PLURAL

US
alumnus
alveolus
bacillus
bronchus
calcaneus
calculus
carpus
coccus
embolus
esophagus
focus
fungus
humerus
locus
malleus
malleolus
microvillus
nucleus
oculus
phalangus
radius
ramus
stimulus
streptococcus
sulcus
syllabus
talus
tarsus
thrombus
uterus
vagus
villus

US
corpus
crus
genus
latus
pectus
viscus

I
alumni
alveoli
bacilli
bronchi
calcanei
calculi
carpi
cocci
emboli
esophagi
foci
fungi
humeri
loci
mallei
malleoli
microvilli
nuclei
oculi
phalangi
radii
rami
stimuli
streptococci
sulci
syllabi
tali
tarsi
thrombi
uteri
vagi
villi

ORA/ERA
corpora
crura
genera
latera
pectora
viscera

UM
acetabulum
atrium
bacterium
calcaneum
cecum
cerebrum
cilium
cranium
curriculum
datum
duodenum
endocardium
epithelium
ilium
ischium
medium
mediastinum
myocardium
omentum
ovum
pericardium
periosteum
residuum
sacrum
septum
spectrum
sporangium
sputum
sternum
stratum

ON
criterion
ganglion
phenomenon
protozoon
spermatozoon
mitochondrion

A
acetabula
atria
bacteria
calcanea
ceca
cerebra
cilia
crania
curricula
data
duodena
endocardia
epithelia
ilia
ischia
media
mediastina
myocardia
omenta
ova
pericardia
periostea
residua
sacra
septa
spectra
sporangia
sputa
sterna
strata

A
criteria
ganglia
phenomena
protozoa
spermatozoa
mitochondria

A
alga
alumna
alveola
aorta
axilla
bursa
cannula
coxa
fibula
flora
formula
lacuna
larva
lingua
macula
maxilla
medulla
mucosa
palpebra
patella
pleura
plica
scapula
sequela
tibia
trachea
ulna
vena
vena cava
vertebra
vesica

IS
arthritis
dermatitis
epidermis
epiglottis
iris

AE
algae
alumnae
alveolae
aortae
axillae
bursae
cannulae
coxae
fibulae
florae
formulae
lacunae
larvae
linguae
maculae
maxillae
medullae
mucosae
palpebrae
patellae
pleurae
plicae
scapulae
sequelae
tibiae
tracheae
ulnae
venae
venae cavae
vertebrae
vesicae

IDES
arthritides
dermatides
epidermides
epiglottides
irides/irises

IS
analysis
auris
axis
basis
crisis
diagnosis
dialysis
ecchymosis
ellipsis
epistaxis
hypothesis
metatarsis
neurosis
oasis
paralysis
paranthesis
pelvis
prognosis
prophylaxis
psychosis
pubis
symphysis
synthesis
testis
thesis

EN
foramen
limen
lumen
stamen

ES
analyses
aures
axes
bases
crises
diagnoses
dialyses
ecchymoses
ellipses
epistaxes
hypotheses
metatarses
neuroses
oases
paralyses
parantheses
pelves
prognoses
prophylaxes
psychoses
pubes
symphyses
syntheses
testes
theses

INA
foramina
limina
lumina
stamina

IX/EX/AX
appendix
cervix
cicatrix
matrix
radix
varix
apex
cortex
index
pollex
thorax

ICES
appendices
cervices
cicatrices
matrices
radices
varices
apices
cortices
indices
pollices
thoraces

X
coccyx
larynx
meninx
phalanx
pharynx
salpinx
syrinx

GES
coccyges
larynges
meninges
phalanges
pharynges
salpinges
syringes

MA
carcinoma
emphysema
melanoma
oedema
sarcoma
schema
stigma
stoma
trauma

consoana => ges: laryNx -> laryNges

vocala => ces: thorAx -> thorAces

SG = PL
apparatus
ductus
hiatus
meatus
series
species
stapes
stapidies
tractus

SG
caput
cor
dens
femur
furfur
genu
incus
margo
os
os
pancreas
pars
pes
pons
pulmo
ren
stapes
vas

PL
capita
corda
dentes
femora
furfures
genua
incudes
margines
orra
ossa
pancreata
parties
pedes
ponties
pulmones
renes
stapedes
vassa

MATA
carcinomata
emphysemata
melanomata
oedemata
sarcomata
schemata
stigmata
stomata
traumata

SYNONYMS
abnormality = anomaly
absorb = take in
abundant = plentiful
additive = cumulative
adequate = proper, appropriate
adenohypophysis = anterior pituitary
aim = goal, objective
airways = air passages
alike = similar, identical
alopecia = baldness
alveolus = air pockets (sacs)
ambulation = walking
analgesic = painkiller
angina pectoris = chest pain
appearance = occurrence
appointment = call
arteriosclerosis = hardening of the arteries
articulation = joint
assay = test, trial, attempt
atrium = auricle
bad breath = halitosis
bedridden = immobilised to bed
before = prior to, anterior to
bending = flexion
bind = to link, unite, merge, combine
biotransformation = drug metabolism
bleeding = blood loss, hemorrhage
blood = vascular
blood clot = thrombus
blood group = blood type
blood platelet = thrombocyte
bloodstream = blood flow
bony = osseous
bore = hole
boundary = limit, margin, extremity, edge
breastfeed = lactate
bruise = ecchymosis, hematoma
bursitis = housemaids knee
calcaneum = heel bone
cancellous = spongy, porous
cancerous = malignant
candida = thrush
cardiologist = heart specialist
carpals = carpal bones = bones of the wrist
carry out = perform
cast = plaster
catching = communicable, transmissible
cavity = socket
cerebral palsy = (to be) spastic

cerebral infarction/bleeding = stroke

childbirth = parturition
chiropodist = foot doctor, podiatrist (podolog)
clavicle = collarbone
clotting = obstruction
cluster = bundle, group
coccyx = tailbone, rump bone
cold = coryza
compulsory = mandatory, obligatory, required
condition = problem, trouble
contagious = infectious, transmissible,
catchy, communicative, communicable
container = recipient
continuous = ongoing, permanent
cough = tussis
covered = coated
covering = protecting
coxal bone = hip bone
cranium = skull
crave = lust, to long for
cure = heal
cut = laceration, incision
cutaneous = dermal
defect = fault
dermis = corium, derma, cutis
detalied = minute, thorough
diabetus millitus = diabet zaharat
diaphoresis = extreme sweating
disability = inability
disease = affliction, ailment, illness,
sickness, trouble, malady
dizziness = vertigo, unsteadiness
doctor = physician, medical practitioner
dormant = inactive, inert, passive
dormitory = dorm, hostel
drops (eye) = instillation
drowsy = sleepy
duct = tube
dyspnea = shortness of breath, air hunger
dyspepsia = indigestion, upset stomach
eager = willing
effort = exertion
egg = ovum
emesis = vomiting
endocrine glands = ductless glands = glands
of internal secretion
endurance = resistance, stamina
endure = resist, withstand
enema = clyster

enlarge = dilate, expand, widen

epidemic = outbreak
episode = attack, seizure, paroxysm
epistaxis = nosebleed
eruption = rush
eructation = belching, burping
erythrocyte = red blood cell
(o)esophagus = gullet
essay = written report
etiology = cause, origin
exhibit = show
exocrine glands = duct glands
expectoration = sputum
extension = stretching
fainting =syncope, loss of consciousness
fallopian tube = salpinx
fatal = deadly, lethal
fatigue = tiredness
febrile = fevirish, pyretic
feed = nourish
fellow = subspecialist
fellowship = subspecialty training
femur = thigh bone
fever = pyrexia
fibula = splinter bone, calf bone
fit = healthy
fixed = immobile
flatulence = wind
foramen = opening
frequency = rate, speed
freshman = fresher
frontal = anterior/ventral
fungus = mold
gall = bile
gallbladder = cholecyst
general = systemic
germ = microbe, pathogen
gigantism = giantism, macrosomia
glossa = tongue
groove = sulcus
gum = gingiva
happen = occur, to take place
hay fever = allergic rhinitis
heart attack = myocardial infarction
heartburn = pyrosis
hemorrhage = massive/severe bleeding
hemorrhoids = piles
herpes simplex = cold sore
herpes zoster = shingles
hiatus = perforation
histology = microscopic anatomy
homogenous = compact

hospital chart = observation chart

humerus = upper arm bone
inactivate = neutralize
incus = anvil
infectious mononucleosis = glandular fever,
kissing disease
influenza = the flu
ingest = swallow
inherited = genetic, hereditary
injury = wound
innate = natural
inpatient = hospitalised patient
integument = skin
intern = physician in training
internship = hands-on medical training
intestine = bowel, gut
itching = pruritus
larynx = voice box
lateral = outside
layer = stratum
lethargy = fatigue, exhaustion, tiredness
leukocyte = white blood cell
likelihood = probability
likely to = prone to, susceptible to
lining = padding
lung = pulmon
malleus = hammer/mallet
mandible = lower jaw
matrix = uterus, womb
maxilla = jawbone, upper jaw
medial = inside
medicine = medication, drug
mental hospital = psychiatric hospital
minute = tiny, small
moist = humid, damp
mouth = oral cavity, stoma
mumps = infectious parotitis, epidemic parotitis
narrowing = stenosis
nas(o) = rhin(o)
nephro = reno
nerve cell = neurone
neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary
neurosurgery = brain surgery
nose = nasal passages
nosocomial infection = hospital acquired infection
NSAID = AINS
nutritive = nourishing
oedema = swelling
onset = start, beginning
ophthalmologist = eye doctor
origin = source
orthopedist = orthopedic surgeon

ossicles = bones of the ear

osteo = ossi forma combinatorie ptr oase
osteoblast = bone forming cell
otolaryngologist = ENT specialist
outcome = result
outpatient = ambulatory patient
overall = total, general
pace = rhythm
pain = ache
paralysis = palsy
paramedic = emergency medical technician
paramedical personnel = allied personnel
patella = knee cap
peak = top, tip, apex, summit
pep pill = stimulant
personnel = staff
pertussis = whooping cough
phalanx = bone of the finger/toe
pharynx = throat
phlegm = thick mucus, sputum
phylaxis = protection against infection
pineal = epiphysis
pit = fossa/hole
pituitary = hypophysis
platelets = thrombocytes
poisonous = toxic
poliomyelitis = polio
posterior (view) = rear
prescription = medication order
private practice = medical office
prophylaxis = prevention
radius = forearm bone
readily = easily
recovery = recuperation
recovery period = convalescence
relapse = recurrence
relieve = allay, alleviate, assuage, calm,
comfort, dull, ease, mitigate, palliate, soothe
ren = kidney
residency = speciality training
resident = specialist in training
resist = withstand
rhinorrhea = runny nose
rigidity = stiffness
root = radix
root of the neck = apertura toracica superioara
rubella = German measles
rubeola = measles, morbilli
saliva = spit
scapula = shoulder blade
schedule = timetable
sclerosis= hardening

sebaceous = oil glands

secrete = release, emit, produce
serious = severe
shaft = diaphysis
sideways = lateral
sight = vision
site = place, location
sore = ulcer, wound
spectrum = array, range
spermatozoon = male sex cell
stapes = stirrup
state (hospital) = public, government
sternum = breastbone, chestbone
strabismus = squint
strenuous = exhausting, demanding
striations = stripes
stuffy nose = blocked nose
sudoriferous = sweat glands
supervise = monitor, oversee
supply = deliver, provide, give
swallowing = deglutition
system = structure, organisation
tarsals = tarsal bones
term = semestre
tendonitis = tennis elbow
testicles = testes
tetany = intermitent cramp
thin = slim, slender
tibia = shinbone, shankbone
tongue = glossa, lingua
to abstain = to restrain
to amputate = to cut, to sever
to ascertain = to determine
to bandage = to dress a wound
to break down = to decompose
to breathe in = to inhale, inspire
to breathe out = to exhale, expel
to bring about = to cause, to determine (to
happen), to stir
to care for patients = to attent to patients
to catch = to pick-up (a disease)
to chew = to masticate
to compensate for = to make-up for
to constrict = to narrow
to cut down = to reduce
to dispose of = to discard, to get rid of, to
dispense with, to eliminate
to err = to make a mistake
to fall into = to fall under
to give off = to emit
to inflame = to swell
to line = to pad

to be medically insured = to be covered by

medical insurance, to have a medical
insurance
to mould = to shape
to sweat = to perspire
to test/feel/check/measure the pulse
to weaken = to debilitate
trachea = windpipe
turning = rotation
ulna = cubitus, elbow bone
undue = unnecessary

urticaria = hives, heat spots, nettle rash

varicella = chickenpox
variola = smallpox
verruca = warts
vertebral column = spinal column, back
bone, spine
waste = residue, debris, residuum
weakness = frailty, fragility
while = whilst
worker = employee

Opposites
dis like, satisfaction, infect
anti pyretic, biotic, tussive, inflammatory
(mal) dys trophy, lexia, function
abductor adductor
ability disability, inability
able unable
abundant scarce
activation inactivation
active passive
acute chronic
adequate inadequate
adverse benefic
anterior posterior
appropriate inappropriate
balance imbalance, unbalance
benign malignant
body antibody
breathe-in breathe-out
coagulant anticoagulant
comfortable uncomfortable
compatible incompatible
compose decompose
congestant decongestant
connected disconnected, unconnected
conscious unconscious
contagious noncontagious
continuous discontinuous
contraction relaxation
coordinated uncoordinated
diagnose misdiagnose
directly indirectly
diuretic antidiuretic
donor recipient
dorsal ventral
dry moist
edible inedible

effective ineffective
efficient inefficient
endocrine exocrine
extracellular intracellular
febrile antifebrile
flabby muscle tone
formation malformation
front rear
function dysfunction
harmful harmless
healthy unhealthy, sick, ill
heterogeneous homogeneous
humidified dehumidified
hydration dehydration
hypo hyper
hypoventilation = hyperventilation
ill healthy, fit
indication contraindication
infectious noninfectious
inflammatory noninflammatory, antiinflammatory
inhale exhale
inspiration expiration
internal external
intra extra
intravenous extravenous
mature immature
mild severe
movable immovable
mycotic antimycotic
normal abnormal
organic inorganic
organization disorganization

organized disorganized
outer inner
outer-most inner-most
overexposure underexposure
oxygenate deoxygenated
painful painless, pain-free
palatable (gustos) unpalatable
permeable impermeable
plentiful scarce
proper improper
pyretic antipyretic
reactive non-reactive
regular irregular
responsible irresponsible
rhythmic arrhythmic
rigid soft
sensitive non-sensitive, insensitive
sepsis asepsis
septic antiseptic, aseptic
skill-full skill-less
smooth rough
soluble insoluble
specific nonspecific
stable unstable

sterile contaminated, unsterile

structure structureless
structured unstructured
superficial deep, profound
systole diastole
to constrict to enlarge, dilate
to continue to discontinue, to interrupt, to
stop, to cease
to cure a disease to heal an injury
to increase to decrease, to reduce
to infect to disinfect
to inhibit to slow, to stop
to pass to fail
to provide to get rid of
to supply to receive
understand misunderstand
used blood cleansed blood
utopia dystopia
vascular avascular
visible invisible
vital non-vital
voluntary involuntary
wide spread localised

10 toes = degete picioare

2 thumbs = deget mare mana
8 fingers = degete maini
cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae neck, trunk, lower back
Enteral - per os: ora, ossa
- suppository
Parenteral: IV, IM, SC, IA
Topical ointment = unguent
- liniment = alifie
- drops = picaturi

triangle => triangular

rectangle => rectangular
square => square
circle => circular
sphere => spherical
cone => conical
pyramid => pyramidal
tube => tubular
dome => dome-shaped
pear => pear-shaped
bean => bean-shaped

nose = pyramidal
gallbladder = pear-shaped
liver = triangular
heart = conical
kidney = bean-shaped
eye => spherical
esophagus => tubular

verb => noun

to cure => cure
to prescribe => prescription
to refer => referral
to contaminate => contamination
to administer => administration
to diagnose => diagnosis
to experience => experiment
to withdraw => withdrawal
to examine => examination

The cure for HIV is complex.

I need something to cure my addiction.
I just got the medical prescription.
After you finish med school you can prescribe
medication.
Please refer to me by my first name.
The doctor game me a referral.
You must be careful not to contaminate others.
The contamination extended beyond the city border.
Did you administered the shot?
The administration of the drugs was done 2h ago.
We must rule out a possible diagnosis.
Its hard to diagnose some infections from other.

to lay laid laid (a organiza)

to lie lay lain (a sta culcat)
to lie lied lied (a minti)
inpatient = pacient internat
outpatient = ambulatoriu
mild moderate severe
epidermis dermis subcutis
gross = per total
sternutation = the act of sneezing
a surgeon - operates on a patient
- performs/does surgery
surgery room = operation room (OR)
surgery can reffer to: - the operation room
- the operation itself / the procedure
- the specialty
bedside manners = the way a doctor interacts and communicates with patients
dead on arrival = DoA
a fracture can be -> open or compound
bedsore = hospital gangrene = pressure sore/ulcer/gangrene = decubital gangrene = decubitus
ulcer = nosocomial gangrene
anesthetist anesthesiologist
anesthetist = the person who administers the anesthetic
anesthesiologist = specialist who prescribes the anesthetic, doses
general surgery = focuses on abdominal organs, and on the thyroid
head and neck surgeon = ORL
cardio-thoracic surgery = the organs of the chest
colo-rectal surgety = proctology
pediatric surgery = subspeciality of surgery, involving surgery of infants, children, teenagers
plastic surgery = restauration of form and function
plastic surgery can be: esthetic/cosmetic and reconstructive, microsurgery, for burns

to suture = a coase chirurgical

the suture = sutura
suture = material used for suture (surgical thread)

ailment = durere usoara

complaint = durere locala
disease = pe termen lung
disorder = tulburare
sickness = stare bolnavicioasa
attending doctor/physician = medic curant
senior specialist = medic primar
bedridden patient = imobilizat la pat
endowments = inzestrare, dotare
hemodialysis unit = unitate de dializat
hospital stay = perioada de internare
hospital training = stagiu de pregatire in spital
hospital wastes = deseuri de spital
eye sore = ulcior
leprosy = lepra
lozenges = drajeuri medicale
nettle = urzica
orderly = brancardier
pep = vlaga
pilgrim = pelerin
plaster = ghips
private/individual room = rezerva
rubella = pojarel
rubeola = pojar
thrush = afta
strecher = targa
trolley = pat mobil

teaching hospital = spital clinic

university hospital = spital universitar
to admit a patient = a interna un pacient
to discharge a patient from a hospital = a
externa un pacient
to dispense = eliberare medicamente fara retete
bedsore = escara
knot = nod
surgical approach = abord chirurgical
surgical appliance = dispozitiv chirurgical
curette = chiureta
curettage = chiuretaj
drain = tub de dren
flap = lambou
surgical bone impression = amprenta osoasa
chirurgicala
surgical suite = bloc operator
surgical wound infection = infectia plagii chirurgicale
chief surgeon = surgeon-in-chief = chirurg principal
assistant surgeon = chirurg asistent mana a 2-a
throbbing pain = durere pulsatila
istorical record = fisa medicala
ward = salon
unit = sectie
individual/private room = rezerva
salary = once a month
wage = two times a month

Combining forms

-centesis = surgical puncture

-clasia = crushing, breaking up
-desis = fusion of two parts, stabilization
-ectomy = surgical removal
-odynia = pain
-oma = tumor
-opsy = looking at
-oscopy = viewing of
-ostomy = surgical creating a hole
-otomy = incision
-pexy = fixing, lifting, securing
-plasty = modifying, reshaping
-rrhaphy = strenghtening with suture
-rrhexis = breaking, rupturing, splitting
-tomy = cutting, incision

blood hemo-, hematobone osteobronchia bronch(o)cancer oncofluid hydroheart cardiolung pneumo- , pulmomuscle myonervous system neuropus pyotissue histo-

Education
Levels of education
- Pre-school
-

- kindergarden
- nursery school
Elementary school: 1-8
Primary school: 1-4
Gymnasium: 5-8
Secondary school = Highschool
Junior: 9-10
Senior: 11-12
Higher education = invatamant superior

Formal education = until 10th class

Profil: real = sciences; uman = humanities
academic year = an universitar
to enroll = a se inscrie
enrollment = inscriere
to attend (lectures/seminars) = a frecventa
attendance list = lista de prezenta
to make the roll call = a face prezenta
to expel = a exmatricula
to drop out = a abandona/ renunta
to take a year off = a lua pauza 1 an
to miss a class, to skip a class
headmaster/headmistress
teachers staffs room = cancelaria
baccalaureate diploma
to be on a leave = a fi in concediu
to be on a sick leave = a fi in concediu
medical
timetable/schedule = orar
mark/grade = nota
school report = situatia scolara
to assess = a asculta
assessment = evaluare
average = medie
GPA = grade point average = nota de trecere
overall GPA = media anilor de scoala
to take/sit for a test
to flunk = a pica
to pass = a trece
to pass with flying colors
resit = restanta
to cheat
subject = materie (history, geography, math)
to be good at/ bad at
to be proficient in a language
proficient = expert, competent
the 3 Rs: Reading Writing, Arithmetics
illiterate = analfabet
illiteracy = analfabetism

assignment = tema
spelling = ortografie
midwife = moasa
freshman = student in anul I
sophomore = student in anul II
bachelors degree = diploma de licenta
masters degree = diploma de master
bachelors/masters degree of arts/sciences
undergraduate education = licenta
graduate education = masterat (educatie
universitara)
postgraduate education = educatie
postuniversitara
PhD = doctors degree
MD = ptr cei ce au terminat facultatea de
medicina
grade record = foaie matricola
academic year/ grade record
curriculum = plan de invatamant curricula
syllabus = programa
certificate = adeverinta
private/ state university
vocational school = scoala profesionala
substitute teacher = profesor suplimentar
academic rank:
- asistent universitar = assistant lecturer
- sef de lucrari/lector = lecturer
- conferentiar = associate professor
- profesor universitar = full professor
teaching load = norma didactica
care subjects = materii de
baza/fundamentale
required subjects = materii obligatorii
elective subjects = materii optionale
university = universitate
faculty = facultate
department = departament
chair = catedra
rector vice-rector

dean vice-dean
head of department
head of chair
registrar = secretar de facultate
chief registrar = secretar sef
personal assistant = secretar particular
evening courses = cursuri de seara
distance education
registration fee = taxa de inscriere
tuition fee = taxa de scolarizare
lecture hall = sala de cursuri
term = semestru
lab = laborator

dormitory = dorms = camin

exam session = sesiune de examene
entrance examination = examen de admitere
examiner = examinator
oral exam; practical exam = colocviu
make-up exam = examen de diferenta
score = punctaj
revision = recapitulare
revise for a exam
to defend your doctors dissertation
the public defense of a PhD thesis
thesis = teza, dizertatie

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