Fire Technology and Investigation

Fire - exothermic reaction involving the oxidation of some substance (fuel) resulting in the relea
Fire Quadrangle
1. Fuel
2. Oxygen
3. Heat
4. Ignition energy
Triangles of Fire
1. Fuel
2. Oxygen
3. Heat
- removal of any of these results in the suppression of the
fire.

Some major products of combustion

1.

water

2. carbon dioxide
3. carbon monoxide
4. oxides of sulfur
Definition of terms

1. Vapor Density - the density of the vapor relative to the density of air and is calculated b
2. Flash point - the lowest temperature at which
liquid fuel produces a flammable vapor.
3.

Fire point/flame point - the lowest temperature at which

liquid fuel produces a flammable vapor in sufficient quantity
such that if a source of ignition is introduced, the vapor
will ignite and is usually a few degrees above the flash point

4. Ignition/auto-ignition temperature - the temperature at

which a fuel will ignite on its own without any additional
source ignition.
5. Thermal inertia - the ease at which a material can be ignited.

6. Heat release rate - is a measure of the amount of energy a

specific type of fuel can contribute to the heat flux in a fire.
7. Heat transfer - the mechanism in which fire can spread from
its origin to other sources of fuel.
Methods of heat transfer

1. Conductive/conduction heat transfer - heat is transferred by direct contact and the ra

2. Convective/convection heat transfer - transfer of heat through physical movement of

3. Radiative/radiation heat transfer - heat is transferred if the form of electromagnetic e

8. Combustion - or burning - is the sequence of
exothermic chemical reaction between fuel and an oxidant
accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of
chemical species.The result of the heat can result in the
form of either glowing or flame.

Glowing combustion - occurs when solid fuels are not capable of producing sufficient q

Flaming combustion -commonly recognized type of fire and occurs with gaseous fuel so

Spontaneous combustion - the ignition of organic matter without apparent cause, typic

Explosive combustion - can occur when vapors, dust of gases, premixed with appropria

Definition of Terms:
Arson - intentional or malicious destruction of property by fire.

Fire analysis - the process of determining the origin, cause and responsibility as well as the fa

Fire cause - the circumstances or agencies that bring a fuel and an ignition source together wit
Fire spread - the movement of fire from one place to another.
Flash fire - a fire that spreads with extreme rapidity such as the one that races over dust, over

Fuel load - the total quantity of combustible contents of the building, spaces or fire area, includ

Point of origin - the exact physical location where a heat source and fuel comes in contact with
Rekindle - a return to flaming combustion after incomplete extinguishment of a fire reigning at
Spalling - chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry surfaces.

Definition of terms - (RA no.9514)

Abatement - any act that would remove or neutralize fire hazard.

Administrator - any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages the use of a building

Blasting Agent - any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set off explos

Cellulose nitrate or Nitro cellulose - a highly combustible and explosive compound produced

Cellulose nitrate plastic (Pyroxylin) - any plastic substance,materials or compound having c

Combustible/Flammable or Inflammable - Descriptive of materials that are easily set on fire

Combustible fiber - any readily ignitable and free burning fiber such as cotton,oakum,rags,was

Combustible liquid - any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8 degrees Celsius or 100 de

Corrosive liquid - any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic matter or with cert

Curtain board - a vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive materials attached to and e

Cryogenic - descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a result of its reaction with oth

Damper - a normally open device installed inside an air duct system which automatically close

Distillation - the process of first raising the temperature to separate the more volatile from the
Duct system - a continuous passageway for the transmission of air.

Dust - a finely powdered substance which when mixed with air in the proper proportion and igni

Electrical arc - an extremely hot luminous bridge formed by passage of an electric current acro

Ember - a hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned and is still oxidizi
Finishes - materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental or protective purposes.
Fire - the active principle of burning characterized by the heat and light of combustion.

Fire Trap - a building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or because it lacks adequa

Fire Alarm - any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warn the occupants
Fire door - a fire restrictive door prescribed for openings in fire separation walls or partitions.

Fire Hazard - any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase in the probability

Fire Lane - the portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept opened and unobstructe
Fire Protective and Fire Safety Device - any device intended for the protection of buildings

Fire Safety Constructions - refers to design and installations of walls,barriers,doors,windows

Flash Point - the minimum temperature at which any material gives off vapor in sufficient conc
Forcing - a process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its shape or dimensions.
Fulminate - a kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by percussion.

Hazardous operation/process - any act of manufacturing, fabrication, conversion etc., or prod

Horizontal exit - passage way from one building to another or through or around a wall in appr

Hose Box - a box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment are stored and arran
Hose Reel - a cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is connected.\.

Hypergolic fuel - a rocket or liquid propellant which consist of combinations of fuels and oxidiz

Industrial Baking and Drying - the industrial process of subjecting materials to heat for the p

Jumper - a piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a safety device in an electri

Occupancy - the purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to be used.
Occupant - any person actually occupying and using a building or portions thereof by virtue of

Organic Peroxide - a strong oxidizing organic compound which release oxygen readily. It cause
when in contact with combustible materials especially under conditions of high temperature.

Overloading - the use of one or more electrical appliances or devices which draw or consume e

Owner - the person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a building or real property.

Oxidizing Material - a material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulate o

Pressurized or Forced Draft Burning Equipment - type or burner where the fuel is subjecte

Public Assembly Building - any building or structure where 50 0r more people congregate, ga

Public Way - any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from the ground to the sky, de

Pyrophoric - descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to air.
Refining - a process where impurities and,or deleterious materials are removed from a mixture

Self Closing Doors - automatic closing doors that are designed to confine smoke and heat and

Smelting - melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds so as to separate impurities from pu

Sprinkler System - an integrated network of hydraulically designed piping installed in a buildin

Standpipe System - a system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses can be attached
Vestibule - a passage hall or ante chamber between the outer doors and the interior parts of a
Vertical Shaft - a enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor to floor as well as
RA no.9514 - Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008 (Dec. 19, 2008).

PD. 1185 - known as the fire code of the Philippines, was enacted into law 1977, repealed by RA

RA no. 9263 - Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Profession
BFP Powers/Functions
1. Preventions and suppression of all destructive
fires on
a. buildings
b. houses
c. other structure
d. forest
e. land transportation vehicles
f. ships/vessels
g. petroleum industry installations
h. plane crashes and similar incidents
2. Enforcement of the Fire Code of the Philippines
3. Investigate all causes of fire
4. File proper complaints with the prosecutors office

note: Vessel/Ship must be docked at piers or wharves or anchored in major seaport.

BFP Organization

Headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by a Deputy Chief. It shall composed of a Provinc

In large provinces, district offices may be established to be headed by a district fire mars

In large cities and municipalities, district offices may be established with subordinate fire

There shall be at least one fire station in every provincial, capital, city and municipality.

The local government unit shall provide the site of the fire station.

BFP Key Positions

The Chief of the Fire Bureau - rank is Director.

The Deputy Chief of the Fire Bureau - rank is Chief Superintendent.

Assistant Regional Director for Fire Protection - rank is Senior Superintendent.

District Fire Marshall of NCR District Offices - rank is Senior Superintendent.

Provincial Fire Marshall - rank is Superintendent.

District Fire Marshall of Province - rank is Chief Inspector.

Chief of City/Municipal Fire Station - rank is Senior Inspector.

Key Positions - Qualifications

1. Municipal Fire Marshal - should have the rank of
Senior Inspector.
a. Must have finished at least 2nd year Bachelor of
Laws or earned at least 12 units in a masters
degree program in public administration,
management, engineering, public safety,
criminology or other related discipline.
b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary
training of career courses for such position as
may be established by the fire bureau.
2. City Fire Marshal - should have the rank of Chief
Inspector.
a. Must have finished at least 2nd year Bachelor of
Laws or earned at least 24 units in a masters
degree program in public administration,
management, engineering, public safety,
criminology or other related disciplines.
b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary
training or career courses for such position as
may be established by the fire bureau.
3. District Fire Marshal/Provincial Fire Marshal/
Assistant Regional Director for Administration/
Assistant Regional Director for Operations/
Chief of Directorial Staff - should have the rank of
Superintendent.
a. Must be a graduate of Bachelor of Laws or a
holder of a Masters degree in public

administration, management, engineering,

public safety, criminology, or other related
disciplines.
b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary
training or career courses for such position as
may be established by the fire bureau.
4. District Fire marshal for the NCR/Regional
Director for Fire Protection/Director of the
Directorate of the National Headquarters Office should have at least the rank of Senior
Superintendent.
a. Must be a graduate of Bachelor of Laws or a
holder of masters degree in public administration,
management, engineering, public safety,
criminology, or other related disciplines.
b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary
training or career course for such position as may
be established by the fire bureau.
5. Deputy Chief for Administration and
Deputy Chief for Operation of the Fire Bureau should have the rank of Chief superintendent.
a. Must be a member of the Philippine Bar or must
be a holder of a masters degree in public
administration, management, engineering,
public safety, criminology or other related
disciplines.
b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary
training or career courses as may be established
by the fire bureau.
6. Chief of the Fire Bureau - should have the rank
of Director.
a. Must be a member of the Philippine Bar or a
masters degree in public administration,
management, engineering, public safety,
criminology or other related discipline.
b. Must satisfactory passed the necessary
the training or career courses for such position
as may be established by the fire bureau.

Fire Technology and Investigation Reviewer 1

Criminalistics

Board Exam

Very Hot

Start

Starting

Criminology

1. Combustion or burning in which substances combine chemically with

oxygen from the air and typically give out bright light,heat and
smoke.
A. Flame
B. Heat
C. Fire
D. Smoke
Ans. C
2. A hot glowing body of ignited gas that is generated by something
on fire.
A. Flame
B. Heat
C. Fire
D. Smoke
Ans. A
3. An extensive fire that destroys a great deal of land or property.
A. Conflagration
B. Burning
C. Fire
D. Combustion
Ans. A
4. Means on fire or very hot or bright.
A. Flame
B. Burning
C. Fire
D. Combustion
Ans. B
5. The rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen
involving the production of heat and light.
A. Flame
B. Burning
C. Fire
D. Combustion
Ans.D
6. The quality of being hot or high temperature at which fuel will
continue to burn for atleast 5 seconds after ignition by an open
flame.
A. Flame
B. Heat

C. Fire
D. Smoke
Ans. B
7. The natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible.
A. Flame
B. Heat
C. Light
D. Smoke
Ans. C
8. Is one of the 4 fundamental states of matter, the other being
solid,liquid and gas.
A. Flame
B. Plasma
C. Light
D. Smoke
Ans. B
9. The lowest temperature a which the vapor of a combustible liquid
can be ignited in air.
A. Flash point
B. Ignition temperature
C. Fire point
D. Boiling point
Ans. A
10. Is the temperature at which fuel will continue to burn for at least
five seconds after ignition by an open flame.
A. Flash point
B. Ignition temperature
C. Fire point
D. Boiling point
Ans. C
Remember the following:
1. Fire - Combustion or burning in which substances combine
chemically with oxygen from the air and typically give out bright
light,heat and smoke.
2. Flame - A hot glowing body of ignited gas that is generated by
something on fire.
3. Conflagration - An extensive fire that destroys a great deal of
land or property.
4. Burning - Means on fire or very hot or bright.
5. Combustion - The rapid chemical combination of a substance with

oxygen involving the production of heat and light.

6. Heat - The quality of being hot or high temperature at which fuel
will continue to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an
open flame.
7. Light - The natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things
visible.
8. Plasma - Is one of the 4 fundamental states of matter, the other
being solid,liquid and gas.
9. Flash point - The lowest temperature a which the vapor of a
combustible liquid
can be ignited in air.
10.Fire point - Is the temperature at which fuel will continue to burn
for at least five seconds after ignition by an open flame.

Fire Technology and Investigation Reviewer 2

1. The use of one or more electrical appliances or devices which draw
or consume electrical current beyond the designed capacity of the
existing electrical system
A. self-closing door
B. jumper
C. overloading
D. oxidizing material
2. An enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from the floor
to floor, as well as for the base to the top of the building is called
A. sprinkle evidence
B. vertical shaft
C. flash point
D. standpipe system
3. A wall designated to prevent the spread of fire having a fire
resistance rating of not less than four hours with sufficient
structural stability to remain standing even if construction on either
side collapses under the fire conditions.
A. Wood rack
B. Fire wall
C. Post wall
D. Fire trap
4. Any act that would remove or naturalized a fire hazard

A. Allotment
B. Combustion
C. Distillation
D. Abatement
5. The ____ shall be conducted as a pre-requisite to grant permits
and/or license by local governments or other government agencies.
A. Fire safety inspection
B. Fire protection assembly
C. Fire alerting system
D. Fire service
6. An instance that may cause fires from the heat accumulated from
the rolling, sliding or friction in machinery or between two hard
surfaces, at least one of which is usually a metal is called.
A. static electricity
B. overheating of machine
C. friction heat
D. heat from arching
7. Method of heat transfer
A. nuclear fission
B. conduction
C. convection
D. Radiation

by direct contact

8. Instrument used to open and close a fire hydrant

A. hydrant key
B. kilowatts
C. key board
D. bunch of key
9. Energy is transferred from one body to another by thermal
interactions.
A. Fire
B. Smoke
C. Heat
D. Ember
10.The transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement
of fluids.
A. Convection
B. Radiation
C. Conduction
D. None of the above

Answer: Fire Technology and Investigation

1. C
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. C
10.A