26.

Alocarea static i dinamic a memoriei n limbajul C

Moduri de alocare a memoriei:
Static: Memoria este alocat la compilare n segmentul de date din cadrul programului i nu se mai
poate modifica n cursul execuiei. Variabilele externe, definite n afara funciilor, sunt implicit statice, dar
pot fi declarate static i variabile locale, definite n cadrul funciilor.
Memoria este alocat la compilare n segmentul de date din cadrul progr

TIRI

Ultimele tiriJurnalul orei 19:00PoliticSocial

EconomicExterneCulturSport
IT i tiinMondenAdvertorialPromoEuropa, Te Atept

EMISIUNI

DeteptareaAcas devremeVerandaOra de rasDeteptarea de week-end

Mai pe scurtPatrula Jurnal TVPoft mare, Chiinu!Asfalt de MoldovaPaparazzi
Ghicete PreulBuctarul DeteptriiPriveti i CtigiVin din America

TALK-SHOW

Ora expertizei
Cabinetul din umbr
...i punctum!Dezbateri Electorale 2015

TRIMITE-NE O TIRE!

PROGRAM TV

LIVE

TIRILE CURENTE

METEO HOROSCOP

18.05.201619:50

O nou pat pe imaginea MoldoveiCu dou sptmni nainte de anunarea deciziei privind eventuala
suspendare a Republicii Moldova din sistemul internaional Carte Verde, compania ASITO arunc o nou
bomb.

ECONOMICBuget aprobat cu o...

18.05.201619:49

POLITICOficialii europeni cer...

18.05.201619:48

SOCIALef la "MoldData"...
18.05.201619:47

MAI PE SCURTUn moment de nicfacere

18.05.201619:46

MAI MULT...

EDITORS CHOICE

o
18.05.201620:00

apte milioane de euro rmn n bugetPeste apte milioane de euro rmn n bugetul de stat al
Republicii...

o
18.05.201619:45

Copil gsit necat n iazTragedie ntr-o familie din raionul Sngerei. Un copil de doar trei ani...

o
18.05.201619:43

nc 30 de zile dup gratii pentru FilatFostul premier Vladimir Filat va sta dup gratii nc 30 de zile....

o
18.05.201619:00

Jurnalul orei 19, 18 maicu Stela Popa

o
18.05.201617:12

Microbuz de linie implicat n accidentOpt oameni au ajuns la spital dup ce microbuzul de pe linia
125 n care...

o
18.05.201617:11

Pompieri i paramedici SMURD, n aciuneOperaiune fr precedent n raionul Ungheni. Peste 300

de salvatori din...

o
18.05.201615:36

Hipertensiunea arterial... n detaliiHipertensiunea arterial este o boal cronic caracterizat prin

valori...

o
18.05.201614:38

La natere cu soul spectatorA asista la naterea propriului copil este, cu siguran, pentru orice...

o
18.05.201613:45

Carnagiu pe osea la SngereiUn alt accident rutier soldat tot cu trei mori a avut loc la intrarea...

o
18.05.201613:44

A murit ntr-un pasaj subteranO femeie de 48 de ani din capital a murit dup ce a suferit un stop...

o
18.05.201613:43

Cutat pentru furtUn brbat este cutat de poliie dup ce ar fi furat 2.300 de lei...

o
18.05.201613:39

A nceput construcia gazoductului TAPCinci state din Europa de Sud-Est au demarat oficial lucrrile
de...

18.05.201608:09

Lilu i Carapostol, pe urmele lui Jamie Oliver

o
18.05.201607:53

Deteptarea economicGuvernarea sufoc micii antreprenori i ncurajeaz instaurarea...

o
18.05.201607:31

Voluntariatul, mai mult dect stil de viaTot mai muli tineri aleg s fie voluntari, iar asta nu doar
pentru a-i...

PROMO JURNALTV

o
16.05.201612:11

Food Revolution Day Moldova

o
12.05.201616:00

Ghicete preul, Promo

o
10.05.201614:57

Acibadem.Soluia pentru orice problem de sntate

o
16.03.201618:05

6 ANI - Jurnal TV, Promo 5

o
16.03.201618:04

6 ANI - Jurnal TV, Promo 5

o
16.03.201618:03

6 ANI - Jurnal TV, Promo 4

o
16.03.201618:02

6 ANI - Jurnal TV, Promo 3

o
16.03.201618:01

6 ANI - Jurnal TV, Promo 2

o
16.03.201618:00

6 ANI - Jurnal TV, Promo 1

o
28.01.201612:36

Priveti i ctigi teaser 2016

o
17.08.201517:02

tirile JurnalTV, Promo

o
14.08.201517:35

Mai pe scurt, Promo

o
11.08.201515:18

Deteptarea, Promo

o
10.08.201514:14

Ora de ras , Promo

o
06.08.201515:30

Acas devreme , Promo

MAI MULT...

amului i nu se mai poate modifica n cursul execuiei. O variabil static are durata de via egal cu
cea a programului. In consecin, o variabil static declarat ntr-o funcie i pstreaz valoarea ntre
apeluri succesiv.
Variabilele statice pot fi iniializate numai cu valori constante (pentru c iniializarea are loc la
compilare)e ale funciei.

Dinamic: variabile implementate n heap. Memoria se aloc dinamic (la execuie) n zona heap
ataat programului, dar numai la cererea explicit a programatorului, prin apelarea unor funcii de
bibliotec (malloc, calloc, realloc). Memoria este eliberat numai la cerere, prin apelarea funciei free .
27. Funcii pentru alocarea, realocarea i dealocarea dinamic a memoriei
Memoria se aloc dinamic (la execuie) n zona heap ataat programului, dar numai la cererea
explicit a programatorului, prin apelarea unor funcii de bibliotec (malloc, calloc, realloc). Memoria este
eliberat numai la cerere, prin apelarea funciei free .
Funciile standard pentru alocarea dinamica a memoriei sunt declarate n fiierele stdlib.h i alloc.h.

Alocarea memoriei: void *malloc(size_t size) - Aloc memorie de dimensiunea size octei
void *calloc(int nitems, size_t size) - Aloc memorie pentru nitems de dimensiune size octei i
iniializeaz zona alocat cu zerouri

Cele dou funcii au ca rezultat adresa zonei de memorie alocate , de tip void. Dac cererea de
alocare nu poate fi satisfcut, pentru c nu mai exista un bloc continuu de dimensiunea solicitat, atunci
funciile de

, .

.
17.05.2016

,
18.05.2016

:

18.05.2016

18.05.2016

,
18.05.2016

?
17.05.2016

17.05.2016

Eliberarea memoriei
Funcia free are ca argument o adres (un pointer) i elibereaz zona de la adresa respectiv (alocat
dinamic). Dimensiunea zonei nu mai trebuie specificat deoarece este memorat la nceputul zonei alocate
(de ctre funcia de alocare): void free(void* adr);
Eliberarea memoriei prin free este inutil la terminarea unui program, deoarece nainte de ncrcarea
i lansarea n execuie a unui nou program se elibereaz automat toat memoria heap.
28. Alocarea dinamic a memoriei pentru un tablou unidimensional
Structura de vector are avantajul simplittii i economiei de memorie fa de alte structuri de date
folosite pentru memorarea unei colecii de date.
Dezavantajul unui vector cu dimensiune fix (stabilit la declararea vectorului i care nu mai poate fi
modificat la execuie) apare n aplicaiile cu vectori de dimensiuni foarte variabile, n care este dificil de
estimat o dimensiune maxim, fr a face risip de memorie. De cele mai multe ori programele pot afla din
datele citite dimensiunile vectorilor cu care lucreaz i deci pot face o alocare dinamic a memoriei pentru
aceti vectori. Aceasta este o soluie mai flexibil, care folosete mai bine memoria disponibil i nu impune
limitri arbitrare asupra utilizrii unor programe. n limbajul C nu exist practic nici o diferen ntre
utilizarea unui vector cu dimensiune fix i utilizarea unui vector alocat dinamic, ceea ce ncurajeaz si mai
mult utilizarea unor vectori cu dimensiune variabil.
Un vector alocat

Macedonia calls off June elections

The parliament in Skopje has decided to cancel elections set for early next month. The decision was taken after
major political parties said they would boycott the vote over a government wire-tapping scandal.

Macedonia: A Colorful Revolution paint-bombs the regime

Hundreds missing in Sri Lanka landslides

Dozens of people have died and hundreds gone missing after torrential rains triggered two massive landslides in
central Sri Lanka. Rescuers have stopped work temporarily after searching for survivors for nearly 20 hours.

Sevilla defeat Liverpool in Europa League final

Sevilla produced a rampant second half display to overturn a sublime Daniel Sturridge goal and claim their third
successive Europa League crown with a 3-1 win over Jrgen Klopps Liverpool in Basel.

Gerst to be first German ISS commander

Alexander Gerst is headed back to space - and will become the first German to take command of the
International Space Station. The news was made public during Chancellor Merkel's visit to the German
Aerospace Center.

Interview with Alexander Gerst (12.07.2015)

Kabul signs peace deal with warlord Hekmatyar

Afghanistan has signed a preliminary agreement with the militant group Hezb-i-Islami. The deal with the antiforeign forces group is being seen as a sign of success in Kabul's peace efforts.

'Kabul government targeted by the Taliban'

EU threatens Poland over rule of law

The Polish government has until Monday to show it's moving towards fixing its draconian law on the country's
high court. A failure to act will prompt the the EU executive to move to hold Poland to account.

Germany offers major cash incentive for e-cars

The German government is offering buyers up to 4,000 euros to buy an electric car as part of a scheme to
subsidize electromobility. But critics on both sides have their doubts about the new incentive. Ben Knight
reports.

Investing in refugees pays off, study finds

Investing in refugees in the EU can net nearly twice the amount within just a few years, according to a new study.
Its author urges a more positive outlook and the right policies to maximize contributions by refugees.

UN's Angelina Jolie warns of breakdown for global refugee system

US trade panel initiates patent probe into VW

A trade panel in the US has started an investigation into whether scandal-plagued German carmaker Volkswagen
has infringed on patents owned by a Baltimore company. The focus is on electric vehicle technology.

Bonn manslaughter suspect denies assault on youth

Police in Bonn say they have arrested a key suspect in a youth manslaughter case that has drawn nationwide
attention. He's accused of stomping on the head of his victim in a flashpoint suburb of Germany's former capital.

US: Hackers targeting presidential campaigns

Hackers are snooping on US presidential candidates, according to US National Intelligence Director James
Clapper. Cyber experts say neither Donald Trump's nor Hillary Clinton's team are protected.

NGO workers denounce Italian hotspot system

Humanitarian groups are questioning Italy's ability to handle minors and victims of torture, as irregular
migration from North African continues. Diego Cupolo reports from Pozzallo, Sicily.

Italy now Europe's No.1 destination for refugees

Kurds, Turkish army trade deadly attacks

At least five soldiers and 10 rebels have died during intensified fighting in southeastern Turkey in the past 48
hours. The two sides traded roadside bombings and airstrikes, as both sides dig in for a prolonged fight.

Bhmermann to appeal against court injunction

The German TV host has decided to appeal against a court's decision to prevent him from reciting a poem critical
of Turkish President Erdogan. The verse accuses the leader of bestiality and watching child porn.

Will Europe ban controversial weed killer?

The EU is about to vote on whether to relicense the world's most used pesticide, as debate continues to rage over
whether it poses a risk of cancer.

Apple taps India's burgeoning mobile economy

Apple's chief executive has described India as "one of the most vibrant iOS development communities in the
world." With roughly one percent market share, Apple is seeking to cash in on India's booming smartphone
economy.

UN cuts LGBTI groups from AIDS conference

The US, EU and Canada are protesting the UN's decision to bar 11 NGOs from an AIDS conference. The UN has
reportedly excluded LGBTI advocacy groups from Egypt, Guyana, Jamaica, Peru and Ukraine, among other
nations.

Nokia name returns to mobile phone market

Nokia has said it has signed an exclusive 10-year licensing agreement for newly formed Finnish company HMD
to create Nokia-branded smartphones and tablets. The devices are to be made by Foxconn.

Flashback: Microsoft buys Nokia's handset business (2014)

Palestinian Museum opens, aims for broad international reach

A new Palestinian Museum opens in the West Bank on May 18 - albeit without an inaugural exhibition. The
museum's chairman Omar al-Qattan tells DW how the institution aims to overcome boundaries to reach all
Palestinians.

ALSO IN THE NEWS

First abducted Chibok girl found in Nigeria

Ukraine conflict: more cases of trafficking and torture than previously thought

UK press watchdog: Sun misled on queen's Brexit stance

Mexico's president seeks to legalize same-sex marriage

PERSPECTIVES

Waste of energy
A European Commission plan for nuclear energy appears to be nothing more than hot air, says DW's Bernd
Riegert. 85 Comments

DW NEWS

Top Stories in 3 Minutes

DW News presents the most important news - in brief, quickly and up-to-date.

int min( int t[][NMAX], int m, int n);

int min( int *t [NMAX], int m, int n);

int min( int **t, int m, int n);

Apelul funciei se va face astfel:

int a[NMAX][NMAX], m, n;
..
int mimim = min( a, m, n);
Observaii:

n aplicaiile numerice se prefer argumentele de tip vector i adresarea cu indici, iar n funciile cu
iruri de caractere se prefer argumente de tip pointer i adresarea indirect prin pointeri.
funcie poate avea ca rezultat un pointer dar nu i rezultat vector.
Diferena major dintre o variabil pointer i un nume de vector este aceea c un nume de vector este
un pointer constant (adresa este alocat de compilatorul C i nu mai poate fi modificat la execuie).
Un nume de vector nu poate apare n stnga unei atribuiri, n timp ce o variabil pointer are un
coninut modificabil prin atribuire sau prin operaii aritmetice.