IB Psychology Exam Review — Mitch Burns, Eugene Lee, Andrew Sunderhaus, Justin Chon3. Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the biological level of analysis(experiments, observations, correlational studies) - The biological level of analysis states that all emotions and behaviors have a biological basis - There are 6 main research methods these include experiments, case studies, observational studies, interviews, surveys/questionnaires and correlational studies. - Experiments are often used because of their strict control over variables, they are easy to replicate, and they have high reliability and validity.3. Part 2 - Experiments are also used because it is considered to be the most scientific research method, and it also determines important cause-effect relationships between two variables. (Independent and Dependent) - Anexample would be Raine et al (1997) which determined whether participants were controls or prisoners who pleaded not guilty for reasons of insanity. The cause and effect relationship that was found was Cause : Brain abnormalities. Effect : Aggressive behavior. - Main idea: Research methods are methods used to collect and analyze data, and the type of research method is dependent on the aim of the study.4. Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the biological level of analysis. Just like every other level of analysis, there are several things that must be taken into consideration such as the protection of the participants, consent, right to withdraw, confidentiality and deception. Participants must give permission, must be able to stop the experiment at any time they want, must be promised that their information will be kept secret, and they must not be tricked in any way. Animal research however has slightly different ethical considerations, differences include regarding harming participants and ethical euthanasia.16. Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the cognitive level of analysis. Cognitive Psychology concerns itself with the structure and functions of the mind. Cognition is based on one’s mental representations of the world, such as images, words, and concepts. It is the goal of cognitive research to discover possible principles underlying cognitive processes. Information is thought to enter the brain via bottom-up processing (from the sensory system) and is then processed in the mind by top-down processing via pre-stored information in the memory. Cognitive Psychology states that the mind can be studied scientifically by developing theories and using experimental methods. Cognitive psychologists study cognition in the laboratory and in daily context. Cognitive processes are also researched according to the social and cultural factors that influence them. One way this is examined is through schema, or the mental representation of knowledge.17. Discuss ethical considerations related to research at the cognitive level of analysis. e In psychology ethics must be considered to ensure participant safety and that research is ethically valid. e The cognitive level of analysis employs the following ethical guidelines: Protection of Participants from physical and mental harm and distress, Participants must be informed of the true aims and nature of the research prior to giving consent. Participants must have the right to withdraw from the experiment at anytime. All data collected during the experiment must be kept confidential. Deception should be avoided. If deception is used, participants must be fully debriefed on the deception and still have the right to withdraw their results.28 . Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the sociocultural level of analysis - Sociocultural level of analysis focuses on how environment and culture affect behavior or thinking - The goals of research in this level of analysis is to see how people interact with each other. - Therefore, much of the research is taken place in environments in which the behavior is most likely to take place. - Participation observation is often used, which is when researchers immerse themselves in a social setting for an extended period of time and observe behavior.28. Part 2 An example of this would be the O'Reilly study of 2000. In this study, British expatriates, which are people that live outside of their home country. The found out that they were not happy with their life in Spain - nor did they long to return home.29. Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the sociocultural level of analysis In psychology ethics must be considered to ensure that participants are not harmed. Specifically in the sociocultural level of analysis, there must be protection, consent, right to withdraw, confidentiality and avoidance of deception. This means that no patient should undergo stress, and they should be able to stop the experiment at any time and their results, if they chose to finish the experiment, must remain confidential.43. Examine the concepts of normality and abnormality Abnormality, is often described as deviation from the norm, social deviation and dysfunction/distress. Unusual behaviors are sometimes desireable ex. Being a genius, but some are undesirable such as having depression. This causes a lot of ethical issues such as social labeling, discrimination and sometimes violations of human rights. Socially, there can be norms that change according to moral values such as homosexuality or divorce. This leads to conforming because there is so much pressure on becoming the norm, and sometimes people are repressed to a point where one develops a disorder.44. Discuss validity and reliability of diagnosis Diagnosis is important when it comes to identifying disorders, because then treatments can be applied accordingly. There are several methods of diagnosis such as biological tests ex. Brain scans and blood tests. And also there are psychological tests ex. IQ tests, personality tests, etc. There is a lot of grey area when it comes to the validity and reliability. An example of this grey area comes from Cooper et al. In this experiment, an identical video clip of a patient was shown to psychiatrists from New York and London. The ones from NY had a higher likelihood of diagnosing schizophrenia, while the ones from London were more likely to diagnose depressionEssay 9 : Discuss the use of compliance techniques. Compliance is a form of social influence, which is the result of direct pressure to respond to a request. There are different forms of compliance such as foot-in-the-door (FITD), an example of this is would be asking students to sign a paper promising that they will take shorter showers to save water, even though they could just sign the paper and continue to take long showers, the fact that they signed the paper made the participants feel obligated to take shorter showers. Main idea is that smaller commitments lead to bigger commitments.Essay 2 : Explain how 1 study demonstrates localization of function in the brain There are two different parts of the brain, the left side which is more logically and is better at problem solving, and the right side which is more for creativity and emotion. An example to investigate the localization of function in the brain is Phineas Gage. He survived the passing of an iron rod through his head, and it entered below his left cheek and exited through the top of his skull on the frontal lobe. Before the accident Gage was a nice guy, but after he showed signs of rude language, and explicit behaviors. This concluded that different parts of the brain are responsible for different functions.Essay 2 : Part 2 Sperry (1968) - This study helped neuroscientists understand the way brain functions appear to be not only localized in specific regions but also lateralized. He selected 11 patients with severed corpus callosums. The patients were shown an image on the left or right hand side of their body, and they were asked to identify it or was asked to draw a picture of it based off an example. He found that patients could redraw pictures with their left hands but not right. From this study, Sperry found that the two brain hemispheres have separate functions.Essay 9: Part 2 - Another compliance technique is low balling. This is when someone changes an offer to make it less attractive to the target person after they have agreed to it. - Anexample of lowballing would be a car salesman offering a customer a good deal, which they accept, but after the salesman finds an excuse to change the deal and make it less attractive to the customer. Most often, customers will agree to the new, less desireable offer.Essay 14 : To what extent is one cognitive process reliable ? Eyewitness Testimony (EWT) is when someone gives a description at a trial of a crime that they have witnessed. Memory is a very important part of EWT and plays a significant role. Recently, researchers have demonstrated that memory may not be as reliable as we think through the use of DNA technology, psychologists have demonstrated that eyewitnesses can be wrong. Elizabeth Loftus had an experiment that investigated the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimonies of an event Participants were shown a car crash and were asked a question either “how fast were the cars going when they hit/smashed/collided/bumped”Essay 14 : Part 2 It was discovered that the question phrased with a more strong word like collided or smashed had a higher average speed than words like hit or bump. - The eyewitness testimony experiment along with this experiment shows that false facts can be implanted into people's minds and also that people are affected by the wording of a question.Essay 23: Examine the concepts of normality and abnormality. e Deviation from the norm (statistical infrequency) © Unusual behaviors can be desirable (geniuses) © Undesirable behaviors are sometimes normal- it is possible to have a disorder and not break social norms © Norms differ from culture and age- are not universally applicable © Who decides what is and is not normal behavior? e Social Deviation Normality is defined by the standards of social behavior Situation norms- acceptable depending on the situation Developmental norms- acceptable depending on development Norms can change based on prevailing moral values (Divorce, Homosexuality) co 000Essay 23: Examine the concepts of normality and abnormality. e Dysfunctional and Distress © Behavior that disrupts the ability to work and/or conduct a healthy relationship with another person © Notall mental disorders are accompanied by distress © Notall distress are disorders © Certain elements jointly determine abnormality