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GOD
Presented by:
Dr Somayeh Heidari
Orthodontist
Reference:
Contemporary Orthodontics
Chapter 8
William R. Proffit, Henry W. Fields, David M.Sarver. 2013. Mosby
Definition of terms
Force
Line of Action
Origin /
Point of application
Sense / Direction
Resultant
Center of resistance
a point at which resistance to movement can be concentrated
for an object in free space is the same as the center of mass
for a partially restrained object, determined by the nature of
the external constraints
Moment
a force (F) acting at a distance from the center of resistance (d)
m = F d (gm-mm)
moment of a force results in some rotational movement
it tends to rotate the object around the center of resistance
F
Distance (d)
M=Fd
Moment of Force
Couple
two parallel forces equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction that
separated by a distance
F
400 g.mm
d
50 g
8 mm
M
50 g
Couple force = F d
Center of rotation
the point around which rotation actually occurs when an object
is moved
Tipping
the crown and the root move in opposite directions
greater movement of the crown than the root
the center of rotation is apical to the center of resistance
based on the location of the center of rotation is classified into
uncontrolled and controlled tipping
Uncontrolled Tipping
the simplest form of orthodontic movement
produced when a single force is applied against the crown
the tooth will rotate during movement
the PDL is compressed near the apex (same side as the force)
and at the alveolar crest (opposite side from the force)
Controlled Tipping
the center of rotation is at the root apex
by application a force to move the crown and a moment to control the apex
concentration of stresses at the alveolar crest
minimal stress at the root apex
M/F ratio = 7:1
Translation
also known as bodily movement
the root apex and crown move in the same direction and the same distance
PDL area is loaded uniformly
twice as much force is required for translation
as for tipping
Rotation
pure rotation requires a couple
no net force acts at the center of resistance
in theory, rotational force can be more larger than other movements
in fact, rotational movement without tipping is essentially impossible
appropriate forces for rotation are similar
to those for tipping
Extrusion
ideally would produce no area of compression in the PDL, only
tension
practically the tooth tipped at all while being extruded
even if compressed areas avoided, heavy forces in pure tension
would be undesirable unless for extraction
about the same magnitude of force as those for tipping
ntrusion
successful intrusion can be accomplished, only if very light forces are applied
Root movement
keeping the crown stationary and applying a moment and force to
move the root
the center of rotation is at the incisal edge
root movement requires a large moment
concentration of stress is in the apex area
M/F = at or above 12:1
Type of movement
35-60
Tipping
70-120
Translation
50-100
Root uprighting
35-60
Rotation
35-60
Extrusion
10-20
Intrusion
animal experiments
levels increased
clinical experiments
movement
fixed appliances are more effective unless the removable appliance
used almost all the time
Continuous force
Continuous force
Interrupted force
Intermittent force
or
the force decreases at least to the point that no second and
third rounds