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8 lab experiments
Cycle I
Age hardening
Creep
Tensile
Phase Diagram
Cycle II
Heat treatment
Fatigue
Charpy test
Recrystallization
Grading
8 labs 50pts = 400 points, including:
Pre-lab QA:
8 20 pts= 160 points
Lab performance:
8 10 pts= 80points
Lab report:
8 20 pts= 160 points
2 quizzes 400 pts = 800 points
Preparation
Session 1
Lab Monday, Wednesday 4:30-7pm
Group 1
Albarracin, Juan C
Group 2
Chavez,Jose M
Monconduit,Monica
Diaz, Carlos
Sandoval,Johnathan K
De Leon,John R
Rendon Boscan,Javier A
Soto Salinas,Bryan L
Zikar, Zainab
Group 3
Group 4
Session 2
Lab Tuesday, Thursday 9-12pm
Group 5
Amaya,Marlo O.
Group 6
Haggblom,Alex H
Mendez,Jose
Baguley,Jonathan G
Henry,Chad Alan
Montiel,Paula A
Curiel,Fernando S
Huffman,Garrett T
Thomas,Sara
Jaramillo,Vanessa
Yeung,Tsz To
Dalwadi,Pratik H
Group 7
Group 8
Session 3
Lab Tuesday , Thursday 1:00 -4:00 pm
Group 9
Group 10
Armstrong,Bradley K Moreno,Daniel
Group 11
Group 12
Ramirez Jr,John A
Garcia,Javier
Nguyen,Minh
Hernandez,Alan
Pedraza,Cesar
Tabsch Herbas,
Adnan A
Tong,Luis
Maknojia,Vasim Z
Quintanilla,Ricardo E
Tran,Don Hoang
May,Casey
Tabsch Herbas,Hany D
Valdez,Carlos A
Session 4
Lab Tuesday , Thursday 4:30 -7:00 pm
Group 13
Group 14
Austria,Anthony C.
Brookhim,Esth
er
Dadeks,Richard M.
Murphy,John D.
Ehtesham,Tooba
Yingst,Tyler K.
Moreno,Julio C
Group 15
Group 16
Lab Cycle 1
06/06/16- 06/17/16
Group 1,5,9,13
Group 2, 6, 10,14
Group 3,7,11
June 6 (Mo)
Age hardening
Creep
Tensile
June 7 (Tu)
Age hardening
Creep
Creep
Tensile
June 8 (We)
Creep
Tensile
Phase Diagram
June 9 (Th)
Creep
Tensile
Tensile
Phase Diagram
June 13 (Mo)
Tensile
Phase Diagram
Age hardening
June 14 (Tu)
Tensile
Phase
Diagram
PhaseDiagram
Age hardening
June 15 (We)
Phase Diagram
Age hardening
Creep
June 16 (Th)
Phase Diagram
Age
hardening
Agehardening
Creep
Lab Cycle 2
06/20/15- 07/01/16
Group 1,5,9,13
Group 2, 6, 10,14
Group 3,7
June 20
Heat treatment
Fatigue
Charpy test
June 21
Heat treatment
Fatigue
Fatigue
Charpy test
June 22
Fatigue
Charpy test
Recrystallization
June 23
Fatigue
Recrystallization
June 27
Charpy test
Charpy test
Charpytest
Recrystallization
June 28
Charpy test
Recrystallization
Heat treatment
June 29
Recrystallization
Recrystallization
Heat
treatment
Fatigue
June 30
Recrystallization
Heat treatment
Fatigue
Heat treatment
Heattreatment
Exams
Exam 1: 2-4 pm, June 20th 2016
Exam 2: 2-4 pm, July 4th 2016
D3 W122
Or Exam 2 : 2-4 pm, July 9th 2016
gauge
12
Fracture
Separation of a sample into two or more pieces in response to an imposed stress.
Fracture is one type of failure takes place at temperature much lower than
melting temperature.
Based on materials ductility, three types of fracture surfaces
III
II
I
0
Highly ductile
Ductile: warning
before fracture
Moderate ductile
Brittle
Brittle: No
warning
void
nucleation
void growth
and linkage
shearing
at surface
fracture
Phase field: 3
L
+L (mixture)
Eutectic
Lower melting at specific composition of solid
mixture
Eutectic point at TE: and CE
Phase field: 6
Single phase: L, , and
Mixture: +L, +L, +
18
T1
T2
T3
Tensile test
Instantaneous measurement
T3 > T2 > T1
Creep rate :
d
dt
Primary creep
decreases
Secondary creep
constant
Tertiary creep
increases
Strain hardening
Larson-Miller parameter.
tf = 233 hours
Strengthening Mechanisms
Deformation
Elastic deformation
Plastic deformation
By slip related to dislocation movement
Strengthening
Impede dislocation movement (more difficult plastic deformation)
23
Strengthening Mechanisms
5 strengthening mechanisms
Grain size reduction
Sold-solution strengthening
Strain hardening
Dispersion hardening (age hardening or
precipitate hardening)
Martensite hardening
yield o k y d 1 / 2
24
Strengthening Mechanisms
Solid-solution strengthening
Lattice strain interaction with dislocation
Partially cancel strain around dislocation
dislocation mobility
Solid-solution strengthening in copper as
a function of nickel content
CNi y and TS
25
Strengthening Mechanisms
Strain hardening
Tangled and increased
dislocation density: increased
interaction between dislocations
(usually repulsive)
CW y and TS but %EL
Strengthening Mechanisms
Dispersion hardening (age hardening or precipitate
hardening)
Particle interaction with dislocations
Higher density dispersed particle
Martensite hardening
Age-Hardening: Introduction
Age hardening
One of strengthening mechanisms
By finely dispersed second phase
in the matrix
Procedures
Solution treatment
At a high temperature
Quenching
For supersaturated solute
28
Fatigue
Fatigue
A form of failure
Failure under applied cyclic stress
Stress condition: dynamic and fluctuating (time-dependent stress)
Temperature: relatively low
Why important
Failure could occur at stress level considerably lower than TS or YS
for a static load (max < y)
Occurs catastrophically (suddenly and no warning)
~90% of metallic failures
Polymers and ceramics also susceptible
30
(S)
Fatigue Test
S-N curve
S: stress amplitude
N: # of cycle to failure
S -N Curve I
Lower with increasing N but no failure if S lower
than certain value
Ferrous and Ti alloys
S becomes constant after certain N
Fatigue limit
Failure will not occur below the S
Usually 35-60% of TS for steels
Fatigue life
# of cycles to cause failure at specified stress level
S-N Curve II
Fracture Toughness I
a
m 2o
t
1/ 2
2E s
c
a
E = modulus of elasticity
gs = specific surface energy
replaced by gs+gp (plastic
deformation energy)
K t o
1/ 2
Mode II
Mode III
a
m 2o
t
1/ 2
2E s
c
a
E = modulus of elasticity
gs = specific surface energy
replaced by gs+gp (plastic
deformation energy)
K t o
1/ 2
Mode I
Standardized tests
Charpy test
Izod test
Mechanism
Dislocation movement vs
crack propagation
Less time for dislocations
to move past in response
to loading
Temperature Effect
Ductile-to-brittle
transition
temperature (DBTT)
Transition
temperature from
ductile to brittle w/
T
Service temperature
should be higher
than DBTT
Brittle
Ductile
Charpy Test
Impact test
Impact loading
V-notch in the sample
Charpy V-notch (CVN) technique
Impact loading by weighted
pendulum hammer
h: initial height
h': final height after impact
h-h': energy absorbed (measure of
impact energy (absorbed))
Impact energies are relative
Not easy to compare different
materials
For DTBT determination
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition I
T impact energy
Rather sudden change in some
materials
Charpy test as function of T
shiny
dull
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition II
DBTT in steels
Alloy compositions
Microstructures
C strength &
DBTT
DBTT in many
ceramics
Very high DBTT
~1000 C
Brittle in RT
43
Strain Hardening
Metals
High strength
High ductility
Strain hardening
Strain hardening
Increase in with by
plastic deformation
Additional safe factor in
structure
More difficult in forming
45
Cold Working
Forming
Cold work: deformation at room temperature
%CW
46
47
48
Cold working
Harder and more
brittle
Annealing
Going back to
before cold working
Steps
Recovery
Recrystallization
Grain growth
49
Recovery
Dislocation
density
Annihilation of
some
dislocations
No nucleation of
new grains
Internal strain energy is relieved by virtue of dislocation motion, as a result of enhanced
atomic diffusion at the elevated temperature.
50
Recrystallization
Formation of new grains
No/low dislocation densities
Grain size small
Consume and replace parent cold-worked grains
Restoring to condition prior to cold working with small grains
51
Grain Growth
Increase in grain size after recrystallization
Small grains shrink (and ultimately disappear)
Large grains continue to grow
52
Recrystallization temperature, TR
Temperature at which recrystallization just
reaches completion in 1 h
Alloy %X TR
Slower recrystallization
53
Recrystallization Temperature
Recrystallization temperature, TR
Temperature at which recrystallization just reaches
completion in 1 h
Alloy %X TR
Slower recrystallization
Recrystallization mechanism
New grain nucleation and growth
Growth by grain boundary movement
Atomic movement (diffusion) across grain boundaries
Effect of temperature
Promoted diffusion at high T
Effect of impurities
Impurity atoms preferentially segregate at and interact with
the new grain boundaries: recrystallization rate and
recrystallization temperature
0.3Tm (pure metals) to
0.7Tm (commercial alloys)
54