Educational Research Procedure

Point 7-13
Farid Syazwan
Kevin Raj
Mohamad Alif Izwan

Determining the sampling procedure

- Sampling : Choosing the target group of your research
- The theory of sampling is as follows:
Researchers want to gather information about a whole
group of people (the population).
Researchers can only observe a part of the population
(the sample).
The findings from the sample are generalized, or
extended, back to the population.

Constructing the research

instrument
- When designing the research instruments ensure that:
they start with a statement about:
the focus and aims of the research project
how the persons data will be used (to feed into a
report?)
confidentiality will the report name them or will their
data be anonymised? Who will have access to their data
Determining the data collection method

Constructing the validity/reliability

of the instrument
- Reliability
The extent to which results are consistent over time and
an accurate. If the results of a study can be reproduced
under a similar methodology, then the research
instrument is considered to be reliable.
- Validity
Determines whether the research truly measures that
which it was intended to measure or how truthful the
research results are.

Determining the data collection

procedure
Its a technique for physically obtaining the data to be analyzed in an
empirical research study.
Six main methods of data collection
- Tests
- Questionnaires
- Interviews
- Focus groups
- Observation
- Secondary or existing data.

Collecting data
After determining the methods, we implement the
methods and collect the data based on the methods.

Analysing and Interpreting the data

scoring: assigning a total to each participants
instrument
tabulating: organizing the data in a systematic manner
coding: assigning numerals to data
descriptive statistics: permit the researcher to describe
many pieces of data with a few indices
Statistics: indices calculated by the researcher for a
sample drawn from a population
Parameters: indices calculated by the researcher for an
entire population

Reporting the results and findings.

Use text and visual aids properly
- present the data in words with the help of tables, charts
and graphs to make your data clear and easy to understand.
Interpret results
- you need to interpret or analyse the data, that is, say what
it means, especially in relation to your research question.
Use headings and sub-headings
- Choose appropriate type of headings
- Keep your headings parallel
- Number your sections consistently

 Use language of reporting appropriately

- The survey [source] shows that [finding]
- It can be seen [writers voice/comment] from the
survey
[source] that [finding]
- From the survey [source], it was found that [finding]
- The majority [finding], as can be seen from the
responses to a question about... [source]
Refer to figures correctly
- If you place any figure or table in the Results section
of your
report, you should number it and give it a
concise, accurate
title.