1. In the two-bus system shown in Figure 1, bus 1 is a slack bus with V 1 1.0 0 0 pu.

A
load of 100 MW and 50 MVAR is taken from bus 2. The line impedance is
z12 = 0.12 + j0.16 pu on a base of 100 MVA. Using Newton-Raphson method, obtain
the voltage magnitude and phase angle of bus 2. Start with an initial estimate of
(0)
= 1.0 pu and (0)
= 0. Perform two iterations.
V2
2

Figure 1
3 j4

3 j4

Y =

3 j4

3 j4

In this problem

53.13

126.87

and =

PI

1.0

QI

0.5

0
0

0
53.13
126.87

and unknown quantities =

With initial value V 1 1.0 0 0 ; V 2 1.0 0 0

Pi

= Vi

G ii +

Vi

Vn Yi n

cos ( i n + n - i )

n 1
ni

Qi

= Vi B i i

Vi

Vn Yi n

sin ( i n + n - i )

n 1
ni

P2 = V2

G 2 2 V 2 V 1 Y 2 1 cos ( 2 1 1 2 )

= (1 x 1 x 3 ) + (1 x 1 x 5 x cos (126.87
Q 2 V2

B 22

V2

V 1 Y 21

0 0) )

= 0 pu

sin ( 21 + 1 - 2 )

= -(1 x 1 x -4) - (1 x 1 x 5 x sin (126.87

0 0 ) = 0 pu

V2

 PI

P2

QI

Q 2 0.5 0 0.5

P 2
Q

H i i Q i Vi
N ii

+ Vi

Pi
Pi

L ii

Q i Vi

- Vi

22

- V2

P2

L 22 Q 2 V 2

B ii

B 22

(1)

V2

0 - ( 1 x 1 x -4 ) = 4

G 22

= 0 + (1 x 1 x 3) = 3

G 22

= 0 - (1 x 1 x 3) = -3

B 22

2
3
V2

4
V 2
2
V
2

V 2

pu

B ii
2

+ V2

P2

0 - ( 1 x 1 x -4 ) = 4

1.0

0.5

0.1

0.2

0 ( 0.1) 0.1 rad.

(1)

pu

G ii

H 22 Q 2 V 2
N 22

1.0

G ii

M ii

1.0 0

1.0 ( 0.2) 0.8 pu

V 1 1.0 0

V 2 0.8 5 .73

This completes the first iteration.

5 .73

Second iteration:
P2 = V2

G 2 2 V 2 V 1 Y 2 1 cos ( 2 1 1 2 )

= (0.8 x 0.8 x 3 ) + (0.8 x 1 x 5 x cos (126.87

2

Q 2 V2

B 22

V2

V 1 Y 21

PI

P2

QI

Q 2 0.5 ( 0.3844) 0.1156

2

H 22 Q 2 V 2
N 22

P2

+ V2

P2

- V2

22

L 22 Q 2 V 2

2.9444

2.7075

(2 )

V2

1.0 ( -0.7875)

B 22

0.2125

pu

-(-0.38440) - (0.8 x 0.8 x -4 ) = 2.9444

= -0.7875 + (0.8 x 0.8 x 3) = 1.1325

G 22

= -0.7875 - (0.8 x 0.8 x 3) = -2.7075

-0.3844 - ( 0.8 x 0.8 x -4 ) = 2.1756

0.2125

0.1156

2
V
2

0.0350

0.0967

- 0.0967 x 0.8 = -0.0773

- 0.1 ( 0.035) 0.135 rad.

(2)

pu

G 22

B 22

0.8 ( 0.0773) 0.7227 pu

V 1 1.0 0

V 2 0.7227 7.73

= -0.7875 pu

0 ( 5.73)) ) = -0.3844 pu

2
1.1325
V2

2.1756
V 2

V2

0 - ( 5.73)) )

sin ( 21 + 1 - 2 )

= -(0.8 x 0.8 x -4) - (0.8 x 1 x 5 x sin (126.87

P 2

This completes the second iteration.

7.73

2. Figure 2 shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with
generation at buses 1 and 2. The voltage at bus 1 is V 1 1.0 0 0 per unit. Voltage
magnitude at bus 2 is fixed at 1.05 pu with a real power generation of 400 MW. A
load consisting of 500 MW and 400 MVAR is taken from bus 3. Line admittances
are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base. For the purpose of hand calculations,
line resistances and line charging susceptances are neglected. Using
Newton-Raphson method, start with the initial estimates of V 2( 0 ) = 1.05 + j0 and
(0)

V3

= 1.0 + j0, and keeping V 2 = 1.05 pu, determine the phasor values of V 2 and

V 3 . Perform two iterations.

Figure 2

Y =

60 90 0

0
40 90
20 90 0

60

40

20

40 90

60 90
20 90

20

20

40

40
60
20

and =

PI

In this problem PI

QI

With flat start

20 90
0
40 90
20 90

0
0

90 0

0
90
90 0

90

90
90

90
0
90
90

V 1 1.0 0

and unknown quantities =

0
0

3
V3

; V 2 1.05 0 0 ; V 3 1.0 0 0

Pi

= Vi

G ii +

Vi

Vn Yi n

cos ( i n + n - i )

n 1
ni
N

= Vi B i i

Qi

Vi

Vn Yi n

sin ( i n + n - i )

n 1
ni

P2 = V2

G 2 2 V 2 V 1 Y 2 1 cos ( 2 1 1 2 ) V 2 V 3 Y 2 3 cos ( 2 3 3 2 )

= 0 + (1.05 x 1 x 40 x cos ( 90 0 ) ) (1.05 x 1 x 20 x cos ( 90 0 ) ) 0

P3 = V 3

G 33 V 3 V 1 Y 3 1 cos ( 3 1 1 3 ) V 3 V 2 Y 32 cos (

32

2 3 )

= 0 + (1 x 1 x 20 x cos ( 90 0 )) ( 1 x 1.05 x 20 x cos ( 90 0 )) 0

2

Q 2 V2

B 22

V2

V1

Y 2 1 sin ( 2 1 1 2 )

V 2 V 3 Y 23 sin ( 23 3 2 )

= - (1.05 x 1.05 x - 60) (1.05 x 1 x 40 x sin (90 0 )) - (1.05 x 1 x 20 x sin (90 0 )) = 3.15
2

Q 3 V3

B 33

V3

V1

Y 3 1 sin ( 3 1 1 3 )

V 3 V 2 Y 3 2 sin ( 3 2 2 3 )

= - (1 x 1 x - 40) (1 x 1 x 20 x sin (90 0 )) - (1 x 1.05 x 20 x sin (90 0 )) = -1

PI

P 2

P 3 PI
Q

QI

3
3

P2

4 0

P3

5 0 5

Q 3 4 ( 1) 3

Since G i i are zero and i j are 90 0

H ii Q i Vi

B ii

H i j V i V j Y i j cos ( j i )

N i i Pi ;

Pi

N i j V i V j Y i j sin ( j i )

B ii

ii
2

L i i Q i Vi

H 22 Q 2 V 2

H 33 Q 3 V 3

N 33 P 3 0 ;

M 33 P 3 0

L 33 Q 3 V 3

B 22
B 33

B 33

ij

V i V j Y i j sin ( j i )

-3.15 + ( 1.05 x 1.05 x 60 ) = 63

= 1 + ( 1 x 1 x 40 ) = 41

-1 + ( 1 x 1 x 40 ) = 39

H 23

V2

V3

Y 2 3 cos ( 3 2 )

N 23

V2

V3

Y 2 3 sin ( 3 2 ) 0

= 1.05 x 1 x 20 x 1 21 and H 3 2 = -21

; M 23

V3

V2

Y 3 2 sin ( 2 3 ) 0

 63

21

21

39

41
0

0.0275

- 0.1078

- 0.0769

V3
V3

V3
V3
(1)

0 0.0275 0.0275 rad.

(1)

0 0.1078 0.1078 rad.

2
3

V3

(1)

6.179

1.0 0.0769 0.9231

V 1 1.0 0

V 2 1.05 1.58

V 3 0.9231 6.18

This completes the first iteration.

After second iteration :
(2)

(2)

0.1078 0.0126 0.1204 rad.

2
3

V3

(2)

0.0275 0.0006

0.0281 rad.

0.9231 0.0175 0.9056

pu

Thus at the end of second iteration :

V 1 1.0 0

V 2 1.05 1.61

V 3 0.9056 6.9

1.5782

1.61

6.898

3. Referring to question 2 above, perform 2 iterations in computing :

a) Power flow using Decouple Power Flow method.
b) Power flow using Fast Decouple Power Flow method.

Figure 2
a) Power flow using Decouple Power Flow method.
63

21

21

41

(1)

0 0.0275 0.0275 rad.

(1)

0 0.1078 0.1078 rad.

2
3

V 1 1.0 0

B 33

6.1765

0
0

V 3 1.0 6.18
2

1.5756

V 2 1.05 1.58

Q 3 V3

V3

Y 3 1 sin ( 3 1 1 3 )

V1

V 3 V 2 Y 3 2 sin ( 3 2 2 3 )

= - (1 x 1 x - 40) (1 x 1 x 20 x s in (90 0 0 ( 6.18 0 ) ))

- (1 x 1.05 x 20 x s in (90

1.58

( 6.18) ) )

= -0.6915
Q

QI

Q 3 4 ( 0.6915)

L 33 Q 3 V 3

B 33

- 3.3085

-0.6915 - ( 1 x 1 x -40 ) = 39.3085

 V3

V 3

39.3085
V3

V3

3.3085

= - 3.3085 x 1.0 / 39.3085 = - 0.0842

(1)

1.0 0.0842 0.9158

After first iteration :

V 1 1.0 0

V 2 1.05 1.58

V 3 0.9158 6.18

Second iteration:
P2 = V2

G 2 2 V 2 V 1 Y 2 1 cos ( 2 1 1 2 ) V 2 V 3 Y 2 3 cos ( 2 3 3 2 )

= 0 +
(1.05 x 1 x 40 x cos ( 90 1 . 58 ) ) (1.05 x 0.9158 x 20 x cos ( 90 6 . 18 1 . 58 ) ) 3.7548
0

P3 = V 3

G 33 V 3 V 1 Y 3 1 cos ( 3 1 1 3 ) V 3 V 2 Y 32 cos (

32

2 3 )

= 0 +
(0.9158 x 1 x 20 x cos ( 90 6 . 18 )) ( 0 . 9158 x 1.05 x 20 x cos ( 90 1 . 58 6 . 18 )) 4.5685
0

Q 2 V2

B 22

V2

V1

V 2 V 3 Y 23 sin ( 23 3 2 )

Y 2 1 sin ( 2 1 1 2 )

=
- (1.05 x 1.05 x - 60) (1 . 05 x1x 40 x sin( 90 1 . 58 )) (1 . 05 x 0 . 9158 x 20 x sin( 90 6 . 18 1 . 58 )) 5 . 1103
0

Q 3 V3

B 33

V3

V1

Y 3 1 sin ( 3 1 1 3 )

V 3 V 2 Y 3 2 sin ( 3 2 2 3 )

=
- (0.9158 x 0.9158 x - 40) ( 0 . 9158 x1x 20 x sin( 90 6 . 18 )) ( 0 . 9158 x1 . 05 x 20 x sin( 90 1 . 58 6 . 18 ))
0

= -3.7177
PI

P 2

P 3 PI
Q

QI

3
3

P2

4 3 . 7548

0 . 2452

P3

5 ( 4 . 5685 ) 0 . 4315

Q 3 4 ( 3 . 7177 ) 0.2823

Since G i i are zero and i j are 90 0

H i i Q i Vi
L i i Q i Vi

B ii

B ii

H i j V i V j Y i j cos ( j i )

H 22 Q 2 V 2

H 33 Q 3 V 3

H 23

V2

B 22

-5.1103 + ( 1.05 x 1.05 x 60 ) = 61.0397

= 3.7177 + ( 0.9158 x 0.9158 x 40 ) = 37.2653

B 33

Y 2 3 cos ( 3 2 )

V3

= -1.05 x 0.9158 x 20 x cos (-6.180-1.580)

= -19.0557
= -19.0557

H 32

19 .0557

37.2653

61.0397

19 .0557
2

(2)

0.1078 0.0113

0.2452

0.4315

0.0005

0.0113

(2)

0.0275 0.0005 0.0280 rad.

V 1 1.0 0

1.60

0.1191 rad. 6.82

V 2 1.05 1 . 6

V 3 0.9158 6 . 85

Q 3 V3

B 33

V3

Y 3 1 sin ( 3 1 1 3 )

V1

V 3 V 2 Y 3 2 sin ( 3 2 2 3 )

=
- (0.9158 x 0.9158 x - 40) ( 0 . 9158 x1x 20 x sin( 90 6 . 85 )) ( 0 . 9158 x1 . 05 x 20 x sin( 90 1 . 6 6 . 85 ))
0

= -3.6607
Q

QI

Q 3 4 ( 3 .6607)

L 33 Q 3 V 3

B 33

-3.6607 + ( 0.9158 x 0.9158 x 40 ) = 29.8869

V3

V 3

29.8869
V3

- 0.3393

0.3393

= - 0.3393 x 0.9158 / 29.8869 = - 0.0104

V3

(1)

0 . 9158 0.0104 0.9054

Thus at the end of second iteration, bus voltages are

V 1 1.0 0

V 2 1. 05 1 . 6

V 3 0.9054 6.85

b) Power flow using Fast Decouple Power Flow method.

B =

60

40

20

40

60

20

20

20

40

The constant matrices are

B
'

60

20

20

40

and

Initial solution is
V 1 1.0 0

V 2 1.05 0
V 3 1.0 0
P 2 4

P 2

; P 3 5
P 3

3 . 8095 ;

V2

V3

B
'

P
V

60

20

20

40

3.8095

On solving the above

2

0.0262

0.1119

(1)

0 0.0262

(1)

0 0.1119 0.1119 rad. 6 . 41

2
3

V 1 1.0 0

V 2 1.05 1 . 50

V 3 1.0 6 . 41

0.0262 rad.

1 . 50

0
0

"

40

Q 3 V3

B 33

V3

Y 3 1 sin ( 3 1 1 3 )

V1

V 3 V 2 Y 3 2 sin ( 3 2 2 3 )

= - (1 x 1 x - 40) (1x1x 20 x sin( 90 0 6 .41 0 )) (1x1 . 05 x 20 x sin( 90 0 1 .5 0 6 .41 0 ))

= -0.6752
Q

QI

"

Q 3 4 ( 0 . 6752 ) - 3.3248

Q
V

40 V 3 = - 3.3248
V3

(1)

V3

i.e.

= - 0.0831

1.0 0.0831 0.9169

At the end of first iteration, bus voltages are

V 1 1.0 0

V 2 1.05 1 . 50

V 3 0.9169 6 . 41

Second iteration:
2

P2 = V2

G 2 2 V 2 V 1 Y 2 1 cos ( 2 1 1 2 ) V 2 V 3 Y 2 3 cos ( 2 3 3 2 )

= 0 +
(1.05 x 1 x 40 x cos ( 90 1 . 5 ) ) (1.05 x 0.9169 x 20 x cos ( 90 6 . 41 1 . 50 ) ) 3.7492
0

P3 = V 3

G 33 V 3 V 1 Y 3 1 cos ( 3 1 1 3 ) V 3 V 2 Y 32 cos (

32

2 3 )

= 0 +
(0.9169 x 1 x 20 x cos ( 90 6 . 41 )) ( 0 . 9169 x 1.05 x 20 x cos ( 90 1 . 5 6 . 41 )) 4 . 6971
0

P 2

4 3 . 7492 0 . 2508

P 3 5 4 . 6971 0 .3029
P 2

P 3

0 . 2389 ;

V2
B
'

0 . 3304

V3
P
V

60

20

20

40

0.2389

0 . 3304

0.0015

0.0075

(1)

0 . 0262 0.0015

(1)

0.1119 0.0075 0.1194 rad. 6.84

2
3

V 1 1.0 0

1 . 59

0
0

V 2 1.05 1 . 59

V 3 0.9169 6 . 84
2

Q 3 V3

0.0277 rad.

B 33

V3

V1

Y 3 1 sin ( 3 1 1 3 )

V 3 V 2 Y 3 2 sin ( 3 2 2 3 )

=
- (0.9169 x 0.9169 x - 40) ( 0 . 9169 x1x 20 x sin( 90 6 . 84 )) ( 0 . 9169 x1 . 05 x 20 x sin( 90 1 . 59 6 . 84 ))
0

= -3.6261
Q

"

QI

Q 3 4 ( 3 . 6261 ) - 0.3739

Q
V

40 V 3 = - 0.4078
V3

(1)

i.e.

V3

= - 0.0102

0.9169 0.0102 0.9067

At the end of second iteration, bus voltages are

V 1 1.0 0

V 2 1.05 1 . 59

V 3 0.9067 6 . 84