TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1

2.0

CORPORATE PROFILE FOR DERMAGA TANJUNG LEMBUNG....................3

2.1

COOPERATE STATEMENT....................................................................................3

2.2

BOARD OF DIRECTORS........................................................................................4

2.3

MANAGEMENT TEAM............................................................................................5

3.0

DESIGN CONSIDERATION.......................................................................................6

3.1

Site Investigation.......................................................................................................6

3.1.1

Location...............................................................................................................6

3.1.2

Depth of sea level..............................................................................................6

3.1.3

Wind and wave forces......................................................................................6

3.2

Follow the procedure, operation and coordination by Jabatan Kerja Raya

(JKR).....................................................................................................................................7
3.3

Load consideration...................................................................................................7

3.4

Design for wharf........................................................................................................8

3.5

Environmental Consideration..................................................................................8

3.6

Access for Emergency Vehicles and Emergency Escape.................................8

4.0

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE.................................................................................9

5.0 PLANT AND EQUIPMENT...........................................................................................12

5.1

Draglines Excavator...............................................................................................12

5.2

Forklift.......................................................................................................................16

5.3

Mobile Crane...........................................................................................................19

5.4

Damper.....................................................................................................................22

5.5

Bulldozer..................................................................................................................23

5.6

Backhoe....................................................................................................................26

6.0 MAINTENANCE..............................................................................................................28

Page | 1

6.1

Planned Maintenance............................................................................................28

6.2

Unplanned Maintenance........................................................................................29

6.2.1

Contingencies Plan.........................................................................................29

6.3 Maintenance Implementation....................................................................................30

REFFERENCES....................................................................................................................34
APPENDICES........................................................................................................................35

Page | 2

1.0

INTRODUCTION
Dermaga Tanjung Lembung is located in the Langkawi Island as a main port for import

and export activity in the island. This port is constructed when the previous port located in
Teluk Ewa Jetty could no longer accommodate the fast growing of cargo quantity where the
rapid development in Langkawi Island required for a larger scale of port to handle the larger
quantity of cargo. The services provided in the port as below;
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.

Roll-on/ Roll-off for vehicle handling

Mooring
Stevedoring
Wharf handling
Crane and forklift
Fresh water supply
Weighbridge
Office space rental
Warehouse and chiller
Open yard rental

Source of Picture : Official Website of Langkawi Port Sdn. Bhd

Page | 1

Source of Port Picture : Official Website of Langkawi Port Sdn. Bhd.

Page | 2

2.0

CORPORATE PROFILE FOR DERMAGA TANJUNG LEMBUNG

Dermaga Tanjung Lembung is fully operated and managed by Langkawi Port Sdn.

Bhd. (LPSB) in 15 November 1997. Langkawi Port Sdn. Bhd. consist of 3 major shareholder
that forming a consortium consist of Langkawi Development Authority (LADA), Amanah
Saham Anak Langkawi (ASAL) and DR Group Holdings Sdn. Bhd.

Figure 1 :Langkawi Port Sdn. Bhd. Shareholders

2.1

COOPERATE STATEMENT
The LPSB have their own corporate statement to achieve their company goals.
LPSBs major goals is to provide quality port services that meet and exceed
customers expectations along with their motto YOUR EFFICIENT GATEWAY TO
LANGKAWI.
They have their own vision to be the major port operator in Langkawi and to achieve
that their mission to provide high quality, efficient, safe and competitive port services
to clients need. Second mission is to encourage innovation in customer service and
work ethic.

Page | 3

2.2

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

2.3

MANAGEMENT TEAM

Page | 4

General Manager
MuhdNasir Bin Hj. Abdul Aziz

Administration Manager
Shap Bin

Hashim

Safety & Security Enforcement Manager

Shamsul Nizam Bin Shaari

Assistant Administration Manager

SuriatiBinti Ahmad

Assistant Operation Manager

Izuwan Bin Ismail

3.0

DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Page | 5

3.1 Site Investigation

For site investigation the things that need to be consider during design consideration
for port such as location, the depth of sea level to be construct and the wind or wave
forces.

3.1.1

Location

The location to build port must be in strategic place. This is because to attract
more tradesmen come to rest awhile waiting for monsoon wind shifted or
trade at port. The location for Dermaga Tanjung Lembung is very strategic as
the port is protected from wind monsoon which have a few island in front of
port to protect it.

3.1.2

Depth of sea level

The need to consider the depth is to know the minimum or maximum depth of
sea level area port so that before construct can know the depth suitable to be
suit with the condition of port. Besides that, when to install bored pile for
retain the soil, the contractor need to know the maximum depth the bored pile
can reach. For this case study the depth is 5m. The depth for ports bulk cargo
is 50m. The depth for general cargo ports is 480m and maximum DWT is
5000. For examples the entry of cargo or the ship is a maximum of 5000
tonnes. If more than 5000 tonnes are not allowed because the draft depth is
maximum 5m.
3.1.3

Wind and wave forces

The wind and waves need to be considers which is whether to build coastal
protection or not. For the Dermaga Tanjung Lembung the port no needs to
build coastal protection because it has natural breakwater. The water in area
port is always calm due because have protection comes from island near
port. The island is also protecting the port from heavy wind during rain or wind
monsoon.

3.2 Follow the procedure, operation and coordination by Jabatan Kerja Raya

Page | 6

(JKR).
According to the Shaari (2015) who is the person in charge talk about design
consideration during last site visit at port Langkawi said that the route for a ship must
get input operation information from JKR. Besides that, the design of ship must follow
the needs by JKR if not maybe have problems in future. The need of the final design
by design team must follow the needs by coordination JKR and input from the
operator. In addition, for specification of design depends on design of the structure
itself. The communication two way between the construction team by port and JKR
must be clear and understand so that the design of ships and shipping routes going
smoothly.
3.3 Load consideration
The first thing that's taken into account the workload is piling. The distance of piling
effect the load that needs to consider in the design. The workload from cargo also
takes into consideration. Besides that, the engineer needs to calculate and consider
dead load, superimposed dead load and live load in design consideration. According
to Diacos (n.d) the dead load is the weight of the structural elements of the structure,
including any substructure, piling and superstructure. The superimposed dead load is
the weight of all materials imposing loads on the structure that are not structural
elements, and should include surfacing, fixed equipment, fenders, bollards, handrails,
ladders, walkways, stairways, services, fittings and furniture.

For all loading

conditions, the possibility of any of the superimposed dead loads being removed
should be considered. The imposed live loads include all loads which the structure
has to withstand except dead, superimposed dead, hydrostatic, soil, vessel-imposed
and environmental loads, and should be the greatest applied load likely to arise from
the intended use or purpose of the structures.

Page | 7

3.4 Design for wharf

According to the Shaari (2015) the design for wharf depends on the maximum of
cargo and types of vessel enter. Take into account the length of the wharf which is to
estimate how many wharfs can parks. The average of receiving ship usually 8 ships,
but not simultaneously. For example operation in Port Dermaga Tanjung Lembung,
Langkawi, Kedah during evening session the ship will be docked from Thailand and
for morning session the ship from Indonesia take part. For the Dermaga Tanjung
Lembung the operation team start work from 4.00 a.m.
3.5 Environmental Consideration
According to Diacos (n.d) when considering any port development, the potential
impact upon water quality, coastal hydrology, noise, vibration, air quality, existing
development and habitation should be assessed. All of these factors must be
considered as part of the design process. These factors may be influenced by the
construction techniques required to implement the proposed design or the operation
of the port. Constructability reviews should therefore encompass consideration of
these factors. Pile driving may have a negative effect on aquaculture while the piles
themselves provide a new habitat for example. For this case study the port
constructions use sheet pile and bored pile.

3.6 Access for Emergency Vehicles and Emergency Escape

The consideration should be given to the precautions that should be taken at port
since there may be a number of different authorities which may have a controlling
influence. Considerations may be needed in respect of other port in the vicinity and
the impact on management arrangements in the case of interaction arising from
domino effect or communication links. In addition, the correct design of port
installation the facility should also be subjected to an adequate maintenance and
inspection programs designed to ensure that the integrity of the facility is maintained
during operation.

Page | 8

4.0

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

The construction of Langkawi Port Dermaga Tanjung Lembung consist of various sequences
involving piling works and others. The area around the port sloped and was faced with riprap
which consists of sand, gravel and crushed rock with concrete cover. This will stabilize the
slope before other construction proceeds.

Material Barge
Piles were carried on material barge to be transferred at driving point. Pile length is less than
3 meter to ensure safety and the barge was towed by using an anchor boat. All of the parties
involved in the construction especially the engineer will have predetermined the piling
sequence in order for them to be driven without interference. The piles were hammered to
places according to their points and location to receive new deck.

Underwater Sheet Piles

The depth of the port area is around 5 meter deep and underwater cantilever sheet pile wall

Page | 9

was chosen to hold back the rocky top part of the slope. A new deck on piles was
constructed behind the sheet pile wall. The deck was made from precast concrete panels
resting on precast concrete piles. The steel sheet piles were equipped with a cathodic
protection system with sacrificial anodes. It was used in protecting the steel structures and
preventing corrosive action with salt water.

Dolphins
It was also installed including test station with corrosion monitoring equipment to monitor the
rate of corrosion in the sheet piles. Dolphins was constructed for mooring vessels and is
called mooring dolphins. It was installed to provide fixed structure as dry access when large
ships are not capable to access the berth or pier.

Fender system
Furthermore, to prevent damages to the side of port, fender system was installed along the
port. The fender used for this project is made of rubber pads to protect the ship. The
contractor will ensure face of concrete supporting the fender is flat and strong enough to

Page | 10

support the weight of fender itself. All of the fixing items such as bolt, chain, pad and anchor
will be accurately cast into the concrete.
Bollard was also installed along the port where the nut and washer was embedded directly
into the concrete deck structure. This will make it easier for ships to dock and secure rope
around it preventing the ship from sailing away.

Hydraulic Ramp
Extra feature for Dermaga Tanjung Lembung Port is it was fixed with hydraulic ramp to
accommodate transfer of vehicle by ro-ro ferry. The hydraulic ramp will move downwards
when there is any ro-ro ferry arrived at the port to make it easier for vehicles to hop on or off
to Langkawi Island. The feature was also used by vehicles that will transfer supply of various
items such as bread or rice.

Page | 11

5.0 PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

5.1 Draglines Excavator
Definition
A dragline

excavator is

piece

of heavy

equipment used

in civil

engineering and

surface mining for example port and jetty construction. Draglines fall into two broad
categories those that are based on standard, lifting cranes, and the heavy units which have
to be built on-site. Most crawler cranes, with an added winch drum on the front, can act as a
dragline. These units like other cranes are designed to be dismantled and transported over
the road on flatbed trailers. Draglines used in civil engineering are almost always of this
smaller, crane type. These are used for road, port construction, pond and canal dredging,
and as pile driving rigs. These types are built by crane manufacturers.
The much larger type which is built on site the largest heavy draglines are among the largest
mobile land machines ever built. A dragline bucket system consists of a large bucket which is
suspended from a boom a large truss-like structure with wire ropes. The bucket is
maneuvered by means of a number of ropes and chains. The hoist rope, powered by
large diesel or electric motors, supports the bucket and hoist-coupler assembly from the
boom. The dragrope is used to draw the bucket assembly horizontally. By skillful maneuver
of the hoist and the dragropes the bucket is controlled for various operations.

Function
1.

Road excavation

2.

Deep down pile driving

3.

Construction of ports, harbor etc.

4.

Surface mining

5.

Deep down excavation

6.

Under water excavation

Page | 12

Page | 13

Advantages
The dragline is a versatile attachment capable of a wide range of operations at and
belowground level. The dragline can dig through loose to medium compacted soil. The
biggest advantage of the dragline over other machines is its long reach for both digging and
dumping. Another advantage is its high cycle speed. The dragline does not have the positive
digging force of the backhoe. The bucket is not weighted or held in alignment by rigid
structures therefore, it can bounce, tip over, or drift sideways when digging through hard
materials. This weakness increases with digging depth.
Operation
In a typical cycle of excavation, the bucket is positioned above the material to be excavated.
The bucket is then lowered and the dragrope is then drawn so that the bucket is dragged
along the surface of the material. The bucket is then lifted by using the hoist rope. A swing
operation is then performed to move the bucket to the place where the material is to be
dumped. The dragrope is then released causing the bucket to tilt and empty. This is called a
dump operation.
On crane-type draglines, the bucket can also be 'thrown' by winding up to the jib and then
releasing a clutch on the drag cable. This would then swing the bucket like a pendulum.
Once the bucket had passed the vertical, the hoist cable would be released thus throwing
the bucket. On smaller draglines, a skilled operator could make the bucket land about onehalf the length of the jib further away than if it had just been dropped. On larger draglines,
this is not a common practice.
Draglines have different cutting sequences. The first is the side cast method using offset
benches, this involves throwing the overburden sideways onto blasted material to make a
bench. The second is a key pass. This pass cuts a key at the toe of the new high wall and
also shifts the bench further towards the low-wall. This may also require a chop pass if the
wall is blocky. A chop pass involves the bucket being dropped down onto an angled highwall
to scale the surface. The next sequence is the slowest operation, the blocks pass. However,
this pass moves most of the material. It involves using the key to access to bottom of the
material to lift it up to spoil or to an elevated bench level. The final cut if required is a pull
back, pulling material back further to the low-wall side

Page | 14

How to handle dragline easily:

1. Keep the teeth sharp of the dragline bucket and built up to proper size.
2. Keep the dump rope short, so the load can be picked up at a proper distance from the
crane.
3. Excavate the working area in layers, not in trenches, and sloped upward toward the crane.
4. Do not drag the bucket in so close to the crane that it builds piles and ridges of material in
front of the crane.
5. Do not guide the bucket by swinging the crane while digging. This puts unnecessary side
stresses on the boom. Start the swing only after the bucket has been raised clear of the
ground.
6. A pair of drag chains is attached to the front of the bucket through brackets by which the
pull point may be adjusted up or down. The upper position is used for deep or hard digging,
as it pulls the teeth into a steeper angle.
7. The drag cable can be reversed end for end to prolong the life of the wire rope, reduce
early wire rope replacement, and keep wire rope cost down. Remember that the drag cable
should not be lubricated.
8. When lowering the dragline bucket into the area to be worked, release the drag brake to
tip the cutting edge down and then release the hoist brake. Do not have to drop the bucket
to force the teeth into the material. The bucket is filled as it is dragged toward the crane by
engaging the drag control lever. The cutting depth is controlled by releasing tension from the
hoist brake. The dragline is not a positive digging tool.
9. The dragline cycle is filling the bucket, lifting the bucket, swinging the loaded bucket, and
dumping the load.
10. Since the dragline is not a rigid attachment, it will not dump materials as accurately as do
other excavators. When a load is dumped into a haul unit or hopper, it need more time to
position the bucket before dumping it.
11. The boom angle for dragline operations should normally be from 25 to 35 degrees.

Page | 15

Figure 1: Draglines excavator

Page | 16

5.2 Forklift
Definition
A forklift also called a lift truck, a fork truck, or a forklift truck and it is a powered
industrial truck used to lift and move materials short distances. The forklift was developed in
the early 20th century by various companies. Following the development of the forklift truck
has greatly expanded worldwide. Forklifts have become an indispensable piece of
equipment in manufacturing and warehousing operations.

Function
Lift and Stack

Forklifts lift items that are placed on pallets and are too heavy, too bulky, or too
awkward to be lifted manually. The pallets, which are small platforms upon which goods are
placed individually or stacked in groups, have rectangular openings through which the two
steel tines, or forks, of the forklift fit. These tines can be adjusted to fit through the openings
of different-sized pallets. A forklift operator uses levers to lift the tines and raise the palleted
items, often to stack them atop other palleted items or to place them on high shelves.
Transport

Forklift operators often need to transport palleted items from one area of a facility to
another. Because the stacked items on the pallets frequently obstruct the operator's view,
the steering wheel is equipped with a horn. Operators must press this horn frequently while
transporting items, especially when they are approaching hallway intersections.
Loading and Unloading

In addition to transporting and placing items throughout a facility, operators use

forklifts to load items onto trucks for transport away from the facility. They also use forklifts to
unload items that have been delivered to the facility by trucks.

Page | 17

Advantages
Forklift hydraulics is controlled either with levers directly manipulating the hydraulic valves,
or by electrically controlled actuators, using smaller "finger" levers for control. The latter
allows forklift designers more freedom in ergonomical design. Forklift trucks are available in
many variations and load capacities. In a typical warehouse setting most forklifts have load
capacities between one and five tons. Larger machines, up to 50 tons lift capacity, are used
for lifting heavier loads, including loaded shipping containers.
In addition to a control to rise and lower the forks that is also known as blades or tines, the
operator can tilt the mast to compensate for a load's tendency to angle the blades toward the
ground and risk slipping off the forks. Tilt also provides a limited ability to operate on nonlevel ground. Skilled forklift operators annually compete in obstacle and timed challenges at
regional forklift rodeos.

Operation
Forklifts are rated for loads at a specified maximum weight and a specified forward center of
gravity. This information is located on a nameplate provided by the manufacturer, and loads
must not exceed these specifications. In many jurisdictions it is illegal to remove or tamper
with the nameplate without the permission of the forklift manufacturer.
An important aspect of forklift operation is that most have rear-wheel steering. While this
increases maneuverability in tight cornering situations, it differs from a drivers traditional
experience with other wheeled vehicles. While steering, as there is no caster action, it is
unnecessary to apply steering force to maintain a constant rate of turn.
Another critical characteristic of the forklift is its instability. The forklift and load must be
considered a unit with a continually varying center of gravity with every movement of the
load.

A forklift

must

never

negotiate

turn

at

speed

with

raised

load,

where centrifugal and gravitational forces may combine to cause a disastrous tip-over
accident. The forklift is designed with a load limit for the forks which is decreased with fork
elevation and undercutting of the load. A loading plate for loading reference is usually
located on the forklift. A forklift should not be used as a personnel lift without the fitting of
specific safety equipment, such as a "cherry picker" or "cage".
Forklifts are a critical element of warehouses and distribution centers. Its imperative that
these structures be designed to accommodate their efficient and safe movement. Forklift
needs to travel inside a storage bay that is multiple pallet positions deep to place or retrieve

Page | 18

a pallet. Often, forklift drivers are guided into the bay through guide rails on the floor and the
pallet is placed on cantilevered arms or rails. These maneuvers require well-trained
operators. Since every pallet requires the truck to enter the storage structure, damage is
more common than with other types of storage. In designing a drive-in system, dimensions
of the fork truck, including overall width and mast width, must be carefully considered.

Figure 2: forklift

Page | 19

5.3 Mobile Crane

Definition
A mobile crane is a cable controlled crane mounted on crawlers or rubber tired carriers or a
hydraulic powered crane with a telescoping boom mounted on truck type carriers or as selfpropelled models. It is designed to easily transport to a site and use with different types of
load and cargo with little or no setup or assembly. Mobile cranes generally operate a boom
from the end of which a hook is suspended by wire rope and sheaves. The wire ropes are
operated by whatever prime movers the designers have available, operating through a
variety

of transmissions. Steam

engines, electric

motors,

and internal

combustion

engines have all been used. Older cranes' transmissions tended to be clutches. The
operational advantages of this arrangement can now be achieved by electronic control of
hydrostatic drives, which for size and other considerations is becoming standard. Some
examples of this type of crane can be converted to a demolition crane by adding
a demolition ball, or to an earthmover by adding a clamshell bucket or a dragline and scoop,
although design details can limit their effectiveness.
Function
Mobile crane operators operate mobile cranes to lift, move, position and place materials and
equipment. They perform pre-operational inspections. They calculate crane capacities and
determine load weight, set up and dismantle cranes and position and stabilize the crane
before the lift. They may also participate in rigging procedures. They also perform some
routine maintenance and housekeeping of the crane equipment such as lubricating and
cleaning. Mobile cranes are used in many industry sectors. They are very commonly used in
the construction of buildings and the assembly of large equipment. They are used on
construction sites, warehouses, factories, mines, oil rigs, refineries, railway yards, ships and
ports. Mobile crane operators may be employed by rental companies, construction firms,
manufacturers, public utilities, transport sector companies, ship builders, cargo-handlers,
airports, railways and mines.
Cranes come in different types such as crawlers, truck-mounted, rough-terrain and allterrain. The boom of the crane may be lattice or hydraulic. Some cranes are fitted with
equipment that can perform specialized functions including piledriver, clamshell, dragline,
wrecking ball, magnet, heavy lift attachments, tower attachments and luffing jibs.
Some mobile crane operators specialize in different crane functions. In some cases, an
operator may work for years on a single large site, operating a single type and size of crane.

Page | 20

Operators working for rental companies may rarely work on the same site more than once
and may routinely perform a variety of tasks with different types and sizes of cranes. The
majority of the work in this trade is outdoors. The operation of some cranes is physically
demanding as is the handling of accessories. Mobile crane operators interact with other
tradespeople, contractors and customers. The skills of mobile crane operators are
transferable to operating other heavy equipment. With experience, operators may move into
careers such as business owners, supervisors, trainers and job coordinators.

Advantages

No need a lot of space

Construction sites used to be large and cumbersome when it came to building a tower or
other kind of facility. But when theres construction in an urban area, they need to be tight
and tidy. Tower cranes take up too much space when used in construction of a building that
cant have an extensive construction site. Mobile crane needs a fraction of the space tower
cranes need.

In no time flat

A lot steps are involved in constructing a tower crane more than a mobile crane. Set up time
is very quick. If in need for a quick job, the mobile crane can drive up, get secure, and hoist
its boom and begin work. Tower cranes need to be prepped and built up. Mobile cranes just
need a little space to be stabilized. This means work can begin quicker and projects can be
completed faster.

Still strong

Able to lift just as much as a tower crane. With multiple axles and advancements in
technology concerning hydraulic power, these cranes can still lift thousands upon thousands
of tons at incredible heights. Power is not an issue with our mobile cranes.

Operation
The mobile crane may be the most powerful piece of equipment in the construction industry.
With maximum mast heights of over 400 feet and lift capacities of hundreds of thousands of

Page | 21

pounds, mobile cranes are essential in building and maintaining bridges, highways,
buildings, pipelines and towers. Mobile crane operation requires physical coordination,
stamina, focus and concentration.

Figure 3: mobile crane

Page | 22

5.4 Damper
Definition
A dump truck is a truck used for transporting loose material such as sand, gravel, or dirt
for construction and known as the dump truck. A typical dump truck is equipped with an
open-box bed, which is hinged at the rear and equipped with hydraulic pistons to lift the
front, allowing the material in the bed to be deposited ("dumped") on the ground behind the
truck at the site of delivery.
Function

Moving things from one place to another place.

Construction projects are one of the most common uses for dump trucks. These
trucks can fulfill a number of functions at a construction site, including hauling in the building
materials then hauling out any torn down parts. The large, sturdy tires of the dump truck
makes it ideal for construction sites as well, as the tires will withstand sharp nails and debris
that could be harmful on regular-grade tires.

Operation
Dump trucks or production trucks are those that are used for transporting loose material
such as sand, dirt, and gravel for construction. The typical dump truck is equipped with a
hydraulically operated open box bed hinged at the rear, with the front being able to be lifted
up to allow the contents to fall out on the ground at the site of delivery. Dump truck is very
important in construction port because it will use to transfer the excavated material away
from site. Dump trucks come in many different configurations with each one specified to
accomplish a specific task in the construction chain. There are a few type of dump truck
usually use at construction which is standard dump truck, transfer dump truck and off road
dump truck.

Page | 23

5.5 Bulldozer
Definition
A bulldozer is a crawler continuous tracked tractor equipped with a substantial metal plate
known as a blade used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material
during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like
device known as a ripper to loosen densely compacted materials. Bulldozers can be found
on a wide range of sites, mines and quarries, military bases, heavy industry factories,
engineering projects and farms. The term "bulldozer" refers only to a tractor usually tracked
fitted with a dozer blade.

Function

Bulldozers are very powerful tracked vehicles. In construction sites, the tracks in
bulldozers give them great ground mobility and they can hold through very rough
surface or terrain. These tracks help to distribute the weight over large areas, and

hence prevent the dozer from sinking into muddy or sandy ground.
They are designed in such a way that they have high torque capacity, which give
them immense power to drag objects. Besides pushing heavy objects, these heavy

machines can also remove things from the ground.

In construction sites, bull dozers are used to clear shrubbery, obstacles, and remains

of buildings and structures.

The basic advantage of bull dozer is that varied attachments can be applied to the
equipment. Depending on the applications and tasks, you can choose the
attachment. Like for instance, there is a different attachment used for construction

activities and even when agricultural work is done.

The attachments are very helpful in providing flexibility to the bull dozer to perform in

different types of working area.

A ripper is a popular attachment used in bulldozes, especially the large bulldozers.
The ripper is widely seen in construction sites, quarrying and mining sites. It is used
to rip and break down the surface of the rock into small pieces so that it is easy to
handle. These broken pieces can further be used for construction purposes.

Page | 24

Advantages

Dozers are big-sized weighty vehicles making them a perfect option for cleaning
construction sites and for the purpose of demolition. The high-quality tracks offer
bulldozers a distinct benefit permitting them to be astonishingly invariable for their
excessive weight.

The tracks of the dozers have the quality of strong grip that assist them to undertake
the rough terrain. These tracks also help the bulldozers to distribute their heavy
weight thwarting them from submerging in dirty or mud-covered land.

Bulldozers are famous for their quality of grasping the ground tightly that gives them
exceptional potency to shove and pull the obstructions coming in their path.

Some of the replicas of tanks attached in the dozers have the ability to pull up almost
70 tons of weight and are especially utilised for construction and military purposes.

In a bulldozer, the customers can find chiefly three types of blades that are straight,
universal and S-U combined blades. These blades are normally employed for
grading, carrying extra materials and for shoving large-shaped mound of rocks for
instance quarry.

When the bulldozers are used in battle fields, the blades are attached on the battle
tanks for clearing various anti-tank obstructions.

If the construction business owners want to buy dozer with stump buster, they get the
additional benefit of brush scrape blade that helps in clearing in the land effectively.

Operation

Steer the bulldozer and slowly thrust it to the direction you want to go. It will help to
have a control on the bulldozers movement.

Push the paddle of decelerator to reduce the speed of the bulldozer, it should push
the paddle of the decelerator with your foot. In such equipment, the paddle of the
decelerator is always situated just beside the brake.

Page | 25

Manage the blade after pushing the paddle of the decelerator, it have to get a control
over the bulldozers blade. Easily gain a control over that using the joystick. It is a
heavy metal plate which shoves the mud and the sand to make the surface plain.

Level the surface of the ground. The final step is to leveling the ground surface. For
this, it have to slightly lower the blades so as to leave a very small gap between the
ground and the blade. Now, control the pedal and the joystick to move the bulldozer
to the forward slowly. The blade goes on shaving the ground as continue to drive it to
the forward direction.

Figure 4 : dump truck

Page | 26

5.6 Backhoe
Definition
A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating equipment
or digger consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. The section
of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, and the section which carries the
bucket is known as the dipper or dipper-stick the terms "boom" and "dipper" having been
used previously on steam shovels. The boom is generally attached to the vehicle through a
pivot known as the king-post, which allows the arm to slew left and right, usually through a
total of around 180200 degrees.
Function
Backhoes are mainly used to clean up construction areas, to dig holes in the ground, to
smooth uneven ground, to make trenches, ditches and dikes, and to help remove deep roots
from trees. They can be very useful to you and faster than using a shovel. Do need to be
extremely careful when using backhoes. You need to watch and recognize the dangers
around. Once it attaches the backhoe, it should make sure that the grease it after a couple
hours of use. Before start digging anywhere, make sure to call the local utilities company to
find out where any underground utilities are located. Not doing so could cause serious injury
to you and others.
Also be aware of any electrical lines or tree limbs that may be above. A few more safety tips
include make sure all people are clear of the swing of the bucket, do not dig under the
stabilizers and try to keep the load as balanced as possible. If ever walk away from the
machine, turn it off and remove the ignition key. Children have been known to get into the
machines and do serious damage to the machines, property and even themselves.

Advantages
Its quite unfortunate that lots of people invest a large sum in buying a backhoe loader. They
sometimes do not even know the full usage of the loader and use it only for doing everyday
jobs and for digging the gutters. Apart from this, one can also use a backhoe loader for
laying the pipes, planting the cable wire underground, setting up of the buildings and the
systems of drainage. Not only this, backhoe loaders are capable to accomplish much more
tasks.

Page | 27

One can drill some holes to plant his trees simply by attaching an auger to his backhoe. It
can also be used to carry out various kinds of projects related with fencing on different kinds
of soils. In order to do grading and cutting the slopes, the person can use the backhoe by
joining a bucket for cleaning of the ditch on the rear. In the job of a contractor, the person
has to mend the gas, roads, sewer lines and the like, he is going to required getting beneath
the cement. This work can be done with much ease and quickly if he attaches an asphalt
cutter with the backhoe loader. If anyone wants to operate all the backhoes and other
machines of construction, he/she should use couplers of pin lock on the backhoe loaders. It
will enable them to switch out all their buckets from the stockpile. In this way, a single
backhoe can perform several kinds of jobs. So imagine, how easily and quickly can one work
on the site with two or more than two backhoes.
Operation
1. Remove 3-point hitch and drawbar if installed on machine.
2. Lower rockshaft fully.
3. Start engine.
4. Unlock park brake.
5. Back machine into position to install backhoe.
6. Lock park brake.
7. Stop engine. Operator seat should remain facing to the front.
8. Remove retaining pins and attaching pins stored in the backhoe sub frame.

Figure 5 : backhoe

Page | 28

6.0 MAINTENANCE
The maintenance of Langkawi port have applied all the type of maintenance which is
planned maintenance and unplanned maintenance. Example, the level of corrosion is very
high to ward of electrical and mechanical. So the maintenance always be done. If no
maintenance be done, the cost will be higher.
6.1 Planned Maintenance
Planned maintenance has usually use is corrective maintenance and preventive
maintenance. Planned maintenance is to reduce to a minimum the need for
corrective or emergency maintenance. The maintenance schedule used would
indicate the time interval at which certain maintenance items will be carried out. The
schedule could include actual works item such as the annual servicing of boilers and
redecoration programs.
Corrective maintenance is the maintenance performed whenever there is an
equipment failure or malfunction. Corrective maintenance often is of an emergency
nature requiring immediate performance; hence, it is usually more costly than
preventive maintenance and often times required workmen of special skills and
perhaps special tools. Detecting a potential source of trouble before it happens or a
failure soon after it occurs can often prevent damage to other parts of the equipment
and also may lessen the danger of port.
Whenever an item of equipment requires repair the operator should, except for minor
items, always required additional assistance from such persons as:
i. Supervisor
ii. Engineer
iii. Manufacturer
iv. Skilled Repairmen
Preventive maintenance can be perform as a routine or on a schedule basis
(involving regular tasks done on daily, weekly or monthly basis e.g. servicing the air
conditioning system and or as a conditioned bases maintenance as a result
knowledge of conditions of items from routine or continuous monitoring.

Page | 29

The preventive maintenance program is perhaps the most important of all

maintenance procedures This type maintenance generally consists of lubrication,
cleaning, adjusting, replacement of worn parts, winterizing, housekeeping and work
directed by this manual, equipment service requirements, and sensual (including
visual, audio, feel and smell) observations which can be accomplished with the tools
provided at the plant and by workmen having an average understanding of the
workings of the machinery and total plant operation.
The preventive maintenance as a means to increase the reliability of their
vessels. By simply expending the necessary resources to conduct maintenance
activities intended by the equipment designer, equipment life is extended and its
reliability is increased. In addition to an increase in reliability, dollars are saved over
that of a program just using reactive maintenance. Studies indicate that this savings
can amount to as much as 12% to 18% on the average. Depending on the facilities
current maintenance practices, present equipment reliability, and facility downtime,
there is little doubt that many facilities purely reliant on reactive maintenance could
save much more than 18% by instituting a proper preventive maintenance program.
While preventive maintenance is not the optimum maintenance program, it does
have several advantages over that of a purely reactive program. By performing the
preventive maintenance as the equipment designer envisioned, we will extend the life
of the equipment closer to design. This translates into dollar savings. Preventive
maintenance (lubrication, filter change, etc.) will generally run the equipment more
efficiently resulting in dollar savings. While we will not prevent equipment
catastrophic failures, we will decrease the number of failures. Minimizing failures
translate into maintenance and capital cost savings.
6.2 Unplanned Maintenance
6.2.1 Contingencies Plan
Normally, for contingencies plan focus on important area at the port. It have three
level that consist level 1, level 2, and level 3. For the level one, any damage
happened it cannot be replace by other areas. It need long period for repair. The
second level is damages by war or trespass by other, it can replace on time and fast
maintenance by Langkawi Port. Example the natural disaster, it can transfer or use
another port e.g Jeti Kuah. On 2006, our country has tsunami and the water level
increase immediately at the port, but the port not disaster by tsunami because at the

Page | 30

Langkawi, it has island that function as a break wave. The port area is safe during
tsunami.

6.3 Maintenance Implementation

At Langkawi Port Sdn. Bhd., the maintenance work done by the maintenance staff from the
company itself and by the other party that hire to do the maintenance work. Langkawi Port
Sdn. Bhd. hired other company to do maintenance work for major maintenance only. While
the minor maintenance done by the maintenance staff from the company. Langkawi Port
Sdn. Bhd. used three types of maintenance, planned maintenance, preventive planned
maintenance and corrective maintenance.

In
Hous
e

Fender
Bollard
Pipework
System

Out
Sour
ce

Ro-ro
Under water
structures
Platform
Fire Fighting
Equipm ent

Maintenance
Work

Figure: In house and Outsource Maintenance Work

Maintenance works that maintained by the maintenance staffs from Langkawi Port Sdn. Bhd.
are for fender, bollard and pipework system. Fender is part of the port that uses to minimize
the impact of load from ship during parking. Type of fender for this port is V-type fender. The
fender will be check by the maintenance staff for every 3 months to make sure that there is
no any damage happens. The maintenance staff will record the condition of the fender and
they can predict the period of fender life based on the record. Thus, they can prepare when

Page | 31

to exchange to the new fender. However, fender at this port until now has never been
change to the new one because the fender still in good condition.

Figure: V-type Fender

Bollard used to tie up the ship from floating away from the port. The bollard should be
inspected to ensure that they have not been damaged or loosened during storm condition. It
will be check for every month or after storm happens. The bollard also will be repainting if
there is any paint that eroded. It is to make sure the bollards are protected completely and to
prevent bollard from corrosion.

Page | 32

Figure: Bollard
Next is the pipework system. This company have their own expertise in piping work, thus
they just use their expertise to do maintenance work. Maintenance works for pipework are
done for every month. It is to make sure that there is no any leakage at any pipe. Pipes are
used to transfer oil and fresh water to the ship from the port. The paint of the pipe will be
check to make sure there is no eroded paint that can cause the pipe damage by the sea
water. The pump also will be check to make sure the oil or water flow smoothly to the ship.

Figure: Pipework System

Langkawi Port Sdn. Bhd. maintains the firefighting equipment for every six months. Fire
department will check the firefighting equipment to make sure it functioning well. The fire
access routes and emergency equipment also regularly inspected.
Roll on roll out jetty also known as Ro-ro jetty. It is used as adjustable platform to transfer
goods from ship to the jetty. The maintenance works for Ro-ro jetty are done annually by
other company. The maintenance work will be done during Chinese New Year. It is because
during that time, the shipping works are less compare to the other day in the whole year. The
company will check all part of the Ro-ro jetty to make sure it can be functional well. Ro-ro

Page | 33

jetty are made from steel, thus, the paint of the Ro-ro jetty are very important. If there is any
erode paint, the steel will be repainting to make prevent corrosion caused by the sea water.
The lubricants at the pump and every joints at the Ro-ro jetty also checked. It is to make
sure the pump and joint can move smoothly. If the movement are not smooth, the lubricants
will be added.

Figure: Ro-ro Jetty

Lastly are maintenance works for platform and under water structure. Maintenance works for
platform and under water structure will be done at the same time. There are two types
maintenance operations, ordinary maintenance and specialised maintenance. Ordinary
maintenance is repetitive or periodical operations which are in general technically simple.
Examples of ordinary maintenance are simple cleaning of the carriageways, footpaths,
drains, gullies, gutters and joints. It can be done by hands or mechanical.
Specialised maintenance operations are those which are unpredictable regarding their
necessity and are relatively more complex. It falls into two groups. Firstly, the work for which
there is, from experience, high expectation that it will become necessary during the life span
of some structure. Examples are painting of structural steelwork, localized patching of
concrete, replacement of joints, renewal of part of the water proofing or drainage system.
Secondly, work which is unpredictable, such as settlement, restoration of minor damage to
slope protection, minor river-training schemes and others.

Page | 34

All categories of maintenance may include work needing special skills or equipment. Even
though Langkawi Port Sdn. Bhd. can have carried out most of the maintenance work, it is
often necessary to employ a specialist organization or contractor to save time and the quality
of work are guaranteed.

REFFERENCES
Diacos,E (n.d)Environmental considerations and technical port design are
intertwined.Online:http://www.slideshare.net/wendym2/environmental-considerationsand-technical-port-design-are-intertwined. Accessed on 11 November 2015
Shaari,S.N. (2015).Safety and Security Enforcement Manager at
DermagaTanjungLaembung, Langkawi,Kedah.
Official Website of Langkawi Port Sdn. Bhd. Dermaga Tanjung Lembong.
Hatch Report (2014). Pacific NorthWest LNG Construction Methodology for
Marine Facilities - Engineering Report.
Wikipedia (2015). Dredging, Breakwater and Land Reclamation.
Main Advantages of Port
https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/appl5en/table_port_centric.html.Accesse
d on 13 November 2015
Ports and Harbors http://www.waterencyclopedia. Com /Po-Re/Ports- and
Harbors .html. Accessed on 13 November 2015
Construction process/ investigation report. http://www.waterencyclopedia.
com/Po-Re /Ports- and-Harbors. html process / investigation report.
Accessed on 11 November 2015:
Construction process http://www.ukessays. com/ essays/construction/
site-investigation-report-of- johore-bahru-port- construction-essay.
Accessed on 14 November 2015:

Page | 35

Pollution issue http://www.pollutionissues.com/Co-Ea/Dredging.html

Accessed on 15 November 2015

APPENDICES

Page | 36

Page | 37