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Definiie:
Aproape orice adunare de oameni care ncearc s influeneze guvernul. Unele grupuri
de interese sunt trectoare, altele permanente. Unele se axeaz pe influenarea unei anumite
politici, altele pe schimbri ample. Unele acioneaz prin intermediul ageniilor executive sau
administrative, altele prin intermediul sectoarelor juridic ori legislativ i altele prin
intermediul opiniei publice.
Organizaii fr responsabilitate public, ncercnd sp promoveze interese private
comune nfluennd rezultatele politicilor publice.
Interest groups are defined as groups of individuals and/or institutions united by
shared opinions or interests and organized together in an effort to influence political
outcomes.
process, and the presence of peak interest group associations. That is, democratic
corporatist societies are ones in which interest groups are not outsiders relative to
government but rather are partners with government. Under the terms of
democratic corporatism, democratic governments designate interest groups as
formal participants in the decision-making process and coordinate the activities
of the groups. Given the official role created for interest groups within government
itself, those groups within these formal positions tend to emerge as the
official spokespeople for their members. As such, these groups tend to become
large peak associations.
Tipuri de grupuri de interese:
Membership
organizations, as the name suggests, are interest groups that have official
members. In the United States, the NRA, the National Organization for Women,
the Christian Coalition, and the NAACP are membership organizations, insofar
as they have actual members who have formally joined. Nonmembership
organizations include groups such as universities, corporations, and hospitals.
Nonmembership organizations possess a formal organizational structure (for
example, a university has its own bureaucracy as a university) but do not have
members who have officially joined
Interest groups may also be compared and classified according to their levels
of organization.
Anomic interest groups exhibit the lowest level of organizational
identity, spontaneously arising in response to a very specific event
Nonassociational groups are also groups exhibiting low levels of organization;
however, they have a more enduring organization than do anomic groups.
A nonassociational group is an interest group to the extent that it meets the
definition just noteda group with shared beliefs or interests acting to shape
political eventsbut with such a low level of organizational structure that it may
not even look like a group. It is a group without an actual leadership structure
and without official designated procedures of operation. In fact, its participants
may be strangers to each other. Lacking official structures, nonassociational
groups generally have no formal name.
In contrast to both anomic and nonassociational groups, associational
groups are highly organized interest groups. Such groups possess formal
rules of operation, designated leaders, official structures, and an official name
known to both those inside and outside the group. 62 Associational groups
may be membership organizations or nonmembership organizations, depending
on whether these highly organized groups have formal members (such as
the American Association of Retired Persons in the United States) or merely
staffs assembled into a highly organized bureaucratic structure
Abordarea legiuitorilor:
Lobbyingul contact al unor grupuri de interese cu legioitorii.
Direct lobbyists target public officials carefully. Rather than maximizing the number
of officials with whom they meet, lobbyists tend to concentrate on contacting a small group of
officials whom the lobbyists identify as key decision makers.
The success of lobbying efforts is often linked to two factors: the expertise of the
lobbyist and the ability of the lobbyist to establish close connections with influential decision
makers. Lobbyists who are professional experts on an issue tend to have a tremendous
advantage over their more amateurish and less knowledgeable counterparts. Indeed,
lawmakers have often remarked that they depend on lobbyists to provide them with technical
information.
It is not, in fact, unusual for lobbyists to participate actively in drafting legislation for
introduction in Congress.
Lobbyists not only need expertise but also need access to powerful officials. As a
result, former politicians, former employees of politicians, and politicians relatives often turn
out to be highly sought-after lobbyists.
Grassroots lobbying is the strategy of trying to convince voters and members of the
public to support the interest groups positions. The interest group may try reaching voters and
the public through mass mailings, television or newspaper ads, telephone calls, Internet
postings, e-mail, or door-to-door campaigns.
If interest groups do not want to be identified as the backers of a cause, they can hire a
professional firm to create a grassroots movement on behalf of that cause. The interest
group can then simply step back and let the grassroots momentum take over.
Interest groups may also pursue strategies of campaign involvement. Interest group
activity in campaigns may take the form of registering voters working on behalf of certain
candidates, convincing candidates to support certain positions, joining political parties and
shaping party decisions from the inside, or making campaign contributions.
Contribuiile i favorurile din campanii fcute legislatorilor de ctre corporaii i
conving pe muli c lobbyitii cumpr congresul. ntr-adevr, orice interes major ameninat
de noi legi nu preget sasigure c legile sunt aprobate i de obicei reu ete. Un grup obi nuit
de lobbying are puini bani de dat, aa c majoritatea se consider furnizori de informaii.
Abordarea administraiei:
n funcie de tematic, ramura executiv poate fi o o int mai potrivit pentru grupul
de interese. Aceasta poate c nu dorete sau nu are envoie de o nou lege, ci doar de o
interpretare favorabil a legilor sau reglementrilor deja existente. Pentru aceasta, apeleaz la
administratori. Grupuri anti-poluare urmresc definiii mai riguroase ale aerului curat,
grupurile din industrie, mai lejere. De regul, fiecare departament acord aten ie grupurilor de
interese din domeniul lui. Multe birocraii guvernamentale sunt acaparate de grupurile cu care
au de-a face. Fluxul circul i n sens inver, foti nali funcionari din administra ie rmnnd
ca lobbyiti.
Abordarea sistemului judiciar:
Grupurile de interese se pot folosi i de tribunale, n special n SUA, deoarece sistemul
judiciar american are mult ma mult putere dect cellalte sisteme judiciare, care nu sunt
dect o parte din ramura executiv. n rile unde dominarea legiie este puternic, tribunalele
devin o aren a controverselor dintre gruprile de interese, ca n Germania cu cazuri precum
cele legate de avort i de drepturile muncitorilor. Cresc problemele sociale ( drept femeilor,
pedeapsa cu moartea, drepturile gay, armele, religia n coli)
2 Metode judiciare:
-Iniierea unor procese directe n numele unui grup sau al unei clase de persoane ale
cror interese le reprezint (aciuni colective)
-Grupul de interes nainteaz un memoriu din partea unui prieten al curii (amicus
curiae) n sprijinul unei persoane a crui cauz o mprtete.
Apelul ctre public:
Susinerea cauzei prin apeluri panice sau nu foarte panice. Multe grupuri de inetrese
investesc n campanii de relaii publice pentru a explica cum contribuie la bunstarea general
i de ce interesele lor sunt bune pentru ar.
Unele grupuri i promoveaz interesele fr a-i face reclam. Astfel de grupuri pot
planta tiri care s le promoveze cauza i s acioneze n tcere mpotriva publicrii
subiectelor care sunt n detrimentul lor. (American Tobacco Institute finan eaz discret
cercetrile care pun la ndoial ideea c tutunul dunez sntii)
Demonstraiile:
Organizarea demonstraiilor pentru a face publicitate. Mahatma Gandhi a folosit
aceast tactic pentru a-i face pe britanici s prseasc India. Gandhi a aflat despre protestul
non-violent dintr-un influent eseu pe tema nesupunerii civile al americanului Henry David
Thoreau. Ideea lui Thoureau a fost adoptat i de Martin Luther King Jr n scopul de a face
rpesiuni pentru introducereadrepturilor civile pentru afro-americani n anii 50-60. Maruri i
blocarea uilor de acces.
Protest violent:
Se realizeaz cnd un grup de interese i pierde ncrederea n cile politice
convenionale,
Este envoie de o acumulare psihologic alimentat de srcie, discriminare, frustrare i
un sentiment de nedreptate personal sau social.