Be ry caste com REDOX REACTIONS Oxidation and Reduction : ‘Oxidationisa process which involves either ofthe following (2) addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen. () addition of electronegative element and removal of elecropositive element (©) increase inthe valency of an lectropasitive element (@ loss f one or more electron by an atom or anion or molecule. reduction isthe reverse process of oxiobrain, ‘Oxidation number (Oxidation state) is the charge that an atom appears to have in a given species when the bonding electrons are counted using following rules (@) The oxidation number (O..N.) of an atom in its elemental state is zero, no ‘matter how complicated the molecule is, e.g, Hin H,, $inS,,PinP,, O in ©, oF 0, (6) Fhasoxidation number (©) Oxidation mumber of oxygen is-2 in all compounds except in peroxides, superoxides and oxygen fluoride. In O,* ox. no. is-1, in, i8-¥4, in OF, i542, OF is +1 (@ The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 inallits compounds except metallic hydrides where itis-1 (©) The oxidation numberof group Ielementsis +1 and group 2is +2. ) Forcomplexion the algebric sum of oxidation numbers of all the atoms in equal othe net charge onthe ion, Note- In an organic compound containing C,H, 0. The oxidation number of C can be calculated as given below c- BADR ‘When 1, = number of oxygen atoms 1, = number of hydrogen atoms 1 =number of carbon atoms 64Salt bridge and its Be ry caste com Stock notations : Cu,0 (Cuprows oxide) Osidation state of Copper= +1 Stock notation of Cu,0 will be Cu,d)0. ‘Types of Redox reactio (@) Combination reaction : a 3Mg(0) + Ns(2) 24 Ma, Nite) (byDecomposition : nig 2 SK C10, > 2K C0218) (©) Metal displacement : 360 $0,+2n (8) 9 Zn 80,+Cu (@) Non-metal displacement : 2 we an ° 3Ca(s) +21, 0 (D> CLOW, (ag) + HC) (©) Disproportionation C1,+20H (ag) Cl (aq) +€10 +H, ificance : ‘An inverted U-tube filled with soldified solution of inert electrolyte like NHNO, KC] in agaragar (2) “Iconnects the solution of two half-ells. (b) It prevents the accumulation of charges in anodic as well as cathodic hul-eals ‘MARK QUESTIONS ‘Identify the oxidants and reductants in the following reacti zn (o-st0,6g) +790 0 Define oxidation number ot oxidation state of a chemically combined element, Define the term oxidation and reduetion in terms of oxidation number. ‘Identify the stongest and weakest reducing agent from the following metals Za, Cu, Ag, Na, Sa ‘Which one of the following is a ease of reduction (@) Sn Sa (b) Sa” Sn* () Fe" > Fe @arscr 659 10. Be ry caste com The oxidation number ofironin zeaction [Fe(CN),I" > [Fe(CN),P> changes from @403 b) 302 (©) #21043 @) #1042 ‘Thereaction. 3C10- (ag) + C10, (ag) + 2CH (ag) is an cxample of (a) Oxidation (b) Reduction (©) Disproportionation (4) Decomposition Calculate the oxidation number of chromium and nitrogen in Cr,0,* and No, Arrange the following metals in the ordet in which they displace each other from the solution of their salts Al, Cu, Fe, Mg and Za, Sodium reacts with hydrogen to form an ionic compound Na" H-. Suggest half reactions in this process MARK QUESTIONS, Justify that the reaction 2Cu,0 (5) + Cus (5) + 6Cu (s) + 80, (2) isa redox reaction, identify the species oxidised/reduced. ‘Consiruct the cell in which the given reactions are taking place, which electrode shall act as anode (negative electrode) and which one as cathode (positive electrode) (a) ZnSO, + CuSO, = ZnSO, + Cu (©) Cu+ 2AgNO, = Cu(NO,), + 24g Four metals A.B, C, D have their standard reduction potential values equal to +80, 0.76, -0.12 and 0.34 V respectively. Arrange them in decreasing order of their electropositive character [Hint : The metal which has high negative value of standard reduction ‘potential possess great tendency o lose electronis), thats, itishighly electropositive and redueing in nature. 66Sieeeeto: Given the standard electrode potential : KK =~-293 V Agi/Ag = 0.80 V Hg"Mig=40.79V Mg'(Mg =-2.37V CeuCr = -0.74V Arrange these in inereasing reducing power. Define the term redox couple. Write a practical application of redox couple. a) What are the functions of sat bridge in an electrochemical coll? (b) Whatis standard hydrogen electrode ? Standard reduction potential of Heroine, chlorine, bromine and iodine is givenbelow E'F/P = +2.87V; E'CLICE = + 1.36V; EBrYBr = 1.09V; FL = 0.54V Identify i) Which one ofthe hologenis best oxidentand why. 4i) Among hydrohalic acids such as HE, HBr, HCI, and HF which isbest reductant [ARK QUESTIONS Explain why: (a) The reaction: FeSO, + Cu -» CuSO, + Fe does not occur, (©). Copper metal displace silver from silver nitrate solution but silver fails to displace zine from zine nitrate solution, (©). Solution of AgNO, tums blue when copper tod is immersed init Account for the following (@) HINO, acts only as an oxidising agent while HINO, ean act both as reducing and oxidising agent (6) C1O,-docs not show disproportionation reaction, (©) Ozone acts as an oxidising agent, Detint = (a) The oxidation number of nitrogen in HNO, is +5 whieh is highest for nitrogen thus increase in oxidation number not occur henee, HNO, cannot act as reducing agent but acts as 2 oxidising agent. In HNO, ‘oxidation number of nitrogen is +3, it can decrease or increase in range of-3{o+5, hence itcan act as both oxidising and redueing agent 7Be ry caste com ©) Chlorine isin maximum oxidation state of +7 in C10,, it does notshow the disproportion ation reaction (©) because it decompose to give nascent oxygen.) Write the balanced ionic equation for the reaction of potassium dichromate (VD, K.Cr.0, with sodium sulphite in acidfied medium to give Cr (IM) and sulphate ions. ‘Balance the following equation by oxidation number method P(e) + OFF (ag) > PH, + HPO, (ag) ‘Write one example of each type of redox reactions (@) Combination reaction (b) Decomposition reaction (©) Metal displacement reaction (2) Calculate the oxidation numberof @Crinc,o, (i) 0inKo, () Balance the following equsionin basic medium by halfreaction method: AsO, + MnO, > AsO, + Mn,0, IWemify the species undergoing oxidation and redvetion (HS @) + Cl, (@) > 2HCI(g) +5.) (6). 3Fe,0, (9) 8A1 () = 9Fe (3) +4A1,0, 69) (©) 2NaG) +H, G@) > 2NaH ‘Account for the following (0) While H,0, can act as oxidising as well as reducing agent in their reac- tions, 0, and HNO, acts only as oxidants (6) When conc, H,SO, is added to a inorganic mixture containing chloride, HCHis produced but if mixture contains bromide, then we get red ‘vapours of bromine (©) AgE, is unstable compound and a strong oxidising agent. [otint (a) In HO, oxidation number of © = -1 and can vary from 0 10 -2 (+2 is possible in OF,), The oxidation number can decrease or increase, because of this H,O, can act both oxidising and reducing agent. 6810. Ars eSeeide con (©) HClis a weak reducing agent and ean reduce eone. H,SO, to SO. and hhenee HCI is not oxidised to Cl,, When NaBr is heated, HBr is [produced which is a strong reducing agent and itself oxidised to red ‘vapour ofr, 2NaBr + 21,0, NallSO, + 2HBr © Ags 4d%.5e Ag 9 4d, 59° Configuration shows that Ag” is more stable than Ag, thus Ag”* changes to ‘Ag* and therefore it acts as @ oxidising agent Depietthe galvanic cell in which following rxction Zn(s)+2Ag’ Zn" ,+2Ag(9) takes place Furthershow- i) Whichelectrode is negatively charged? ii) Name the earrierofeurrent inthe cell? ili) Reactions takes place at each electrode Balance the following redox reaction by in electron method (in basic medium Mn0,+1—>Mn0. +10. ro)