KarlaLuna

Anatomy
3rdPeriod
DUEAPRIL7,2016
DigestiveSystemLabReport

3Introductoryparagraphs:AddressingPart1,2,3

PartIStructuresoftheMouth

SalivaryGlands:
TheEffectsofSalivaryAmylaseonStarch

TasteBuds:
TheContributionofSmellandTexturetoTaste

MammalTeethStructure:
MasticationTools
(labeledphotosofteeth)

PartIIEsophagusandStomach

ProteinDigestion
TheEffectsofpHonProteindigestion

CatEsophagusandStomach
(labeledphotos)

PartIIISmallandLargeIntestines
Q:Howdohormones(agent)effectvarioussecretions,motilityfromorgansglands?

IntestinalLabDataAnalysis

CatIntestines,pancreas,liver
(labeledphotos)

Table2
Experimentaldatafromthevirtualrats

ExperimentalDataControl12345
Dropsoffluid
fromsalivary
duct,min1

10

10

10

70

12

pHofstomach

1.9

1.8

Dropsoffluid
frompancreatic
duct,min1

77

30

9.5

Dropsoffluid
fromamain
pancreaticduct

7.2

10

7.6

7.2

Motilityof
stomach,no.of
contractions/min

3.6

15

3.4

1.0

Motilityofsmall
intestine,no.of
contractions/min

15

17

18

30

17

13

Bloodglucose
level,mg/dl

100

101

100

104

102

60

Strengthof
contraction,
mmHg

10

12

12

50

12

Table3
Comparisonofeffectsoftheunknownagentsonthedifferentfunctionsoccurringwithinthe
virtualrat.
(

)Placeiftherewasanincrease,a(

)isplacedifthereoccurredadecreaseanda(__)ifno
significantchangeoccurred

ExperimentaldataUnknowns

12345
Dropsoffluid
fromsalivary
duct

__

__

__

__

pHof
stomach

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

Motilityof
stomach

__

__

__

Motilityof
small
intestine

__

__

__

__

Blood
glucoselevel

__

__

__

__

Strengthof
contraction

__

__

__

Dropsoffluid
from
pancreatic
duct
pHoffluid
fromthe
main
pancreatic
duct
Dropsofthe
fluidfromthe
commonbile
duct

Analysis
Unknown

SupportingFacts

Cholecystokinin(CCK)
ahormonethat

Secretin
ahormonereleasedintothe

Acetylcholine(ACh)
acompoundthat

Gastrin
ahormonethatstimulates

Glucose
asimplesugarthatisan

issecretedbycellsintheduodenumand
stimulatesthereleaseofbileintotheintestine
andthesecretionofenzymesbythe
pancreas.

bloodstreambytheduodenum(especiallyin
responsetoacidity)tostimulatesecretionby
theliverandpancreas.

occursthroughoutthenervoussystem,in
whichitfunctionsasaneurotransmitter.

secretionofgastricjuice,andissecretedinto
thebloodstreambythestomachwallin
responsetothepresenceoffood.

importantenergysourceinlivingorganisms
andisacomponentofmanycarbohydrates.

Conclusion
Themouthisthebeginningofthedigestivesystemandthedigestionstartshere.Chewing
breaksthefoodintopiecesthataremoreeasilydigested,whilesalivamixeswithfoodtobegin
theprocessofbreakingitdownintoaformyourbodycanabsorbanduse.Locatedinyour
throatnearyourtracheaistheesophagusreceivesfoodfromyourmouthwhenyouswallow.Of
aseriesofmuscularcontractionscalledperistalsis,theesophagusdeliversfoodtoyour
stomach.

Thestomachisaholloworganthatholdsfoodwhileitisbeingmixedwithenzymesthat
continuetheprocessofbreakingdownfoodintoausableform.Cellsintheliningofthestomach
secreteastrongacidandpowerfulenzymesthatareresponsibleforthebreakdownprocess.
Whenthecontentsofthestomacharesufficientlyprocessed,theyarereleasedintothesmall
intestine.Thereisthreedifferentsectionswhicharetheduodenum,jejunum,andileum
thesmallintestineisa22footlongmusculartubethatbreaksdownfoodusingenzymes
releasedbythepancreasandbilefromtheliver.Peristalsisalsoisatworkinthisorgan,moving

foodthroughandmixingitwithdigestivesecretionsfromthepancreasandliver.Theduodenum
islargelyresponsibleforthecontinuousbreakingdownprocess,withthejejunumandileum
mainlyresponsibleforabsorptionofnutrientsintothebloodstream.
Contentsofthesmallintestinestartoutsemisolid,andendinaliquidformafterpassing
throughtheorgan.Water,bile,enzymes,andmucouscontributetothechangeinconsistency.
Oncethenutrientshavebeenabsorbedandtheleftoverfoodresidueliquidhaspassedthrough
thesmallintestine,itthenmovesontothelargeintestine,orcolon.

Thepancreassecretesdigestiveenzymesintotheduodenum,thefirstsegmentofthesmall
intestine.Theseenzymesbreakdownprotein,fats,andcarbohydrates.Thepancreasalso
makesinsulin,secretingitdirectlyintothebloodstream.Insulinisthechiefhormonefor
metabolizingsugar.

Theliverhasmultiplefunctions,butitsmainfunctionwithinthedigestivesystemistoprocess
thenutrientsabsorbedfromthesmallintestine.Bilefromtheliversecretedintothesmall
intestinealsoplaysanimportantroleindigestingfat.Ittakestherawmaterialsabsorbedbythe
intestineandmakesallthevariouschemicalsthebodyneedstofunction.Theliveralso
detoxifiespotentiallyharmfulchemicals.

Thegallbladderstoresandconcentratesbile,andthenreleasesitintotheduodenumtohelp
absorbanddigestfats.

Thecolonisa6footlongmusculartubethatconnectsthesmallintestinetotherectum.The
largeintestineismadeupofthececum,theascending(right)colon,thetransverse(across)
colon,thedescending(left)colon,andthesigmoidcolon,whichconnectstotherectum.The
appendixisasmalltubeattachedtothececum.Thelargeintestineisahighlyspecializedorgan
thatisresponsibleforprocessingwastesothatemptyingthebowelsiseasyandconvenient.
Stool,orwasteleftoverfromthedigestiveprocess,ispassedthroughthecolonbymeansof
peristalsis,firstinaliquidstateandultimatelyinasolidform.Asstoolpassesthroughthecolon,
waterisremoved.Stoolisstoredinthesigmoid(Sshaped)colonuntila"massmovement"
emptiesitintotherectumonceortwiceaday.Itnormallytakesabout36hoursforstooltoget
throughthecolon.Thestoolitselfismostlyfooddebrisandbacteria.Thesebacteriaperform
severalusefulfunctions,suchassynthesizingvariousvitamins,processingwasteproductsand
foodparticles,andprotectingagainstharmfulbacteria.Whenthedescendingcolonbecomes
fullofstool,orfeces,itemptiesitscontentsintotherectumtobegintheprocessofelimination.

Therectumisan8inchchamberthatconnectsthecolontotheanus.Itistherectum'sjobto
receivestoolfromthecolon,toletthepersonknowthatthereisstooltobeevacuated,andto
holdthestooluntilevacuationhappens.Whenanything(gasorstool)comesintotherectum,
sensorssendamessagetothebrain.Thebrainthendecidesiftherectalcontentscanbe
releasedornot.Iftheycan,thesphinctersrelaxandtherectumcontracts,disposingits
contents.Ifthecontentscannotbedisposed,thesphinctercontractsandtherectum
accommodatessothatthesenTheanusisthelastpartofthedigestivetract.Itisa2inchlong

canalconsistingofthepelvicfloormusclesandthetwoanalsphincters(internalandexternal).
Theliningoftheupperanusisspecializedtodetectrectalcontents.Itletsyouknowwhetherthe
contentsareliquid,gas,orsolid.Theanusissurroundedbysphinctermusclesthatare
importantinallowingcontrolofstool.Thepelvicfloormusclecreatesananglebetweenthe
rectumandtheanusthatstopsstoolfromcomingoutwhenitisnotsupposedto.Theinternal
sphincterisalwaystight,exceptwhenstoolenterstherectum.Itkeepsuscontinentwhenwe
areasleeporotherwiseunawareofthepresenceofstool.Whenwegetanurgetogotothe
bathroom,werelyonourexternalsphinctertoholdthestooluntilreachingatoilet,whereitthen
relaxestoreleasethecontents.

Pleaserememberto:
Creditphotos(smallfont)
Addfigurenumbersanddescriptions
Tablesandchartsshouldshouldbetitled,xandylabeledwithunits