13.

Anchoring and ship handling

Stock less anchor(most popular and commonly used now)

Explain full procedure of anchoring as

master of vessel less than 3000 grt

1. by close scrutiny of the large scale chart find most suitable place
2. following should be considered
depth of water
type of holding ground (clay and mud is best)
length of time vessel going to stay at anchor
sea room available for the circle of swing traffic density
expected weather conditions
tidal information
draught and amount of hull exposed to the wind
holding power of the anchors
3. anchoring plan should prepared as per the format in the SMS operation manual
4. Vessel should be maneuvered to the planned position so that the to be stopped
over the ground at the required position.
5. This approach to be done to the head wind or as other anchored vessels
6. anchor party to be ready and communication / engine tested
7. on arrival at the position anchor should be walked back and holding with breaks
ready to let go (coka bill)
8. engines to be given stern movement and the propeller wake should be checked
to confirm the gathering of the stern movement

9. command let go and advice how many cables to be in the water/deck

10.stop the engine and the momentum will carry the ship more to stern
11.Observe until it is brought up
12.note down the anchor position
13.Draw the swinging circle
14.Obtain 3 bearing from fixed land objects to verify anchor position
15.Inform port authority & other relevant party
What are the two methods of anchoring

What are the factors when deciding safe

anchorage

How you identify the anchor brought up

What are the signs of anchor dragging

What is anchoring plan and what are the

contents

What are the safe practices during

anchoring operation

1. most popular method is to drop when the ship stopped and slightly moving
stern
2. drop anchor while still moving ahead with slow speed in order to have the
control of the vessel (specially within harbor limits or in restricted anchorages)
depth of water
type of holding ground (clay and mud is best)
length of time vessel going to stay at anchor
sea room available for the circle of swing traffic density
expected weather conditions
tidal information
draught and amount of hull exposed to the wind
When the vessel lying quietly with a steady strain on the cable it is considered holding
good
1. anchor bearings are being subjected to change
2. cable is visible as long stay and not steady state IE slacken and tighten
alternatively
3. vibration may be felt on the cable (except soft mud)
4. in the electronic aids change the speed over ground and anchor dragging
alarms if set earlier
1. it is kind of a check list and prepared by the company under ISM
2. it should be prepared before anchoring and briefed among officers
3. it should contain following
anchoring position with one alternative (contingency)
speed and direction of approach
speed and direction of expected wind and current
duties of crew engaged in the operation
methods of verifying the position while approach
which anchor and number of shackles to be used
approx time of anchoring and notifying the engine
Before using an anchor a competent seafarer should check that the brakes are
securely on and then clear voyage securing devices.

 A responsible person should be in charge of the anchoring team, with an

adequate communications system with the vessels bridge. The anchoring
party should wear appropriate safety clothing - safety helmets, safety shoes
and goggles as a minimum protection from injury from dirt, rust particles and
debris which may be thrown off during the operation. Wherever possible, they
should stand aft of the windlass.
Where the means of communication between bridge and anchoring party is by
portable radio, the identification of the ship should be clear to avoid
misinterpretation of instructions from other users of such equipment.
Before anchors are let go, a check should be made that no small craft or other
obstacle is under the bow. As a safety precaution it is recommended that the
anchor is walked out clear of the pipe before letting go. For very large ships
with heavy anchors and cables, the anchor should be walked out all the way to
avoid excessive strain on the brakes (and on the bitter end if the brakes fail to
stop the anchor and chain).
Where the anchor is let go from the stowed position, if upon release of the
brake, the anchor does not run, personnel should NOT attempt to shake the
cable, but the brake should be re-applied, the windlass placed in gear, and the
anchor walked out clear prior to release.
Cable should stow automatically. If, for any reason, it is necessary for personnel
to enter the cable locker, they should stand in a protected position and, as far
as possible, have constant communication with the windlass operator.
Anchors housed and not required should be properly secured to prevent
accidental release.
How will you reducing excessive yawing
during stay in the anchor
How do you slip the anchor cable
How do you slip the cable on deck

How do you know the anchor is aweigh

by dropping 2nd anchor under foot

by using rudder and the engine
by engaging open moor
In emergency from the bitter end
In other cases slip it from the deck
1. Make the cable up and down by using engine movements
2. Adjust the cable so that the nearest joining shackle is visible on deck
3. Pass a wire rope (with sufficient SWL and the length 3 times of the depth)
from the link from the forward of the joining shackle
4. Make fast one end to the bollard and other end to be in the warping drum
5. Lower the chain until the wire is taken the weight
6. Connect the anchor buoy
7. Disconnect the joining shackle
8. Start to slack the wire
9. Once the wire is fully slacked remove the end in the bollard and start
heaving up
During heaving up normally the anchor cable leading forward. Suddenly it
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.

What is the present law applicable for

linking bitter end
How do you prepare the anchor for
mooring buoy

How do you do it if you dont have the

center lead
How do you release the cable from the
bitter end

How do you arrange the recovery of the

cable after releasing
How do you open a joining shackle

How you are going to anchor in a

restricted place

become up and down with little pendulum movement. That is the time anchor
aweigh.
Bitter end should be located at a place out side of the chain locker in order to
release easily.
Hammer should be stand by at position
1. This is the procedure of make the cable free from the anchor.
2. Modern vessels have the facility detach the cable while leaving the anchor in
the hawse pipe.
3. Anchor should walked back clearing the hawse pipe
4. a wire with suitable SWL should pass through the anchor crown D shackle from
the required lead and returned through the same lead
5. one end of the wire to be in the warping drum and other to be made fast to a bit
6. Rig a preventer wire in slack condition from a lead forward of the operation.
7. The cable then slacked until the wire is fully taken the weight. Wire to be hove
up as necessary.
8. chain should walk back until the next joining shackle is forward of the gypsy
9. use bow stopper and disconnect the joining shackle
10.Rig a second easing wire to the end of the cable from anchor in order to prevent
the cable falling down.
11.The cable is now free to use with a mooring buoy through required lead.
It can be sent through the hawse pipe itself
1. Cable to be veered and slack in the locker.
2. Engine should be run dead slow ahead at times to reduce the tension on the
cable.
3. A wire with required SWL and length at least 4 times the depth to be passed
through the cable forward of the gypsy.
4. One end of the wire to the warping drum and other to a bollard.
5. Wire is hove tight and the cable is disconnected at the bitter end in the locker.
6. the gypsy is then veered slowly until the end of the cable clear the gypsy head
7. Connect a buoy to the end of the cable.
8. Slack the warping drum until it is fully slacked.
9. Slip the other end and start heaving up the wire.
It is in their territory, ship owner will inform agent, he will arrange divers, floating
crane ect then recover it
1. most popular type of joining is Kenter lug less joining shackle
2. led pellet to be removed by heating with flame cutter
3. diagonal and tapered spile pin remove by using suitable rod and hammer
4. now the stud can be extracted
5. the shackle is now can be split in the two halves
1. The consideration to be given to the movement on the vessel after anchoring.
2. in a restricted place there is less sea room

How do you know the anchor is holding

or not
How are you anchor in a tide way

What do you mean by anchor brought up

How do you clear the foul hawse

How do you clear the foul anchor

What is the purpose of anchor buoy

What will be your action if you loose one

anchor
When does the cable is said to be holding
best
What are the factors taken in to account
when selecting an anchoring ground

3.
4.
When
good

both anchors can be used to stop the vessel yawing (Open moor)
the angle between anchors should be about 60
the vessel lying quietly with a steady strain on the cable it is considered holding

In a tide way the direction of the stream is subjected to change. To avoid foul
hawse drop weather anchor first and second anchor under the foot
When the stream start to change heave up the second anchor and drop it under
foot again
Vessel is said to be brought up when her way has stopped and she is riding to her
anchor with the holding of anchor
1. heave up both cables so that the turns are visible
2. pass natural fiber rope below both cables to prevent turns walking further down
3. pass wire preventer from shoulder to the sleeping cable below the turns and
make fast on deck
4. walk back sleeping cable till next joining shackle will be on deck
5. rig temporary easing wire to the forward of the joining shackle to take the
weight of the cable when joining shackle is dismantled
6. reeve a wire rope messenger through the hawse pipe of sleeping cable and turn
half round about the riding cable to opposite side of the foul and secure it to the
end of the cable
7. heave away the wire messenger while slacking the easing wire
8. This to be continued until the foul is cleared. Half turn at a time
9. when foul is clear rejoin the shackle and cut the preventer off
1. Heave up the cable until the obstruction is visible
2. pass a slip wire from break of forecastle head under the obstruction and bring it
back to the forecastle and secure
3. veer the anchor cable until the obstruction is clear
4. slip the wire off and free the obstruction
to determine the position of the anchor (it make heaving up easier)
to mark the position of the anchor and the cable when slipped for future
recovery
1. inform owner/operator
2. inform class and get voyage exemption (number of days to fix new anchor)
3. cargo ship safety construction certificate will be suspended if both anchors are
lost
When both flukes are embedded.
Cable should be lying enough on the sea bed
1. away from Anchoring prohibited area and busy waters
2. clear from sub marine cables
3. good holding ground
4. area of less current and tidal effect
5. sheltered area preferred

How are you going to anchor in a river

without having swinging room
What is hanging off anchor

Your berth is vacant but the anchor is

stuck. What is your action

What are the contents in the anchor plan

What can be found on the anchor

certificate

6. length of the stay at anchor

7. possibility of bad weather
8. swinging room
Running moor. it reduces swinging room . this will not increase holding power
Hanging off means the anchor is totally disconnected from its cable and
hanging by means of other wire rope at the ships side. Preferable near the break
of forecastle
This is done when the cable is required for some other purposes
1. inform the owners/operators
2. slip the cable from the bitter end and keep buoyed for the recovery later
3. log down the position
4. inform pilot station and local port control and port authorities
5. proceed to the pilot station for berthing
depth of water
type of holding ground
length of time vessel going to stay at anchor
sea room available for the circle of swing
expected weather conditions
tidal information
draught and amount of hull exposed to the wind
holding power of the anchors
1. Serial number of the certificate
2. Name of the certifying authority
3. name of the testing establishment
4. logo of the testing establishment
5. name of the supervisor by whom the test was carried out the test
6. weight and type of the anchor
7. length of shank and arms in millimeters
8. diameter of trend in mm
9. proof load applied in tones
10.weight of stock if applicable
11.number and date of drop test

Term
Anchor a-weigh
Long stay
Up and down
Surge
Foul hawse
Foul anchor
kedging

Meaning
A moment anchor break contact with sea bed
Long length of the cable exposed to air
Angle of the cable 90 to the water surface
Allowing the cable to run out under own weight
Crossing of anchor cables when using both anchors
Anchor caught up with under water obstruction
Moving vessel with small anchors and anchor warps

scope
Veer the cable
Sheer
Snub
Explain shallow water effect on ships
(squatting , interactions , bank effect etc)

Effect
sluggish

Smelling the
ground
squat
What are the advantages of running
moor and standing moor

Full explanation of short turn

How do you know the squat is present

What is squat?

What are the factors effecting squat

Amount of anchor cable paid out from the hawse pipe to the
anchor crown D shackle
Pay out the cable under power
Angular movement of the vessel about the hawse pipe point
Stop the cable by applying the break

Description
Propeller and rudder in partial vacuum due to less
replacement of water
Vessel takes longer to response to helm orders
When in extremely shallow water sudden sheer can occur
toward and away violently from the shoal. It is called
smelling the ground
Squat=Cb V/50

Running moor
Positive control of the ship
More time consumption
1.
2.
3.
4.

Standing moor
Less engine movement
Less time consumption

engine full ahead with st bd helm

at the first sign of head way stop engine and helm mid ships and full stern
vessel continue to move to st bd
at the first sign of gathering sternway put the helm to st bd and engine full
ahead
5. continue this process until the vessel turns fully
1. sluggish to maneuver
2. excessive vibration of the wheel
3. high fluctuations of the RPM
4. discoloration of the water at the propeller wake
5. change of trim
Squat is the difference in the draft in meters of a moving ship and the same ship when
stopped.
in other words it is the bodily sinkage of a ship when making way through the water
can be given as CV (m)
50
in shallow water where C = block coefficient
V = velocity of the vessel
1. speed of the vessel
2. RPM in relation to the canal speed
3. type of bow construction
4. Position of LCB through which the force of squat will act downwards

Explain berthing procedure without

having tugs

Port-side berthing

The following sequence assumes a fixed pitch right-handed single screw ship
without tug assistance.
Approach the berth at an angle, because astern thrust will be used to stop the
ship and swing the bow to starboard and the stern to port. This will parallel the
ship to the berth.
Once stopped, the ship can be manoeuvred into the final position using astern
power, which gives transverse thrust and kicks ahead with appropriate rudder
as required.
The actual sequence will depend on the available berthing space. Normal portside berthing with headway- lateral motion to port If sternway is developed and
transverse thrust causes stern to swing to port, lateral motion will be to
starboard and away from the berth.
This may be useful if a new approach is required. if sternway develops - lateral
motion is to starboard

Starboard-side berthing
The following sequence assumes a single screw ship with afixed pitch righthanded propeller.
The ideal approach should be to balance forward speed against the astern
power needed to stop. The greater the forward speed, the greater the astern
power required to stop the ship and, consequently, the greater the effect of
transverse thrust, which will bring the bow close to the berth and throw the
stern off.
Aim to approach the berth with the ship parallel.The effect of transverse
thrust will swing the bow towards the berth.
To stop the ship, it will be necessary to put the engine astern. Transverse
thrust will probably push the stern to port and bow to starboard.To correct
the effect of the transverse thrust, initiate a port swing of the bow before
applying astern power.
Explain un berthing procedure without
having tugs

why do you lat go the weather anchor

7. BERTHING WITHOUT TUGS

When berthing without tugs, it is essential that the effects of lateral motion are
fully understood.
When a ship moving forward turns by use of engines and rudder alone, the
effect of centrifugal force is to push the ship laterally away from the direction of
the turn. When turning by use of bow thrusters alone, the thruster simply
pushes the bow to port or starboard. There is no centrifugal force or lateral
motion.

first during running moor

What are the mooring types that you are
aware of

Running
moor
1

1. decide the amount of length to be paid out and the final

distance between the anchors (AB)
2. Vessel is headed with 4-5 kts to the stream or wind whichever
has stronger effect.
3. drop weather anchor at distance half the length required
between last positions of anchors plus half ships length
4. render the cable while proceeding up stream
5. when reached sum of lengths from the 1st anchor screw up the
break and drop 2nd anchor underfoot and stopped the vessel
6. vessel moves down stream until reaches the middle
Standing
moor
2

1. decide the amount of length to be paid out and the final

distance between the anchors
2. Vessel is headed to the stream or wind whichever has
stronger effect.
3. Will pass the point a half length required plus half of ships
length.
4. Stop and drop lee anchor and ride on it.

5. Drift down stream sum of lengths while rendering the cable

6. drop 2nd anchor underfoot
7. give head movement and heave up the 1st cable (riding cable)
while rendering 2nd cable (Sleeping cable)till reaches to the
middle
Open moor

1. This is used when additional holding power is required to

prevent dragging
2. Vessel is headed to the stream or wind whichever has
stronger effect.
3. let go weather anchor and render continuously
4. use engine to maneuver to the 2nd position
5. at 2nd position drop the other anchor and stop engines
6. let her to ride on the cables and later pay out both
simultaneously if required
Baltic moor

1. approach with the wind on the beam or slightly abaft of the

beam
2. ready a mooring wire passed and joined to the D shackle of
the crown
3. maneuver the vessel 2 or 3 cables from the quay
4. Let go off shore anchor with the mooring line connected to it.
5. let the wing push the vessel alongside while you pay out the
cable and the stern wire simultaneously
Mediterranea
n moor

Explain interaction between ships

Examiner gave 2 pens and asked to
explain interaction when passing each
other