VARIATION OF BLACK OIL

SIMUALTION
-consist of the oil, gas and water plus
a fourth component (Miscible
injectant or Polymer) and require
only a slight amount of additional data
over a black oil model
POLYMER MODEL
-used to simulate polymer solution
injection in a heterogeneous reservoir
-polymer as the fourth phase
-require approximately half a dozen
additional input lines of data as
compared to black oil model
SLUG DISPERSION
-mixing parameter () that varies
from ZERO (no mixing) to ONE
(complete Mixing)
-accounts for gridding effects
-although estimated from sensitivity
testing, but is actually becomes
another history match and is best
approximated from pilot studies
-much more sensitive to slight
variations in the mixing
parameter in miscible models
than that polymer model
- require approximately a dozen
additional input lines of data as
compared to black oil model
RESIDUAL RESISTANCE EFFECT
- Ratio of water mobility prior to
polymer contact to after contact
(prior/after)
MISCIBLE MODELS
-used to simulate miscible flow
performance by injection of a gas
above its miscibility pressure
-injected fluid as a 4th phase below
miscibility pressure and is part of the
oil phase above miscible conditions
-density of injected fluid, volume
factors and viscosities are required
Well tests
-easily modeled with radial simulator

-small time steps will be used to

match test data
-not sufficient to yield a unique
reservoir description
DUAL POROSITY
-used to simulate naturally fractured
reservoirs
-allows two sets of porosity and
permeability values. (should be FULLY
IMPLICIT)
-One for rock matrix and one for the
fracture system.
- 2 porosity, 1permeability if
mainly from fractures
-fractures will have HIGH PERM and
LOW PORO
-matrix will have LOW PERM(or no)
and HIGH PORO
SHAPE FACTOR
-used to determine the conductivity
between rock matrix and the
surrounding fractures

RADIAL SIMULATORS
-coning models or R-Z simulator
-one well models that are used
primarily to study
well test
coning phenomena
induced fracture effects
well completion
other individual well factors
-must be fully implicit to account for
rapid saturation changes
-length of radial cells may be specified
-logarithmic spacing
- 10 is sufficient with 20 upper limit
VERTICAL LAYERING

-Determined by Stratification, fluid

contacts and sufficient definition in
zones of interests

Items to be considered in
SELECTING AN APPROPRIATE
SMULATOR:

INDUCED FRACTURE MODELING

-can be performed using the angular
direction in a radial model
-very slight angle is used for the
fracture
-small angles generate large pore
volume over distance
CONING
-water is drawn up into the wellbore
due to the production rate.
-gravity forces are opposing the
growth of the water cone due to
density
-cone will continue to rise until it has
reached the well and water will be
produced along with the oil
-in gas water, cone is upside down
-helps decide what depth well will be
completed and decide to use or not
shale barrier

1. Reservoir type
2. Data availability
3. Mechanisms affecting
performance
4. Answers required
5. Level of precision in answers
required
6. Amount of engineering time
available
7. Amount of computer time
expense

Restart Capability
-This allows a model to be started
again at any point in time
(previously simulated). It consists of
storing all of the necessary data at
various points in time.
TWO MAIN USES:
for long history matches
all predictive cases may be
started form the same history
match
Preprocessors
- Used for gridding and interpolating
data
Postprocessors
-Programs such as plotting routines,
summary routines and contour
programs summarize data so that it
may be rapidly interpreted.

DIFFICULTY in SOLVING may be related

to several possibilities, few of the
initial items to be checked are:
Maximum saturation and
pressure changes over the
timestep.
Cell in which maximum changes
occur.
Material balances.
Timestep size.
Well rates and locations.
Pore volume throughput and its
associated well.
Pressure change over the last
iteration.
Checklist of items to review
WHEN INITIATING A SIMULATION
STUDY

Mainframe computers
Workstation systems
PC

DISAVANTAGE
TYPES OF COMPUTERS

ADVANTAGE