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(fromTwentyQuestionsfortheWriter,p.1134)
Theword"transition"meanspassingover.Thustransitionalguidesareconnectives(symbols,words,phrasessometimeswhole
sentencesandparagraphs)thatmakepossibleasmooth"passingover"fromoneideatothenext.Youmaketransitionsbyreferringto
whatyouhavesaidbefore,establishingcauseandeffectconnections,lookingaheadtowhatyouwillsay,referringtothepresent,
markingtimeandplace,qualifying,comparing,contrasting.Theseandothercommontransitionaldevicesappearhereincategories
thatnecessarilyoverlaptosomeextent.
Referringback:aswehaveseen,onthewhole,asmentionedabove,asstatedpreviously,asIhavesaid,itseemsthen
Lookingahead.then,later,next,after,afterward,thereafter,finally,now,consequently,tosumup
Establishingcausalconnections:theresult,inconclusion,toconclude,because,for,since,consequently,accordingly,hence,thus,
therefore
Timemarkers:now,then,later,soon,before,next,afterward,finally,meanwhile,thereafter,atthesametime
Placemarkers:here,there,atthispoint,below,beside,nextto,behind,infront,outside,inside
Comparingandestablishingdegree:and,similarly,inlikemanner,inthesameway,justas,so...that,also,morethan,lessthan,
beyondthis
Qualifyingconceding,orcontrasting:but,nevertheless,ontheotherhand,however,despitethis,still,onthecontrary,conversely,if,
asif,grantedthat,unless,whether,anyhow,although,eventhough,yet
Addingandintensifying:first,second,thirda,b,c,1,2,3,torepeat,inaddition,moreover,and,also,still,again,similarly,
furthermore,finally,really,indeed
Introducinganillustration:thus,toillustrate,forexample,forinstance
Repeatingakeyword:Thisdevicekeepsthemainideabeforethereaderandcarriesthethreadofmeaningthroughoutapassage.
Usingsynonyms:Insteadofrepeatingakeywordsothatitbecomesmonotonous,youmayusesuitablesynonymsthatcontinuethe
samethought.
Usingproperpronounreference:Anothersubstitutefortherepetitionofkeynounsandanotherwayofconnectingideasistouse
pronounsinplaceofnouns.
Maintainingsamesubjectthroughoutparagraph:Youcanoftencontinuethesamesubjectfromsentencetosentence,thereby
maintainingasteadyfocusthroughouttheparagraph.
Establishingrepetitiveorparallelsentencepatterns:Inadditiontorepeatingkeywordsandideas,youmayrepeatthegrammatical
structureofyoursentencestoreinforcetheunityofyourthoughtsandpromotetheirflow.
Linkingoflastsentenceofoneparagraphwithfirstsentenceofnext:Thisnatural,frequentlyintuitivemethodmaintains
coherencebetweenparagraphs.Sometimesyoumayneedconnectingwords(suchas"thenagain"or"onanotheroccasion"),but
oftenthedirectionofthethoughtprovidesitsowncontinuity.
LISTOFTRANSITIONS
1.Transitionsthatadd,repeat,oremphasize:
and
further
finally
also
furthermore
afterall
inaddition
moreover
first,second,
besides
indeed
toconclude
too
infact
tosumup
inotherwords
asaresult
accordingly
again
nevertheless
intheend
2.Transitionsthatcompare,contrast,orcontradict:
similarly
as,asif
regardless
ratherthan
like
unlike
inspiteof
despite
incomparison
however
but,yet
evenwhen
ontheotherhand
alongwith
whereas
although
tothecontrary
3.Transitionsthatshowatimeorspacerelationship:
before
earlier
alongside
now
next
now
between
atfirst
afterwards
intime
later
atlast
finally
eventually
eversince
then
until
soon
thefollowing
across
during
still
day/night
over
within
meanwhile
beyond
from...to
4.Transitionsthatlimitorprepareforanexample:
if
thatis
unless
namely
if
thatis
unless
namely
when
forexample
forinstance
toillustrate
incase
suchas
inparticular
providedthat
5.Transitionsthatsignalcauseorresult:
because
thus
for
asaresult
so
consequently
therefore
forthisreason
6.Transitionsthatassertatruthoracknowledgeopposition:
nodoubt
ofcourse
infact
naturally
doubtless
grantedthat
certainly
concedingthat
surely
withoutadoubt
7.Transitioncanalsobeeffectivelyaccomplishedbyrepeatingakeytermorphrase:
In1949,anewtrendbeganasOklahomavotersapprovedastatebondissueforhighereducationfacilities.Thisfirststatebondissue
injected$36millionintothesystemtostrengthenitsinfrastructure.
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