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UNIT I
.co
m
The A.E is m2 m 1 0 m
1 1 4 1 3i
.
2
2
1 3i
1
3
and ;
2
2
2
x
G.S : y e A cos x B sin x
m
lus
3x
3x
G.S : y e A cos
B sin
where A, B are arbitrary constants.
2
2
art
hip
1
x
2
1
1
cos ax c. 2
sin ax.
2
D a
D a2
bx sin ax cx cos ax
2a
2a
x
b sin ax c cos ax .
2a
2
dy
P.I b
Vi
P.I
D 1
e x cos x
e x
D 1 1
cos x
ww
w.
1
cos x
D2
1
e x sin x
D
x
e cos x.
e x
1
x4
D 4
2
1
D
4 1
x4
lus
1 D2 4
1
x
4
4
.co
m
1 D2 D4 4
1
x
4
4 16
art
hip
1
4.3x 2 4.3.2.1
x4
4
4
16
1
3
x 4 3x2 .
4
2
Problem 5 Solve D 2 6 D 9 y e 2 x x3 .
Solution:
The A.E is m 2 6m 9 0
2
m 3 0
D 3
e 2 x x 3
e 2 x
x3
Vi
dy
m 3, 3
C.F: A Bx e 3x
D 2 3
e 2 x
1 D
x 3 e2 x 1 D x3
2
ww
w.
P.I e 2 x 1 2 D 3D 2 4 D 3 x 3
e 2 x x3 2 3 x 2 3 3.2 x 4 3.2.1
e 2 x x 3 6 x 2 18 x 24
G.S. y A Bx e 3 x x 3 6 x 2 18 x 24 e 2 x .
.co
m
Problem 6 Solve D 2 2 D 1 y x
Solution:
m 1 2
1 2 x
1 2 x
C.F: Ae
Be
Ae x e
1
P.I 2
x
D 2D 1
2 4 4
y
2
2x
Be x e
1
x
1 2 D D 2
1 2D D 2 x
G.S: y e x Ae
2x
Be
2x
art
hip
P.I 1 2 D D 2 x x 2
2x
lus
The A.E is m 2 2m 1 0 m
x 2.
e2 x cos x
2
D 2 1
2
e 2 x
e 2 x
D 2 2
cos x
1
cos x
D 1
2
xe 2 x
sin x.
2
Vi
P.I
dy
P.I
ww
w.
Thus x x 2 (or) D 2 1 x 2
m2 1 0 m i
C.F. A cos t B sin t
P.I
.co
m
1
1
2
2
2 2
D 2 1
Problem 9 Solve D3 3D 2 6 D 8 y x .
Solution:
lus
The A.E is m3 3m 2 6m 8 0
m 1 m 2 m 4 0
m 1, 2, 4
art
hip
x
3
D 3D 2 6 D
8 1
1 D3 3D 2 6 D
1
x
8
8
dy
1 D 3 3D 2 6 D
1
.. x
8
8
1
6 1
3
x x .
8
8 8
4
Complete solution is y C.F P.I
1
3
y C1 e x C2 e 2 x C3e 4 x x .
8
4
Vi
ww
w.
Given D 2 4 D 13 y e 2 x
The A.E is m 2 4m 13 0
4 16 52
m
2
4 36
2
4 6i
2 3i
2
C.F y e2 x A cos 3x B sin 3x
.co
m
1
e2 x
D 4 D 13
1
1
e2 x e2 x
4 8 13
9
G.S: y C.F P.I
2
y e 2 x A cos 3 x B sin 3x
e2 x
.
9
1 m 2 1 0
art
hip
Given D 5 D y 12e x
lus
P.I.
m 0, m 1, m i
C.F C1 e0 x C2 e x C3e x C4 cos x C5 sin x
1
12e x
D D
1
12e x Replacing D by 1
1 1
x
12e x Replacing D by 1
5D 4 1
x
x
Vi
dy
P.I
ww
w.
m 2, 3
C.F. is C1 e 2 x C2 e 3 x
1
P.I 2
e 7 x sinh 3x
D 5D 6
6
.co
m
3x
1
e 3 x
7 x e
e
D 2 5D 6
2
1
1
1
2
e 4 x 2
e10 x
2 D 5D 6
D 5D 6
4 x
10 x
1 e
e
2 16 20 6 10 50 6
1 e4 x e10 x
2 2
34
G.S. y C1e 2 x C2 e 3 x
lus
e 4 x e 10 x
.
4
68
Given m3 3m 2 4m 2 0
m 1 m 2 2m 2 0
art
hip
m 1 (or ) m 1 i
Complementary function Ae x e x B cos x C sin x
1
ex
D 3D 4 D 2
1
3
ex
2
1
3
1
4
1
2
3
Replacing D by 1
dy
P.I
1
1
ex ex
1 3 4 2
0
x
ex
2
3D 6 D 4
1
e x Replacing D by 1
36 4
xe x
G.S: y C.F . P.I
Ae x e x B cos x C sin x xe x .
ww
w.
Vi
d2y
dy
4 4 y e 2 x
2
dx
dx
Solution:
Given D 2 4 D 4 y e 2 x
The A.E is m 2 4m 4 0
m2 2 m 2 0
7
.co
m
m 2, 2
C.F.: Ax B e2 x
P.I
1
e 2 x
D 4D 4
1
e 2 x
2
2 4 2 4
2
Replacing D by - 2
1
e2 x Dr is 0
4 8 4
x
e2 x Replacing D by -2
2D 4
x
e 2 x
2 2 4
x 2 2 x
e
2
Dr is 0
G.S is y Ax B e 2 x
art
hip
lus
x 2 2 x
e .
2
m 1, 1
C.F.: Ax B e x
dy
The A.E is m 2 2m 1 0
m 1 m 1 0
Vi
e x
2
1 2 1 1
Replacing D by -1
1
e x
1 2 1
x
e x Dr is 0
2D 2
x
e x Replacing D by -1
2 1 2
ww
w.
PI 2
1
3e0 x
D 2D 1
2
2 0 1
3e0 x
G.S is y Ax B e x
Replacing D by 0
x2 x
e 3.
2
Part-B
.co
m
lus
The A.E. is m 2 2m 8 0
art
hip
m 4 m 2 0
m 2, 4
C.F.: Ae 2 x Be 4 x
e x e x e3 x e 3 x
2x
x 2
4
e e 1
2
2
4x
2 x
2x
4 x
e e e e e 4 x 2e3 x e 2 x 1
e 2 x e 4 x 2e3 x 1e0 x
1
1
P.I.
e2 x
e4 x 2e3x e0 x
D 4 D 2
D 4 D 2
1
e 4 x
2e3 x
1
e 2 x
2 4 D 2
8 2 1 5 4 2
dy
xe2 x e4 x 2e3 x 1
6
16
5
8
2 x
xe
e4 x 2e3 x 1
G.S is y Ae 2 x Be 4 x
.
6
16
5
8
Vi
ww
w.
The A.E is m 2 1 0 m 2 1 m i
C.F.: A cos x B sin x
cos x 2 cos 2 x cos 3 x cos x
R.H.S
cos 5 x cos x
2
2
1
2 cos x cos 5 x 2 cos 2 x
4
1
cos 6 x cos 4 x 1 cos 2 x
4
2 cos A cos B cos A B cos A B A 3 x, B 2 x
1
sin 2 x cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x
D 1
2
D 2 1 2
2
4
4
4
4
1
cos 2 x
cos 6 x
cos 4 x
cos 2 x
1
2
2 4 1 4 36 1 4 16 1 4 4 1 4
lus
P.I.
.co
m
.
4
6
140
60
140
4
cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x 3
G.S. is y A cos x B sin x
.
12
60
140
4
Problem 3 Solve
art
hip
d 2x
10 x cos8 y.
dy 2
Solution:
Vi
dy
64 10
54
D 10
G.S. is x A cos 10 y B sin 10 y
d2y
dy
6 9 y sin x cos 2 x .
2
dx
dx
ww
w.
Problem 4 Solve
cos8 y
54
Solution:
The A.E is m 2 6m 9 0
m 3
m 3, 3.
C.F.: A Bx e 3x
R.H.S
2sin x cos 2 x 1
sin 3x sin x
2
2
10
.co
m
1
sin 3x sin x
2
2sin A cos B sin A B sin A B A x, B 2 x
P.I.
1
1
1
1
sin 3 x
sin x
2
2 D 3
2 D 3 2
1
1
1
1
sin 3x
sin x
2
2
2 D 6D 9
2 D 6D 9
1
1
1
1
P.I.
sin 3 x
sin x
2 9 6 D 9
2 1 6 D 9
1 1
1
1
sin 3x
sin x
12 D
2 8 6D
4 3D sin x
cos 3x
12 3 4 4 3D 4 3D
art
hip
lus
1
1
1
cos 3x
4sin x 3cos x
36
4 16 9 D 2
1
1 4sin x 3cos x
cos 3x
36
4
16 9
cos 3x sin x 3cos x
36
25
100
dy
Vi
The A.E. is m 2 4 0
m 2i
C.F.: A cos 2 x B sin 2 x
1
1 1 cos 2 x
P.I 2
x4 2
D 4
D 4
2
1
1
1
1
1 1
x4
e0 x
cos 2 x
2
2
4 D
2 D 4
2 D2 4
1
x sin 2 x
1 D2 4
1
1
x
4
4
2 4 2 2 2
ww
w.
1 D 2 D 4 4 1 x sin 2 x
1
x
4
4 16
8
8
x 4 12 x 2 4.3.2.1 1 x sin 2 x
4
16
64
8
8
11
4 3 x 2 x 4 x sin 2 x
8 4
4
8
lus
.co
m
e x e x
1
1
2
x
x
P.I. 2
x 2 xe e D 2 2D 1 cos 2 x 2
D 2 D 1
art
hip
1
1
x2
x2
2
2
D
1 2 D D
2
1 2 D D 2 2 D D 2 .... x 2
2
2
2
2
1 2 D D 4 D x x
2
x 2 4 x 5 2
1
x 2 x 2 4 x 10
D 2D 1
2
2e x
x
xe
x
2
2
D 1 2 D 1 1
D 2D 1
1
2e x 2
x
D 2D 1 2D 2 1
2e x
2
x
D 4D 2
2e x
1
x
2
D2
1 2 D
Vi
dy
D2
e 1 2 D
x
2
ww
w.
D2
e x 1 2 D
... x
2
x
e 1 2 D x
2
xe x e x x 2 x 2 e x
D 2 D 1
2
12
1
1
e2 x
2x
2x
e
D 2 2D 1
7
4 4 1
.co
m
1
e x cos 2 x
1
e x cos 2 x
D 2 2D 1
2
D2 2D 1
2
x
e
1
e x
1
cos
2
x
cos 2 x
2
2
2 D 1 2 D 1 1
2 D 1 2 D 1 1
ex
1
e x cos 2 x
2.2sin
2
x
cos
2
x
2 2 4 D 2 1
12
art
hip
lus
ex
1
e x 1
cos 2 x
cos 2 x
2 D2 2D 1 2D 2 1
2 4 2
e x 2 D 1 cos 2 x
e x
cos 2 x
2 2 2 D 1 2 D 1 12
4
12
16 1
e x cos 2 x 4sin 2 x
e x cos 2 x
12
dy
17
The General Solution is
1 2 x
e2 x
1 2 x
2
y Ae
Be
10 4 x x
x 2 ex
7
x
x
e
e
cos 2 x 4sin 2 x
cos 2 x
17
12
ww
w.
Vi
The A.E is m 2 4 0
m 2 4
m 2 i
C.F.: A cos 2 x B sin 2 x
1
P.I 2
x 2 cos 2 x
D 4
1
R.P of 2
x 2ei 2 x R.P. of
D 4
e2ix
D 2i
x2
1
x2
D 4iD 4 4
1
1
R.P of e2ix 2
x 2 R.P of e2ix
x2
D 4iD
D D 4i
13
R.P of e2ix
1
D
1
D
4i 1
4i
.co
m
x2
e 2ix 1 D 2
1 x
4i D 4i
e2ix 1 D D 2 2
R.P of
1
x
4i D 4i 16
R.P of
lus
ie 2ix x3 x 2 x
R.P of
4 3 4i 8
R.P of
art
hip
ie2ix x3 ix 2 x
R.P of
4 8
4 3
e 2ix x3i x 2 ix
R.P of
4 8
4 3
4
4
3
8
P.I.
4
4
3
8
.
16
12
32
dy
ww
w.
Vi
The A.E. is m 2 a 2 0
m2 a 2
m ai
C.F.: A cos ax B sin a x
1
P.I
sec a x 1
D ai D ai
Using partial fractions
1
C2
C
1
2
2
D a
D ai D ai
1 C1 D ai C2 D ai
C1
1
1
, C2
2ia
2ia
14
P.I.
1
1
1
1
sec ax
sec a x
2ia D ai
2ia D ai
1
1
eaix aix
sec ax
e sec a x dx
2ia D ai
2ia
art
hip
lus
e aix aix
e aix aix
e sec a x dx
e sec a x dx
2ia
2ia
e aix cos ax i sin ax
eaix cos ax i sin ax
P.I.
dx
dx
2ia
cos ax
2ia
cos ax
e aix
eaix
P.I.
1
i
tan
ax
dx
1 i tan ax dx
2ia
2ia
aix
e aix
i
i
e
log
sec
ax
x log sec ax
2ia
a
a
2ia
aix
aix
aix
aix
e e
2 x e e 2i
log sec ax
2
2a
2i
2
2ia
.co
m
x
1
sin ax 2 log sec ax cos ax
a
a
1
2 ax sin ax cos ax log cos ax
a
G.S. is y C.F P.I .
dy
The A.E is m 2 4m 3 0
m 1 m 3 0
e x
e3 x
sin x
x
D 1 3 D 1 1
D 3 1 D 3 3
1
1
sin x e3 x
x
D 2 D
D 4 D 6
ww
w.
Vi
m 1, 3
C.F.: Ae x Be 3 x
1
1
P.I
e x sin x
xe3 x
D
3
D
1
D
1
D
e x
e x
D2
1
cos x e3 x 2
x
D 10 D 24
D 2 D 2
e x
1
e3 x
sin
x
2
cos
x
24
D2 4
1
x
10 D D 2
1
24 24
15
1
e3 x 5 D D 2
P.I. e
sin
x
2
cos
x
24 12 24
D2 4
x
e x sin x 2 cos x e3 x 5 D
1
x
24 12
1 4
art
hip
3 x 2 2 D 2 3 3 x 2 D 36 y 3 x 2 4 x 1
lus
e x
e3 x
5
sin x 2 cos x x
5
24 12
x
e
e3 x
5
G.S. is y Ae x Be 3 x
sin x 2 cos x x .
5
24 12
.co
m
2
Let 3 x 2 D 2 3 3 x 2 D 36 y 3x 2 4 x 1
t
Let 3x 2 e or t log 3 x 2
dt
3
dx
3x 2
z
3x e 2
1
2
x ez
3
3
Let 3x 2 D 3D
D 2 9 D D 1
dy
3x 2
ww
w.
Vi
2
2
1
1
9 D D 1 3 3D 36 y 3 e z 4 e z 1
3
3
3
3
4 4 4
8
1
9 D2 9 D 9 D 36 y 3 e 2 z e z e z 1
9 9 3
3
9
1
4 4
4
8
9 D2 36 y e2 z e z e z 1
3
3 3
3
3
1 2z 1
e
3
3
2
A.E is 9m 36 0
9m 2 36
m2 4
m 2
C.F Ae 2 z Be 2 z
2
2
A 3x 2 B 3x 2
16
.co
m
1
e2 z
9 D2 36 3
1
1
.
e2 z
3 36 36
1
1 2z
z
e
3 18D
1 e2 z
z
54 2
1
ze2 z
108
1
2
log 3x 2 3x 2
108
1
e0 z
P.I 2
9 D12 36 3
1 1 0z
1
.
e
3 36
108
y C.F P.I1 PI 2
art
hip
lus
P.I1
1
1
2
3x 2 log 3x 2
108
108
1
2
2
2
A 3x 2 B 3x 2
3x 2 log 3x 2 1 .
108
A 3x 2 B 3 x 2
2
Solution:
dy
d
.
dx
The A.E m2 5m 4 0
m 4 or m 1
ww
w.
Vi
C.F Ae 4 x Be x
1
P.I 2
e x sin 2 x 2 x 2 1
D 5D 4
1
1
e3 x
sin 2 x
x 2 1
2
2
D 5D
D 1 5 D 1 4
4 1
2
1
1 5D 5D 2
e3 x 2
sin 2 x 1
x 1
D 3D
4
4
16
e x
1
5
13
2sin 2 x 3cos 2 x x 2 x
26
4
2
8
G.S : y C.F . P.I
17
e x
1
5
13
2sin 2 x 3cos 2 x x2 x .
26
4
2
8
2
d y
dy
Solve x 2 2 4 x 6 y sin log x .
dx
dx
y Ae 4 x Be x
Problem 12
Solution:
d2y
dy
Given equation is x
4 x 6 y sin log x .
2
dx
dx
2 2
x D 4 xD 6 y sin log x 1
Put x e z or z log x
xD D 2
d
dz
art
hip
x 2 D 2 D D 1 3 Where D denotes
lus
.co
m
i.e D2 D 4 D 2 y sin z
D2 3D 2 y sin z 4
The A.E is m 2 3m 2 0
m 1 m 2 0
m 1, 2
ww
w.
Vi
dy
C.F.: Ae z Be 2 z
1
P.I.= 2
sin z
D 3 D 2
1
sin z
1 3 D 2
1
sin z
3D 1
3D 1
sin z
9 D 2 1
3D 1 sin z Replace D2 by 1
9 1 1
3D sin z sin z
10
3cos z sin z
10
The solution of (4) is
3cos z sin z
y Ae z Be 2 z
10
18
lus
sin
log x
y Ax 1 Bx 2
10
3cos
log
x
sin
log x
A B
y 2
x x
10
This gives the solution of the given differential equation.
.co
m
D 4 x 3 y t ,
2 x D 5 y e2t
Solution:
2 x D 5 y e 2t 2
2 1 D 4 2
art
hip
Given D 4 x 3 y t 1
6 y D 4 D 5 y 2t D 4 e 2t
6 D 2 9 D 20 y 2t 2e 2t 4e zt
D 2 9D 14 y 6e2t 2t
The A.E. is m2 9m 14 0
m 7 m 2 0
6e 2t
2
4 18 14 14
1
t
9D D2
1
14 14
Vi
dy
m 2, 7
C.F.: Ae 2t Be 7 t
6
2
P.I. 2
e 2t 2
t
D 9 D 14 D 9D 14
ww
w.
6e 2t 1 9 D D 2
t
36 7 14 14
e2t 1 9 D
e 2t 1
9
1
t
t
6 7 14
6 7 14
2t
e
t 9
G.S. is y Ae 2 t Be 7 t
6 7 98
To Calculate x
2e 2 t 1
Dy 2 Ae 2t 7 Be 7 t
6
7
19
.co
m
5e 2t 5t 45
6
7 98
7e2t 5t 1 45
D 5 y 3 Ae2t 2 Be 7 t
6
7 7 98
2t
2 2 x D 5 y e
5 y 5 Ae 2t 5 Be 7 t
7e2t 5t 31 2t
e
6
7 98
3 A 2t
7
5t 31
x
e Be 7 t e 2 t
2
72
14 196
The General solution is
3 A 2t
e2t 5t 31
x
e Be7t
2
12 14 196
e 2t t 9
y Ae2t Be 7 t
.
6 7 98
art
hip
d2y
y tan x by method of variation of parameters
dx 2
Problem 14 Solve:
Solution:
A.E is m 2 1 0
m i
C.F = c1 cos x c2 sin x
P.I PI1 PI 2
dy
f1 cos x ; f 2 sin x
f1 sin x ; f 2 cos x
f 2 f1 f1f 2 1
f2 X
Now, P
dx
f f ff
1
Vi
1 2
lus
3 Ae2t 2 Be7t
s in 2 x
(1 co s 2 x )
dx
dx
cos x
co s x
= sec xdx cos xdx
ww
w.
f1 X
dx
f1 f 2 f1 f 2
20
.co
m
d2y
4 y sec 2 x
dx 2
Solution:
Now, P
f2 X
dx
f1 f 2 f1 f 2
art
hip
lus
The A.E is m 2 4 0
m 2i
C.F = c1 cos 2 x c2 sin 2 x
P.I = Pf1 + Qf2
f1 = cos 2x;
f2 = sin 2x
f1 2sin 2 x ; f 2 2 cos 2 x
f f ff 2
2
1
= tan 2 xdx 1 log cos 2 x
2
4
f1 X
dx
f1 f 2 f1 f 2
dy
ww
w.
Vi
21
UNIT II
VECTOR CALCULUS
Part-A
2 2 2
x 2 y 2 z 2
2
2
2
2 2 2
x y z
2 .
art
hip
lus
div( grad ) .
i
j
k
y
z
x
i j k i
j
k
y
z x
y
z
x
.co
m
Problem 2 Find a, b, c, if F x 2 y az i bx 3 y z j (4 x cy 2 z )k is
irrotational.
Solution:
ww
w.
Vi
dy
F is irrotational if F 0
i
j
k
F
x
y
z
x 2 y az bx 3 y z 4 x cy 2 z
i 4 x cy 2 z bx 3 y z j 4 x cy 2 z x 2 y az
z
z
x
k bx 3 y 2 z x 2 y az
y
x
i c 1 j a 4 k b 2
F 0 0i 0 j 0k i c 1 j a 4 k b 2
c 1 0, a 4 0, b 2 0
c 1, a 4, b 2.
.co
m
Solution:
Let r xi y j zk
By Gauss divergence theorem
F n ds FdV Here F .r
ds
r
rdV
i j k . xi y j zk dV
x
y
z
V
1 1 1 dV
r n ds 3V .
S
lus
dr
r
n ab
dt
art
hip
Solution:
dr
na sin nt nb cos nt
dt
dr
r
a cos nt b sin nt na sin nt nb cos nt
dt
n a b cos 2 nt b a sin 2 nt
n a b cos 2 nt a b sin 2 nt a b b a
n a b 1 n a b
dy
Vi
x
A1
y
A2
z
A3
ww
w.
Solution:
i 3 2 j 3 1 k 2 1
z x
z
y
x
y
3 2 3 1 2 1
x y
z y x
z z x
y
2
2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 1
xy xz yz yx zx zy
div curl A 0
.co
m
art
hip
lus
Let xy 3 z 2 4
y 3 z 2 i 3 xy 2 z 2 j 2 xy 3 zk
3
2
2
2
3
1,1,2 1 2 i 3 1 1 2 j 2 1 1 2 k
4i 12 j 4k
4i 12 j 4k
16 144 16
4 i 3 j k
176
4 i 3 j k
i3j k
.
16 11
11
Problem 7 Applying Greens theorem in plane show that area enclosed by a simple
1
xdy ydx
2
dy
closed curve C is
Solution:
Vi
Pdx Qdy x y dx dy
R
P y, Q x
P
Q
1,
1
y
x
ww
w.
x dy ydx 1 1 dxdy 2 dx dy
R
= 2 Area enclosed by C
1
Area enclosed by C = xdy ydx .
2
Given A is irrotational i.e., A 0
B is irrotational i.e., B 0
. A B B. A A. B
B 0 A0 0
A B is solenoidal.
art
hip
F x 3 y 3 z 3 3xyz
3x 2 3 yz l 3 y 2 3 xz j 3 z 2 3xy k
i
j
k
F
x
y
z
2
2
2
3 x 3 yz 3 y 3 xz 3 z 3 xy
lus
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m
i 3 z 2 3 xy 3 y 2 3 xz j 3 z 2 3xy 3x 2 3 yz
z
z
x
k 3 y 2 3 xz 3 x 2 3 yz
y
x
i 3x 3x j 3 y 3 y k 3 z 3 z
i 0 j0 k 0 0 .
0,0
to 1,1 .
Solution:
If F x 2 i y 2 j , evaluate F d r along the straight line y x from
dy
Problem 10
F .d r x 2 i y 2 j dxi dy
Vi
ww
w.
x 2 dx y 2 dy
Given y x
dy dx
1
F d r x 2 dx y 2 dy
C
x3
2
x dx x dx 2 x dx 2
3 0 3
0
0
1
n
.
.F divF 0
a a1 i a 2 j a 3 k
a
x
a1
j k
0
y z
a2 a3
art
hip
Let
lus
.co
m
dy
grad
i x 2 y 2 x 2 2 j x 2 y 2 z 2 2 k x2 y2 z 2 2
x
y
z
2 x i 2 y j 2 zk
2,2,2 4i 4 j 4k
Vi
The surface integral of the normal component of a vector function F over a closed
ww
w.
Part B
Problem 1
Solution:
x 2 yz 4 xz 2
lus
.co
m
2 xyz 4 z 2 i x 2 z j x 2 y 8 xz k
2
2
2
1, 2, 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 i 1 1 j 1 2 8 1 1 k
4 4 i j 2 8 k
8i j 10k
.a
Directional derivative a is
8i j 10k . 2i j 2k
4 1 4
16 1 20 37
.
3
3
art
hip
yz 2 i xz 2 j 2 xyzk
2
2
1,0,3 0 3 i 1 3 j 2 1 0 3 k 9 j
point 2, 1, 2 .
Solution:
dy
Vi
Let 1 x 2 y 2 z 2 9
1 2 xi 2 y j 2 zk
1 2,1,2 2(2)i 2 1 j 2 2 k 4i 2 j 4k
ww
w.
2 x 2 y 2 z 3
2 2 xi 2 y j k
2 2, 1,2 4i 2 j 2k
4i 2 j 4k . 4i 2 j 2k
16 4 16 16 4 4
16 4 8
36 24
12
1
6 2 6
6
1
cos 1
.
6
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m
Solution:
art
hip
Given F x 2 y 2 x i 2 xy y j
d r dxi dy j dzk
F . d r x 2 y 2 x dx 2 xy y dy
lus
Given y 2 x
2 ydy dx
F .d r x 2 x x dx 2 y 3 y dy
x 2 dx 2 y 3 y dy
1
1 2
3
F dr x dx 2 y y dy
x 2 y4 y2
2 0
3 0 4
1
2 1
0 0 0
3
4 2
dy
ww
w.
Vi
1 1 1
3 2 2
1
2
1
3
3
2
Work done F .dr
3
C
Problem 5
Solution:
x
y
z
2
3
y cos x z 2 y sin x 4 3xz 2
i 0 0 j 3 z 2 3 z 2 k 2 y cos x 2 y cos
0i 0 j 0k 0
If F 3 xyi y 2 j evaluate
Vi
Problem 6
dy
art
hip
lus
F 0
Hence F is irrotational
y 2 cos x z 3 y 2 cos x z 3 dx
x
1 y 2 sin x z 3 x C1
2 y sin x 4 2 y sin x 4 dy
x
y2
2 2 sin x 4 y C2
2
3xz 2 3 xz 2 dy
x
z3
3 3 x C3
3
y 2 sin x xz 3 4 y C
.co
m
y 2 x 2 , from 0, 0 to 1, 2
Solution:
F .dr
ww
w.
F 3 xyi y 2 j
dr dxi dy j dzk
F .dr 3 xydx y 2 dy
Given y 2 x 2
dy 4 xdx
2
F .d r 3 x(2 x 2 )dx 2 x 2 4 x dx
6 x3dx 4 x 4 (4 x)dx
6 x3dx 16 x5 dx
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m
1
3
5
Fd r 6 x 16 x dx
x 4 16 x 6
6
6 0
4
6 16
7
.
4 6
6
2
2
F
.
d
r
when
F
y
i
2
xy
j where the cure C is the
Find
lus
Problem 7
Solution:
OA
AB
BC
CO
OA
AB
b
b 2 dx
BC
Vi
dy
Along
OA,
y 0,
dy 0
AB,
x a,
dx 0
BC ,
y b,
dy 0
CO,
x 0,
dx 0
C F .d r x 2 dx 2aydy
art
hip
Given F x 2 y 2 i 2 xy j
d r dxi dy j dzk
Fd r ( x 2 y 2 )dx 2 xy dy
C is the rectangle OABC and C consists of four different paths.
OA (y = 0)
AB (x = a)
BC (y = b)
CO (x = 0)
F .d r
CO
x 2 dx 2a ydy x 2 b 2 dx
0
x
y x3
2a b 2 x
3 0
2 o 3
a
3
2
a
b
a3
0 2a 0 0 0 ab 2 2ab 2 .
3
2
3
2 2
2
3
Problem 8 If F 4 xy 3x z i 2 x j 2 x zk check whether the integral
2
ww
w.
F .d r is
Solution:
Given
.co
m
F 4 xy 3 x 2 z 2 i 2 x 2 j 2 x 3 zk
d r dxi dy j dzk
2 2
2
3
F .d r 4 xy 3x z dx 2 x dy 2 x zdz
C
art
hip
lus
F F 0
i
j
k
F
x
y
z
4 xy 3x 2 z 2 2 x 2 2 x3 z
i 0, 0 j 6 x 2 z 6 x 2 z k 4 x 4 x
0i 0i 0 j 0k 0.
Hence the line integral is independent of path.
Problem 9
x (1 y)dx ( y
2
x3 )dy where
Solution:
Now
Vi
dy
Let P x 2 (1 y )
P
x2
y
Q y 3 x3
Q
3x 2
x
By greens theorem in a plane
Q P
C Pdx Qdy C x y dxdy
Q
x y dx dy
R
a a
3x
x 2 dx dy
ww
w.
a a
a
a
dy 2 x dx
2
2 x3
y a
3 a
2
a a a3 a3
3
a
10
8a 4
(1)
3
Now Pdx Qdy
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m
AB
BC
CD
DA
Along AB, y a, dy 0
X varies from a to a
Pdx Qdy x 1 y dx x
a
y 3 dy
lus
AB
x 2 (1 a )dx 0
a
art
hip
x3
1 a
3 a
2a 3 2a 4
1 a 3
3
a a
3
3
3
Along BC
x a, dx 0
Y varies from a to a
2
3
3
Pdx Qdy x 1 y dx x y dy
a
BC
(a 3 y 3 )dy
a
Vi
dy
3
y4
a y
4 a
a4
a4
a 4 a 4 2a 4
4
4
Along CD
y a, dy 0
X varies from a to a
a
Pdx Qdy x 1 y dx x
2
y 3 dy
ww
w.
CD
x 2 (1 a )dx
a
x3
1 a dx
3 a
a 3 a 3
1 a
11
.co
m
2a 3 2a 4
3
3
Along DA ,
x a, dx 0
Y Varies from a to a
a
Pdx Qdy x 1 y dx x
2
y 3 dy
a 2 1 y dx y 3 a 3 dy
a
lus
DA
Pdx Qdy
art
hip
y4
a3 y
4
a
4
a
a4
a 4 a 4 2a 4
4
4
2a 3 2a 4
2 a 3 2a 4
2a 4
2a 4
3
3
3
3
dy
4
4a 4 a 4
3
4
8a
......(2)
3
From (1) and (2)
Q P
8a 4
Pdx
Qdy
dxdy
R x y
3
C
Hence Greens theorem verified.
Vi
3x
x y2 , y x2 .
Solution:
ww
w.
Given
3x
8 y 2 dx 4 y 6 xy dy
P 3x 8 y 2
2
12
P
16 y
y
Q 4 y 6 xy
Q
6 y
x
Evaluation of
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Pdx Qdy
(i) Along OA
y x 2 dy 2 xdx
Pdx Qdy 3x
OA
8 x 4 dx 4 x 2 6 x 3 2 xdx
OA
3x 2 8 x 4 8 x 3 12 x 4 dx
0
1
x5
x 4 3x3
20 8
5
4
3 0
20 8 3
5
5 3
4 2 1 1
Along AO
y 2 x 2 ydy dx
Ao
Ao
(6 y
8 y 2 2 y dy 4 y 6 y 3 dy
dy
Pdx Qdy 3 y
art
hip
20 x 4 8 x 3 3 x 2 dx
lus
16 y 3 4 y 6 y 3 )dy
AO
0
Vi
6 y 5 22 y 3 4 y dy
0
y6
y4 4 y2
6 22
4
2 1
6
0
ww
w.
11
5
y6 y4 2 y2
2
1 2
5 3
Pdx Qdy 1 (1)
2 2
C
OA AO
Evaluation of
x y dx dy
R
x y dxdy 6 y 16 y dxdy
R
13
0 y2
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m
10 y dx dy 10 xy x y dy
1
10 y
x y
y y 2 dy
32
10 y y 3 dy
0
1
art
hip
lus
y 2 y4
10
5
4
2
0
2 1
10
5 4
8 5
10
20
30 3
(2)
20 2
For (1) and (2)
Hence Greens theorem is verified.
Solution:
F .n
ds
div F dV
V
dy
Gauss
divergencetheorem is
div F y x z 2 2 z
x
y
z
Vi
div F dV
9 x2 2
2 z dzdy dx
3 9 x 2 0
z2
2
2 2 dydx
0
9 x
ww
w.
9 x2
3
3
9 x2
3 9 x
dydx
4 3
36 .................(1)
14
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m
F .n ds
S
S1
S2
S3
S1 is the bottom of the circular region, S2 is the top of the circular region and S3 is the
cylindrical region
On S1 , n k , ds dxdy , z 0
2
F . n ds z dxdy 0
On S 2 , n k , ds dxdy, z 2
2
F .n ds z dx dy
lus
S1
s2
4 dxdy
4 3
36
art
hip
On S3 , x 2 y 2 9
2
xi
2
y
j
n
4 x2 y 2
xi y j
3
2 xi y j
S F .n ds yi x j z k 3 ds
3
yx yx
2
ds xy ds
3
3 S
Let x 3cos , y 3sin
ds 3 d dy
varies from 0 to 2
z varies from 0 to 2
2 2
2
9sin cos 3 d dz
30 0
Vi
dy
2 2
ww
w.
18
sin 2 d dz
2 0 0
2
cos 2
9
dz
2 0
0
2
9
1 1 dz 0
2 0
F .n ds 0 36 0 36 ...............(2)
S
15
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m
F
.
n
ds
div
FdV
C
Problem
12
Verify Stokes theorem for the vector field defined by
x 0, x a, y 0, y b.
Solution:
curl F
lus
F x 2 y 2 i 2 xy j
By Stokes theorem F . d r curl F .n ds
S
b a
4 y dx dy
0 0
OA
AB
BC
CO
Vi
F .dr
dy
y2
a
4 x 0
2 0
2ab 2 ..............(1)
art
hip
x
y
z
2
2
x y 2 xy 0
i 0 0 j 0 0 k 2 y 2 y 4 yk
As the region is in the xy plane we can take n k and ds dxdy
curl F .n ds 4 yk.k dx dy
Along OA
y 0 dy 0,
x varies from 0 to a
a
ww
w.
x 2 y 2 dx 2 xy dy
OA
x3
a3
x dx
3 0 3
0
a
Along AB
x a dx o, y varies from 0 to b
16
AB
.co
m
a 2 y 2 .0 2ay dy
0
y2
2a ab 2
2 0
Along BC
y b, dy 0
x varies from a to 0
BC
b 2 dx 0
lus
a3
ab 2
3
Along CO
x 0, dx 0,
y varies from b to 0
CO
0 y 2 0 0 0
b
art
hip
x3
b2 x
3
a
a 3
a3
2
F . d r ab ab 2 0
3
3
c
dy
2ab 2 .........(2)
For (1) and (2)
F
.
d
r
curl
F . nds
2
F
.
nds
if
where S is the surface in
F
y
i
2
x
j
2
yzk
Vi
Problem 13
Solution:
ww
w.
Then 2i j 2k
2i j 2k 2i j 2k
3
4 1 4
1
The unit outward normal n to the surface S is n 2i j 2k
3
Let R be the projection of S on the xy plane
17
dx dy
F .n ds F .n
n.k
S
R1
1
2
n.k 2i j 2k .k
3
3
F .n x y 2 i 2 x j 2 yzk . 2i j 2k
3
.co
m
2
2
4
x y 2 x yz
3
3
3
2
y 2 2 yz
3
2
y y 2z
3
2
y y 6 y 2 x
3
2
y 6 2 x
3
4
y 3 x
3
dx dy
F .n ds F .n
n.k
S
S
dy
R1
3 6 2 x
2
0
art
hip
4
dxdy
y 3 x
3
2/3
2 3 x dx dy
lus
3 x dx dy
0
62 x
y2
2 3 x
2 0
0
dx
Vi
4 3 x d x
3
ww
w.
(3 x)4
4
4 0
81 units.
Problem 14
Evaluate
x y dx 2 x 3xy
Solution:
18
art
hip
F x y i 2x z j y z k
dr i dx jdy k dz
i
j
k
curl F
x
y
z
x y 2x z y z
i 1 1 j 0 0 k 2 1
curl F 2i k
Equation of the plane ABC is
x y z
1
2 3 6
3x 2 y z 6
Let 3x 2 y z 6
3i 2 j k
lus
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m
Vi
dy
14
3i 2 j k 6 1
7
curl F . n 2i k .
14
14
14
7
Hence curl F . nds
ds
14
S
S
7
dxdy
14 R nk
dxdy
R 1
14
7 dxdy
7
14
ww
w.
3i 2 j k
1
n k
.k
14
14
7 Area of le OAB
7 3 21.
19
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m
Problem 15
Solution:
F
.
d
r
F .nds
F y z i yz j xzk
i
j
k
F
x
y z
y z yz xz
yi z 1 j k
F .n ds
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
is not applicable, since the given condition is above the XOY plane.
S6
S1
lus
art
hip
Stoke's theorem is
AEGD
yi z 1 j k .idydz
ydy dz
AEGD
y2
y dy dz dz
2 0
0 0
0
1 1
1
z 0
2
2
yi z 1 j k . i dydz
y2
1
y dy dz dz
2 0
2
0 0
0
yi z 1 j k jdxdz
OBFC
Vi
S2
dy
1 1
S3
ww
w.
1 1
EBFG
1 1
z 1 dx dz xz x 0 dz
0 0
z
1
1
z 1
2
2
0 2
yi z 1 j k j dxdz
2
S4
OADC
20
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m
1 1
z 1 dx dz
0 0
1
xz x 0 z 1 dz
1
z2
1
1
z
1
2
2
0 2
yi z 1 j k .kdxdy
lus
S5
DGFC
1 1
1dxdy x 0 dy
1
0 0
1 dy y 0 1
0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
art
hip
1 1 1 1
1 1
2 2 2 2
L.H .S F .dr
C
OA
AE
EB
BO
y z dx yzdy xzdz
OA
OA
y 0, z 0, dy 0, dz 0
0 0
OA
dy
y z dx yzdy xzdz
AE
AE
x 1,
0 0
AE
z 0, dx 0, dz 0
EB
Vi
y z dx yzdy xzdz
EB
y 1,
1 dx
1
z 0,
x 1 0 1 1
0
ww
w.
y z dx yzdy xzdz
BO
BO
00
x 0,
z 0
BO
0
C
OA
AE
EB
BO
0 0 1 0 1
21
UNIT III
ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
Part-A
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m
lus
Cartesian form:
u v u
v
,
x y y
x
Polar form:
u 1 v v
1 u
r r r
r
art
hip
Problem 2 State the sufficient condition for the function f(z) to be analytic.
Solution:
f z u iv e z
dy
Vi
u e x cos y, v e x sin y
u x e x cosy, vx e x siny
u y e x siny, vy e x cosy
ww
w.
i.e., u x v y , u y vx
Hence C-R equations are satisfied.
f z e z is analytic.
.co
m
lus
u
v
1,
0
x
x
u
v
0,
1
y
y
ux vy
C-R equations are not satisfied anywhere.
Hence f z z is not analytic.
art
hip
(i) Both real and imaginary parts of any analytic function satisfy Laplace equation.
2u 2u
2v 2v
i.e., 2 2 0 or 2 2 0 .
x y
x y
(ii) If w u iv is an analytic function, then the curves of the family u x, y c, cut
orthogonally the curves of the family v x, y c .
Problem 6
Solution:
z x iy
dy
z
f ( z ) f (0)
zz
Lim
Lim
Lim Lim z 0
z 0
z 0 z
z 0 z
z 0
z 0
f z is differentiable at z 0 .
Let z x iy
z z z x iy x iy x 2 y 2
2
f z x2 y 2 i0
Vi
u x2 y2 , v 0
u x 2 x, v x 0
u y 2 y, v y 0
The C-R equation u x v y and u y vx are not satisfied at points other than z = 0.
ww
w.
Therefore f z is not analytic at points other than z 0 . But a function can not be
analytic at a single point only. Therefore f z is not analytic at z = 0 also.
, v x2 y2
2
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m
Problem 8
Solution:
art
hip
v sinhxcosy
v
v
coshxcosy,
sinhxsiny
x
y
lus
u
v
2 y,
2x
x
x
u
v
2 x,
2 y
y
y
u x v y and u y vx
C-R equations are not satisfied.
Hence f z is not analytic function.
2v
2v
sinhxcosy
,
sinhycosy
x 2
y 2
2v 2v
sinhxcosy sinhycosy 0
x 2 y 2
Hence v is a harmonic function.
Problem 9 Construct the analytic function f ( z ) for which the real part is e x cosy .
Solution:
Vi
1 z,0 e z
dy
u e x cos y
u
e x cos y
x
u
Assume
x, y 1 z, 0
x
u
e x siny
y
u x, y
2 z, 0
y
ww
w.
Assume
2 z,0 0
f z f ' z dz 1 z , 0 dz i 2 z , 0 dz
e z dz i 0
f z ez C .
.co
m
Problem 10 Prove that an analytic function whose real part is constant must itself be a
constant.
Solution:
lus
ux 0 , u y 0
vy 0 & vx 0 by 1
We know that f z u iv
f z u x ivx
art
hip
f z 0 i0
f z 0
prove that
Solution:
2w
0
z z
dy
dw w
w
i
where w u iv and
dz x
y
Vi
w u x, y iv x, y is an analytic function of z .
As f z is analytic we have u x v y , u y vx
dw
f ' z u x ivx v y iu y i u y iv y
dz
u
u
v
v
i
i
i
x x
y y
ww
w.
Now
u iv i u iv
x
y
w
w
i
x
y
w
0
z
W.K.T.
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m
2w
0
z z
Problem 13
conformal?
Solution:
lus
az b
, a d bc 0 where a, b, c, d
cz d
numbers is called a bilinear transformation.
dw
The condition for the function to be conformal is
0.
dz
The transformation w
are complex
2
z
art
hip
2
z
z 2 2z 2
z2 2z 2 0
2 4 4 1 2
2 1
dy
2
z
2 4 8 2 2i
2
2
1 i
The invariant points are z 1 i, 1 i
Vi
1
(ii) w z 3 .
z
ww
w.
1
z
dw
For critical point
0
dz
dw
1
1 2 0
dz
z
z i are the critical points
(i). Given w z
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m
(ii). Given w z 3
dw
3z 2 0
dz
z 0
z 0 is the critical point.
lus
Part-B
Problem 1
Solution:
u
6 xy 6 y
y
2 x , y
2 z,0 0
art
hip
Given u x3 3xy 2 3x 2 3 y 2 1
u
1 x, y
3x 2 3 y 2 6 x
x
1 z,0 3z 2 6 z
3 z 2 6 z dz 0
2
z
z
6 C z 3 3z 2 C
3
2
dy
Vi
v e x x cos y y sin y
v e x x cos y y sin y
v
e x cos y x cos y y sin y e x
x
2 z , 0 e z z e z e z ze z e z 1 z
ww
w.
2 x , y
1 x, y
u
e x x sin y y cos y sin y 1
y
1 z,0 e z 0 0 0 0
0 dz i 1 z e z dz
e z
e z
i 1 z 1
C
2
1
1
i 1 z e z e z C
i e z ze z e z C i ze z C
sin 2 x
.
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
lus
.co
m
Solution:
sin 2 x
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
u cosh 2 y cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x sin 2 x 2sin 2 x
1 x, y
2
x
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
art
hip
Given u
2
1 cos 2 z
1 cos 2 z 2 cos 2 z 2 1 cos 2 z 1 cos 2 z
2
1 cos 2 z
2 cos 2 z 2 1 cos 2 z 2 cos 2 z 2 2 cos 2 z
dy
1 z , 0
1 cos 2 z
1 cos 2 z
2
1
1 cos 2 z
1 cos 2 z
1
2 cos ec 2 z
sin z
u cosh 2 y cos 2 x 0 sin 2 x 2 sinh 2 y
2 x , y
2
y
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
ww
w.
Vi
2 sin 2 x sinh 2 y
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
2 z, 0 0
cosec 2 z dz 0 cot z C
Problem 4 Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function w u iv
Solution:
Let f z w u iv be analytic
To Prove: u and v satisfy the Laplace equation.
2u 2u
2v 2v
i.e., To prove: 2 2 0 and 2 2 0
x
y
x y
u and v satisfy C-R equations
u v
.. (1)
x y
u
v
and
.. (2)
y
x
hip
Given: f z is analytic
lus
.co
2u 2 v
.. (3)
x 2 xy
2u
2v
.. (4)
Diff. (2) p.w.r. to y we get 2
y
yx
The second order mixed partial derivatives are equal
2v
2v
i.e.,
xy yx
2u 2 u 2 v
2v
(3) + (4) 2 2
0
x
y
xy yx
u satisfies Laplace equation
idy
art
2u 2 v
(5)
yx y 2
2u
2v
Diff. (2) p.w.r. to x we get
2 (6)
xy
x
2
2
2
2
v v v
v
(5) + (6) 2 2
0
x
y
yx xy
w.
V
2 v 2 v
0
x 2 y 2
v Satisfies Laplace equation
i.e.,
ww
2
2
2
2
Solution:
Let f(z) = u + iv be analytic.
8
2
x
v 2x u (0) v 2x u 2x v(0)
2
x
v 2x
4. f (z)
idy
2
u 2uux
x
2 2
u 2uux
2
x
x
2 uuxx uxux
(4)
art
(3)
hip
2u
4u
(1)
(2)
lus
.co
w.
V
2 uu xx u x 2
2 2
u 2 uu yy u 2y
2
y
2
2
2 2 u 2 2 u u xx u yy u x2 u y2
x y
2 u 0 u x2 u y2
ww
2 f z
Solution:
f z u iv............... 1
1 2 2 f z 2u i 2v...........(3)
3 2 (2 i) f z 2u v i 2v u ............(4)
F z U iV
2u v U e x cos y sin y
art
hip
U
e x cos y e x sin y
x
1 z, o e z
1 x, y
lus
if z iu v............... 2
.co
m
u
e x sin y e x cos y
x
2 z, o e z
By Milne Thomson method
F z 1 z, o i2 z, o
2 x, y
F z dz e dz i e dz
z
dy
F z 1 i e z C (5)
From (4) & (5)
1 i e z C 2 i f z
1 i z
C
e
2i
2i
1 3i z
C
f z
e
5
2i
Vi
f z
Problem 8 Find the Bilinear transformation that maps the points 1 i, i, 2 i of the
ww
w.
z2 i, w2 1
z3 2 i, w3 i
Cross-ratio
w w1 w2 w3 z z1 z2 z3
w1 w2 w3 w z1 z2 z3 z
10
.co
m
ww
w.
Vi
dy
art
hip
lus
w 0 1 i z 1 i i 2 i
0 1 i w 1 i i 2 i z
w 1 i
z 1 i i 2 i
1 i w 1 i i 2 i z
w 1 i
z 1 i 2
w i 1 2i 2 i z
w 1 i
2 z 1 i
w i 1 2i 2 i z
2
z 1 i
w
w i 1 2i 1 i 2 i z
2
z 1 i
w
w i 1 i 2i 2 2 i z
2 z 1 i
w
w i 3 i 2 i z
w i 3 i 2 i z
w
2 z 1 i
i 3 i 2 i z
1
w
2 z 1 i
i
3 i 2 i z
1
w
2 z 1 i
i
3 i 2 i z
1
w
2 z 1 i
i 2 z 1 i 3 i 2 i z
w
2 z 1 i
2 z 1 i
w
i 2 z 1 i 3 i 2 i z
2i z 1 i
w
2 z 1 i 3 i 2 i z
2i z 1 i
w
2 z 2 2i 6 3i 3z 2i 1 zi
2i z 1 i
w
.
z 5 3i zi
11
.co
m
f z u iv
f z u 2 v2 C
f z u 2 v2 C 2
art
hip
u 2 v 2 C 2 ...............(1)
Diff (1) with respect to x
u
v
2u
2v 0
x
x
uu x vvx 0.............(2)
Diff (1) with respect to y
u
v
2u 2v 0
y
y
uvx vu x 0............(3)
lus
(2) u (3) v u 2 v 2 u x 0
ux 0
(2) v (3) u u 2 v 2 v x 0
vx 0
f z 0
Integrate w.r.to z
f z C
dy
W.K.T f z ux ivx 0
Vi
v x, y C2 are Orthogonal.
ww
w.
Given u x, y C1.............(1)
v x, y C2 .............(2)
By total differentiation
u
u
du dx dy
x
y
v
v
dv dx dy
x
y
12
lus
m1 ( say )
dx u / y
dy v / x
m2 ( say )
dx v / y
u / x v / x
m1 m2
( u x v y u y vx )
u / y v / y
m1 m2 1
.co
m
art
hip
Problem 11 Show that the function u log x 2 y 2 is harmonic and determine its
1
2
conjugate.
Solution:
1
log x 2 y 2
2
1
1
x
. 2
2x 2
2
2 x y
x y2
1
1
y
. 2
2y 2
2
2 x y
x y2
u
x
u
y
dy
Given u
2
2
2u x y x 2 x
y 2 x2
2
2
x 2
x2 y2
x2 y 2
2 u 2u y 2 x 2 x 2 y 2
0
2
x 2 y 2
x2 y 2
ww
w.
Vi
2
2
2
2u x y 1 2 y
x2 y 2
2
2
x 2
x2 y 2
x2 y2
13
2 x , y
.co
m
u
y
2
y x y 2
2 z, o 0
By Milne Thomson Methods
f z 1 z, o i2 z, o
1
f z dz z dz 0
lus
log z c
f z log rei
f z u iv log r i
u log r , v
2
2
2
1 y
r x y , tan x
y
y
v tan 1 Conjugate of u is tan 1 .
x
x
1
1
Problem 12 Find the image of the infinite strips y under the
4
2
1
transformation w .
z
1
1
Solution: w z
z
w
1
u iv
z
2 2
u iv u v
u
x 2 2 ........(1)
u v
v
y 2 2 ........(2)
u v
1
1
1
Given strip is y when y
4
2
4
1
v
2 2 (by 2)
4
u v
2
u (v 2)2 4..........(3)
which is a circle whose centre is at 0, 2 in the w -plane and radius 2.
ww
w.
Vi
dy
art
hip
u log x 2 y 2
When y
1
2
1
v
2 2 (by 2)
2 u v
u 2 v 2 2v 0
u 2 (v 1)2 1..........(4)
14
.co
m
z
maps the upper half of the z-plane onto the upper half
1 z
of the w-plane.
Solution:
z
w(1 z ) z
1 z
w wz z
w w 1 z
w ( w 1) z
w
z
w 1
Put z x iy, w u iv
u iv
x iy
u iv 1
u iv u 1 iv
u iv 1 u 1 iv
art
hip
lus
u u 1 iuv iv u 1 v 2
u 1
v2
v 2 u iv
u 1
v2
Equating real and imaginary parts
u 2 v2 u
v
x
, y
2
2
2
u 1 v
u 1 v 2
u 1
v2
v2
u 1
dy
y 0
0 v0
Vi
y 0
ww
w.
Thus the upper half of the z plane is mapped onto the upper half of the w plane.
17
UNIT IV
COMPLEX INTEGRATION
Part-A
Problem 1
Evaluate
z 1
Solution:
z
z 1
dz
lus
Given
zdz
z 1
2 i
f 1
2!
zdz
z 1
art
hip
i 0 f 1 0
0.
Problem 2
.co
m
Solution:
2 i C z a
dy
Problem 3
Evaluate e z dz where C is z 2 1 .
C
Vi
Solution:
ww
w.
Problem 4
1
z
z a
Solution:
.co
m
The principal part of the Laurents expansion of e1/ z about z = 0 contains infinite number
terms. Therefore there is an essential singularity at z = 0.
Problem 5
1 e2 z
at the poles.
z3
Solution:
1 e2 z
z3
Here z 0 is a pole of order 3
2z
Lt 1 d 2
3 1 e
Re s f z z 0
z
3
z 0 2! dz 2
z
2
1 Lt d
1 e 2 z
2
2! z 0 dz
1 Lt d
2e2 z
2! z 0 dz
1 Lt
4e 2 z
2! z 0
1
4 2 .
2
art
hip
Solution:
Evaluate
cos z
dz if C is z 2 .
z 1
C
dy
Problem 6
lus
Given f z
f z
za
cos z
dz , Here f z cos z
z 1
C
z 1 lies inside C
f 1 cos 1 1.
Vi
cos z
dz 2 i 1 2 i .
z 1
C
ww
w.
Problem 7
Solution:
Lt
z z0
f z exists
finitely
Example: For f z
Problem 8
.co
m
Lt
sin z
, z = 0 is a removable singularity since
f z 1
z 0
z
1
and hence find corresponding residues.
z 1
2
Solution:
1
1
z 1 z i z i
Here z i is a simple pole
z i is a simple pole
Lt
1
Res z i
z i
z i
z i z i
Lt
1
1
z i z i 2i
Lt
1
1
Res z i
.
z i
z i
z i z i 2i
Let f z
art
hip
Problem 9
lus
Solution:
Put z ei
dz iei d
C
e
i
e ie d ........... 1
i
dy
z
e dz
Put t e dt ei d
When 0, t 1 , 2 , ssss t 1
1
(1) e dz e dt e 0
C
Vi
Evaluate
ww
w.
Problem 10
3z 2 7 z 1
1
C z 1 dz , where z 2 .
Solution:
Given
3z 2 7 z 1
z 1 dz
C
Here f z 3 z 2 7 z 1
z 1 lies outside z
1
2
.co
m
3 z 2 72 1
dz 0 .(By Cauchy Theorem)
z 1
C
Here
Problem 11
Solution:
If f z be analytic at all points inside and on a simple closed curve C , except for
finite
number
of
isolated
singularities
z1 , z2 ,..., zn
inside
lus
Solution:
Given f z
e2 z
z 1
e2 z
z 1
at its pole.
art
hip
Problem 12
1
2
z 11! dz
z 1
Lt
2e 2 z 2e 2 .
z 1
Problem 13
3
2
Solution:
cos z 2
C z 1 z 2 dz, where
Vi
dy
cos z 2
cos z 2
cos z 2
dz
dz
z 1 z 2 C z 1
z 2 dz
C
C
ww
w.
1
A
B
, A 1 B 1
z 1 z 2 z 1 z 2
2
Here f z cos z
z 1 lies inside z
3
2
3
2
Hence by Cauchy integral formula
z 2 lies outside z
.co
m
cos z 2
z 1 z 2 dz 2 i f z
C
2 i 1
[ f z cos z , f 1 cos 1]
2 i
Problem 14
Solution:
lus
If C1 and C2 are two concentric circles with centres at z a and radii r1 and r2
r1 r2
bn
n
,
f z an z a
n
n 0
n 1 z a
f z dz
f z dz
1
1
, n 0,1, 2,... , bn
, n 1, 2,3,...
n 1
2 i C z a
2 i C z a n1
Problem 15
art
hip
where an
Solution:
z3 1
.
z3 1
i.e., z 3 1 0, z (1) 3
z3 1
0
z3 1
dy
Vi
Part-B
Problem 1
circle z
dz
z 1 z 2
2
where C the
3
.
2
ww
w.
Solution:
z 2 2 dz
2
z 1
C z 1 z 2
Here f z
1
z2
.co
m
1
( z 2)2
Hence by Cauchy integral formula
f z
2 i n
C z a n1 dz n ! f a
f z
1
C z 12 z 2 C [ z z (21)]2 dz
2 i
f (1)
1!
1
2 i
2
1 2
1
2 i
9
2
i .
9
Problem 2
Evaluate
z2
z ( z 1) dz where C
W.K.T f a
Given
f z
1
dz
2 i C z a
z2
is the circle z 3 .
dy
Solution:
art
hip
1
f z
z 2
lus
dz
Also f z z 2
ww
w.
Vi
1
A
B
z ( z 1) z z 1
Put z 0 A 1
z 1 B 1
1
1
1
z ( z 1)
z z 1
z2
z2
z2
C z( z 1) dz C z dz C z 1 dz
Now
2 i f 0 2 i f 1
2 i f (1) f (0)
2 i 1 (2)
2 i 2 1 2 i .
Problem 3
.co
m
in the region 2 z 3 .
z 1
z 2 z 3
z 1
A
B
z 2 z 3 z 2 z 3
z 1 A( z 3) B ( z 2)
Put z 2
2 1 A( 2 3) 0
A3
Put z 3
3 1 A 0 B 3 2
4 B
B4
3
4
z2 z3
Given region is 2 z 3
f z
2 z and z 3
dy
2
z
1 and
1
z
3
3
4
f z
2
z
z 1 3 1
z
3
lus
Let f z
art
hip
Solution:
z 1
, valid
z 2 z 3
Vi
3 2
4 z
1 1
z z
3 3
2
4 z z 2
3 2 2
1 .... 1 ...
z z z
3 3 3
Expand f z
ww
w.
Problem 4
Solution:
Given f z
f z
7z 2
valid in 1 z 1 3
z z 2 z 1
7z 2
z z 2 z 1
7z 2
A
B
C
z z 2 z 1 z z 2 z 1
Let u z 1 1 u 3
z u 1 1 u & u 3
1
u
1 &
1
u
3
art
hip
lus
7 z 2 A z 2 z 1 Bz z 1 Cz z 2
Put z 2
B2
Put z 0
A 1
Put z 1
C 3
1
2
3
f z
z z 2 z 1
Given region is 1 z 1 3
.co
m
1
2
3
u 1 u 3 u
1
2
3
1
u
u (1 ) 3(1 ) u
u
3
f z
dy
1 1
2 u
3
1 1
u u
3 3
u
2
2 u u 2
3
1 1 1
1 ... 1 ...
u
u u u
3 3 3
2
2 z 1 z 1 2
1
1
3
1
...
1
1
...
z 1 z 1 z 1
3 3 3
z 1
2
1
2 z 1
.
f z
z 1 n 2 z 1 n 3 n 0 3n
Vi
Expand
ww
w.
Problem 5
f z
z2 1
as a Taylor series valid in the
z 2 z 3
region z 2 .
Solution:
Given f z
z2 1
z 2 z 3
Now z 2 z 3 z 2 5 z 6
z2 1
5 z 7
1
z 2 z 3
z 2 z 3
8
Now
.co
m
5 z 7
A
B
z 2 z 3 z 2 z 3
3
z
2 1
2
8
z
3 1
3
1
art
hip
f z 1
lus
5 z 7 A z 3 B z 2
Put z 2
A3
Put z 3
B 8
3
8
f z 1
z2 z3
Given z 2
3 z
8 z
1 1 1
2 2
3 3
2
8 z z 2
3 z z
1 1 ... 1 ...
2 2 2
3 3 3
Problem 6
sin 6 z
z
6
dz where C is
Vi
circle z 1 .
Solution:
dy
3
8
n z
n z
1 1 1
2 n0
2 3 n 0
3
8
n 3
f z 1 1 n1 n 1 z n .
3
2
n 0
Here f z sin 6 z
f z 6sin 5 cos z
ww
w.
sin 6 z
z
6
2 i
f
2!
6
i 6 sin 6 5cos 2 sin 4
6
6
6
1 5 3
6 i
64 16 4
1 15
6 i
64 64
15 1 21 i
6 i
16
64
art
hip
Problem 7
Solution:
Given f z sin z
f z cos z
f z sin z
f z cos z
Here a
lus
.co
m
.
4
ww
w.
Vi
dy
1
f sin
2
4
4
1
f cos
2
4
4
1
f sin
2
4
4
1
f cos
2
4
4
W.K.T Taylors series of f z at z a is
z a f a ...
za
f z f a
f a
1!
2!
2
4
4 f
f z f
f ...
1!
2!
4
4
4
2
10
1
1 z 4
4 2 2
2
Problem 8
Evaluate
.co
m
1
...
2
z sec z
1 z dz where
2
lus
Solution:
Equation of ellipse is
4x2 9 y 2 9
art
hip
x2
y2
1
9/4 1
x2
y2
i.e.,
1
2
1
3
2
3
Major axis is , Minor axis is 1.
2
3
The ellipse meets the x axis at and the y axis at 1
2
z sec z
Given f z
1 z2
z
1 z 1 z cos z
dy
ww
w.
Vi
z 1 1 z cos z 2 cos1
Lt
z
Re s f z z 1
z 1
z 1
1 z 1 z cos z
Lt
z 1 1 z cos z
11
1
1
2 cos1 2 cos1
z sec z
.co
m
Problem 9
lus
1
1
2 i
2 cos1 2 cos1
2 i sec1 .
z4
dz , where C is
2z 5
4 3z
3
dz , C is the circle z .
z ( z 1)( z 2)
2
Solution:
(i) Given z 1 i 2
art
hip
z 2 2 z 5 z 1 2i z ( 1 2i
z4
z 1 2i
Vi
dy
4 20
, z 1 2i
z 2 z 5 0 z 2
2
z4
dz
C
z 1 2i z 1 2i
Hence f z
z 1 2i
dz
z4
z 1 2i
ww
w.
z4
2 i f 1 2i
2z 5
1 2i 4
2 i
1 2i 1 2i
12
.co
m
3 2i
2 i
3 2i .
4i 2
(ii)
4 3z
z ( z 1)( z 2) dz
3
2
n 1
2 i n
f 0
n!
dy
f z
z a
art
hip
z ( z 1)( z 2) z z 1 z 2
4 3 z A( z 1)( z 2) B ( z )( z 2) C ( z )( z 1)
Put z 0
4 4A
A 1
Put z 1
B 1
Put z 2
C 1
4 3z
2
1
1
z ( z 1)( z 2) z z 1 z 2
4 3z
2
1
1
C z ( z 1)( z 2) dz C z dz C z 1 dz C z 2 dz
lus
2 [2 i f 0 ] 2 i f 1 0
4 i f (0) 2 i f 1
4 i (1) 2 i 1
f 0 1 f 1 1
Vi
2 i
Problem 10
ww
w.
z i 2
dz
2
where C is circle
Solution:
Given z i
z 2i z 2i
2 , centre 0,1 , radius 2
2
13
.co
m
z 2 4
Here f z
f z
dz
z 2i
z 2i
f 2i
2i 2i
lus
z 2i
2
c z 2i
dz
4i
2i
i
64
32
Hence by Cauchy Integral Formula
f z
2 i n
C z a n1 dz n ! f a
f z
2
2 i
f 2i .
1!
16
Problem 11
z
z 1 z 2
in (i) z 2 (ii) z 1 1
Solution:
(i). Let f z
Now
dy
art
hip
z 1 z 2
A
B
z 1 z 2
ww
w.
Put z 1
A 1
Put z 2
B 1
Vi
z 1 z 2
z A z 2 B z 1
f z
1
2
z 1 z 2
Given z 2, 2 z i.e.,
f z
2
1
1 1
z
z
1
2
z 1 z 2
14
1
z 1
z
.co
m
2
2
z 1
z
1 1
2 2
1 1
z z
z z
(ii). z 1 1
lus
Let u z 1
i.e., u 1
1
2
z 1 z 2
1
2
u 1 u
1
1
2 1 u
u
1
2(1 u u 2 ...)
u
1
2 1 (1 z ) (1 z ) 2 ...
1 z
2
2
Problem 12 Prove that 2 d
, given a2 < 1.
2
0 a 2a cos 1 1 a
Put z = ei
I
C
0 a
d
2a cos 1
dz
1
1
and cos = z
iz
2
z
dz
iz
a a z 1z 1
2
where C is |z| = 1.
Vi
Then d
dy
Solution: Let I
art
hip
f z
1
dz
1
ai C a a z z 2 1
i
dz
2
a C z a 1a z 1
ww
w.
1
i
f (z)dz where f (z) 2
a z a 1a z 1
C
1
i
a z a z 1a
1
1
The singularities of f(z) are simple poles at a and . a2 < 1 implies |a| < 1 and
1
a
a
15
.co
m
Show that
Solution: Let I
cos 2.d
0 5 4 cos 6
art
hip
Problem 13
lus
i 1
a a 1a
i
2
a 1
i
2
Hence I 2i. 2
a 1 1 a 2
cos 2.d
0 5 4 cos
Put z = ei
dz
1
1
and cos = z
iz
2
z
2
i 2
e .d
I Re al Part of
0 5 4 cos
Then d
z 2 . dz iz
C 5 2z 1z where C is |z| = 1.
dy
Re al Part of
Re al Part of
1
z 2 .dz
2i C z 2 52 z 1
Re al Part of
1
2i
z 2 .dz
z 1 z 2
2
Vi
1
z2
.
2i z 12 z 2
ww
w.
z = - lies inside C.
Resf(z); - 1 2 Lim (z 1 2 ).
z - 12
1
z2
.
2i z 12 z 2
1 14
1
.
3
2i 2 12i
1
I = Real Part of 2i.
12i
16
Lt 1
1
2
z i 2 2
z i 1!
z 1
Lt 1 d 1
z i 1! dz ( z i ) 2
Lt
2
z i z i 3
2
2
1
3
i i 2i
4i
lus
z 2 1 z i z i
.co
m
Lt
z dz 0.........(3)
z
Sub (2) and (3) in (1)
z dz x dx
dx
2
0
dx
2
dx
2
.
4
Vi
dy
Problem 15
Evaluate
ww
w.
x sin x
dx
2
a2
x
0
Solution:
art
hip
1
2 i ..........(2)
4i 2
Let R , then z so that z 0
x sin x
x sin x
2 2
dx 2
dx
2
x a
x a2
0
x sin x
1 x sin x
0 x 2 a 2 dx 2 x 2 a 2 dx
1 z sin z
2
dz
2 z a 2
18
.co
m
1
I ........(1)
2
Now z sin z is the imaginary part of zeiz
z sin z
2
dz
z a2
zeiz
dz
z2 a2
z eiz
zeiz
z 2 a 2 z ia z ia
The poles are z ia , z ia
Now the poles z ia lies in the upper half plane
But z ia lies in the lower half plane.
Hence
Lt
zeiz
Res z z ia
z ia
z ia
z ia z ia
zeiz
z ia z ia
iae a e a
2ia
2
Lt
art
hip
Let z
lus
..
zeiz
dz 2 i Sum of the residues at each poles in the upper half plane
z 2 a2
ea
2 i
2
ie a
zeiz
I=I.P. of 2
dz
z a2
dy
Vi
= I.P. of ie a
ww
w.
e a ...........(2)
Sub (2) in (1)
x sin x
1
1 a
0 x 2 a 2 dx 2 x 2 e
19
UNIT V
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Part A
.co
m
art
hip
lus
(i) f t must be piecewise continuous in the given closed interval a, b where a 0 and
Vi
dy
3 3 3
1
2
2 2
L t n / 3 3
n 1 n n
5/ 2
1
s
s2
3 1
1
2 2
s5 / 2
3 1 1
.
2 2 2
S 5/ 2
3
5/ 2 1/ 2
4s
ii)
L e at cos bt L cos bt s s a
ww
w.
s
2
2
s b s s a
sa
2
2
s a b
sin12t sin 4t
L sin 8t cos 4t L
sin( A B) sin( A B)
sin A cos B
2
1
.co
m
1
L sin12t L sin 4t
2
1 12
4
2
2
2 s 144 s 16
cos 3 3cos
cos12t 3cos 4t
L cos3 4t L
cos3
4
4
1
L cos12t 3L cos 4t
4
1
s
3s
2
2
4 s 144 s 16
1 5
L 5 5L 1 5 .
s s
1 12
4 1 s
3s 5
L sin 8t cos 4t cos3 4t 5 2
2
2
2
.
2 s 144 s 16 4 s 144 s 16 s
art
hip
lus
0 ; when 0 t 2
.
t2
3 ; when
W.K.T L f t e st f t dt
0
e
0
2
st
f t dt e st f t dt
2
dy
e st 0.dt e st 3dt
0
e st
3 e dt 3
s 2
2
e e 2 s 3e 2 s
3
s .
s
Vi
st
ww
w.
(OR)
Solution:
W.K.T L f t e st f t dt
0
.co
m
L f at e st f at dt
0
Put at x when t 0 , x 0
adt dx when t , x
x
s
a
f x
dx
a
1 t
e a f t dt x is a dummy variable
a0
1 s
F .
a a
cos at
exist? Justify
t
art
hip
lus
L f at e
Solution:
1
f (t )
If L f (t ) F ( s ) and f (t ) has a limit as t 0 then L
F s ds .
t
t S
cos at 1
Here tLim
0
t
0
cos at
L
does not exist.
t
Solution:
dy
W.K.T L f t e st f t dt
Vi
ww
w.
d 2
d
L sin 2t 2
ds
s 3 ds s 4 s 3
4 s
s 2 4 2
s 3
4s
12
.
2
s 2 4
169
s 3
t sin u
.co
m
Problem 8 Find L
du
u
0
Solution:
t
1
By Transform of integrals, L f x dx L f t
0
s
t
sin u 1 sin t 1
1
1
L
du L
L sin t ds 2
ds
s s s 1
0 u
s t ss
lus
1
1
tan 1 s tan 1 s
s
s
s2
1
cot 1 s
s
art
hip
L f (t ) e st f (t ) dt
W.K.T
L U a (t ) e st U a t dt
0
dy
e st 0 dt e st 1 dt
a
e st dt
a
ww
w.
Vi
e st
e e as e as
s
s a s
e as
Thus L U a t
s
1
(s a)n
Solution:
L t n
n!
s n 1
n 1!
sn
n 1!
(n 1)!
L e at t n 1 n
n
s s s a ( s a )
n 1 !
e at t n1 L1
n
( s a)
1
e at t n 1 n 1 ! L1
n
s a
1
1
L1
e at t n 1
n
n
1
!
s a
1
s s a2
art
hip
lus
L t n 1
.co
m
Solution:
W.K.T L1 F s L1 F ( s ) dt
s
0
t
1
sin at dt
a 0
t
dy
t
1
1
L1 2
L1
dt
2
2
2
s a
s s a 0
t
1
a
L1 2
dt
2
a
s a
0
ww
w.
Vi
1 cos at
a a 0
1
2 cos at 1
a
1
2 1 cos at .
a
s 2
Problem 12 Find L1
Solution:
s
d
L1
L1 sF ( s )
2
dt
s 2
L1 F ( s )
Where F ( s )
s 2
.co
m
n!
, L t n n 1
s
lus
1
1
L1 F s L1
, L t 2
2
s
( s 2)
1
L1 F s e2t L1 2 e2t t
s
s d 2 t
L1
e t t 2e 2t e 2t
2
(
s
2)
dt
s 2 t
L1
e 1 2t
2
( s 2)
Solution:
art
hip
s2
.
Problem 13 Find L
s 2 4 s 5 2
2
s2
1
L
L
2
2
2
s 4s 5
s 2 1
du
2u 2
t
1
L1
2 u
let u s 2 1, du 2 sds
Vi
t L1
dy
s
.......(1)
e 2 t L1
s 2 1 2
s
s
1
1
L
t L
ds
2
2
2
2
s 1
s s 1
t 1 1
L
2 s 2 12 s
ww
w.
t 1 1
L
2 s2 1
t
sin t........(2)
2
Using (2) in (1)
s2
e 2t . t sin t 1 te 2t sin t.
L1
2
s 2 4s 5
2
2
Problem 14
100
s s 100
2
Solution:
Consider
100
A
Bs
2
s s 100 s s 100
2
100 A s 2 100 Bs C ( s)
lus
.co
m
art
hip
A 1
s 1, 100 A(101) B C
B C 1
Equating s 2 term
0 A B
B 1
B C 1 i.e., 1 C 1
C0
100
s
1
L1 2
L1 2
s s 100
s ( s 100)
1
s
L1 L1 2
s
s 100
1 cos10t
Solution:
dx
dy
2 y cos 2t and
2 x sin 2t given x (0) 1; y (0) 0
dy
dt
dy
Problem 15 Solve
ww
w.
Vi
x 2 y cos 2t
y 2 x sin 2t given x (0) 1; y (0) 0
Taking Laplace Transform we get
s
sL x x (0) 2 L y L cos 2t 2
s 4
s
sL x 2 L y 2
1..........(1)
s 4
2
sL y y (0) 2 L x L sin 2t 2
s 4
2
2 L x sL y 2
........(2)
s 4
1 2 s 2 gives,
s2 4 L y
2
s 4
2
.co
m
Part-B
t
sin t
dt
t
0
0 t
s t
sin t
L
L sin t ds
t s
1
ds
s 1
2
tan 1 ( s )
dy
tan 1 s
2
co t 1 s
art
hip
Solution:
lus
2
y L1 2
s 4
sin 2t
dy
2 x sin 2t
dt
sin 2t 2 cos 2t
1
x cos 2t sin 2t
2
Vi
t sin t 1
L
dt co t 1 s
t
0
s
t sin t 1
L e t
dt co t 1 s
s s 1
0 t
s
1
co t s 1
.
s 1
ww
w.
3
s 9
d 1
6s
L t sin 3t 2
2
ds s 9 s 9 2
Solution: L sin 3t
.co
m
6s
2
i.e., te st sin 3t dt
0
Putting s 2 we get
6s
2
te
2 t
sin 3t dt
12
169
t
lus
art
hip
Solution:
sin 5t
dt
t
t
t 4 t
d 4t
L t e cos 3t dt L e cos 3t dt
ds 0
0
d 1
L e 4t cos 3t
ds s
d 1
L cos 3t s s 4
ds s
d 1 s
ds s s 9 s s 4
d 1
s4
ds s ( s 4) 2 9
dy
s 4
d 1
2
ds s ( s 8s 25)
d
s4
ds s 8s 2 25s
Vi
ww
w.
s 3 8s 2 25s 1 s 4 3s 3 16 s 25
2
3
2
8
s
25
s
2
3
2
8
s
25
s
2 s 3 20 s 2 64s 100
s 3 8s 2 25s 2
.co
m
s 10 s 2 32 s 50
2
s 3 8s 2 25s 2
sin 5t
L
L sin 5t ds
t s
5
ds
s 25
2
lus
1
s
5. tan 1
5 s
5
art
hip
s
tan 1
5 s
s
tan 1
2
5
s
co t 1
5
t
t 4 t
sin 5t
sin 5t
L t e 4t cos 3t dt
t e cos 3t dt L
t
t
0
0
2 s 3 10 s 2 32 s 50
8s 25s
2
s
cot 1
5
dy
Vi
2
2 d
2 2t
L t e cos 2t 1
L e 2t cos 2 t
2
ds
2
d s
2 2
ds s 4 s s 2
s 2
2
s 2 4
d2 s 2
2 2
ds s 4s 8
d2
ds 2
ww
w.
d s 4s 8 1 s 2 2 s 4
ds
s 2 4s 8
10
d s 2 4s 8 2s 2 4 s 4s 8
ds
s 2 4s 8
d
s 2 4s
ds s 2 4 s 8 2
4s 8 2 s 4 s 2 4s 2 s 2 4 s 8 2 s 4
4s 8
4 s 8 2s 4 s 2 4s 2s 4
4s 8
lus
2s 3 8s 2 16 s 4 s 2 16s 32 4 s3 8s 2 16 s 2 32 s
art
hip
.co
m
2 s 3 12s 2 32
4s 8
4s 8
Problem 5 Verify the initial and final value theorems for the function
f t 1 e t sin t cos t
dy
L 1 L e t sin t L e t cos t
1
1
s 1
2
s s 1 1 s 12 1
Vi
1
s2
s s 12 1
Initial value theorem:
Lt
Lt
t 0 f t s sF s
ww
w.
1
s2
Lts s
2
s s 1 1
s 2 2s
sLt 1 2
s 2s 2
11
2s 2 4 s 2
Lts 2
s 2s 2
2 4 / s 2 / s2
Lt
s
2
2
1 2 / s 2 / s
LHS RHS
Hence initial value theorem is verified.
Final value theorem:
Lt
Lt
t f t s 0 sF s
LHS tLt f t
RHS sLt0 sF s
art
hip
1
1
s 1
Lts0 s
2
2
s s 1 1 s 1 1
s 2 2s
sLt0 1
1
2
s 1 1
LHS RHS
Hence final value theorem is verified.
lus
.co
m
s 2 1
dy
Vi
1
L1 F s L1 F s .......(1)
t
2
s 1
F s log 2
s
d
log s 2 1 log s 2
ds
2s
2s
2
2
s 1 s
2s
2s
L1 F s L1 2
2
s 1 s
1
s
2 L1 2
s 1 s
2 cos t 1
ww
w.
Fs
s 2 1
1
L1 log 2 2 cos t 1
t
s
12
2 1 cos t
t
.co
m
s3
s 1 s 2 2s 3
s 3
A
Bs C
2
....(1)
2
s 1 s 2s 3 s 1 s 2s 3
s 1
2=2A
A=1
Equating the coefficients of s 2
0 = A+B B = -1
Put s = 0
3 = 3A+C
C=0
s3
1
s
2
1
2
s 1 s 2s 3
s 1 s 2s 3
art
hip
Put
lus
s 3 A s 2 2 s 3 Bs c s 1
1
s
s 1 s 12 2
1
s 1
1
2
s 1 s 1 2 s 1 2 2
dy
s 1 1
s 3
1
1 1
1
L1
2
2
2
s 1
s 1 s 2 s 3
s 1 2
s 1 2
s t 1 1
e t e t L1 2
e L 2
2
s 2
s 2
Vi
e t e t cos 2t e t sin 2t
e t 1 cos 2t sin 2t .
s 1
ww
w.
Solution:
s 1
L1 s log
2 f t
s 1
s 1
L f t s log
2
s 1
s log s 1 s log s 1 2
13
.co
m
L t f t
s 1 s s 1 s s 1
log
s2 1
s 1
2
2
s 1 s s s s
log
s2 1
s 1
2s
s 1
log
2
s 1 s 1
s 1
s
1
tf t L1 log
2L 2
s 1
s 1
art
hip
s 1
L1 log
2 cosh t....(1)
s 1
s 1
To find L1 log
s 1
s 1
Let f t L1 log
s 1
lus
d
s log s 1 s log s 1 2
ds
s
s
log s 1
log s 1
s 1
s 1
ww
w.
Vi
dy
s 1
L f t log
s 1
d
L t f t log s 1 log s 1
ds
1
1
2
2
s 1 s 1 s 1
1
t f t 2 L1 2 2sinh t
s 1
2sinh t
f t
.....(2)
t
Using (2) in (1)
2sinh t
tf t
2 cosh t
t
2sinh t 2 cosh t
f t
t2
t
sinh
t
t cosh t
2
2
.
t
14
Solution:
art
hip
s
L1 s * L1 1
L1
2
s 2 a 2
s 2 a 2
s2 a2
s 1 1 a
L1 2
* L 2
2
2
s a a
s a
1
cos at* sin at
a
1
cos at*sin at
a
t
1
cos a u sin a t u du
a0
t
lus
L1 F s G s L1 F s * L1 G s
.co
m
1
sin at au cos a u du
a 0
1 sin at au au sin at au au
du
a 0
2
1
sin at sin a t 2u du
2a 0
dy
cos a t 2u
1
sin at u
2a
2 a
0
t
1
cos at cos at
t sin at
2a
2a
2a
t sin at
.
2a
Vi
ww
w.
1
using convolution theorem.
s 1 s 2 9
Solution:
L1 F s .G s L1 F s * L1 G s
1
1
1
1
L1
L
.
2
2
s 1 s 9
s 1 s 9
15
.co
m
1 1 1
L1
*L 2
s 9
s 1
1
et * sin 3t
3
t
1
e u sin 3 t u du
30
1 u
e sin 3t 3u du
3 0
1 u
e sin 3t cos 3u cos 3t sin 3u du
3 0
art
hip
1
1
sin 3t e u cos 3u du cos 3t e u sin 3u du
3
3
0
0
lus
cos 3t e u
sin 3t e u
cos
3
u
3sin
3
u
sin 3u 3cos 3u
3 10
3 10
0
0
sin 3t e u
1
cos 3t 3sin 3t 1
3 10
10
sin 3t e u
1
sin 3t 3cos 3t 3
3 10
10
Solution:
s2
dy
Problem 11 Find L1
L1 F s .G s L1 F s * L1 G s
Vi
s
s
s 1 s
L1 2
. 2
L1 2
*L 2
2
2
2
2
s a s b
s a
s b
1 sin a b u bt sin a b u bt
2
ab
a b
2
a b
ab
a b a b
ww
w.
2 a b a b a b a b
1 2a sin at 2b sin bt
2
2 2
2 a b2
a b
16
.co
m
1 2a sin at 2b sin bt
2
a2 b2
a sin at b sin bt
.
a2 b2
Problem 12
a2
Solution:
L1 F s .G s L1 F s * L1 G s
L1 1 * L1 1
L
2
s 2 a 2
s 2 a 2
s2 a2
sin at sin at
*
a
a
t
1
2 sin au sin a t u du
a 0
art
hip
lus
1
cos 2au at cos at du
2a 2 0
1 sin 2au at
2
cos at u
2a
2a
0
1 sin at
sin at
2
t cos at
2a 2a
2a
dy
1 2sin at
t cos at
2
2a 2a
1
3 sin at at cos at
2a
Vi
ww
w.
Solution:
Given y 9 y cos 2t
L y t 9 y t L cos 2t
L y t 9 L y t L cos 2t
s
s 2 L y t sy 0 y 0 9 L y t 2
s 4
17
.co
m
s
s 4
2
s
s A
s 4
s
s
A
L y t 2
2
2
.
2
s 4 s 9 s 9 s 9
Consider
4 s 9
2
As B Cs D
2
s2 4
s 9
s As B s 2 9 Cs B s 2 4
art
hip
As 3 9 As Bs 2 9 B Cs 3 4 s 1 s 2 4
lus
L y t s 2 9
ww
w.
Vi
dy
Equating coefficient of s 3
A + C = 0 .(1)
2
Equating coefficient of s
B + D = 0 .(2)
Equating coefficient of s
9A+ 4C = 1 .(3)
Equating coefficient of constant
9B +4D = 0 .(4)
Solving (1) & (3)
4 A 4C 0
9 A 4C 1
5 A 1
1
A
5
1
C 0
5
1
C
5
Solving (2) & (4)
9B 9D 0
9 B AD 0
D0
B 0& D 0 .
s
1 s
s
2
2
2
2
s 4 s 9 5 s 4 5 s 9
1 s
s
s
A
L y t 2
2
2
2
5 s 4 s 9 s 9 s 4
1
1
A
y t cos 2t cos 3t cos 3t sin 3t
5
5
3
1
4
A
cos 2t cos 3t sin 3t
5
5
3
18
.co
m
Solution:
d 2 y 3dy
2 y 4 given
dx 2 dx
s 2 L y t sy 0 y 0 3sL y t 3 y 0 2 L y t
3s 2 L y t 2 s 3 6
3s 2 L y t
that
art
hip
L y t 3L y t 2 L y t L 4
lus
Given y 1
2
1 A
1
5 5
12
A
5
1
4
4
y t cos 2t cos 3t sin 3t
5
5
5
4
5
4
s
4
2s 3
s
2 s 2 3s 4
L f t
s s 2 3s 2
dy
2 s 2 3s 4
L f t
s s 1 s 2
2 s 2 3s 4
A
B
C
s s 1 s 2 s s 1 s 2
ww
w.
Vi
2s 2 3s 4 A s 1 s 2 Bs s 2 Cs s 1
Put s = 0
4 = 2A => A = 2
s=1
3 B B 3
s2
6 2c C 3
2
3
3
L y t
s s 1 s 2
t
y t 2 3e 3e 2t
Problem 15 Solve
dx
dy
y sin t; x cos t with x 2 and y 0 when t 0
dy
dt
Solution:
Given x t y t sin t
19
.co
m
x t y t cos t
L x t L y t L sin t
sL x t x 0 L y t
1
s 1
2
1
2.........(1)
s 1
L x t L y t L cos 2t
2
L x t sL y t y 0
1
....(2)
s 1
lus
sL x t L y t
art
hip
s2 3
As B Cs D
2
2
2
s 11 s s 1 1 s 2
s 2 3 As B 1 s 2 Cs D s 2 1
ww
w.
Vi
dy
2 cosh t
Hence x t 2 cosh t
y t sin t 2sinh t
20