc

ihc kkfc rae ah otv ,hsuxh ,eukjnf ibcru t"r ihc
,tyj ihc huvhzk ohsun ovhbaa rntk i,hb od 'oatu ,tyj
/vzv huvhzv chjrvk vnf sg er thv vktav /oatu
ouhx hrcsu 'oufhx /z
/,hsnn cru ,fcuxn thv oat icre ,uvna ubhtr

odu ,tyj icrek od iuhns vk aha ohraev vnfn ubexv
'vrhcgv vagn tuv oat ka chhjnva ubgmv /vkug icrek
'trcdv kf humrk ,xjhh,n vnmg vrpfv kct ',tyjf
vbht u,rpf ukt ,urhcgc vnk /vnk thv vktav 32/vkugf
,t chjrvk vkufh tkt 'hyrp vrhcg vagnk ,scguan
'vkhgn ihc ;,uanv vbfnv vn ?kkfc trcdv humrk vh,ukucd
33
?huk, oatu 'iusepv ,guca 'vpurj vjpa
rntba vnn vhtr thcn t"ru" k"zu (/c) a"nvp o"cnr ihhg ifu q31
rapt hkut "(ibcr ,yhak) / / / vz ihbgc if ubhtu 'oatf ,tyjf
od ibcrv 'ohrjt ohbhbgc kct 'if ubht vz ihbgc era ehhsk
/g"mu vz iuhgrk ohsun
thdux ,tz ;sruhu vkug icre ka ,uvn kg rcsk ubxbfb tk q32
ihc ,tmnb sruhu vkug ,arp '(v trehu) f"cau,c /vnka
ka iuakc ,an,an vru,v ohngp aa /oatu ,tyj ,uharp
,uruen vcrv od ah kct 'sruhu vkug icre rhsdvk "oat"
/k"nftu ',tyjk stn vcure thv u,uvna ohtrna
/inek ihhg 'grumnu rhzb oat ihbgkuq33
oat icre ihbgc
21
i"cnrv /vru,v harpnc ,ufupv ,uyha aha ihhbgn

ka ,urhcgn iv ,urunj ukt ,urhcga c,uf (uy:v trehu)
:k"zu ,tyj
rcs kg vrun oat oa hf hbhgc vtrbvu

ona ,uhvk chhj,h vaugv rat kusd
vyb rcs kg vrun ,tyjvu …uc sctbu
…lrsv in uc
oat ka ,urhcgn ,jtu ,jt kf lht arpk lhann i"cnrv

(yh:v trehu) c"hmbv 'u,nugk /,ukhdr ,urhcgn r,uh vrunj
tuva" k"zu /,tyj ka ,urhcgn ,uke iv ukt ,urhcga rcux
lht "…,tyj thcna tyjn ke tuva oat tyj kf unf
?c"hmbvu i"cnrv 'okug hsung hba ihc yhkjb ubjbt
ot 34/ohh,ntu ohbufb ovhba hrcsa rnuk kfub hkut

ov 'ohhchyehcut ,urhcg hagnf ukt ,urhcgc kg kf,xb
kf,xb 'vzn r,uh 35/shznc rcg ot ,rf ovk iht /ohrxj
ka ann vrhcg vagn iht 'vpurj vjpac /unmgk t"ut kfc
tuv tkhnnu '(vguca ,rhpfc) ;xf jek tuv 'kzdc /,uhrg
tuva vn ,t grpnk eujnk kufh tuv `;xf rhzjvk lhrm
vkhgn ifu !ckj ,khftf vrhcg vagn cajb ubht vz /vag
unf /huk, oat 'iurjtu /kzd ka dux thva rnuk rapt
gdrc) huk, oatc kkfc vrhcg vagn iht 'vkgnk ubrnta
smn 'ifcu /(,tyj thcvk lhrm 'vrhcg vagn aha g©s²u°ha
unf ',tyj ka ,urhcgn ,uke ov oat ka ,urhcg 'sjt
/c"hmbv arhpa
,ubuhgr rsxk hk rzga dhhumbzur ktfhn crv r"unk vbu,b h,su, q34
/ukt
rapt vbnna ycn ,sueb vuvn abugva thv ,tz vsuebc vjbv q35
/vrhcgv ,rnuj ,t iujck
lkn crv 22
rbzur ouka
stn vhgc kg ohrun ukt ohagn 'hba smn kct

,usuxh kg vrfvu vbcv uk iht /trcdv ka ,uhahtc veung
tuv /okugc ;xfv kf kg oh,hntv ohkgcv hn /vbuntc
er chhja p"gt /kujk asue ihc ,uezj ,ukucd ohhen ubht
ukhpt rucgk kufh tuva cmn vhv vnk kct 'dduac kgn ot
kct 'ann ,uhrg ubht vza p"gt 'vpurj vjpac odu 36?dduac
,urhcg 'hba smn 'ifcu 37/ws scug hsuvh ahtk oht,n tk vz
ihhgbafu) /i"cnrv arhpa unf 'stn ,urunj iv oat ka
ohagnv kg tk 'ohrcdv kg tuv zufhrv 'i"cnrv iuakc
(/onmgc ohrunjf
vnus uvan tuv chhjnva k"h 'sjhc kfv ohak

'vz kkdc /ann vrhcg vagn ubht kct 'vrhcg vagnk
'hyrp vrhcg vagnk er xjh,vk vfrmuva ,tyj ,nugk
kfk xjhh,vku .upek rrjuan tuv oat 'tyjv kg rpfk
,urhcg /vrund ck ,nua, ,uarus ,tyj ,urhcg /trcdv
vzc kkfb) trcdv kf kg rpfk ,uhubnszvf ,ukgup oat
h,t tes" :yp wndv ka yapv vzu /(hyrp oat ka vrhcg
38
/vkugf rpfnu rcugu ,tyjf khj,n vz "'rpfn jfn
tuv huk, oat ka vumnv aruaa c,uf (jfe) lubhjv wx q36

kfk vz iuhgr chjrvk kfub hkut /ost icv ka ,urhvz-htv
/,unatv
icre chhj iye ukhpta rcuxa (d:y ,udda) o"cnr ,yha ihhg q37
vnmg vrhcgv vagnn zufhrv rhxn od vz - vpurj vjpa oat
s"ctr ihhg /(vrhcg vagn vagh iyea rapta shdb tk ot)
/ekuja oa
ahr ihhg) tab wrpc i"cnr ,hauek ,rjt vcua, ubk ah 'vz hpk q38
.r,k lhrm iht /oat icre uthcv tk ohthabv vnk (rntnv
oat 'vkugu ,tyj ,ucu,fa iuhfa shdb tkt 'oat thv ,tyja
/ivh,a kkfc
/:d n"c trndvn vz lkvnk ;hbx sug tumnk ubjna 'vz kf hrjt
icre thcvk ost chhjk ohkufh ohsga p"gta oa t"uv ah
oat icre ihbgc
23
vz iuhgr ,utrk i,hb hkuta ;hxuv dhhumbzur crv r"un

kct" urnt ;xuh hjt /(cf'tf:cn) ,hatrcc oheuxpc od
ubhkt ubbj,vc uapb ,rmc ubhtr rat ubhjt kg ubjbt ohnat
kt rntk ovhkg h,rnt tkv" vbg icutru "…ubgna tku
kg ',uhrzftv kg usuv ohjtv "…o,gna tku skhc utyj,
:k"zu r,t kg i"cnr ihhg /ovhjt og udvb ova vauj,v rxuj
kct "…vrhfnv in r,uh kusd abugk ,uhrzftv ovk ucaj"
vfkavv kg 'ovka hyrpv vagnv rucg ovhkg egm icutr
39
/vnmg ruck
,upxuv wc /j
r"unn h,gna - grumnu rhzb ka ,tyju oat /1

ukt ,ubcre ka o,uvn arpk i,hb hkuta dhhumbzur crv
oatu ',hyrp vrhcgk ,xjhh,n vkhdr ,tyja unf /ikvksf
cuhj grumnu rhzbk ah hkut 'kkfc trcdvk xjhh,n khdr
ruphak odu 'uc tmnb tuva hyrpv ucmnk od xjhh,vk
/unatu u,tyj ka xhxcv vzu /kkfc uka ,uhaht
ostv /oat icre thcvk u,ut chhjk ohkufh obht ov ',tyj

oa wxu, hpk /oat icre chhj tuva unmgn ,usu,vk lhrm
',uhduxv ,eukjnc huba tkt t"uv er ubht vz ihs '(oat v"s)
vruae ,tyja rhcxvk ah /tbexnk if ,rcux ,uhduxvn ,jtu
'vrhcgv vagn kg shgvk ohkufh ohsg zt 'vrhcgv vagnk
trcdv humrk ruae oat ',tz ,nugk /,tyj thcvk uchhjku
unmgn tuck lhrm trcdv ifku 'hyrp tyjk er tk 'kkfc
/oatv chhj tuva ,usu,vku
egum lknhct /vz ihbgk ,gduba ,hatrcc tndus sug ah q39
kct "'vkusd vtyj / / / lk h,tyj vn" (y:f ,hatrc) ovrctk
g"mu "/oat ubhkg ,tcvu" (h:uf ,hatrc) ejmhk egum lknhct
/(oa hbuezj ihhg) hubav kg
lkn crv 24
rbzur ouka
kmt arupnc vcu,f vfhnx ka vumnv /vfhnx /2

oata rurc iputc vphxun (/th) wndv /,tyju vkug ,ubcre
,ubcre kf - /cm ,ujbn wanc arupn od vzu) vfhnx lhrm
v"s :g vsb) h"ara thv vhgcv /(vfhnx ohfhrm shjh
ubht oata ohrcux (tnkhsu v"s :vb ihaushe) wxu,u (u,yhja
ubuuf,v ,ntca ohkcen obht ohburjtv cur /vfhnx lhrm
lurgv kct 40/,rjt lrsc o,ut oharpn ovu 'vzk wxu,u h"ar
,ntc wxu,u h"ara ohbhcn (oa vsb) a"arvu (oa vsb) rbk
,arupnv wanv kkdc 'g"mc o,ut ujhbv ztu 'vzk ubuuf,v
,t arpk ,uxbk hkc /ohrjt ,unuenc o,yha kkdcu 'khgks
m"t oata shdvk trcxv vn '(,h,hhgc sutn thva) vrh,xv
tuv vfhnxk lrumv hkut 'iuatr 41/,uhurapt wc dhmb ?vfhnx
icrec tmnb vz /icrevk ostv ihc ezjv raev kkdc
kf ',rf ka vrhcgv vagn ,t hrndk ejun icrev /,tyj
/uz vrhcg vagn kg ,zfr,n icrevu trcdv ka ck ,nua,
iurus thv vkug /,rjtv vmec 'vkug icrec od tmnb vz
od vz 'lknk vb,n ohthcnaf /khkf ukuf 'wsk vb,n 'rund
/(aushj vfhrm vcsb ,kp, - kank) vrund ck ,nua, arus
tk oat hkut kct /vkugu ,tyjc vfhnx cuhj ah 'vz kkdc
kg ,ukj iht /gmunn icre vz hf teus vzv raev dhah
lrum iht zt /wsk iurus ubht od vz kct 'sjt vrhcg vagn
/oat icrec vfhnxk
hta thv (dhhumbzur crv r"unn h,gna) vhba ,urapt

unf 'vzk lrum ihta er tk) oatc vfhnx vhv,a rapt
ihta ,c,uf /cm ,ujbnc wanv ?vnk /(vbuatr ,uraptc
rhgau 'rucm ka rcs okgv rpn .uj rucm ,ubcrec vfhnx
lhrm rcs kf /,urhvc ,arus vfhnxa arhp r"un /kztzgk
ztu) ohrrucn ohkgcv iht 'rucm ,ubcrec ifku /rrucn ,uhvk
/oa ihaushe vbenu h"bp ihhg q40

/tnkgc vrgav lrsc vz kf q41
oat icre ihbgc
25
'rucm ka rcs okgv rpc /ohren hbacn .uj (vfhnx iht

ivfv 'kztzgk rhgac odu 'icrev ka ohkgcv ov ihs ,hc
ka vumn ah 'ukt ohren wcc /ohhuxn iputc kgcv tuv kusd
iv vkug ,uvnu ,tyj ,uvn /ubh,hhduxk rucgb /vfhnx
/tyj u,ut kg ,rpfnu 'wt tyj kg vtc ,tyj /,urrucn
,uvn kct /hrndk trcdv humr thv `tyj kg vtc vbht vkug
thv vrpfv kct 'vrhcg vagn ah /,kprugn thv oatv
vfhnx vhv,a rapt ht ',tzv ,urhvc-htv kkdc /,hkkf r,uh
lhrm oat 'vfkvka p"gta ;hxuv r"unu] /oat icrec
hkut /arupnc vz c,f tk vru,v vnk ihhbgn ihhsg 'vfhnx
tk kct 'uca ,tyj ,ru,c er vz 'vfhnx ah ot ukhpt
[/trec arupn ubhta vchxv ,tzu 'unmg ,ru,c
tk uhsgkca 'ihhv ktuna hka t,urcjk vbu,b h,su,

/vzv rntnv kf ,t rsxk kufh h,hhv
or sus hcm crv
ohasec hujhs ihbgc

vtrbk trehgn hujhs ihc eukhjcu
vjsbu
ka onkugcs ,unuen vnfu vnfc vrhfzn trndv
kxpba icrea 'ubhhvs -- hujhs vbufnv daun ohhe ohase
ek,xba rjtk ;t vcrevk kuxp jcznv hcd kg crehkn
trehgn hujhs :hujhs ka ohdux hba ,yrpn trndv /kuxpv
vtrbu -- crehk icrek rauf ,ga oua v,hv tka 'rnukf --
,urnk /lf rjt kxpbu rauf ,ga icrek v,hva -- vjsbu
ogp ;t trndv 'ogp rjt ogp hujhs ka daunc aunhav
/kgup vz daun ',ntc 'gusn trcx ut ruen oua vthcn vbht
?hujhsv ihbg ubk ihbn :vktav kg ,ubgk vxbb vz rntnc
,ururmv ,uhauev in vnf ubk rtck tmb ohrcsv lu,n
/hujhsv ,hduxc
hujhs ihsk ruen /t
--/sx tnuhc t,ht
rcx ibjuh hcru 'ihjsb ibht ohhj hkgc rcx cr

;hkhs ?crs tngy htn /ihjsb ohhj hkgc
t,avs d"gt utk inz rxujn -- inz rxujnn
tk hnb tfv `hns rhpa hzjhn rsv hf 'hzj tk
tfv `kkf hzj,ht tk o,v ?hns hn /tba
;hkhs crs tngy ubhhv tkt /vjsbu vtrb
d"gt utk rcug oun kgc -- rcug oun kgcn
tfv `hns rhpa hzjhn rsv hf 't,av hzj tks
hf" ch,fs ?ik tbn o,vu /tba tk hnb
tks tuv oc oun -- "oc oun ovc o,jan
hcm crv 2
or sus
yghn -- ibjuh wru /umrh inun rcg tv ùmrh

ùmrh inun rcg hfs tuv ov -- "ovc" tbnjr
/ujsh 'ujsbu khtuv -- ihhujs kf tv
tkeav hyrp ,bcvc thduxc itf ,uhgc vnf ibah

/v"gc rntnv lanvc ivc kpyk ruzjb `thryu
euxp vthcn thv ratc thv vbhnc ,sjuhn uz trnd

-- ohjsb ibht ohhj hkgca uz -- ,nhuxn vyhak ruenf
er tnuhc thduxv 'ohrcsv jya hbp kg /hujhs ,hduxc
ka u,hhjsu 'ihjsb ibht ohhj hkgcs cr ,yha ruen ub,snkn
vc ,utrk aha vtrb 'thduxc sug ihhgb ot kct /ibjuh wr
/hujhsv ihbgc ohyrp vnf sugk ,uruen
:[wuf vhbhn yuaph, v"s :dk] vfuxc c,uf h"ar
vns 'vjsbu vtrbn ;hsg trehgn hujs

t,av uhafg sg okugn vumnk vtrb tka
uhafg aseuva icref huvu 'hzj,ns tuv
vhv inz rxujn u,khj,nu
hujhs huv tk trehgn hujhsa vzs h"ar hrcsn vtrb

,rnutv 'tnuhc trndvn snkb -- if ohrcuxv ,yha hpk --
hrva ihjsb ibht j"gck cuy ruen huv tk inz rxujns
rxujna thv trndv ,buuf 'tupht 'h"ar hpk /hzj tk trehgn
itnk 'hujhs huv tk trehgn hujhsa vzk ruen vuuvn inz
/hfv vhk ,hts
ruen tnuhc thduxc ohtur f"d vrutfk ,upxu,v hkgc

/ihjsb ibht j"gcs cr ,yhak rcgnu kgn hujhs ihbgc ,uyhak
,t ohtur ova jfun wuf hj sngh v"s :ux tnuhc ovhrcsn
vhhjsf er tk -- "ovc" tbnjr yghn -- ibjuh wr hrcs
/ihjsb j"gcs daunk ruenf tkt cr ka u,hhtrk
tnuhs thduxs rnuk i,hb 'hfvk ibh,ts iuhf uhafgu
"o,jan hf" euxpv 'cr hpk /hujhs ihs rehgk ruen ,anan
lrsc kct -- hujhs ihsc ohkkfb obht j"gc teuuss asjn
/okugk thv ,hjsb ',kxpb f"jtu jcznk ,htrba vnvc 'kkf
'euxpvn gcub hujhs ihs ruens if od k"x ibjuh wr 'lshtnu
1
/kkfv in tmuh vuvn oun kgc eru
thduxc ,uhaue vnf .r,k kfub 'vkt ubhrcs ohbf ot

/hujhss
ot /ruthc iugy hujhsf inz rxujns trndv huvhz

tfhvn 'uka hbhnav ouh osue uahseva inz rxujnc ohrcsn
tkt z"ujnc ohrcsn otu ?vjsb ubht tuva ,ntc h,h,
vnvc hrv `hujhs ,ufkvk kkf lhha ubht tuv vrutfk 'uahsev
lhha lht -- ,ubcrev okugc ,uhvk vfhrm jcznvn ,hjsba
?ihkuj ,nvcc hujhs
rcuxv 'ibjuh wr gusn :ohaen o,v v"s oa wxu,

snuk tk 'hujhs huv trehgn hujhss x"ac ,unuen vcrvc
:ov ohmr,nu ?hujhs huv tk trehgn hujhs ,ntcs z"ujnn
ihhduxcs ohrcux wxu,s thsvk hrv /ase,b tks z"ujn hbta
2
/ase,b tka z"ujnc rcusn
v,utc ohbs if od [wuf hns hn v"s] oa ohbah wxu,

:vktav
ouan inz rxujnn ;hkh vuv tk ibjuh wrs k"hu

rhpa ibhpkh oun kgcn kct 'uhktn vtrb huvs
'tbnjr vhraft ox h"g rcug ukhpts lunxc
rxujnn r,uh tuv hujs ox tkc rcug ukhptu
/[wuf ihhsgu v"s :ch ohjcz] t"rec thsvk ygnf tmnb vz lkvn 1.
/oa t"arvn wg lt 'a"arv hrcs kg ,xxucn wxu,c uz vbcv 2.
hcm crv 4
or sus
huvu hutr tvha osue rhxvk lhrm tvs inz

rnuk ah hf hcr rnut sugu /vagn rxujn
ibjuh wrs tarsn hygnn trehgn hujs ukhpts
inun rcga tuv "oc" tbnjr yghns 'lunxcs
'ujsh ujsbu khtuv ihhujsv kf tv -- umrh
kgcs thnus okugn vtrb tka tfhv ukhptu
iudf 'okugn vtrb tka uvc hnb tfhts 'oun
3
t,avu /vbuna osue ut unt hgnc onuv
hzj,ht tks tngy tkt tfv yeb tks tjhb
whrpsf uhktn vtrbs tngyk lrmuv tku kkf
/khgk
.urh,v hpk /ohmurh,v hba ihc ah kusd kscv

ubhta trehgn hujhs ihnk ruen aha vsun ibjuh wr 'iuatrv
ubnn sunkk itnn er tuv /inz rxujn -- hujhs vuvn
rxujn huv tk z"ujna iuhfn trehgn hujhss hn,x vrenk
ratn trehgn hujsk srpb ruen aha vbhcn uz vyha /vagn
ihc eukhj aha rnuk i,hb 'vhrcsk 'vrutfk `vjsbu vtrbk
kkua hbav .urh,v 'lshtn /hujhss ohduxv hba ka ovhrsd
/trehgn hujhsk ruenf inz rxujn ka vrenv ,t hrndk
ubsnkn inzc uc hujhs ka aushjv rehg ubsnknv euxpv u,ut
iht vrutfk vz .urh, hpk /trehgn hujhs vbufnv daun aha
/trehgn hujhsk vjsbu vtrb hrsd ihc ekjk ouen
/r,uhc ,ucjr iv hujhs ,hduxk ,ugdubv ,ufkavv
trehgn hujhs hcd ushc /c
-- /yb ohjczc t,ht
uyjaba ohasev kf 'odpba jczn :cr rnt

lh,ukug ,t uhkg ,jczu" rntba 'ihkuxp oa
tkt ?jcuz v,t uhkg hfu -- "lhnka ,tu
gcub hujhsk ruenv kfs 'khgk ubrthca unf ovhrcsn gnan 3.

/wuf "ovc o,jan hf" euxpvn
vjsbu vtrbk trehgn hujhs ihc eukhjcu ohasec hujhs ihbgc
5
ibjuh wru /// rxj tuvaf tku oka tuvaf

uyjaba ihc :h"ar] vz sjtu vz sjt :rnt
[ubueh, rjtk uyjaba uhc u,nhdp ,gac
ohhj hkgc rcx cr ?hdhkp htnc /ihkuxp
/ihjsb ohhj hkgc rcx ibjuh wru ihjsb ibht
vbcb tka sg uhva ohasev kf" :hch,hn
-- "vbcb" "/ihkuxp jcznv vbcb f"jtu jcznv
odpb tka sg" tkt /// !uvbhb trehgn ihhujs
tku "/ihkuxp jcznv odpb f"jtu jcznv
/uyjaba tnht ?,mr,n te hmur,
hujhss yuap rcsf itf ,yeub vrutfk trndv

vjsb d"vfcs ibjuh wr ,yha ,urnk 'hujhs huv tk trehgn
k"xs itns tchkt teuus thv thaueva rhcxn h"ar /tuv
tka sg v"s] ohrhcxn ,upxu,v hkgc obnt /hujhs huv tks
ushcaf trehgn hujhs ihts vsun ibjuh wra [jcznv vbcb
,urnk [jcznv ,t ,ubck 'ihhduxc 'kank] kuxpv ie,k
ohrcs vrutfk 4/vjsbu vtrb hcd hbvn tk ushcs vscugv
kscv aha vc gnans 'trndvn rhah iputc ohtmuh vkt
/vjsbu vtrbu trehgn hujhs ihc ykjun
/thv g"ufs tchkt utk uz vbcv obnt
rumhk ohae,n [n"a v"s /ch] ohjczc ,upxu,v hkgc

ohehxn ov /;udv ,ausec trehgn hujhs rhumh vca ,uthmn
iuatr iuatrs 'ohn uc aha hkfc os kcec vk ,jfans"
sckns ohrhgn ohbuatrv "/os vtrnk lpvbu rzju 'hujs
lurf unmg ruhmv ',upxu,v hkgc ka oruhm ka ,ujhfa-htv
rcf osv hrva 'trehgn hujhs itf iht vrutfk /,uhgc vnfc
'vbueh,f vkce itf iht hrv 'sugu /hkfv rhuutc ase,b
oaa ':sk ohjcz trndvn tmuh hujhs hcdk hbvn ushcs daunv 4.
ahs wuf kf v"s wxu,c a"g /vjsbu vtrb hcd ;t hbvn ushc
vtrbk ;t hbvn ushc vfunb vdrscu hujhs ka ,ubua ,udrs
/vjsbu
hcm crv 6
or sus
[/z ihaushe luy wxu,c vzc wg] /hkfv gerec jb tk osva
iur,p ohghmn [n"a v"s :z] ihaushec ,upxu,v hkgc

,uthmn rmuh icre ahsena rnun /vhgck yuap r,uh vcrv
ohjczc wxu, obnt /;udv ,ausec trehgn hujhs ohhe vca
ahrpv ///" :o,gs kg vkg tk vz yuap .urh, gusn ohrhcxn
unf 'kec ie,k ushcs iuhf 'raf /// u,s rhnva rjtk icre
ohtur ubjrf kg "/rafs 'trehgn hujhs odu 'jcznv odpb
unf 'trehgn hujhs hcd hbvn tk ushca ubhcv ihaushec wxu,a
,sueb rhcxvk ubhkgu /vjsbu vtrb hcd hbvn tk ushca
/,upxu,v hkgc hba ihc ,eukjnv
h,ac vmugb ,eukjnva rnuk i,hb stn vrutfk

z"ujn 'vbuatrv vgsv hpf 'ot /tnuhc ohbah wxu,c ,ugsv
hujhs huv tk ibjuh wrk ;ts trehgn hujhs ka vndus vuuvn
ushc vshn v,utca rnuk i,hb 'tkhnn ek,xn kuxpvaf
vrzunv vtuuavc cua ohke,b ubt vzc /trehgn hujhs ekxn
ukuxp kfa 'z"ujn :ihkuj ,nvc ka hujhs ihck z"ujn ihc
,haubt vasev oua hkc 'hgcy iputc -- "ohna hshc" vuuv,b
-- "ohna hshc" ek,xvk snug ukuxpaf hujhsf iushb tk --
'khdr trehgn hujhs 'vshn v,utcu /hgcy iputc tkhnn
tk -- ,haubt vasev h"g -- "ost hshc" vuuv,n ukuxpa
h"g -- "ost hshc" ek,xvk runt ukuxp ot hujhsf iushb
/,uagk ushca vkugp
z"ujn iht 'ohbah wxu,c vhbav vgsf yuebb ot 'lshtn

lunxk ruen oua iht tkhnnu trehgn hujhs ka vndus vuuvn
/vjsbu vtrb hcd ratn r,uh trehgn hujhs hcd ushc kg
hkgc ,yha hpk vkugu ,geuc ,jt thaue 'orc

hkgc lht :thvu 'vrhcxba iput kfc 'ihaushec ,upxu,v
ihck vjsbu vtrb hrsd ihc eukhj oua ihta ubgyh ,upxu,v
7
ygnf khgk ubtcva /yb ohjczc thduxv hrv 'trehgn hujhs

!eukhj aha ,arupn
/trehgn hujhs hdux hba obahs rhcxvk ah '.r,k hsf

xbfb tuva inzc uc vjsbv .pjva 'khdr trehgn hujhs ah
vceb 'kank 'lf /uc ;,,avkn kxpb tuv ',ubcrev okugk
vkuxp atrn kct 'icref vase,b jxp icrek vaseuva
,ntc ubhta "trehgn hujhs" ka dux ah 'lshtn /jxpk
/kkfc ,ubcrev okugk xbfhvkn .pjv gbnba tuv `hujhs
okugk obfb ;ux ;ux tuvaf icrev ,t kxup ubht vzf hujhs
ihta [o,v v"s /ux] tnuhc wxu, ohrhcxn lf /,ubcrev
vkhkca hbpn 'tuv vcrev inz utk vkhka p"gt 'vkhkc hujhs
vjsh .pja lhha iht 'tkhnn -- dvub ,ubcrev okug iht
5
/,nhhe vbbht thvaf vsucgvn
/vbcb tk ihhsg jcznva rcusn ohjczc thduxc

kkfca 'vzn kusd hbav duxvn trehgn hujhs lk iht vrutfk
hkgc hpk ;t icun 'if ot !,ubcrev okug ohhe iht
huv tk trehgn hujhs 'teuus 'itf gusn ihaushec ,upxu,v
rcusn tk itf -- hujhs huv vjsbu vtrba vz ,urnk 'hujhs
6
/hshn thae tk tkhnn `x"av kf ka trehgn hujhsc
hbav duxvn trehgn hujhs tuv z"ujna ihcn [/ch ohjcz] t"rev 5.
hujhs uc lhha tk lfhpku 'icre kkfk tc tk ihhsga 'ubhhvs --
/uhrcsf tks gnan tnuh wxu, hrcsn 'ubrtca hpf /kkf
c,uf o"cnrv /vae o"cnr rhcxvk if od khgu, hkut uz vbcv 6.
vbcb tka sg ,unvc ahsev [s"fv ihaseunv hkuxp wkvn d"p]
/hujhs ubht urehgn hujhsva 'i,ut ihchren vbchaf -- jcznv
vnku 'ihjsb ibht j"gcs crf o"cnrv exp rcfs n"jkv vaevu
if c,fs tuv .rh,u 'hujhs huv tk trehgn hujhss ogyv uk
hpku /[,unvcc hrhhn o"cnrv hrva ohae uhrcsu] ,ujbn kukfk
iht d"vfcs thv o"cnrv ,buuf hrva 'hshn thae tk ubhrcs
d"vrv hbrhgv lt /jcznv vbcb tka sug kf hujhs kkfc lhha
hcm crv 8
or sus
/ch ohjczc ruthc /d
vnumg thaue ihcvk i,hb 'itf ubrcxva ohrcsv hpk

/ch ohjczc hujhss thduxc
-- oa trndc t,ht
uyjaa jxpc trh,c ic vhv kxup :ibjuh r"t

'unak tka ihc unak ihc ,hrja rag vgcrtc
ouhc ucu khtuv 'rnukf] /hutr u,menu khtuv
tkhnn 'tuv jxpv ,yhja inz ohcrgv ihc
jxpv ,yhja inzf vbushb s"h ouh ka ,hrja
kuxp jxp ,yhjau 'trnujk ubnz tkf odu
vc ;sdn [/vnak tka ihc vnak ihc recc
hfhv trh,c ick raf jxp 'f"t :uvct wr
hujs -- tbshtv vharpts ht ?vk ,jfan
vtrb -- kun,tn uvbharpts htu 'tuv trehgn
rjtk tv, :uvct hcr rnt tkt /tuv vjsbu
/// ,umj
kg uz trndn ohaen /yb ohjczc ,upxu,v hkgc

ihs kyck hbvn ,ntc ushc ot /trehgn hujhs hcd oaushj
vvzn /ch ohjczc trndv lht 'ohktua ov 'trehgn hujhs
hrv `trehgn hujhsf ,hrjac rag vgcrtc jxpv ,asev
-- ohhcrgv ihc -- u,crev inz sg ubcre ,t ,uvavk ushc
,upxu,v hkgc ?hbvn tk ushc gusn /rafvc uyjak ztu
/iuhg lhrmc uz thaue ohrhtan
ovhrcs rutk 'vrzun thv ,upxu,v ,hhaue ',ntc
hujhs huyhcc rjuc f"d o"cnrvs t"yhka dhhumbzur ktfhn wr

's"v ,ubcrev vagn wkvn u"yp] ,unuen vauka sugc trehgn
ht oaa [d"hv ,udda wkvn h"pu 's"fv ihaseunv hkuxp wkvn s"p
/ubhrcsf rhcxvk rapt
9
tnuhc ohbah ,upxu,v hrcs ubrfzv rcf /rjt ouenc

wuf trehgn hujhs n"au v"s wxu,c o,menc ohghpuna]
wr hpk ;t trehgn hujhs kkfc ubht inz rxujna [:ch ohjczc
:ohvun, ohrcsv hrvu /tkhnn vtrbu rzuj tuva iuhfn ibjuh
,g tucc tkhnn r,un vhvh recc aseuva jxpv hrv ihhduxc
/trehgn hujhsc ,caj,n trndv ouen kfnu 'ohhcrgv ihc
ov -- ohjczc thduxv ,ufkavc ohrhfn ,upxu,v hkgc
-- trehgn hujhs khcac hbvn ushcs osuxh kg vbnn uaev
/hbvn tkhnns suxhc ohbs ovaf vbnn ohnkg,n ov kct
/rcs rap rhcxvk ubk rtabu
cuyc ,upxu,v hrcs rhcxvk i,hb khgk ubhrcs hpk

kuxpvaf hbvn er tkhnn vtrbu rzujs rafvv kf /ogy
rxujn hcd unf -- hgcy iputc -- "ohna hshc" rmub urehgn
lt lhha "ushc" /tkhnn r,hb tuvu 'tkhnn rxtb tuv /inz
/urh,vk kufh ost sh zt er òst hshc rmub kuxpvaf eru
-- ohjczc trndc kuxpv /ohbcun ohrcsv tkhnn

'ost hshc rmub -- u,yhjak hutr h,kcv inzc jxpv ,asev
vtrbu rzuj tuva vscugva 'if ot 'rurc /vasev hsh kg
hbvn er "tkhnn" /ub,ut ,bhhbgn tk ohrvmv rjt tkhnn
,kufhv ',upxu, hpk 'lshtn /ohna hshc rmubv kuxpk
hshc tuva r,hv -- ushc thv ,umj rjtk jxpv ,t ,uvavk
ifku 'vhujsv vnvcv ,t rhafvk khguh vrutfka -- ost
/uaeva vn uaev
,upxu,v hkgc hrv ?o,hauek .urh,v 'if ot 'vn

-- vrutfk 'vezjv -- thauev ,urnk osuxh ,t ujhbzv tk
!vhkg ,uaevk aha
/ihhduxc onmg ,upxu,v hrcsc iuny .urh,va if,h

uvn :[ihjsb j"gc n"a v"s /ch ohjcz] ohaen ,upxu,
hcm crv 10
or sus
ubhba vnka vban tkv ìhjsb j"gcs ibjuh wr ka aushjv

rfnhu ct,xha sg vgrh ujxpk vceb ahrpnva [:zm ohjxp]
!ohhjn ;t ,hjsb vnvcva inhx -- vcsbk uhns ukphu
vsuh [ihjsb ibht j"gcs k"xs] cr ;ts ,upxu,v ohmr,nu
itf aha 'vjsb hj kgcvs ujxpk vceb ahrpn ka vrenc
vhutr vbbht kkfc thva icrek vnvc ,arpv /ohshc vhhjs
tkt ,hren vhhjs tk thv [uk vhutr ,uhvk vrunt vbhtu] uk
/,hjsb vnvcva rurc tbuud htv hfcu 'shzncu vbuufc vhhjs
wr ,bcv hpk /ihhduxc ohfhha ohrcsv o,ut hkut

kkfc ohhe ubht jxp icre ka daunv 'vrh,c ic ,yhac ibjuh
/tuv jxp -- s"hc ,umj hrjt jxp /ixhbc s"h ka reucc
iht s"hc reucc itf kct /tuv ohnka -- vbav ,unh rtac
kfc yjab tuv ot kxpb tuv `,uthmnc vxhp, jxp oak
tuv hrv ,hrjac s"hc jxp ahsenv 'tkhnn /tuva iput
oafu /ohhe ubhta rcs ahsen tuv -- ujxpk vceb ahsenf
vshnc uc 'j"gcc ,fhha ,tzf ohshc vhhjsa vsun cr ;ta
rhxvk ushcaf ;t trehgn hujhsc ,fhha od thva rnuk kfub
hkgc ka osuxhk ihhduxn vrh,x oua iht 'tkhnn /kuxpv
/,upxu,v
oufhx /s
trec ruen ubk ukhd hujhs ka thduxc ubka ohbuhsv

if,ha lht ubhtr ohbah ,upxu, hrcs lu,nu 'hujhs ka iuhgrk
hujhsk ruen anana euxpv u,utn gcub trehgn hujhs ihsa
rhcxvk hsf uz vscugc uban,av /rjt ruenn ut 'khdrv
vjsba .pj rhafvk khgun ushc ot hcdk ohbuatrv ,eukjn
,usueb vnf sug ubrtc ubashja ,usuxhv hp kg /trehgn
/thduxc ,uae
vtrbu trehgn hujhs ihc h,rcxv eukhjc ubexg tk

11
hpf 'ot /,uruenvn tmuh vz eukhja ubtrv er `vjsbu

,ugcub trehgn hujhs ihsk ,ufhhav ",ukue"v ',utrvk ubhxba
rnuk i,hb stn 'rjt ouenc .ugb uruen trehgn hujhsa vzn
okug ka ufrs /hujhs ka ohduxv hba ihc hsuxh kscv ihta
ratn vjsbu raf vhva rcs kuxpk ifun r,uh osta tuv
'if ot 'icun 7/,uraf ka cmnk ghdv tk ogp ;ta rcs
ushcaf trehgn vjsbv .pj rhafvk ifun vhvh osta
cmnc vjsbu vtrba rcs rhafh tuv ratn r,uh urhafvk
8
/vnus
trehgn hujhs ihc eukhjv ,t rhcxn [c ,ut u kkf] cuy jekv 7.

vscugk ihhmn tk tuv kct 'vnus iputc vjsbu vtrbu
/ohbpc ubrcxva hpf -- ost kf ckca ohrcs -- ,hdukufhxp
tk ogp ;ta rcsa x"ac ,unuen vcrvn ,uhtr thcn tuv
uban,av /vjsbu vtrba rcs ratn kcuen r,uh vcrv rafuv
ov kkfc hujhs hrsda rhcxvk i,hb stn hf hdukufhxp ycnc
/,hchyehcut ,uthmn kg tku ostv ic ,bcv kg ohsxuhn
v"s :ch ohjcz wxu,c vtcuv] o, ubhcr ,yha thv ,ykuc vndus
'icrev cuhjn rypba ,ugyc caj ',tyj ahrpva hna [wuf tfv
,uthmnca ,urnk 'vjsb ubcre -- chhja vkhd cua ztu
/ves lank ukhpt jcznv hcd kgn kxpb tk ubcre ,hchyehcut
/hujhsv ,t ,rmuhv thv ostv ka ycnv ,sueb
hujhs ihc hxhxc r,uh eukhj aha iguy k"mz ehwmhcukux z"hrdv 8.
kuxp vzhtn gcub trehgn hujhs :vjsbu vtrbk trehgn
icrev ,uvn omgk ohruaev ohrcs teuus ifku 'icrev ,asevc
rcs kfk xjhh,n vjsbu vtrb 'lshtn /trehgn hujhsc ohkxup
r,uh kxup tuv ifku 'jcznv hcd kgn vagnk icrev ,t gbunv
,upxu,v hkgc ka ofkvn vz ihta vsun unmgc z"hrdv /,ukec
if od ov uhrcsa ihhmn tuvu 'tk ut hbvn ushc ot ihc uekhja
hpf 'tnuhc ,upxu,va thv u,buuf vrutfk /tnuhc ,upxu,v sdb
vz ,urnk trehgn hujhs treb z"ujna ohbhcn 'ohbpc ubtcva
gcub trehgn hujhs ot if,h tk hrndk vz rcs àse,b tka
thv vz rntnc ubka ,hkf,v rehg !icrev ,asevc kuxpn
/,upxu,v hkgc uashja ,usuxhv hpf thduxv ,t rhcxvk
hcm crv 12
or sus
cre,vk vfzb hujhsv ,arpc ubbuhs ,ufzca iumr hvh

/jsb kf ubnn jsh tk kusdv ucuyc rat 'lrc,h uhkt

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hcm kue

ibjkt ejmh ubcr ,chah

inskp hcm kthbs crv 'rdrc vhksd crv :ohfrugv

y"ba, wt ,rcuj erth tub

,urusk vmnu jxpv og ,kftbv vmn ihbgc

ohrupfv ouh ,sucg rsxc ,urgv

asue hubhau ohkgc hubha ihbgc

ihfrg wxn ahrc ,urgv

thv vsucg utk vyhja rsdc

ohbpk vns xbfba ,tyj ihbgc

inz rxujn ihbgc

oat icre chy

asenv ,hc ihbc ,uumn ihbgc

ohasev ,ucajn ihbgc

kkj tmnba ivf ,sucg ihbgc

unuenf unuenc tkas thduxc

oat icre ihbgc

ohasec hujhs ihbgc

ka vzv iuatrv lrfv ,t ohahsen

ubk ahruvu 'u"ya, 'hra, wkc ohnurnk vkg cuece rn

u,sfbu rbxeu vkhc ,rcd 'u,rhyp rjtk vba anju ohgcrt

dedicate this inaugural volume of

Forty-five years later, Mrs. Bella Wexner and Mr. Cabakoff’s

"ohbhg ,rhtn vrc wv ,umn"

iuhkg-kkufv ,t lbjk ykjuva tuv tkp vrutfk

ktrah og /r,uhc ohbfuxn ohtb,c hj ubt-ubrus okut

uepepa ,ugs ugnab ub,usku,c ,rjutn vpue,c od

uc,fc lrfc rhth hcr iutdv hpn ubgna vz ihgfu

rutk thmuvku ohase rsxc rujck tpht ubhtr vn

wrp vcr rcsnc) arsnc k"zj a"n h"pg thv vcua,v

ourk ,uhyndrpv ,tkgv ka vchcx ',tzfa vchcxc

"'gsnu vru," suxh kg whhubcv 'ubt-ub,chahc yrpcu

't,fkvs tchkt t,,gna heuxtk vru,v sunhk 'ift

ufza vkt kct 'ohshnk,v cur hcdk xpu, vz 'okut

urzt,va vktk vcuy hhupf 'u"j 'rtahbu ohhxb tk

"/ush kg snka una kg treb lfhpk vhrzg hjt iugnaf tk

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