Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
B1
Understanding Ourselves
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Revision Lessons
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Millimetres of mercury
Heart Disease
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1. Smoking increases BP
- carbon monoxide-combines with haemoglobin
reduces oxygen, heart rate increases
- nicotine stimulant increases heart rate
2. Saturated fat cholesterol builds up-forms a
plaque-narrows artery
3. High salt levels body retains too much water
higher volume of blood pumped
Qu. Fatty deposits can build up on coronary arteries.
Explain how this can lead to a heart attack
Blood flow is restricted, heart muscle receives less
oxygen. A thrombosis may occur blocking blood flow
to areas of the heart restricting oxygen so it will die
heart attack.
Agility: ability to
change direction
Speed: ability to
sprint
Stamina: time of
sustained
exercise
Balanced diet
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Balanced diets
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Nutrient
Function
Carbohydrate
Make haemoglobin
Protein
Vitamin C
Water
Iron
Provides energy
Protein
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Body-Mass Index
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Mass (kg)
Height2 (m2)
BMI
Meaning
<18.5
Underweight
18.5-25
Ideal
25-30
Overweight
30-40
Obese
Try these
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66/(1.78)2
protein kwashiorkor
Eating disorders
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Food
Enzyme
Product
Carbohydrate
Amino acids
Protein
Fatty acids
Fat
Glucose
Malaria
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What is a pathogen?
Give 4 examples of pathogens
What is the best way to control malaria?
A mosquito is which of the following?
Parasite
Prey
Vector
A micro-organism that causes disease.
Fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoa
Spray/drain stagnant water, Insecticides,
mosquito nets
4) Vector
The breathing
organs have hairs
and produce mucus
to cover the lining
of these organs and
trap the microbes
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Producing antibodies
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Youre going
down
Step 1: The lymphocyte sees the
pathogen (microbe)
Specific antibodies
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Fighting disease
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Immunisation
Vaccinations
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Against
MMR vaccine
Using Antibiotics
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Conscious actions
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Stimulus
6) Which then
moves the hand
away
Receptor
Motor Neurone
Sensory Neurone
Effector
Coordinator
Response
Examples of reactions
Stimulus
Bright light
Sour taste
Losing balance
Sit on a drawing
pin
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Receptor
Effector
Response
(i.e. action
taken)
Cell body
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Muscle strands
(effector)
Dendrites
2) Sensory neurone
Impulse
Impulse
3) Relay neurone
Synapses - higher
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Reflex actions
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Reflex actions
2. Sensory
neurone
1. Receptor
3. Relay
neurone in the
spinal chord
4. Motor
neurone
5. Effector
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Level 3
Answer correctly applies knowledge of how and why neurones are adapted
being long, having branched endings and insulated by a fatty sheath There
should be reference to the synapse and how this allows impulses to travel in
one direction (see diagram). All information in answer is relevant, clear,
organised and presented in a structured and coherent format. Specialist
terms are used appropriately. Few, if any, errors in grammar, punctuation and
spelling. (56 marks)
Level 2
Answer applies knowledge of how neurones are adapted and how the synapse is
the gap between two neurones to allow nerve impulses to travel in one
direction . For the most part the information is relevant and presented in a
structured and coherent format. Specialist terms are used for the most part
appropriately. There are occasional errors in grammar, punctuation and
spelling. (34 marks)
Level 1
An incomplete answer, states simple neurone and synapse description. Answer
may be simplistic. There may be limited use of specialist terms. Errors of
grammar, punctuation and spelling prevent communication of the science. (12
marks)
Level 0
Insufficient or irrelevant science. Answer not worthy of credit. (0 marks )
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Level 3
Answer correctly applies knowledge of active immunity to give a well-reasoned
explanation of how dead or inactive pathogens are injected into the body and
how they trigger your immune system to make their own antibodies and that
this is usually permanent. There should be reference to passive immunity and
how this is only temporary involving injecting antibodies directly. All
information in answer is relevant, clear, organised and presented in a
structured and coherent format. Specialist terms are used appropriately.
Few, if any, errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling. (56 marks)
Level 2
Answer applies knowledge of active and passive immunity to give a partial
explanation of how immunity is different and why active is better in this case.
For the most part the information is relevant and presented in a structured
and coherent format. Specialist terms are used for the most part
appropriately. There are occasional errors in grammar, punctuation and
spelling. (34 marks)
Level 1
An incomplete answer, states simple immunity description, recognising that
active immunity is different to passive immunity. Answer may be simplistic.
There may be limited use of specialist terms. Errors of grammar, punctuation
and spelling prevent communication of the science. (12 marks)
Level 0
Insufficient or irrelevant science. Answer not worthy of credit. (0 marks )
Vision
Binocular vision
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Monocular vision
The Eye
Iris
Lens
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Sclera
Retina
Pupil
Optic
nerve
Cornea
Ciliary muscles
Suspensory
ligaments
Seeing things
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Drugs
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Depressant
Asprin
Hallucinogen
Alcohol,
solvents
Stimulant
Anabolic
steroids
Painkiller
Nicotine,
ecstasy
Performance
LSD
Try these
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Smoking
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Homeostasis
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CO2
Urea
Temperature
Ion content
Water content
Blood glucose
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Cold
Hot
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
6 marker -Foundation
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Level 3
Answer correctly applies knowledge of dangers of overheating, such as heat
stroke and dehydration. Understanding shown that blood flowing at the
surface of skin increases heat loss and explanation of how sweating cools the
skin down by evaporation. All information in answer is relevant, clear,
organised and presented in a structured and coherent format. Specialist
terms are used appropriately. Few, if any, errors in grammar, punctuation and
spelling. (56 marks)
Level 2
Answer applies knowledge of overheating and brief explanation of sweating.
For the most part the information is relevant and presented in a structured
and coherent format. Specialist terms are used for the most part
appropriately. There are occasional errors in grammar, punctuation and
spelling. (34 marks)
Level 1
An incomplete answer, states simple description that people sweat to cool
down and brief description of dangers of overheating. Answer may be
simplistic. There may be limited use of specialist terms. Errors of grammar,
punctuation and spelling prevent communication of the science. (12 marks)
Level 0
Insufficient or irrelevant science. Answer not worthy of credit. (0 marks )
6 marker -Higher
The quality of written communication
will be assessed in your answer to this
question.
Explain using negative feedback how
the hypothalamus helps to maintain
body temperature.
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Level 3
Answer correctly applies knowledge of increased temperature of blood
detected by hypothalamus so increased sweat production and vasodilation in
an attempt to lose more heat. This increases concentration of blood which
results in less urine production to conserve water. Understanding of negative
feedback change in environment trigger a response that counteracts the
changes. All information in answer is relevant, clear, organised and presented
in a structured and coherent format. Specialist terms are used appropriately.
Few, if any, errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling. (56 marks)
Level 2
Answer applies knowledge of how the hypothalamus helps to keep our body in
balance by detecting when the blood is too hot or cold. For the most part the
information is relevant and presented in a structured and coherent format.
Specialist terms are used for the most part appropriately. There are
occasional errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling. (34 marks)
Level 1
An incomplete answer, states simple description that hypothalamus detects
blood temperature change. Answer may be simplistic. There may be limited
use of specialist terms. Errors of grammar, punctuation and spelling prevent
communication of the science. (12 marks)
Level 0
Insufficient or irrelevant science. Answer not worthy of credit. (0 marks )
Hormones
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Diabetes
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Defining tropisms
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Sexual Reproduction
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Sexual reproduction:
2 parents are needed
Offspring will have pairs of chromosomes
This will cause genetic variation
Asexual reproduction:
Only 1 parent needed
Offspring are GENETICALLY IDENTICAL to
parent (clones)
Snuppy the
first cloned dog
(Aug 05)
Mother
Boy or Girl?
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Son
Father
Daughter
Eye colour
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BB
Bb
bb
Homozygous
brown-eyed
parent
Heterozygous
brown-eyed
parent
Blue-eyed parent
Eye colour
Example 1: A homozygous
brown-eyed parent and a
blue-eyed parent:
BB
Parents:
Gametes:
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Example 2: 2 heterozygous
brown-eyed parents
bb
Bb
Bb
Bb
Bb
Bb
Bb
BB
Bb
bB
bb
(FOIL)
Offspring:
Another method
Example 3: A heterozygous brown-eyed
father and a blue-eyed mother:
Father
Bb
bb
Bb
bb
Mother
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Example questions
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Inherited diseases
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1) Cystic fibrosis a disease that causes thick and sticky mucus to coat
the lungs, gut and pancreas. Its caused by recessive alleles:
Cc
Cc
Gamete
Zygote
Key words
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Allele
Dominant
Recessive
Homozygous
Heterozygous