45 NOTES TO PG

Dr. Ankit Yadavendra, M.B.B.S., Dr.V.M.G.M.C., Solapur

27-RADIOLOGY, RADIOTHERAPY
Angiography
catheter for coronary angiography
Amplatz, Judkins, Sones
a dissection-string
a/c mesenteric ischem-string of sausage
Buerger ds-corkscrew a
carotid body tm-Lyre
intramed tm-candle grease dripping, trouser leg
Moya Moya ds(change in cerebral part of ICA)-puff of smoke
renal OncOcytOma-spOke wheel
v hemangioMa brain-Medusa head
Barium examination
achalasia cardia-bird beak, pencil tip, rat tail, sigmoid esoph, cucumber esoph
ADPKD-Swiss cheese nephrogram
ARPKD-striated nephrogram, sunray
ca colon-apple core
ca esoph-rat tail, shouldering, apple core
ca PAncr-PAd
ca stom-Carman meniscus, Carman Kirklin complex, irregular nodular radiat fold,
irregular ulcer margin
c/c duod ulcer-trifoliate duod
CHPS-string, double track, shoulder, mushroom
CrOhn ds-aphthoid ulcer(earliest), rose thorn, string sign of Kantor, COmb
diffuse esoph spasm-cork screw esoph, rosary esoph
diverticulosis-saw tooth
gastric CROHN-Ram HORN, pseudobilroth
gastric ulcer-spoke wheel, outpouching
hiatus hernia-GE jn elevated
ileal atresia-microcolon
intussusception-coiled spring, claw, meniscus
ischemic colitis-thumbprint
jejunum-valvulae conniventes, feathery
midgut volvulus-corkscrew duod
periampulary ca-reverse3, frostberg
pOlypOsis-Mexican hat, bOwler hat
Schatzki ring-Ba Swallow
sigmoi volvulus-coffee bean, bird of prey
TB GIT-string, pulled up caecum, inverted umbrella, Fleishner, goose neck ileum
ulcerative colitis-mucosa granularity(1st sign), collar button ulcer, lead pipe/pipe
stem colon
Zenker diverticulum-outpouching

bead cystogram
stress incontinence
Bone scan
brous dysplasia-hot
met-hot
multiple myeLOma-cOLd
colour doppler
type of colour-direction of bld flow
Red, Orange, Yellow(ROY)-TOwards transducer(ROYTO)
blue, green-away from transducer
CT
Godfrey Hounseld, 1972, England, Nobel prize-1979
conventional CT-brain
spiral CT-trunk, 30s, lth=30cm
multislice/director CT-CVS-middiastole ECG gating, cone shaped beam
min size lesion Dx by CT=10mm
Hounseld scale of attenuation
bone, Ca=+1000=white
brain=+60-+70
hge=+20-+40
water=0=dark
fat=100
air=1000=black
contrast material(CT, IVP, angiography)-I2 contrast
ionic-urografn/gastrografn(Na/miglumine ditriazoate)
high osmolar-I2:particle=3:2, osmol=1400-1600mosmol/l,
idiosyncratic(anaphylactoid nonIgE complement activat histam release), dose
related nephropathy
low osmolar-I2:particle=3:1, osmol=300mosmol/l, iodixanol
nonionic-iohexol, ioversal, iopamidol
prophylactic hemodialysis in ren failure does not risk contrast mediated nephrotox,
it by hemoltration
radiat CT=8mSv=250-400CXR
1rad=1rem=0.01mSv
appear/sign
A/c Appendicitis-Arrow head
adrenal adenoma-low attenuation, homogenous density, well dened border, no
calcic
alveolar Microlithiasis-sandstorM
alveolar Proteinosis-crazy Pavement
ANgiobroma-ANtral/HollmAN Miller
asbestos pseudotm(round atelectasis)-comet tail
atherosclerosis plaque asympt-Ca deposit in a
bronchiectasis-signet ring
bronchiolitis obliterans-patchy hypertranslucency

bronchoalveolar ca, adenoCIS-pseudocavitation, CT angiogram

CAROLi ds-CentRAL dOt
cerebral infarct a/c-hypodense lesion, ventricle dilatation
cryptogenic organising pneum-reverse halo, Atoll
Dandy Walker malformation-vermis absent
diffuse axonal inj-compression basal cistern, multiple small hge
empyema-split pleura
endoBronchial ds-tree in Bud
epidural hge-hyperdense biconvex, not cross suture line
Follicular bronchitis-Fine reticulate
Hallevorden SpaTz ds(Fe deposition globus pallidus)-eye of Tiger
holoprosencephaly(Patau synd)-pancake, horseshoe ventricle
HSV encephalitis-temp lobe hypodensity
Huntington Chorea(Caudate nucleus)-box Car, butterfly ventricle
hydatid cyst liver-serpent, crumpled memb
Krabbe ds-hyperdense basal ganglia, hypodensity white matter
MCA infarct-dense MCA
pituitary macroadenoma-8shape
Pneumocystis pneum-tree in bud
POrtaL v thrOmbosis-POLOmint
PSP(Midbrain atrophy)-Mickey Mouse
pulm aspergillosis-halo
renal oncocytoma-central stellate scar
SAH-sulci appear white
sarcoidosis-galaxy
Serous cystadenoma pancr-Sunburst
silicosis-crazy paving
sporadic CJD(basal ganglia, Cortex)-Cortical ribbon
subdural hge a/c-hyperdense concavo convex, cross suture line
subependymal giant cell astrocytoma-enhancing lesion at foramen Monroe,
periventricular calcic
sup saggital sinus thrombosis-empty delta
tuberous sclerosis-subependymal calcif
VariantCJD/madcow/bovine spongiform encephalopathy(pulVinar)-hockey stick
vert hemangioma-polka dot
Wolman ds-adrenal cortex calcic
Diffuse tensor imaging
isotropic, anisotropic diffusion
Echocardiography
MS-hockey Stick
pulm embolism-McConnel
Endoscopy
otosclerosis-cartwheel
TB kidney-golfhole ureter
ERCP
endoscopic

C/c pancreatitis-Chain of lake

Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm(IPMN)-shmouth
Functional MRI
BOLD(Bld O2 Level Dependent) sequence
localise motor&speech area
HSG
D5-15(10), dye-urografn60(Na&meglumine ditriazoate), Leech Wilkinson I2 soln
10ml
arcuate uterus-dip at level of fundus
Asherman synd-loculated dye
hydrosalpinx-thick dilated FT
norm-b/l free spill
salpingitis isthmica nodosa-nodularity prox FT
TB genit-nodularity distalFT
invertogram
best done after 24h, earliest-6h
IVP
ADPKD-sPiDer leg
BPH-sh hook/J shape ureter
duplication of ureter with upper pole nonfnal-drooping lily
horseshoe kid-flowervase, hand joining/shaking
hydronephrosis-rim, crescent
idiopath retroperitoneal brosis-maiden waist
multicystic dysplastic kidn-not visualised
neuroblastoma-drooping lily
neurogenic UB-christmas/pine tree
papillary necrosis-golf ball on T, lobster claw, egg in cup
partial duplication ureter-Yo Yo reflux
schistosomiasis-fetal skull like UB
TB kidn-irregular calyx(1st sign), moth eaten calyx, putty kidn, cement kidn
TB UB-thimble UB
ureterocoele-adder/cobra head
Mammography
single coat lm
target material-Molybdenum(Mo)
CC-CranioCaudal, MLO-MedioLat Oblique
rad deliver=0.1cGy
>40y-annual mamography screen for DCIS breast
cluster of calcic>5
mortality by 33%
ca breast-ill def margin, irreg stellate speculat, comettail, high density, widehalo,
heterogenous, microcalcif, architectural distortion
bROadenoma breast-popcORn

MR angiography/venography
time of flight sequence
MRCP
noninvasive, heavy T2wtI
MRI
absolute c/i-claustrophobia, orthopedic implant, cardiac pacemaker(Larmour freq)
mag eld=0.2-0.7Tesla
routine=1.5Tesla
Faraday Cage-Cu
T1wt image
CSF, water-dark(hypointense)
fat-white
white matter-white
cortic bone, calcif, air, tendon, lig, flowing bld, hemosiderin-dark
T2wt image
CSF, water-white(hyperintense)
fat-less white
white matter-dark
cortic bone, calcif, air, tendon, lig, flowing bld, hemosiderin-dark
T2wt image with FLAIR(FLuid Attenuated Inversion Recovery)
dark CSF with T2wt image-vasogenic edema
STIR(Short Tau Inversion Recovery) seq-musculoskeletal(bonemarrow edema)
dye-Gd(lanthanide, paramagnetic)-Gd DTPA-c/i CRF, preg
arachnoid cyst-dark(CSF)
Arnold Chiari malformat(type2)-banana, lemon, spina bida
brain hge(DD-BD-BB-DD)-a/c(deoxyHb<48h)-DD, early suba/c(methHb=3-7 d)-BD, late
suba/c(methHg=7-14d)-BB, c/c(hemosiderin>14d)-DD
breast implant rupture-Linguire
cavernous hemangioma brain-popcorn
Chiari malformation type1-tonsillar herniation with syringomyelia
CoRpus callosum agenesis-racing CaR
epidermoid cyst-T1-hypointense,vT2-hyperintense
Friedrich ataxia-spinal cord atrophy
Halloverden Spatz ds(pantothenate kinase degenerat)-eye of tiger
hemangioma liver-light bulb
HOloprosencephaly-pancake brain, HOrseshoe ventricle
HSV1 encephalitis-temporal lobe hyperintensity
Joubert synd(vermian dysgenesis)-molar tooth
lissencephaly-no sulci,gyri
medial meniscus bucket handle tear-double PCL
medulloblastoma-sugar coating
melanoma met-T1-high, T2-low signal
meningioma-dural tail
mesial temp sclerosis-atrophy of mammilary body, fornix, hippocampus
metachromatic LEukodystrophy-tigroid, LEopard skin
multipl sclero-Dawson nger, open ring

multisystem atrophy type C/olivopontocerebellar atrophy-hotcross bun pons

neurocysticercosis(VDCN)
Vesicular stage(Viable)-cystic with scolex
Dying stage-min edema
Colloidal stage-vasogenic edema
Nodular stage-calcied
NF1-bare orbit, ribbon rib
norm pressure hydrocephalus-enlarged lat ventricle
Parkinson ds-swallow tail(substantia nigra) absent
pheochromocytoma-light bulb, hyperintense(T1), isointense(T2)
pituit macroadenoma-g8
PSP(Steel Richardson Olszewski synd)-Mickey mouse(axial), penguin, humming
bird(sagittal)
ring enhancing lesion-neurocysticercosis, TBoma, toxoplasmosis, brain abscess, met
Wilson ds-face of giantpanda(midbrain)
vasc tm-salt&pepper
vasc tm brain-mother-in-law
vein of Galen malform-hyperintense
vestib schwannoma-icecream cone
MR/proton spectroscopy
biochemical evaluation brain
Choline(Cell memb)< creatine(energy storehouse brain)< N-acetyl aspartate(Neuron)
CaNAvAn ds-NAA
glioma-choline, creatine, NAA
MYelography
dye-MYodil
NMR
H+ beam
Nuclear/isotope/radionuclide/scintigraphy
Tc99m, metastable isomer-t=6h, ray=140keV
Tc99m ligand, /Anger camera-scintillating detector(NaI+thallium)
TcMAG3-excret by both tubular secretion&GF
TcDTPA-excret by GF-Physiology kidn
TcDMSA-Struct of kidn
Tc99mMDP-bonescan
myocard perfusion scintigraphy-Thalium, Tcsestamibi, TcpyroP, Tctetrofosmium,
Rubidium82
TcRBC MUGA(MultiUptake Gated Acquisition)-ventr fn, low GI hge(0.1ml/min), hep
hemangioma, residual spleen
Tcsestamibi-parathy adenoma
Iridium111-brain
Se75-digestive enzyme
selenomethionine-pancr
GA67-sArcoidosis

sarcoidosis-panda, lambda
thyroid gld
hypofn area(cyst, tm, suppressed ts, deQuervain thyroiditis, Hashimoto thyroiditis,
iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis, hamburger thyrotoxicosis)-cold
hyperfn area(Graves ds, toxic nodular goitre, toxic adenoma, amiodarone, I2, struma
ovarii, H mole)-hot
PET(Positron Emission Tomography)
18F(cyclotron)-t=110min
electron(e)+antimatter(e+)= annhilation=2=511keV
18F+deoxyglu 18FDG(nonmetabolisable glu analogue)
heart-metab-FDG, perfusion-NH3,H2O,Rubidium
scar-FDG, NH3
ischemic but viable-NH3, FDG++
RGU
UB inj-flame, pear
SPECT(Single Photon Emission CT)
Tc99m, camera
USG
piezoelectric effect, quartz, Pb zirconate titanium
wavelth=2thickn crystal, small crystal higher freq
routine abd USG freq=3-5MHz
TVS=5-7MHz
superf organ, thy, breast=7-12MHz
hard-hyperechoic-white
soft-hypoechoic-grey
cyst-anechoic-black
acoustic impedance=densityvelocity of sound in organ
acoustic Shadow-Stone, bone, air
acoustic enhanCem-Cyst, fluid ll Cavity
echogeniciTy-chance of Tm/malign
SonolucenCY-chance of CYSt
sonovist, echovist, levovist microbubble reflection
USG ts harmonic imaging-US elastograph-hardn of ts-guide Bx
FAST(Focussed Assessm with Sonography in Trauma)
2.5-3.5MHz
rt hypochondria-(perihepatic& hepatoren space)
lt lower chest-(perisplenic)
hypogastrium-(pelvis)
epigastrium-(pericardium)
1-2min, hemiperitoneum(200ml/min)
Saline infusion sonography/sonohysterography
D5-D10
polyp, broid, abnorm uterine bld, adhesion, not for adenomyosis
c/i-preg, recur pelvic inf
a/c hepatitis-starry sky

adenomyomatosis GB-diff wall thicken, hyperechoic nodule at neck, comet tail

artefact
anencephaly-frog eye
biliary atresia-triangular cord, ghost GB
ca prostate-hypoechoic
ca thy-hypoechoic, incomplete periph halo, irregular margin, microcalcic
CBD obstruction-double barrel
CHPS-target, cx, antral nipple
ectopic preg-ring of re
emphysemat cholecystitis-ringdown, comet tail
endometrium-periovulatory-triple layer, Secretory-hyperechoic(bright),Single,thick
layer
endometrioma(chocolate cyst ovary)-ground glass
GB stone-hyperechoic
h mole-snowstorm, grapelike vesicle
hgic cyst ovary-sh net
hydatid cyst lung-cart wheel, rising sun
intussusception-double target, doughnut, pseudokidn
monoamniotic twin-T
multicystic dysplast kidn-soap bubble
nonimmune hydrops-skin thickn>5mm(1st sign)
obstructive jaundice-double barrel
partial mole-focal cystic space in placenta
post urethral valve antenatal-keyhole
twin peak/lambda(10>10-14w)-dichorionicity
ureterocele-cyst within cyst
Xray
Brehmstalang radiation-cathod tungston lament tungston target
Rotating anode(tungston+10%Rhenium)
photosensitive material-AgBr+AgI
kVP(kilovolt Peak)-kVP Penetrating power(intensity), contrast
MAS(milliampere s)-rad dose received, MAS blackening of lm
photoelectrIc effect-lIght scatter of Inner shell e
COmptOn effect-Xray scatter of Outer shell e
rad dose monitor-thermoluminescent dosimetry(quarterly-3mth)
CXR radiat delivered=2.5-6rad=0.6mSev
prim radiat-cathode anode of Xr tube
sec(scattered) radiat-emitted by any matter irradiat with Xr
digital radiography-photostimulable phosphorus
ABPA-gloved ng app of Simon, fleeting
a/c croup-Steeple, church top, pencil tip
a/c epiglottitis-thumb
a/c osteomyelitis-soft ts swelling/blurring of ts plane(1st sign)
a/c pancreatitis-colon cutoff, sentinel(jejunal) loop, gasless abd, renal halo
AC polyp-column of air b/n soft ts mass&post pharyng wall
aCHondroplasia-CHampagne glass pelvis
acromegaly-heal pad thickening(>21mm)
alkaptonuria-IVD calcic

aNgiObrOmA-HONdOusA
ankylosing spondylitis, Bechtrewer ds-haziness, widening SI jt(1st sign), bamboo
spine, shiny corner, Romana, squaring vert, dagger, Anderson, tiger
annular pancr-double bubble
aortitis-calcic ascend aorta
asbestosis-ground glass, Holly leaf
aspergillosis-air crescent, Monod
battered baby synd-multiple #metaphysis
Brodie abscess-small lytic lesion with surrounding sclerosis
bronchiolitis obliterans-hyperlucency, patchy inltrate
bronchiectasis/cystic brosis-bunch of grape, tramtrack, string of bead
bronchogenic ca-atelectasis, reverse S
ca lung-solitary lung nodule without calcif
c/c osteomyelitis-sequestrum(dead bone), moth eaten
Charcot jt-bag of bone, tumbling block, jigsaw vert
chemical peritonitis(perforated DU)-Blumberg, Rigler
CHF-cephalisation of bld flow Kerley B(Base) A(hilum) C(meshwork)
D(retrosternal) fluffy shadow,batwing
CHondroblastoma-CHicken wire, patchy calcic
ChorioCa-Cannon ball, snowstorm
CHPS-single bubble
COA-g3
cong CMV-periVentricular calcic, Celery stalk long bone
cong rubella-celery stalk
cong Syphilis-Wimberger, Saber tibia, hotcross bun skull, celery stalk longbone
cong toxoplasm-scatter brain calcic
constricti pericarditis-egg in cup heart
cretinism-epiphyseal dysgenesis
CrOhns ds-CObble stone COlOn
cryptogenic organising pneum-reverse halo, attenuation
diaphyseal aclasia(multiple exostosis)-bony spur growing away fr jt, trumpet shape
projection metaphysis
DISH(Diffuse Idiopath Skeletal Hyperosteosis)/Forrestier ds-flowing wax ossicat of
ant spinal lig
dislocation LunATE-spiLLed TEAcup
duod atresia-double bubble
duod ulcer-trapped air
Ebstein anomaly-box shaped heart
endocardial cushion defect-goose neck
Ewing sarcoma-onion skin
fat embolism-snowstorm
brous dysplasia-ground glass, shephard crook, cotton wool
GI perforation/pneumoperitoneum-gas under diaph, football, Rigler, cupola, telltale
triangle
hamartoma-exploded popcorn
hemangioma bone-spoke wheel calcic, osteolytic lesion
hemophilia-deep intercondylar notch, squaring of patella, enlarged epiphysis
histiocytosis-geographic skull, vertebra plana, silver dollar vert, button sequestrum
hydatid cyst lung-air cresent, cumbo, onion peel, water lily, camelote, serpent,
crumpled memb, floating memb

hyperparathy-salt pepper skull, floating teeth, loss of lamina dura

ICP-suture diastasis(1st sign child), Cu beaten, erosion dorsum sella(1st sign adult),
J shaped sella, pineal displacem>3mm fr midline
IVD prolapse-Schmorl node
ischemic colitis-thumbprint, sawtooth irregularity
IUD-Robert, Spalding
jejunal atresia-triple bubble
Klebsiella pneumonia-bulging ssure
LA enlarg-post displacem esoph(1st sign), Bedford, widening carinal angle, elevat lt
bronchus, double shadow rt bord
LeprosY-Licked candY
LeUkEmia-LUcEnt metaphyseal band
lipoma(periCAllosal)-brACket CAlcic
lissencephaly(no gyri)-g8 brain
LUL collapse-LUftsichel(German airbag)
lung abscess-bulging ssure
m cyscticercosis-rice grain
MeLorrheostosis-MoLten wax
mesenteric thrombus-stack of coin
midgut volvulus-gasless abd
MPS-bullet shape(tapered) MC, radius&ulna towards each other, J shape sella
multiple myeloma-punched out, lytic
nasal polyp-Dodd, crescent
optic glioma-J shape sella
osteoarthritis knee-reduct jt space(1st)
osteoclastoma-soap bubble
osteogenesis imperfecta-multiple# diaphysis
osteomaLacia-Looser zone/miLkman#/pseudo#/osteoid seams, triradiate pelvis,
milkman line/umbauzonen
osteopetrosis-marble bone, bone within bone
osteosarcoma-Codman triangle, sunray
Paget ds-Picture frame vert, osteoporosis circumscripta, cotton wool skull, helmet
skull, blade of grass, ivory veteb, brim
PAPVC-Turkish sword, Schmitar
pericardial effusion-moneybag heart
persistent truncus arteriosus-sitting duck heart
Perthes ds-crescent(subchondral lucency-1st sign), gaze, sagging rope, flat fem
epiphysis
phantom/vanishing tm-golden S
PinDborg tm-Driven snow
pintrack inf-ring sequestrum
pleural effusion-Ellis curve, decubitus25ml
pleural effusion loculat-obtuse angle with mediast, unsharp margin, do not conrm
segmental distribut
pneumomediastinum-continuous diaphr, thymic Spinnaker sail, Naclerio V, ring
around the a, extrapleural air
pneumothorax-stratosphere
post disloc hip-light bulb
post disloc shoulder-light bulb
Pott spine-earliest-rarefaction of vert endplate> disc space narrowing,

healing-sharpening of fuzzy paradiscal margin

pseudohyparathy-short 4th&5th MC
psoriatic arthritis(arthritis mutilans)-pencil in cup hand/foot, ivory phalanx
pulm edema-batwing
pulm embolism-Westermark, Hampton hump, Palla
pulm HTN-jug handle heart, oreo cookie, pruning of pulm a
pulm plethora-diam descend rt pulm a>16mm
pyloric atresia-single bubble
RA-soft ts swelling(1st sign), juxta articular osteopenia, bone erosion
renal osteodystrophy-Rugger jersey spine, sandwich spine
ren papillary necrosis-track&horn, egg in cup, ring shadow
resp distress neonat-sunray
RHD(earliest)-straight lt heart border
rickets-loss of provisional zone of ossic(earliest), growth plate widening, cupping,
flaying, splaying, white line of calcic(healing rickets), flaring of ant end of rib, moth
eaten epiphysis
rt upper lobe collapse with bronchogenic ca -golden S
rt middle lobe path-Felson, silhouette, rt heart border obscure
RVH-lift up heart apex
sarcoidosis-1-2-3, garland, panda(face), lambda(chest)
scapholunate dislocat-Terry Thomas/David Latterman
Schizencephaly-Split brain
scurvy-pencil thin cortex, white line Frenkel, Wimberger ring, Trummerfeld zone,
Pelkan spur, osteoporosis
sigmoi volvulus-inner bent tube, omega
SiLicosis-egg SheLL calcic, Snowstorm
simple bone cyst-fallen leaf/fragment
slipped capital fem epiphysis-Trethowan
spina ventusa/TB phalang-ballooning/lytic metaphys phalang
spondylolisthesis-inverted napolean hat(APview), behead Scotty dog(oblique view)
spondylolysis-Scotty dog with collar
TAPVC-g8 heart, cottage loaf heart, snowman
TB arthritis-osteoporosis+erosion+jt space narrowing
TB hip-osteoporosis(earliest), wandering acetabulum
TB knee-synovium
TB osteomyelitis-osteoporosis+no new bone formation
TB shoulder-caries sicca
tetralogy of Fallot-boot shaped heart(cor en sabot), shoeman
TGA(uncorrected)-egg on side/string heart
thymus-sail, wave of Muvley
transient tachypnoea neonat-prominent interlobar ssure
Turner synd-short 4th MC
UB inj-ground glass
undisplace #supracondylar humerus-fatpad
unstable pelvis-post sacroiliac complex displacem>1cm, avulsion# sacral/ischial
end of sacrospinous lig, avulsion# L5 transv proc, disrupt pubic symphysis, gap in
post pelvic ring
vert hemangioma-Coduroy cloth, linear striation
vert met-pedicle erosion, winkling owl(1st sign)
Weg granulomatosis-fleeting opacities

air bronchogram-pneum, pulm edema, HMD, bronchoalv ca

air crescent
Ek-Echinococcus
P-Pus in cavity
C-Clot in cavity
At-Aspergilloma
Table-Tm in cavity
egg shell calcic mediast LN-Ranke(calcied Ghon) complex, silicosis, sarcoid,
histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, postRT lymphoma
honey coomb lung
R-RA
P-Pneumoconiosis
Singh-Scleroderma
HIT-HIsTiocytosis
Six-Sarcoidosis
inf rib notching/Roesler/Dock sign(vascular)-COA, aortic thrombus/obstruction,
aortitis, Taussig-Blalock operation, subclav a obstruction, SVC obstruction, pulm
oligemia/atresia, NF
Kerley B line(ca met)
Certain-Cx
Ca-Colon
Spread-Stom
By-Breast
Plugging-Pancr
The-Thy
Lymphatic-Larynx
miliary mottling lung-miliary TB, sarcoid, histoplasm, met, long standing MS, alveolar
microlithiasis, pneumoconiosis, varicella, fat embolism
sup rib notch-poliomyelitis, osteogenesis imperfecta, RLD, Marfan synd, connective
ts ds(RA,SLE,scleroderma), hyperparathy, NF
silhouette-contact with lung
up rt heart bord/ascending aorta-ant seg RUL
rt heart bord-RML
up lt heart bord-ant seg LUL
lt heart bord-lingula
aortic knob-apicopost seg LUL
hemidiaphragm-basal seg LL
physiologic airfluid level abd Xray2
Xray view-struct/lesion
baSal(submentovertical)-S
Caldwell(occipitoFrontal)-F
Judet-#acetabulum
Lateral-seLLa turcica
Law, Schuller-mastoid antrum
lt lat-aortopulm window
Lordotic-Lung apex

Mortice-ankle inj
oblique-#scaphoid
Peg odontoid-C1,2
Rheese-optic foRamen
Stryker notCH-Hill SaCH lesion
sunset-patellofem dysplasia
von Rosen-DDH
Waters(occipitomental)-M, orbital floor(blow out#)
West point axillary-Bankart
brain calcic-ds
basal ganglia calcic-hypoparathy, FAHRS, Cockayne synd
bracket calcic-corpus callosum lipoma
diffuse nodular calcic-toxoplasmosis
periVentric Calcic-CMV inf
rice grain calcic brain-neurocysticercosis
sunray calcic+spicule brain-meningioma
suprasellar calcic-craniopharyngioma, meningioma
tramtrack/railroad calcic-Sturge Weber synd
Brain tm
CAlcied brain tm(CA COME)
Craniopharyngioma
Astrocytoma
Choroid plexus papilloma
Oligodendrogioma
Meningioma
Ependymoma
Glioma-astrocytoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, glioblastoma
Neuronal tm-gangliocytoma, neurocytoma, L'Hermitte Duclos tm(cerebellar
gangliocytoma)
CSF spread-medulloblastoma, germinoma, glioblastoma multiforme, CNS lymphoma,
ependymoma
RADIOTHERAPY
teletherapy-ext beam therapy
Co machine(highV)-Co60 Ni60+ray
LINAC(LowV) Xr orthV, megV, superV
brachytherapy-contact, substance, cavity
fractionat-once daily, weekend off
hyperfract-non SmCC lung-CHART(Continuous Hyperfract Accelerated RT)
prophylact cranial radiation-SmCC lung, ALL
IMRT(Intensity Modulated RT)
intensitythickn-ca prostate 6mV
IGRT(Image Guided RT)
knife-brain-vest schwannoma, pit adenoma, meningioma, AV malform, CNV
neuralgia
cyber knife-whole body
H+ beam therapy-Bragg peak(deposit energy only at target)
whole body electron therapy-mycosis fungoides

intraoperative RT-electron photon therapy

RT-ionisation of molecule
O2 effective-just before starting RT
radioisotope-t
18F=110min
Tc99=6h
I123=13h-fn scan(RAIU)
Au198=2.7d
Radon=3.8d
I131=8d-unsealed TRT ca thy
P32=14.3d()
albumin=21d
Co60=5.2y(TRT>BRT)
tritium=12y
Cs137=30y-BRT
Ra226=1600y()
U238=4.5bil y
I125-RIA, BRT()
I124-PET
I127-stable
iridium192-HDR BRT
max biologic effect-
Radium daughter element in gas form
radiationunitSI unit(RC BARGERS)
Radioactivity-Curie-Becquerel(RCB)
Absorption-RAd-GrAy(ARG)
EQuivalent-REm-SEvErt(EQRS)
exposure-Roentgen-C/kg
1Ci=3.710^10Bq(3.7GBq)
max permisible dose
International Commision of Radiologic Protection(ICRP)-5rem
preg0.5rad(therap abortion)
radiosensitivity
MRS bld cell-lymphocyte
LRS bld cell-PLT>RBC
MRS bone tm-Ewing sarcoma>multiple myeloma
MRS brain tm-Medulloblastoma
MRS eye struct-lens
LRS eye struct-sclera
MRS kidn tm-Wilms tm
MRS lung tm-SmCC
MRS mucosa-intest mucosa
MRS organ-skin
LRS organ-vag

MRS ovary tm-dysgerminoma>teratoma

MRS retina layer-LRC
LRS retina layer-GCL
MRS phase-G2M>G2>M>G1>early S>late S
LRS phase-late S
MRS testis tm-seminoma
MRS ts-bone marrow
LRS ts-nervous ts
MRS tm-WESMiLe
Wilms tm(within 10d of Sx)
Ewings sarcoma
Seminoma
Multiple myeloma
Lymphoma
LRS tm-ca pancr, malign melanoma, osteosarcoma
high dose RT>12Gy/h
low dose RT=0.4-2Gy/h
Hodgkin lymph=20-30Gy
isotope
temporary-iridium, caesium
Permanent(PGI)-Palladium, Gold, I125
bone tm-Strontium, P(), RAdium223(Alp), Yttrium, Samarium(), Rhenium()
ds-radiat absorpt
hema2logic synd-2-8Gy(death-2-4w after exposure)
perm sterility>6Gy
brain can tolerate=6Gy
GI red synd=6-10Gy
neurovasc synd=10Gy
fatal time full body exposure 5Gy=1-2mth
organ-tolerance dose(TD50)
fetus=400
bone marrow=450
liver=2000-4000
kidn, lung=2500
brain=6000
radiation recall phenom
severe skin rxn develop when CT given after RT-actinomycinD, doxorubicin, mtx, 5FU,
hydroxyurea, paclitaxel, As trioxide
radiation carditis-pericard effusion
radioprotector-SH grp-amifostine
radiosensitiz-hydroxyurea, hyperbaric O2
radiomimetic-busulfan, N2 mustard
simulator-duplicat geometry of therapy machine

fetus sensitive-w8-15
radioisotope/radiation-use
craniospinal-medulloblastoma
e-ca skin
P32-Polycythemia
Abbreviations
a-artery, AA-amino acid, abtc-antibiotic, AI-autoimmune
bef-before, bel-below, b/l-bilateral, bld-blood, b/n-between, bn-benign, br-branch,
Bx-biopsy
ca-carcinoma, carb-carbohydrate, c/i-contraindication, c/l-contralateral,
conc-concentration, cong-congenital, Cx-cervix
d-day, def-deficient, ds-disease, d/t-due to, Dx-diagnosis
E-estrogen
fem-female, fr-from
gld-gland, glu-glucose
h-hormone
idiop-idiopathic, i/l-ipsilateral, inf-infection, inj-injury
lig-ligament, LL-lower limb, l/t-leading to
m-muscle, maj-major, mal-male, MC-most common, met-metastasis, min-minor,
mtx-methotrexate, Mx-management
n-nerve, norm-normal
P-progesterone, pl-plasma, prot-protein, pt-patient
Rx-treatment
SCC-squamous cell carcinoma, sr-serum, Sx-surgery, sz-seizure
tm-tumour, ts-tissue
UL-upper limb, u/l-unilateral
vag-vagina, VC-vocal cord, vel-velocity, vert-vertebra, vit-vitamin, vol-volume
w-week, wt-weight
Xr-X ray
y-year
#-fracture
-degree
-(N.B.-THESE NOTES ARE ONLY FOR THE PURPOSE OF GUIDANCE AND HELP
TO PG ASPIRANTS, NOT FOR COMMERCIAL OR OTHER PURPOSE. REFERENCE
HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM VARIOUS STANDARD TEXTBOOKS. FOR ANY
FEEDBACK/QUERY PLEASE CONTACT- ankit.yadavendra@facebook.com or
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