Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
TMD
session
I
2015
Procastination
3
steps
1. Eat
an
elephant.
We
all
know
that
we
cannot
eat
an
elephant
in
one
time.
So
cant
we
make
a
big
task
in
one
time
as
well.
Devideing
into
different
segments
and
parts
is
the
way
to
succes.
2. Pick
out
the
goblins.
When
we
have
to
start
with
a
task
we
should
deifintly
begin
with
a
nice
part
to
get
encouraged
to
get
through
the
different
parts
as
well
3. Ignore
the
Sirens
songs.
Put
away
all
the
possible
distractions
in
your
working
environment.
Close
facebook
and
do
put
all
the
stuff
away
that
you
could
play
with.
This
will
lessen
you
distraction
while
working
at
a
very
important
and
big
task.
Exercise
1
For
each
of
the
quadrants,
look
at
your
activities
today
-
focus
on
your
school
work
and
map
the
activities
to
a
quadrant,
bring
this
to
class.
Urgent
and
important:
Prepare
my
TMD
prepartion
before
15.00
tomorrow.
Make
my
homework
for
Chinese
before
the
day
after
tomorrow.
Urgent
and
unimportant:
I
have
to
visit
my
friend
tonight
to
set
up
the
latest
preparation
of
our
upcoming
shows.
I
have
to
call
my
dad
concerning
school.
Exercise
2
Analyse
your
own
time
wasters,
add
to
the
list
and
fill
in
the
following
table,
bring
it
to
class.
Time
wasters
How
can
I
avoid
this?
Losing
things
with
regard
to
I
will
put
everything
in
a
seperate
file
courses
for
each
course.
Interruptions
Tendency
towards
perfectionism
Postponing
tasks
Focusing
on
too
many
priorities
Having
a
lot
of
spare
time
because
of
too
few
priorities
As
preparation
for
the
class
:
look
for
one
new
tool
that
you
can
use
to
help
your
prioritise,
plan,
avoid
time
wasters,
have
a
more
efficient
time
management.
Be
prepared
to
present
it
to
your
fellow
students.
Professionalism
Case
1
-
Keeping
your
job
or
moving
on
Tessa
is
a
consultant
at
ServIntel,
a
large
international
IT
firm.
She
had
started
as
a
commercial
sales
rep
and
had
discovered
she
really
had
a
talent
for
shaping
clients
wishes
into
userfriendly
software
ideas
for
the
design
department.
Because
of
this
interest
and
her
skills,
she
quickly
made
it
to
consultant
leel.
She
now
looks
for
and
maintains
contact
with
potential
clients
and
translates
their
wishes
into
IT
products
that
ServIntel
sells.
You
are
Tessa's
colleague
and
started
more
or
less
at
the
same
time
as
a
programmer.
You
still
love
your
job
but
would
like
to
have
a
promotion
and
meet
customers
and
get
out
of
the
office
more.
You
think
Tessa's
job
is
rather
interesting.
You
can
see
she
has
lots
of
freedom
and
enjoys
her
job.
You
seem
a
bit
jealous.
Think
about
your
feelings,
your
position
and
your
skills.
Then
ask
yourself
some
questions.
Why
did
she
get
promoted
and
I
didnt?
Am
I
doing
my
job
in
a
good
way?
Do
they
notice
i
can
handle
more
than
I
am
doing
right
now?
Would
I
be
able
to
achieve
the
same
when
the
the
opportinity
to
do
the
same
would
be
given
to
me?
How
can
I
show
the
bosses
that
I
am
ready
to
get
a
higher
function?
Exercise
2
Write
down
some
notes
on
the
following
and
bring
them
to
class.
At
a
certain
moment
I
got
to
know
that
the
company
I
work
for
hired
a
new
student
that
had
to
work
during
Saturdays.
For
me
it
felt
very
embarrassed
because
of
the
fact
that
i
felt
put
backward.
It
was
like
the
beginning
of
the
end
of
my
career
at
the
company.
My
boss
said
to
me
that
the
new
student
was
hired
because
the
company
wanted
certainty
about
the
availability
of
one
student
during
weekends.
There
always
had
to
be
one
student
to
teach.
And
if
I
could
not
come
to
work
one
day,
he
had
to
come
and
take
over
my
tasks,
for
example
when
I
would
be
ill.
My
boss
in
fact
got
angry
of
me
saying
that
I
felt
put
backward.
He
said
you
have
to
understand,
if
you
cannot
give
Switch
the
certainty
of
coming
each
day
you
have
to,
switch
will
look
for
another
option
that
gives
them
more
certainty.
The
company
has
to
continue
improving,
with
or
without
you.
After
that
I
felt
very
angry
and
I
said:
You
know,
if
I
have
to
look
for
another
job,
you
can
just
say
it
to
me
directly,
in
that
way
I
can
already
start
looking.
Maybe
you
should,
if
this
is
your
reaction.,
was
his
answer.
1. The
boss
his
answer
influenced
me
in
a
negative
way.
This
made
me
very
mad.
2. The
fact
that
I
got
to
know
that
a
new
person
was
hired
via
another
colleague
made
me
angry
as
well.
3. Feeling
me
put
backward
was
also
a
negative
impulse.
4. The
situation
where
the
whole
discussion
happened
was
in
the
shop
with
all
the
other
colleagues
present.
I
felt
insulted
and
had
to
protect
myself.
To
conclude
I
can
say
that
I
notice
that
I
took
the
whole
story
as
an
insult
and
a
way
to
fire
me.
In
fact,
it
was
just
a
way
of
Switch
wanting
the
shop
to
be
able
to
function;
even
when
I
am
sick
for
one
day.
They
want
results
as
well
so
this
is
logical
that
they
did
this.
From
this
I
learned
not
to
think
so
negative
about
changes
in
the
way
a
company
works
and
not
to
blame
myself
for
some
things.
Exercise
3
Use
Korthagen's
model
to
write
about
every
phase
in
the
reflection
process
-
bring
this
reflection
to
class
Step
1:
Action
There
has
been
a
voting
in
group
to
take
certain
decisions
regarding
a
certain
company.
Step
5:
Trial
During
thius
trial
we
can
see
what
the
result
will
look
like.
Source 1
can
be
quantified
(30%
of
those
asked
said
they
never
ate
rice,
while
45%
said
they
did
so
regularly
at
least
once
a
week...
and
so
on).
The
problem
with
closed
questions
is
that
they
limit
the
response
the
interviewee
can
give
and
do
not
enable
them
to
think
deeply
or
test
their
real
feelings
or
values.
If
you
ask
open
questions
such
as
what
do
you
think
about
the
increase
in
traffic?
you
could
elicit
an
almost
endless
number
of
responses.
This
would
give
you
a
very
good
idea
of
the
variety
of
ideas
and
feelings
people
have,
it
would
enable
them
to
think
and
talk
for
longer
and
so
show
their
feelings
and
views
more
fully.
But
it
is
very
difficult
to
quantify
these
results.
You
will
find
that
you
will
need
to
read
all
the
comments
through
and
to
categorise
them
after
you
have
received
them,
or
merely
report
them
in
their
diversity
and
make
general
statements,
or
pick
out
particular
comments
if
they
seem
to
fit
your
purpose.
If
you
decide
to
use
interviews:
Identify
your
sample.
Draw
up
a
set
of
questions
that
seem
appropriate
to
what
you
need
to
find
out.
Do
start
with
some
basic
closed
questions
(name
etc.).
Don't
ask
leading
questions.
Try
them
out
with
a
colleague.
Pilot
them,
then
refine
the
questions
so
that
they
are
genuinely
engaged
with
your
research
object.
Contact
your
interviewees
and
ask
permission,
explain
the
interview
and
its
use.
Carry
out
interviews
and
keep
notes/tape.
Transcribe.
Thematically
analyse
results
and
relate
these
findings
to
others
from
your
other
research
methods.
For
further
information
see
Chapters
11
and
16
of
The
Postgraduate
Research
Handbook
by
Gina
Wisker.
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
often
seem
a
logical
and
easy
option
as
a
way
of
collecting
information
from
people.
They
are
actually
rather
difficult
to
design
and
because
of
the
frequency
of
their
use
in
all
contexts
in
the
modern
world,
the
response
rate
is
nearly
always
going
to
be
a
problem
(low)
unless
you
have
ways
of
making
people
complete
them
and
hand
them
in
on
the
spot
(and
this
of
course
limits
your
sample,
how
long
the
questionnaire
can
be
and
the
kinds
of
questions
asked).
As
with
interviews,
you
can
decide
to
use
closed
or
open
questions,
and
can
also
offer
respondents
multiple
choice
questions
from
which
to
choose
the
statement
which
most
nearly
describes
their
response
to
a
statement
or
item.
Their
layout
is
an
art
form
in
itself
because
in
poorly
laid
out
questionnaires
respondents
tend,
for
example,
to
repeat
their
ticking
of
boxes
in
the
same
pattern.
If
given
a
choice
of
response
on
a
scale
1-5,
they
will
usually
opt
for
the
middle
point,
and
often
tend
to
miss
out
subsections
to
questions.
You
need
to
take
expert
advice
in
setting
up
a
questionnaire,
ensure
that
all
the
information
about
the
respondents
which
you
need
is
included
and
filled
in,
and
ensure
that
you
actually
get
them
returned.
Expecting
people
to
pay
to
return
postal
questionnaires
is
sheer
folly,
and
drawing
up
a
really
lengthy
questionnaire
will
also
inhibit
response
rates.
You
will
need
to
ensure
that
questions
are
clear,
and
that
you
have
reliable
ways
of
collecting
and
managing
the
data.
Setting
up
a
questionnaire
that
can
be
read
by
an
optical
mark
reader
is
an
excellent
idea
if
you
wish
to
collect
large
numbers
of
responses
and
analyse
them
statistically
rather
than
reading
each
questionnaire
and
entering
data
manually.
You
would
find
it
useful
to
consult
the
range
of
full
and
excellent
research
books
available.
These
will
deal
in
much
greater
depth
with
the
reasons
for,
processes
of
holding,
and
processes
of
analysing
data
from
the
variety
of
research
methods
available
to
you.
Developing
and
using
a
questionnaire
-
some
tips:
Identify
your
research
questions
Identify
your
sample
Draw
up
a
list
of
appropriate
questions
and
try
them
out
with
a
colleague
Pilot
them
Ensure
questions
are
well
laid
out
and
it
is
clear
how
to
'score
them'
(tick,
circle,
delete)
Ensure
questions
are
not
leading
and
confusing
Code
up
the
questionnaire
so
you
can
analyse
it
afterwards
Gain
permission
to
use
questionnaires
from
your
sample
Ensure
they
put
their
names
or
numbers
on
so
you
can
identify
them
but
keep
real
names
confidential
Hand
them
out/post
them
with
reply
paid
envelopes
Ensure
you
collect
in
as
many
as
possible
Follow
up
if
you
get
a
small
return
Analyse
statistically
if
possible
and/or
thematically
Source 2
Qualitative
This
type
of
research
methods
involves
describing
in
details
specific
situation
using
research
tools
like
interviews,
surveys,
and
Observations.
[3]
Qualitative
Research
is
primarily
exploratory
research.
It
is
used
to
gain
an
understanding
of
underlying
reasons,
opinions,
and
motivations.
It
provides
insights
into
the
problem
or
helps
to
develop
ideas
or
hypotheses
for
potential
quantitative
research.
Qualitative
Research
is
also
used
to
uncover
trends
in
thought
and
opinions,
and
dive
deeper
into
the
problem.
Qualitative
data
collection
methods
vary
using
unstructured
or
semi-structured
techniques.
Some
common
methods
include
focus
groups
(group
discussions),
individual
interviews,
and
participation/observations.
The
sample
size
is
typically
small,
and
respondents
are
selected
to
fulfill
a
given
quota.
Quantitative
This
type
of
research
methods
requires
quantifiable
data
involving
numerical
and
statistical
explanations.
Quantitative
Research
is
used
to
quantify
the
problem
by
way
of
generating
numerical
data
or
data
that
can
be
transformed
into
useable
statistics.
It
is
used
to
quantify
attitudes,
opinions,
behaviors,
and
other
defined
variables
and
generalize
results
from
a
larger
sample
population.
Quantitative
Research
uses
measurable
data
to
formulate
facts
and
uncover
patterns
in
research.
Quantitative
data
collection
methods
are
much
more
structured
than
Qualitative
data
collection
methods.
Quantitative
data
collection
methods
include
various
forms
of
surveys
online
surveys,
paper
surveys,
mobile
surveys
and
kiosk
surveys,
face-to-face
interviews,
telephone
interviews,
longitudinal
studies,
website
interceptors,
online
polls,
and
systematic
observations.
Correlation/Regression
Analysis
This
research
method
involves
determining
the
strength
of
the
relationship
between
two
or
more
variables
(e.g.
are
violent
videogames
correlated
with
aggression
in
children).
Meta-Analysis
This
research
method
is
useful
for
finding
out
the
average
impact
of
several
different
studies
on
a
hypothesis.
Source
3
null
hypothesis.
The
results
generated
are
analyzable
and
are
used
to
test
hypotheses,
with
statistics
giving
a
clear
and
unambiguous
picture.
This
research
method
is
one
of
the
most
difficult,
requiring
rigorous
design
and
a
great
deal
of
expense,
especially
for
larger
experiments.
The
other
problem,
where
real
life
organisms
are
used,
is
that
taking
something
out
of
its
natural
environment
can
seriously
affect
its
behavior.
It
is
often
argued
that,
in
some
fields
of
research,
experimental
research
is
too
accurate.
It
is
also
the
biggest
drain
on
time
and
resources,
and
is
often
impossible
to
perform
for
some
fields,
because
of
ethical
considerations.
The
Tuskegee
Syphilis
Study
was
a
prime
example
of
experimental
research
that
was
fixated
on
results,
and
failed
to
take
into
account
moral
considerations.
In
other
fields
of
study,
which
do
not
always
have
the
luxury
of
definable
and
quantifiable
variables
-
you
need
to
use
different
research
methods.
These
should
attempt
to
fit
all
of
the
definitions
of
repeatability
or
falsifiability,
although
this
is
not
always
feasible.
Case
studies
are
often
used
as
a
pre-cursor
to
more
rigorous
methods,
and
avoid
the
problem
of
the
experiment
environment
affecting
the
behavior
of
an
organism.
Observational
research
methods
are
useful
when
ethics
are
a
problem.
Conclusion
In
an
ideal
world,
experimental
research
methods
would
be
used
for
every
type
of
research,
fulfilling
all
of
the
requirements
of
falsifiability
and
generalization.
However,
ethics,
time
and
budget
are
major
factors,
so
any
experimental
design
must
make
compromises.
As
long
as
a
researcher
recognizes
and
evaluates
flaws
in
the
design
when
choosing
from
different
research
methods,
any
of
the
scientific
research
methods
are
valid
contributors
to
scientific
knowledge.
References