 Transmitting serious infections esp.

Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C , HIV

 Injuries to anatomical structures viz. nerves,
vessels
 Incorrect doses, dilutions & sites (e.g.: i.m
vs. i.v ) lead to toxicity or ineffectiveness
 Not using test doses lead to fatal
anaphylaxis in susceptible individuals
 Disease transmission
worldwide
HIV 0.26 (5%)

Hepatitis B 21 (32%)

millions
Hepatitis C 2 (40%)

death 1.3

0 5 10 15 20 25
Why a study?
Injections given in India every year

Source:
 Injections in India

37%

unsafe
63%
safe

Source:
 One in two (48.1%) patients receive injections
 A large no of injections are given unnecessarily

 Why ?
- to satisfy patients
- for quick relief
- to make money
- to maintain credibility & keep practice
- influenced by the medical representatives
- to clear stock of injectables lying in stores
- patients demand for injections

Source:
No of injections given per
person in India :3.1

Source:
 Injections
govt
given by
private
doctors helpers
8% 6%

helpers
18%

nurse/HW doctors
86% 52%
nurse/HW
30%

Source:
Why unsafe ?
120

100
29.6 23.3 23.8
80

60
53.2 58 58.1
40

20
17.2 19.2 18.8
0
govt private total
reuse inc tech unsterile

Source:
Sterilizing equipments

not availed functional non funl

54%
45% 55%

1%

Source:
Acceptable waste disposal

immediate terminal

60.5 62.3
53.5 50.8
47
41.7

govt private total

Source:
Problems identified
Why poor show by govt.
sector?
 Large population to cater
 Lack of resources & funding to avail
trained staff, equipments, work place &
disposal
 Lack of optimal & proper utilization of the
available facilities
 Lack of interest from the part of
staff, government & public
 Political pressures in favor of private
setups
 Disease transmission
worldwide
HIV 0.26 (5%)

Hepatitis B 21 (32%)

millions
Hepatitis C 2 (40%)

death 1.3

0 5 10 15 20 25