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Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-1997
CONTENTS
1. Highlights
2. Functions and Structures
3. Crop Production
4. Technology Mission on Oilseeds, Pulses and Maize
5. Horticulture
6. Fisheries
7. Rainfed Farming Systems
8. Soil and Water Conservation
9. Fertilizers and Manures
10. Seeds
11. Plant Protection
12. Agricultural Implements and Machinery
13. Agricultural Extension
14. Agricultural Credit
15. Co-operation
16. Price Policy
17. Agricultural Trade
18. Agricultural Economics and Statistics
19. Natural Disaster Management
20. International Co-operation
21. Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Annexures
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HIGHLIGHTS
and productivity of cereal crops on the basis of
cropping systems approach continued during the
year 1996-97. Greater emphasis given to the
blocks/areas with low productivity levels.
Emphasis given on the use of organics and soil
ameliorates to improve the soil health and
productivity.
Emphasis given on use of bio-pesticides and
Integrated Pest Management.
Crop Production
Adequate provision for Frontline Demonstrations
Production of major commercial crops
by ICAR to demonstrate new production
reached a record level during 1995-96. The
technologies and performance of new varieties.
production of Oilseeds is anticipated at 22.4
million tonnes, Cotton 13.1 million bales and Incentives provided to resource-poor farmers for
sugarcane at 283 million tonnes during the
the use of seeds of location-specific high-yielding
year.
varieties and improved farm implements.
The production of food-grains, however,
declined substantially to 185.0 million tonnes Field demonstrations on farmers holdings and
from its record level of 191.5 million tonnes
training of farmers and farm labourers, organized
achieved in 1994-95 due mainly to delayed
for effective transfer of technology and adoption
on-set of monsoon in Kharif 1995 and
of non-monetary inputs.
unfavourable weather conditions at grain
Oilseeds Production Programme covering 337
filling stage of Rabi crops.
districts in 23 States and National Pulses
Development Project covering 23 States and
Initiatives for increasing the production
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Andaman and Nicobar

continued during 1996-97.
Islands,
Horticulture
were
Ambitious programme for promoting use of
plastics in agriculture through drip irrigation,
green house, mulching, etc. taken up. About
23528 ha. of land anticipated to be covered
under drip irrigation 76.20 ha. under polygreen houses, 4385 ha. under mulching and
1953.5 ha. under drip demonstration.
Programms taken up for development of

horticulture include fruits, vegetables,
spices, coconut, cashew, cocoa, arecanut,
floriculture, root and tuber crops, medicinal
and aromatic plants, mushroom, betelvine,
use of plastics and bee-keeping for The norms of subsidy for adoption of drip
improving crop productivity.
irrigation have been considerably liberalized.
The revised subsidy pattern provides 90
Thrust on providing better planting/seed
percent subsidy to SC/ ST, small/marginal and
material, rejuvenation/rehabilitation of
women farmers and 70 percent subsidy for
existing plantations, installation of drip
other farmers with a ceiling of Rs. 25,000/ ha.
irrigation system, use of green house
in each case. A farmer can now avail
cultivation, infrastructure for post-harvest
assistance for the entire holding which he/she
handling and marketing and development of
can hold under the State land ceiling laws.
market intelligence.
New direction given to development of Fisheries

floriculture to satisfy growing domestic and
export demand. Nine model floriculture The production of fish reached the targeted
level of 49.5 lakh tons in 1995-96. A record
centres being established as focal points for
production of 51.4 lakh tons of fish is
promoting floriculture.
anticipated in 1996-97.
Special programmes of rehabilitating
diseased/ senile coconut and pepper gardens The network of 414 Fish Farmers
Development Agencies (FFDAs) continued to
implemented through attractive incentive
provide technical. financial and extension
schemes and support for essential inputs.
support to fish farmers. An additional area of
Major thrust given to popularizing new
38,000 ha. was brought under intensive fish
technologies, viz. True Potato Seeds in
culture and 35,000 fish farmers were trained
potato, Tissue Culture for multiplication of
by FFDAs during 1995-96. The total fish
planting material, etc.
farmers/fishermen, who were provided
services by these agencies, reached a level of
A network of spawn production and
7.43 lakhs upto 1995-96.
pasteurized compost units being established
to promote rapid growth in mushroom
Fish seed production of 15007 million fry was
production.
achieved during 1995-96.
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Brackish-water Fish Farmers Development Massive training efforts launched for

Agencies (BFDAs) functioning in the country
effective implementation of watershed
developed an area of about 1,966 ha. during
development programmes.
1995-96 and about 1212 shrimp farmers were
trained by them, thus benefiting about 1,581 So far, 181 model research projects
families.
covering 51 agro-climatic zones approved
by the Government.
Five major fishing harbours, 28 minor fishing
harbours and 114 fish landing centres have been Multi-sector Agricultural Development
commissioned so far for providing landing and
Projects with World Bank assistance with
berthing facilities to the fishing fleet. During
an estimated cost of Rs. 17,68,00,00
1995-96, three minor fishing harbours and one
thousands under implementation in Assam,
fish landing centre were sanctioned at a total
Bihar, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.
cost of Rs. 22,55,10 thousands whereas one
minor fishing harbour and five fish landing Soil and Water Conservation
centres were commissioned.
750 watersheds covering an area of 2.24
Increased allocations have been provided for
lakh ha. treated with various Soil
development of model fishermen villages and
Conservation treatment measures specially
for the group accident insurance and savinglow cost vegetative measures have helped
cum-relief schemes for the welfare of fishermen.
to improve the land productivity, increase
in soil moisture regime and bio-mass
production.
Rainfed Farming Systems
2554 micro-watershed projects in almost as many About 55 percent beneficiaries inhabited in
blocks of 25 States and the Union Territories of
these 750 treated watershed areas have
Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Dadra and
been benefited through enhance in bioNagar Haveli taken up under National
mass production and water harvesting
Watershed Development Project for Rainfed
structures.
Areas (NWDPRA), covering an area of 45.84
lakh hectares with an estimated cost of Rs. Rural employment for about 130 lakh
12,40,79,41 thousands with the objective of
mandays for the people have been created
restoration of ecological balance and sustainable
and people participation at all level of
production of bio-mass.
implementation has been ensured under
River Valley Project Flood Prone River
A total number of 3149 Composite Kisan/Mahila
(RVP/ FPR) schemes.
Mandal and Government owned nurseries
established for producing planting material for Efforts have been made to create corpus
conservation and production of flora suited to
fund in the watersheds and around Rs.
local conditions. Barani Chetna Kendras
1,00,00 thousand has been deposited for
constructed in the composite nurseries to enable
postcard maintenance. This has helped the
the farmers to meet, discuss and share their
beneficiaries keep maintaining the
problems and experience amongst themselves
infrastructures created under RVP/FPR
and field workers.
projects.
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The productivity of alkali land has been

improved. The yield of paddy and wheat have Under National Seed Project-III (N.S.P. III),
reached at the average level of 3.5 tonnes and
assistance was provided to the Seed
2.5 tonnes per hectare respectively against
Corporations, State Seed Certification
the zero level before reclamation.
Agencies as well as State Agricultural
Universities/Indian Council of Agricultural
Active and meaningful participation of the
Research for development of infrastructure
beneficiaries has been ensured at each level
to ensure adequate availability of quality
of
planning,
implementation
and
seeds to farmers and bring about overall
operationalisation of the project objectives.
improvement in seed quality control
Since, inception of Alkali Land Reclamation
programme.
Scheme, upto the year 1995-96, 61251 small
and marginal farmers have been benefited, Central Sector Schemes viz. National
out of this, 14717 are Scheduled Castes and
Programme for Varietal Development and
Scheduled Tribes.
Streamlining of Certified Seed Production of
Important Identified Vegetable Crops,
Women have played a vital role in the project
launched in 1995-96 continued. Systematic
implementation for economic activities
releases/notification of new varieties of
through self-help groups and formation of
agricultural and horticultural crops through
water user groups. The project has provided
the Central Seed Committee ensured. Since
additional employment avenues to fulfil their
1969, 2305 varieties of agricultural and
socio-economic needs.
horticultural crops have been notified. 221
varieties of agricultural and horticultural
Fertilizers and Manures
crops notified during 1995-96.
Fertilizer consumption which was 135.64 lakh There has been distinct improvement in the
tonnes of nutrients (NPK) during 1994-95
operation and financial performance of both
increased by 2.3 percent and is estimated at
the National Seeds Corporation and the State
138.77 lakh tonnes of nutrients during 1995Farms Corporation of India. Both the
96.
Corporations have started earning profits.
Massive increase in the rates of concession on
decontrolled phosphatic and potassic Plant Protection
fertilizers with effect from 6th July, 1996.
Eight Season Long Training Programmes to
train Master Trainers in IPM planned during
Concession of Rs. 1500/- per tonne is
1996-97 have been accomplished and 245
extended to imported DAP also.
master trainers have been trained.
Mission mode approach was introduced to
A massive programme to establish 2100
boost up production of bio-fertilizers.
Farmers Field Schools to train 10,500
The Centrally Sponsored Schemes of
Agriculture Extension Officers and 63,000
Balanced and Integrated Use of Fertilizers
farmers in IPM technology in Progress.
and Development of Fertilizer Use in Low
Consumption and Rainfed Areas continued.
The Central Integrated Pest Management
Seeds
Centres are promoting biological control of
Certified quality seed distribution to the
crop pests by encouraging conservation of
farmers is estimated at 70.00 lakh quintals
naturally occurring bio-agents and large scale
during 1996-97 which represents an increase
laboratory rearing and release of beneficial
of more than 16 percent in comparison to
organisms. A total of 789 million
1992-93.
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laboratory reared bio-control agents have Training Courses and Workshops organized to
been released in the field during the period.
upgrade knowledge and skill of senior and
middle level managers and grass root level
The Registration Committee has simplified the
extension
functionaries
in
Extension
data requirement to allow commercialization
Management, Communication and Subject
of neem-based pesticide and bio-pesticide
Matter Areas.
during the pendancy of provisional
registration with a view to popularizing them Training Support for strengthening Extension
under the overall ambit of IPM.
Services in the North-Eastern States, Union
Territories
and
other
small
States
strengthened.
Agricultural Implements and Machinery
Promotion and popularization of modern/
improved agricultural machinery, Human
Resource Development for judicious use of
agricultural
machinery;
and
energy
conservation techniques in the use of
agricultural machinery were given a high
priority.
Training Programmes for

agriculture further strengthened.
women
in
NGOs involved on pilot basis in the process

of Transfer of technology to the farmers.
Agricultural Credit
The subsidy under the Plan Scheme The flow of agricultural credit continued to
Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization
register a constant and steady growth. The total
among Small Farmers extended to farmers,
agricultural credit increased by 15.99 percent
Registered
Co-operative
Societies,
to reach the level of Rs. 24849 crore (Rs.
Agricultural Credit Societies, multipurpose
2,48,49,00,00 thousand) during the year 1995Agricultural Farming Societies for the
96 as against its estimated flow of Rs. 21424
purchase of tractors with an enhanced range
crore (Rs. 2,14,24,00,00 thousand) during the
of power upto 30 PTO HP.
year. 1994-95. The flow of agricultural credit
is likely to reach a level of Rs. 28817 crore
About 2000 persons trained in operation,
(Rs. 2,88,17,00,00 thousand) during the year
repairs, maintenance and management of
1996-97.
farm machinery at four Farm Machinery
Training and Testing Institutes located at Over 52 million farmers covering an area of 89
million
hectares
were
covered
by
Budni (M.P.), Hissar (Haryana), Garladinne
Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme
(Andhra Pradesh) and Bis-wanath Chariali
(CCIS) upto 30th November 1996. Claims
(Assam) during 1996-97 till October, 1996.
amounting to Rs. 53.05 crore (530488
Extension
thousand) were paid to farmers during 1996-97
Media Support activities were further
augmented in 1996-97. National, States and
Kendra level Committees were formulated. Co-operation
Guidelines, cost ceilings and directory of film
producers finalized, printed and circulated to Co-operatives emerged as the largest network
of supporting infrastructure comprising 4.11
all concerns.
lakh societies With a total membership of
National level shows for Mango and Pineapple
19.78 crore as on 31st March, 1995.
organized at Bangalore and Dimapur
respectively.
The National Co-operative Development
Broad-based Agricultural Extension (BAE)
Corporation released financial assistance of
was introduced to have an Integrated Farming
Rs. 362.78 crore (Rs. 3,62,78,00 thousand)
System Approach. Six Workshops were
reaching the cumulative releases to the level of
organized to consider operationalisation of
Rs. 3674.68 crore (Rs. 36,74,68,00 thousand).
the BAE.
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Sugar factories in the Cooperative sector

produced 86.55 lakh tonnes of sugar
accounting for 59.10 percent of total sugar
production in the country.
UT. claiming 3610 human lives and damaging

2.15 million houses and crops in an area of 4.9
million ha.
Specific programmes focused on preparedness

The National Agricultural Cooperative
and community awareness taken up.
Marketing Federation (NAFED) achieved a
record turnover of Rs. 614.70 crore (Rs. Disaster Reduction Day was observed on 9th
614,70,00 thousand) during 1995-96.
October, 1996 all over the country in a
befitting manner.
Large scale price support and market
intervention operations organized through the International Cooperation
NAFED in pulses, oilseeds, copra and other
Indias active participation in International
horticultural crops to provide price support to
activities helped to mobilize technical and
farmers;
financial assistance for agriculture and allied
sectors.
During the year 1996-97, a new Multi-State
Cooperative Society has been registered The 16th World Food Day was celebrated on
16th October, 1996. with the theme Fighting
thereby bringing the total number of
Hunger and Malnutrition.
Cooperative Societies to 235.
India also effectively participated in the World

Food Summit convened by FAO in Rome from
13-17 November, 1996. The Indian delegation
Minimum Support Price in 1996-97 crop year
to the World Food Summit was led by Prime
increased by 9.2 percent for Wheat, 5.6
Minister included Agriculture Minister and
percent for Paddy (Common), 3.2 percent to
Minister for Food besides other officials.
5 percent for other food grain crops and 8
An agreement was signed between the FAO
percent for sugarcane.
and Government of India on 15.4.96 for a
proposal on Development of Integrated Plant
Agricultural Trade
Nutrition Systems Methodology with FAOs
Value of agricultural exports increased from
assistance amounting to US $131,000.
Rs. 1,10,51,53,00 thousand during 1994-95 to
Rs. 1,73,84,09,00 thousand during 1995-96, Under the Agreement concerning use of
experts for Technical Cooperation among
making an increase of 57 percent in one
Developing Countries, Ministry of Agriculture
single year. The share of agricultural exports
has deputed 4 experts to Iran and I expert to
in total exports of the country increased from
Liberia and Siera Leone.
13.4 percent in 1994-95 to 16.3 percent in
1995-96.
India continued to have fruitful bilateral
relations with several developed countries. At
Natural Disaster Management
present, there are 19 externally aided bilateral
1996 witnessed a spurt in cyclonic activity in
projects in various sectors of Agriculture.
the Bay of Bengal. Severe cyclonic
storms/depressions in October and November The Eleventh Session of the Indo-Bulgarian
Joint Commission for Economic, Scientific
resulted in extensive damage and destruction
and Technical Cooperation was held in New
in the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh.
Delhi from 3rd-6th December, 1996.
Massive relief operations were mounted by
the Government of Andhra Pradesh with During the current year. 30 foreign nationals
assistance from the Government of India and
from developing countries were approved for
all sections of the people of the country.
training at various training Institutes and 34
officers nominated for training/deputation
Extensive drought conditions prevailed in
abroad under various programmes to acquire
many parts of Orissa. Central Government
latest knowledge and expertise in agriculture
has provided assistance and all necessary
and allied fields.
support for tackling the drought situation.
Price Policy
Natural calamities, during the year affected a India is a member country of World Food
population of 81.5 million in 21 States and
Programme and is also a member of the
one
Committee on
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Food Aid (CFA). Through 11 projects, the 9 World Bank aided Projects are under
World Food Programme assists the
implementation in Agriculture Sector with
Government of India in Economic and Social
World Bank Assistance of US $ 950.09
development.
million.
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FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE

FUNCTIONS
The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation
is responsible for the formulation and
implementation of national policies and
programmes aimed at achieving rapid agricultural
growth through optimum utilization of the
Countrys land, water, soil, plant and fisheries
resources. The Department undertakes all
possible measures to ensure timely and adequate
supply of inputs and services such as fertilizers,
seeds, pesticides, agricultural implements and
also to provide agricultural credit, crop insurance
and ensure remunerative returns to the farmers
for his agricultural produce. The Department is
entrusted with the responsibility for collection
and maintenance of a wide range of statistical and
economic data relating to agriculture, required for
development planning, organizing agricultural
census, assisting and advising the states in
undertaking scarcity relief measures and in
management of natural calamities e.g. flood,
drought, cyclone etc. The Department is
responsible for the formulation of overall
cooperative policy in the country, matters relating
to national cooperative organizations, cooperative
training and education. The Department also for
participates in activities of international
organizations, for fostering bilateral cooperation
in agricultural and allied sectors and for
promotion of export of agricultural commodities.
STRUCTURE
2.2 The Department of Agriculture and
Cooperation is a Department in the Ministry of
Agriculture. The Agriculture Minister holds
overall charge of the Department of Agriculture
and Cooperation and Department of Agricultural
Research and Education. The Secretary
(Agriculture & Cooperation) is the administrative
Head of the Department and Principal Adviser to
the Minister on all matters of policy and
administration within the Department. He is
assisted by one Special Secretary, three
Additional Secretaries, eleven Joint Secretaries,
Horticulture
Commissioner,
Fisheries
Development
Commissioner,
Chairman,
Commission for Agricultural Costs and
Prices(CACP), Economic and Statistical Adviser,
Plant Protection Adviser etc.
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2.3 The Department is organized into 22

Divisions, one Technology Mission on Oilseeds,
Pulses and Maize(Annex.-I). In addition, it has 3
attached offices, 24 sub-ordinate offices spread
all over the country for coordination with State
level agencies and also for implementing Central
Sector Schemes in their respective fields. There
are two Public Sector Undertakings, five
Autonomous Bodies and eleven National Level
Cooperative
Organizations
with
the
Ministry(Annex.-II).
ADMINISTRATIVE IMPROVEMENT
2.4 Efforts were continued for bringing about
improvement in administrative functioning in the
Department. Periodical checks on punctuality in
attendance, cleanliness and security inspections
continued to be made in the Department.
Remedial measures were also taken, wherever
necessary to improve the administrative
Machinery. As a measure against vehicular
pollution, all the staff cars of the Department of
Agriculture and Cooperation were fitted with
either Compressed Natural Gas Cylinders or
Catalytic Converters.
2.5 The Grievance Cell set up in the Department
as well as in the Attached and Subordinate
Offices continued to ensure speedy redressal of
grievances received from public directly or
through Department of Administrative Reforms
and Public Grievances. Secretary (A&C) also
hears the public/Staff grievances with prior
appointment. Joint Secretary (Admn. & PG) has
been nominated as Director (Grievances). Any
employee who has a grievance can meet him on
all Wednesdays in the forenoon without seeking
any appointment. The grievances are attended to
on priority and dealt with expeditiously.
PROGRESSIVE USE OF HINDI
2.6 The Department has an Official Language
Implementation Committee(OLIC) under the
Chairmanship of a Joint Secretary to monitor the
implementation of Official Language Policy of
the Government and progressive use of Hindi in
the working of the Department. During the year
under review, meetings
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of Official language Implementation Committee

were held regularly in each quarter. Besides
Official Language Implementation Committee,
there are Divisional Official Language
Implementation Committees constituted under
the Chairmanship of Heads of respective
Divisions to ensure the progressive use of Hindi
in the official work in various Divisions of the
Department. Their meetings were held regularly.
Hindi Salahkar Samiti of the Department is being
reconstituted and its meetings will be convened
after reconstitution. In order to assess the
progressive use of Hindi and the position of the
compliance of various provisions of the Official
Language Policy of the Union Government,
inspection of 4 Attached/ Subordinate Offices
was carried out. Progress of the subordinate
offices is reviewed regularly through their
quarterly progress reports.
were awarded cash prizes. Essay writing, Noting

and Drafting competitions were held separately
for the non-Hindi speaking officers/ employees.
Winners of the above competitions were awarded
prizes.
SPECIAL CELL
2.10 The Special Cell set up in the Department
continued its endeavour for strict compliance and
implementation of orders issued by the
Government from time to time regarding
reservation in services for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
2.11 During the year, teams from the Special Cell

were deputed for on-the-spot inspection of
reservation rosters maintained by various
appointing authorities under the Department and
also to impart necessary know-how for the
2.7 During the year under review, 19 officers/ implementation of the reservation orders.
employees were nominated for training in Hindi
Language up to Prabodh, Praveen and Pragya SPECIAL RECRUITMENT DRIVE
level and 20 Lower Division Clerks and 20
Stenographers were nominated for training in 2.12 For recruitment against vacancies meant for
Hindi typewriting and Hindi stenography Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, a
respectively under the Hindi Teaching Scheme of Special Recruitment Drive has been launched by
the Department of Official Language. In a 5 day the Department. This drive will also cover the
Hindi workshop organized by Department, 24 vacancies which could not be filled up in the
employees were imparted training in noting and Special Recruitment Drive in the previous years.
drafting in Hindi. During the workshop, these Various appointing authorities under the
employees were also acquainted with the Department were asked to make special efforts to
administrative and technical terminology being clear the backlog of vacancies meant for SCs and
used in the routine official work of the STs during the drive which has resulted in filling
Department as well as various provisions of the up a number of vacancies.
Official Language Policy of the Government.
TRAINING IN ADMINISTRATION
2.8 In order to promote the progressive use of
Hindi, an officer of the rank of Assistant 2.13 During 1996, 45 officers of the Department
Commissioner has been given a cash award for and its Attached/Subordinate Offices and Public
giving maximum dictations in Hindi under Hindi Sector Undertakings were deputed for training
dictation Scheme of the Department of Official courses/ programmes and also for attending
Languages.
Work- shops/ Seminars in the field of Computers,
Personnel Management, Financial Management,
2.9 Hindi fortnight was celebrated in the Secretariat Procedures and Practices, Investment
Department from 16th September, 1996 to 30th Planning,
Project
Formulation
and
September, 1996. Competition in Essay writing Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation,
in Hindi, Hindi Noting and Drafting, Hindi Project Designing for Agriculture Development,
Typewriting, Hindi Stenography and Hindi Data Processing-etc. Use of Computers in the
Dictation competition for non-Hindi speaking Department is also being encouraged by
officers/employees were organized and the imparting training.
winners
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CROP PRODUCTION
monsoon over the entire country, there was a lull
in the activity in the first half of July.
Subsequently, cumulative rainfall remained
consistently near normal.
3.2 At the end of the monsoon season (June to
September), 32 out of 35 meteorological subdivisions received excess to normal rainfall. The
rainfall was deficient only in three sub-divisions
namely, Vidarbha (-25%), Orissa (-24%) and
Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura (21%). All the three sub-divisions were only
Rainfall Situation
marginally deficient. Sub-divisionwise rainfall
During 1996, the South-West monsoon reached distribution during the monsoon season over
Kerala on 3rd June, 1996, two days later than major parts of the country was very good.
normal. However, it reached the North-Eastern
States on 31st May, before its onset over Kerala. 3.3 About 83 percent districts covering about 90
The monsoon covered the entire country by 30 percent area of the country received excess to
June, 1996, two weeks earlier than normal except normal rainfall. On the whole, the country has
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh where the monsoon was received 102 percent of its long period average
delayed by 1-2 weeks. Following the onset of
rainfall as against a forecast of 964 percent .
The total rainfall was normal for the ninth year in
succession.
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Food-grains Production Targets

3.4 Food-grains production target for the year
1996-97 has been fixed at 104.00 million tonnes
during Kharif and 89.5 million tonnes during
Rabi/Summer seasons. Crop-wise targets are
indicated below:
production is likely to be 26.55 million tonnes as

against 23.26 million tonnes during kharif 1995.
Thus, over 3 million tonnes is higher than the
previous kharif season.
3.9 Crop-wise production targets and estimated
production of coarse cereals during Kharif is
indicated below:
Production Target for Coarse Cereals 1996-97
(Million tonnes)
Crop
Rabi
Kharif
Food Production Targets, 1996-97
Target
Achievement
(Million tonnes)
Crop
Kharif
Rabi
Total
Rice
71.50
9.50
81.0
Wheat
65.00 65.00
Coarse Cereals
26.50
6.00
32.50
Pulses
6.00
9.00
15.00
Total food-grains
104.00
89.50 193.50
Achievements
3.5 Long-term trends in production of major
crops are given in Annexure III and IV. The
country achieved an all-time record production of
food-grains of 191.5 million tonnes during 199495. The production of food-grains, however,
declined to 1 85.0 million tonnes during 1995-96
mainly due to delayed onset of monsoon in
Kharif 1995 and unfavourable weather conditions
at grain setting stage of Rabi Crops.
Rice
3.6 Rice is the most important food-grains crop
contributing about 43 percent of the total foodgrains production. During 1995-96, the
production of rice was 79.6 million tonnes. The
production of kharif rice (1996) is estimated to
reach to a level of 70.6 million tonnes as
compared to 70.1 million tonnes during kharif
1995. The target of 9.5 million tonnes of rice
during Rabi/Summer 1996-97 is expected to be
achieved.
Wheat
3.7 Wheat production in the country during 199596 was 62.62 million tonnes. During 1996-97, all
possible efforts are being made to achieve the
targeted production of 65.0 million tonnes. Rains
during winter season as well as irrigation support
and judicious use of fertilizers will provide help
in increasing wheat production. It is hoped that
target fixed for wheat production during 1996-97
will be achieved.
Coarse Cereals
3.8 During 1995-96, the production of coarse
cereals was 29.61 million tonnes. During Kharif
1996, the
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Jowar
Maize
Bajra
Ragi
Small Millets
Barley
Total
Cotton
7.50
8.50
7.00
2.50
1.00
26.50
6.98
8.65
7.47
2.62
0.83
26.55
Target
3.50
1.00
1.50
6.00
3.10 During 1996-97, the production of cotton is

estimated at 14.3 million bales as compared to
13.1 million bales during 1995-96 thereby
showing an increase of 1.2 million bales.
Jute & Mesta
3.11 During 1996-97, the production of Jute and
Mesta is estimated to be about 9.2 million bales
as against 8.9 million bales during last year,
showing an increase of about 0.3 million bales.
Sugarcane
3.12 Production of Sugarcane is estimated to be
about 273.6 million tonnes during 1996-97
against a target of 270.0 million tonnes.
Tobacco
3.13 Tobacco is mainly grown in the States of
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Uttar
Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal. During 199596, the production of tobacco was 0.56 million
tonnes as against 0.57 million tonnes during
1994-95.
Crop Production Oriented Schemes
3.14 In order to supplement the efforts of the
State Governments for increasing the productivity
and production of cereals and cash crops, the
following
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Central Sector/Centrally Sponsored Schemes are

being implemented during 1996-97:
(a) Centrally Sponsored Schemes:
(i) Integrated Cereals Development Programme
in Rice Based Cropping System Areas
(ICDP-Rice)
(ii)
Integrated
Cereals
Development
Programme in Wheat Based Cropping
System Areas (ICDP-Wheat)
(iii)
Integrated
Cereals
Development
Programme in Coarse Cereals Based
Cropping System Areas (ICDP-Coarse
Cereals)
(iv) Intensive Cotton Development Programme
(ICDP)
(v) Special Jute Development Programme
(SJDP)
(vi) Sustainable Development of Sugarcane
Based Cropping System.
3.15 The funding pattern between Government of
India and States is on 75:25 basis except for
Special Jute Development Programme which is
100% funded by Government of India.
(b) Central Sector Scheme
(vii) Seed Minikit Programme on Rice, Wheat
and Coarse Cereals.
3.17 For implementation of the scheme during

the Eighth Five Year Plan, the approved outlay is
Rs. 2,34,28,00 thousand. An amount of Rs.
24,61,93 thousand has been released to the State
Governments as Central share during 1996-97 till
November, 1996.
Integrated
Cereals
ProgrammeWheat
Development
3.18 ICDP-Wheat is being implemented in the

states mainly following Wheat Based Cropping
System. The states covered under the scheme are:
Haryana, Hirnachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,
Punjab, Northern Rajasthan and Western Uttar
Pradesh. 425 Blocks have been identified in these
states where the productivity of wheat/cereals
was less than the state/ national average for
implementation of the scheme.
Rs. 156,82,00 thousand. During 1996-97, a sum
of Rs. 17,05,19 thousand has been released to the
States till November 1996.
Integrated Cereals Development ProgrammeCoarse Cereals
Integrated
Cereals
ProgrammeRice
Development 3.20 ICDP-Coarse Cereals is being implemented

in the States largely following Coarse Cereals
Based Cropping System. Under the Scheme, six
3.16 ICDP-Rice is being implemented in the States viz Gujarat,. Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
states largely following Rice Based Cropping Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Sikkim have been
System. States covered under the scheme are: covered. The scheme is being implemented in
Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Arunachar Pradesh, 830 identified blocks where the productivity of
Bihar, Goa, Kerala, Eastern Madhya Pradesh, coarse cereals/cereals was less than the
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, state/national average.
Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Eastern UP, West
Bengal and Union Territory of Pondicherry. 1200 3.21 For implementation of the scheme during
Blocks have been identified in these States where the Eighth Five Year Plan, the approved outlay is
the productivity of rice/cereals was less than the Rs. 94,10,18 thousand. A sum of Rs. 16,66,40
state/ national average for implementation of the thousand has been released to the States till Nov
scheme.
1996 as Central share during 1996-97.
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Intensive Cotton Development Programme

3.22 In order to increase the productivity and
production of all types of cotton, Intensive Cotton
Development Programme is being implemented
in 11 major cotton growing States viz. Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan,
Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.
components:
(i) Seed Minikit demonstration of pre-release/
recently released location specific high
yielding varieties of Rice, Wheat and Coarse
Cereals.
(ii) State Level Training Programme for field
level Extension Officers on improved cereals
production technology.
(iii) Specialized Orientation Training programme
for State level Senior Officers engaged in the
development work of Rice/Wheat/Coarse
Cereals.

Rs.61,43,37 thousand. During 1996-97, a sum of
Rs.6,87,28 thousand has been released till Nov.96 3.29 For implementation of the scheme during
to the states as Central share.
Rs. 13,41,00 thousand. During 1996-97, the
approved outlay is Rs. 3,00,00 thousand.
Special Jute Development Programme
3.24 The Scheme of Special Jute Development
Programme is being implemented in 8 major Jute/
Mesta growing States viz Andhra Pradesh,
Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya, Orissa, Tripura, Uttar
Pradesh and West Bengal.
the Eighth Five Year Plan. the approved outlay is
Rs. 198786 thousand. A sum of Rs. 22349
thousand has been released till Nov. 1996 to the
States.
Sustainable Development of Sugarcane Based
Cropping System
3.26 For increasing the productivity and
production of Sugarcane, a Centrally Sponsored
Scheme on Sustainable Development of
Sugarcane Based Cropping System is being
implemented from 1995-96 in 20 States viz
Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat,
Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra. Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland,
Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura,
Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and the Union
Territory of Pondicherry. The Scheme is being
implemented in 191 districts of these States
where the productivity level of sugarcane is
below the national/state average having
substantial area under sugarcane.
them Eighth Five Year Plan, the approved outlay
is Rs. 56,45,38 thousand. During 1996-97, a sum
of Rs. 8,98,42 thousand has been released till
November 1996 to the States as Central share.
Central Sector Seed Minikit Programme of
Rice, Wheat and Coarse Cereals including
propagation of improved crop production
technology
3.28 The scheme has the following programme
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High Yielding Varieties Programme

3.30 The implementation of the high yielding
varieties programme which revolutionized the
Indian agriculture, continued to be the main plank
of strategy of increasing food-grains production
eversince its inception in 1966-67. The coverage
of area under this programme increased from
1.89 million ha. in 1966-67 to 71.27 million ha.
in 1994-95. A national target of 75.00 million ha
has been fixed for the year 1996-97. The cropwise targets are given below:
Crop-wise Target for Area Coverage under HYU
Crop
(Million ha.)
1996-97
Target
Paddy
32.00
Wheat
22.50
Jowar
9.00
Bajra
7.00
Maize
3.50
Ragi
1.00
Total
75.00
3.31 The High Yielding Varieties programme is

supported by the Central Sector Scheme of Seed
Minikit Programme of Rice, Wheat and Coarse
Cereals
for
popularizing
newly
identified/released varieties suitable for different
agro-climatic conditions by way of replacing
older varieties.
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TECHNOLOGY MISSION ON OILSEEDS, PULSES AND MAIZE

advice of four Mini Missions on Production,
Post-harvest, Input Supply and Support Services
and Marketing, Storage and Credit aspects.
Oilseeds Production Prospects
4.2 There has been consistent improvement in
production of oilseeds after the setting up of
Technology Mission. During 1994-95, the
oilseeds production was 2.1.3 million tonnes
which increased to 22.4 million tonnes in 199596. Soyabean, Sunflower and Rape-seed-Mustard
have mainly contributed to the increased
production. The crop-wise production of oilseeds
during 1995-96 is given below:
Crop-wise Production of Oilseeds-1995-96
Technology Mission on Oilseeds was set up in
1986 with aims at harnessing best of production,
processing and management technologies to
accelerate self-reliance in oilseeds production.
Looking at the success in oilseeds production
which has been doubled in a period of only seven
years. adoption of Mission mode approach to
pulses was also applied and pulses were brought
under the ambit of Technology Mission in 1990.
On similar grounds, Oil palm was added in 1992
and Maize in 1995 to the Technology Mission.
The Mission is a consortium of several
Departments and agencies and operates on the
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No.
Crop
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Groundnut
Castorseed
Sesamum
Nigerseed
Rape-seed & Mustard
Linseed
Safflower
Sunflower
Soyabean
Total Oilseeds
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Production
(in lakh tonnes)
78.1
7.8
5.5
1.9
60.7
3.1
4.0
13.2
49.9
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Last
4.2.1 The target for production of oilseeds for (xiv) Distribution of improved farm implements.
1996-97 has been kept at 23.00 million tonnes.
(xv) Development of infrastructure for seed
production.
Oilseeds Production Programme
4.3 The Oilseeds Production Programme (OPP) (xvi) Opening of additional retail outlets in
covers 337 districts in 23 States. The components
remote areas.
of the programme are:
(xvii) Staff and Contingencies.
(i) Production and distribution of certified/
quality seeds.
4.3.1. An amount of Rs. 94.59 crore had been
provided in Budget Estimate (1996-97) for the
(ii) Purchase of breeder seeds and production of Scheme.
foundation seeds.
4.3.2 A record production was achieved in
(iii) Seed Village Scheme.
soyabean, and Rape-seedMustard during 199596.
(iv) Distribution of seed minikits for popularizing
new and improved varieties.
Pulses Production Prospects
(v) Distribution of plant protection chemicals for 4.4 Pulses production in the country is still facing
seed treatment
a number of constraints like cultivation on
rainfed, marginal and sub-marginal lands, high
(vi) Organizing Integrated Pest Management susceptibility to pest diseases, and climatic
(IPM) demonstrations.
aberrations, lack of genetic break-through,
application of very low level of inputs by the
(vii) Distribution of pheromone traps.
farmers and diversion of pulses area to other
more remunerative crops as and when irrigation
(viii) Frontline demonstrations by ICAR
facilities become available. Due to these
limitations, the production has been fluctuating
(ix) Block Demonstrations of improved from year to year depending upon the behaviour
technology in farmers fields by the State of monsoon. In order to harness best of
Agriculture Departments.
production,
processing
and
management
technologies to accelerate pulses production, the
(x) Distribution of rhizobium culture for programme of National Pulses Development
groundnut and soyabean.
Project (NPDP) was brought under the purview
of Technology Mission on Oilseeds in 1990.
(xi) Distribution of micro-nutrients.
Record production of 14.26 million tonnes was
achieved in 1990-91 but due to unfavourable
(xii) Distribution of sprinkler sets.
weather conditions, production receded to 12.02
million tonnes in 1991-92 but steadily moved up
(xiii) Farmers training.
to 12.82 million tonnes in 1992-93, 13.31 million
tonnes in 1993-94 and 14.12 million tonnes in
1994-95.
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4.4.1 The production during 1995-96 declined to

12.97 million tonnes. The estimated production of
pulses for 1995-96 was 14.00 million tonnes. The
crop-wise production during 1995-96 is given
below:
Crop-wise Production of Pulses, 1995-96
S.No. Crop
Production
(in lakh tonnes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Arhar
Other Kharif Pulses
23.56
25.75
Total Kharif
49.31
Gram
Other Rabi Pulses
50.14
30.23
Total Rabi
80.37
Grand Total
129.68
National Pulses Development Project

4.4.2 The National Pulses Development Project
(NPDP) is being implemented in 25 States and
Union Territory of A & N Islands. Under this
programme, emphasis is laid on increasing the area
through multiple and inter-cropping and increasing
the yield per unit of area. Assistance under this
programme is provided for key inputs such as:
(i) Distribution of certified seeds.
(ii) Purchase of breeder seeds and production of
foundation seeds.
(iii) Distribution of Seed Minikits including summer
pulses.
(iv) Seed Village.
(v) Organizing Block Demonstrations.
(vi) Pheromone Traps.
(vii) IPM Demonstration.
(viii) Supply of Improved Farm Implements.
(ix) Dal Processors/Storage Bins.
(x) Rhyzobium Culture/PSB).
(xi) Micro-nutrients.
(xii) Distribution of sprinkler sets in pulse producing
area.
(xiii) Opening of retail stores.
(xiv) Training
(xv) Staff and Contingency.
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4.4.3 An amount of Rs.34,38,00 thousand

had been allocated for National Pulses
Development Project during 1996-97.
Oil Palm Development Programme
4.5. With a view to augment the
availability of edible oils, cultivation of oil
palm under irrigated conditions was
initiated by Department of Bio-technology
in an area of 3000 hectares in Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra.
Subsequently, it was to be implemented by
Technology Mission in the name of Oil
Palm Development Programme (OPDP) in
identified areas of II States viz. Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat,
Goa, Tripura, Assam, Orissa, Kerala, West
Bengal and Maharashtra The Programme
has not yet been taken up in Assam, West
Bengal and Maharashtra. In the States of
Andhra Pradesh, Kamataka and Tamil
Nadu, the progress has been encouraging.
4.5.1 So far, an area of 28,060 hectares has
been brought under oil palm cultivation.
The progress has been slow due to nonavailability of seed material in the
beginning, lack of technical know-how of
the farmers, delay in zonalisation in main
States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and
Tamil Nadu. However, the programme has
now gained momentum and efforts are
being made to cover an area of about
35,000 hectares under oil palm plantation
by the end of the Eighth Plan. The
statewise status of plantation is given
below:
Statewise status of Plantation
S.No. State
Area Covered
(in hectares)
1.
Andhra Pradesh
16,294
2.
Karnataka
5,527
3.
Tamil Nadu
4,937
4.
Gujarat
300
5.
Goa
570
6.
Tripura
72
7.
Orissa
350
8.
Assam
10
9.
West Bengal
Total
28,060
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4.5.2 There is a vast potential of oil palm

cultivation in Eastern Region of India.
Government of Orissa has taken up oil palm
cultivation in an area of 500 hectares to be
covered in the State during 1995-96. The State of
Assam has also indicated interest to take up
OPDP from the current year.
4.5.3 Oil palm fruits are to be processed within
24 hours of harvesting. Therefore, processing unit
has to be an integral part of oil palm plantation. A
two tonne Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB)/hour
processing unit has been set up by APOILFED at
Pedavagi in Andhra Pradesh with financial
assistance from Central Government which has
been upgraded to 5 tonnes FFB/hour. It is likely
to be upgraded to 10 tonnes capacity in 1997-98.
A demonstration processing unit of I tonne
FFB/hour is being set up by Government of
Karnataka at Kabini in Mysore district with
assistance from Central Government and Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Palm oil
processing mills are being set up in major oil
palm growing States by the private
companies/cooperatives/joint
sector
under
tripartite agreement between processor. State
Government and oil palm growers.
mechanization of bulk handling facilities has

been taken up at the ports of Kakinada, Bedi and
Kandla in order to promote exports deoiled cake
from this sector. An amount of Rs, 24,4900
thousand was released to be spent on the Scheme
of Post Harvest Technology in Oilseeds and
Pulses upto the year 1996-97.
4.6.2 CSIR also identifies and develops suitable
technology to upgrade the processing facilities in
the oilseeds sector. It has developed several
equipments for improved processing of oilseeds
like the improved oil expeller, rice bran stabilizer,
sunflower decorticator, solar-cum-agro based
dryer, groundnut decorticator, solvent extraction
equipment for non-traditional forest based
oilseeds, exploitation of expander-extruder
technology for detoxification of oilseeds and oil
cakes and maximizing oil output, improved
ferrocement storage bins for oilseeds and pulses,
modern palm oil mill, improved and efficient
small scale dal mills etc. Efforts are on to
popularise these improved equipments. The
demonstration unit of 2.0 tonnes/ hour palm oil
mill has been installed at Pedavagi, Andhra
Pradesh under AP Oilfed. In addition, in order to
promote improved processing of maize and
production of corn oil and other by-products,
CSIR has been sanctioned funds for developing a
prototype of an improved maize milling unit.
Demonstration units of the improved oil expeller
and Dal Mills have been approved to be installed
in some States.
4.5.4 National Research Centre for Oil Palm has

been established by ICAR at Eluru in West
Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh for research
and development on oil palm. The National
Research Centre has started functioning since
1995-96 and providing necessary technical
Maize Development Programme
guidance to the farmers in Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
4.7 Maize was included in the Technology
Mission in May, 1995 under a scheme entitled
4.5.5. During 1996-97, an amount of Rs. 249000
Accelerated Maize Development Programme
thousand has been allocated for the scheme.
with an aim to enhance the production from the
present 10 million tonnes to 20 million tonnes
Post Harvest Technology
and from the present average productivity of 1.5
4.6 The Scheme for Post Harvest Technology for to 3.00 tonnes per hectare by the end of Ninth
Oilseeds and Pulses envisages development of Plan.
modern integrated processing technology for
4.7.1 For the implementation of this programme,
more efficient recovery of oils from oil bearing
an amount of Rs. 7,00,00 thousand was provided
materials, its efficient storage and improved
for the year 1995-96. An amount of another Rs.
processing of pulses, maize and oil palm. Council
700,00 thousand has also been sanctioned for
of Scientific and Industrial Reserach (CSIR) is
Maize Development Programme for the year
carrying out research and development work in
1996-97. Action points have been formulated for
this field.
increasing production and productivity during
4.6.1 Various projects are being implemented for 1995-96 and were circulated to the concerned
carrying out research and development activities maize growing States in the country during the
in this sector, testing their commercial viability 1995-96 and .1996-97.
and popularizing adoption of the processing 4.7.2 Out of Rs. 70000 thousand, Rs. 6000
technology developed by CSIR. In addition, a thousand was sanctioned for conducting frontline
Scheme for
demonstra-
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tions by ICAR Project, Directorate of Maize

Research, New Delhi each year (5000 Nos. each
year). The remaining amount in each year has
been allocated to the identified maize growing
States (16 States) for various components like
field
demonstrations,
farmers
training
programmes.
Externally Aided Scheme
4.8 During the year 1995-96, the UNDP approved
Oilseed & Pulses Sector Programme for US $ 2.6
million (Rs. 95000 thousand) for taking up 12
projects on development of indigenous
technologies for increasing oilseeds and pulses
production through large scale frontline
demonstrations, training of farmers and training
of trainers. Projects consist of improving the
nutritive value of oilseeds and pulses through
promotion of non-toxic varieties, develop
alternatives for pulses and distribution of small
scale pulse milling to raise the income levels of
the poor farmers. There are programmes on farm
ecology by large scale plantation of varieties that
can be profitably grown on wasteland and in
moisture stress conditions. The Programme
Support document was signed between
Government of India and UNDP on 16.2.96. The
projects are being implemented through various
research and development units of ICAR/ CSIR.
The present phase of programmes is for two years
and the implementation of 8 projects have already
started.
cultivated oilseed crops viz. soyabean, groundnut,

white sesamum, niger and hybrid castor during
kharif seasons and sunflower, rapeseed &
mustard, safflower, groundnut and linseed during
rabi/summer season. Production programmes of
NOVOD Board, comprising demonstration of
improved production technology and minikit
programme to popularize improved varieties of
oilseed crops, are organized in non-OPP
districts/areas. However, some components like
power drawn farm implements such as threshers,
decorticates, seed drill and harvester-cum-reaper
which are not covered under OPP are also being
provided under NOVOD Board programmes on
pilot scale basis in OPP areas to promote
mechanization in oilseed cultivation being largely
cultivated under rainfed conditions. To facilitate
the harvesting of thorny crop of safflower hand
gloves are also provided under NOVOD Board
programmes.
4.9.1 Thrust has been given for integrated
development of tree-borne oilseeds,, namely;
simarouba, kokum, neem, karanja, pilu, apricot,
tumba and ratanjyot etc. encompassing with
raising of kisan nurseries, plantation programme
under degraded lands, seed collection, marketing
and processing.
4.9.2 During 1995-96, an amount of Rs. 4,26,00

thousand has been sanctioned by the Board under
various developmental programmes. The
programmes have been implemented through
State Departments of Agriculture, State
Agricultural Universities, State Department of
NOVOD Board
Forests, State Oil Federation/ Cooperatives,
4.9 National Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils NGOs and other Research Institutions.
Development (NOVOD) Board is working as
pre-cursor for Technology Mission on Oilseeds in 4.9.3 During 1996-97, an amount of Rs. 6,35,29
opening of newer areas and non-traditional thousand has been sanctioned by the Board under
seasons for promotion of oilseed cultivation as similar developmental programmes.
well as area expansion under
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HORTICULTURE
India produced 39.47 million tonnes of fruits and
attained first position in fruit production in the
world in 1993. The vegetable production in the
country has been at the level of 65 million tonnes
during 1993-94. The country stands first in the
production of banana, onion and cashew.
Similarly in coconut production, India has
become the prime producer with an annual
production of 13,231 million nuts.
Horticulture development in the country

continues to make steady progress in terms of
increment in total production and export of the
products. There is a vast potential for growing a
larger variety of Horticulture crops like fruits,
vegetables, flowers, spices, cashewnut, coconut,
cocoa, arecanut, root and tuber crops, medicinal
and aromatic plants etc; The diversity of
physiographic, climatic and soil characteristics
makes it possible to grow horticultural crops
almost throughout the year. During 1993-94,
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5.2 The horticultural crops are providing a better

alternative for diversification of Indian
agriculture in view of higher returns available
from them. Realizing the importance and the role
horticultural crops have to play, plan allocation in
the Eighth Five Year Plan has been raised to Rs.
10,00,00,00 thousand as against Rs. 24,00,00
thousand in the Seventh Five Year Plan.
5.3 The development programmes in horticulture
cover ongoing schemes for fruits, coconut,
vegetables, cashewnuts, spices and plantation
crops and new scheme of Eighth Five Year Plan
for development of medicinal and aromatic
plants, mushroom, floriculture, betelvine, root
and tuber crops and bee-keeping.
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Major schemes on use of plastics and 1995-96. The approved outlay for 1996-97 is Rs.
infrastructure development for post harvest 3,25,00 thousand and the anticipated expenditure
handling and marketing were also continued.
is
Rs. 3,10,000 thousand.
5.4 The main thrust during the year has been to
provide better planting material/seed using both 5.9 The major programmes in pepper included
conventional
and
modern
methods, production of 8 lakh nucleus planting material of
rejuvenation/rehabilitation of existing plantations, high yielding varieties, production and
installation of drip irrigation system, green house distribution of 139 lakh rooted cuttings,
cultivation, control of pests and diseases, establishing 1850 pepper demonstration plots in
assistance for post-harvest handling and farmers fields and adoption of prophylactic plant
collection and dissemination of market protection measures against quick wilt disease
information. The allocation for the current year is covering 58000 ha. In ginger, turmeric and
Rs. 1,91,55,00 thousand.
chillies, the major activities included production
of nucleus planting materials of released
varieties, establishment of 21500 demonstrationMAJOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
cum-seed multiplication plots in farmers fields,
large scale plant protection demonstration
Fruits
programmes on chillies and ginger covering
5.5 The Central Sector Scheme on Integrated 58,5000 ha. and 1,100 ha respectively,
Development of Tropical, Arid and Temperate distribution of 38,500 minikits and area
Zone Fruits was launched during Eighth Five expansion by 8550 ha. with high yielding
Year Plan with an outlay of Rs. 74,4000 varieties. In tree spices, production and
thousand. The expenditure under the scheme distribution of 434 lakh planting material of
during 1995-96 was Rs. 14,50,63 thousand and promising lines and establishment of 1790
the outlay approved for 1995- 96 is Rs. 17,64,73 demonstration plots in farmers fields are being
thousand.
undertaken. Similar measures are under way in
seed spices, garlic and saffron.
5.6 The programmes envisaged under this scheme
include: (a) establishment of big nurseries under
5.10 In North-Eastern States, 13 demonstrationpublic sector; (b) establishment of small district
cumprogeny gardens each of 10 ha. are being
level nurseries under private sector: (c) setting up
maintained to produce quality planting material
of tissue culture units under public and private
of all improved varieties of spices suitable to the
sectors (d) training of farmers: (e) establishment
region. It is also proposed to distribute 5025 units
of oil extraction plants (f) area expansion; (g)
of plant protection equipment and undertake soil
improving productivity, and (h) demonstration
conservation measures in 1550 ha. of spice
plots.
gardens.
5.7 Between 1992 and 1995, 13 big nurseries,
188 small nurseries, 21 tissue culture units were Coconut
established, 758 demonstration plots were laid
out and area of 11,747 ha under area expansion 5.11 Integrated development of coconut industry
and 30,321 ha. under rejuvenation respectively in the country is the main objective of the
was covered. For publicity, Rs. 40,00 thousand Coconut
Development
Board
with
its
was utilized during this period.
Headquarters at Kochi in Kerala.
Spices
5.8 The Centrally Sponsored Integrated
Programme for the development of spices is in
operation in 26 States, 2 Union Territories, 21
State Agricultural Universities, 5 Institutes of
ICAR and the National Horticultural Research
and Development Foundation, State Farms
Corporation etc. The Eighth Five Year Plan
approved outlay for the Scheme is Rs. 1,25,00,00
thousand. An amount of Rs. 2,67,914 thousand
was released during
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5.12 The major thrust of the programmes

implemented by the Board since its inception is
on production and distribution of quality planting
material, expansion of area under coconut in
potential areas including non-traditional States,
improving productivity of coconut in major
coconut producing States and development of
technology in postharvest processing and
marketing. India has now emerged as the prime
producer of coconut with an area of 1,695 million
ha. and production of 13,231 million nuts.
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5.13 An amount of Rs. 2,00,000 thousand was

released for implementation of various
programmes of the Board during 1995-96. The
approved outlay for 1996-97 is also Rs. 2,00,000
thousand, but the expenditure is anticipated at
6,07,000 thousand, in view of large scale
assistance provided for rehabilitation / replanting
of cyclone affected plantations. Under the
development programmes, five DSP Farms were
established in an area of 180 ha. in Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Assam and Tripura.
Three more farms in Kerala and Andhra Pradesh
are at different stages of development in an area
of 80 ha. During 1995-96, 34028 Nos. DT hybrid
nuts were produced from the DSP farm,
Karnataka. Under the programme for production
and distribution of seedlings, 2.048 lakh TD
seedlings and 0.642 lakh seednuts were produced
during 1995-96. During the year under report,
another 4.5 lakh seedlings are being produced in
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa,
Maharashtra and Lakshadweep. In the nursery
attached to the DSP farms, 1.22 lakh seednuts
were sown in 1995-96. During 1996-97, 3.00
lakh seedlings are targeted to be produced.
Besides, it is proposed to produce 40000
seedlings in Nagaland and Lakshadweep by
establishing Regional Coconut nurseries. The
Seed Procurement Units produced and supplied
0.74 lakh seednuts to various DSP Farms.
5.14 An additional area of 4000 ha. under fresh
planting of coconut would be covered during
1996-97 under area expansion programme by
extending subsidy 117 Rs. 6000 per ha.
co-operative societies were given grant-in-aid for

developing infrastructure facilities for processing
and marketing activities of coconuts. Besides,
149 coconut processors were given grant-in-aid
limited to Rs. 10,000 each to introduce modern
copra dryers. Two State level seminars in
processing and marketing of coconut were
conducted in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
All these activities are being continued during
1996-97 under the Technology Development
Centre.
5.18 Under the Publicity and Extension activities,
during 1995-96, the Board brought out several
books / booklets, produced 5 video films,
extended awards to master craftsmen, organized
36 district level seminars and 9 subsidy
distribution functions, undertook several product
promotional activities and participated in
National / State / District level exhibitions etc.
During 1996-97, all these extension activities are
being continued.
5.19 A V-SAT has been installed at the
headquarters of the Board and attained NICNET
connectivity with other NIC centres throughout
the country. E-mail facility has also been made
available at the headquarters of the Board.
Cashewnuts
5.20 India, with cashewnut production of 3.48
lakh tonnes from an area of 5.65 lakh ha., has the
distinction of being worlds largest producer of
cashewnuts. Cashewnut is an important cash crop
and an export oriented commodity. During Eighth
Five Year Plan, various programmes for
increasing the production and productivity of
cashewnut are being implemented with an outlay
of Rs. 47,85,00 thousand. It is envisaged to
produce 4.50 lakh tonnes of raw cashewnut by
the end of Eighth Five Year Plan.
5.15 The programme for integrated farming in

coconut holdings for productivity improvement is
being implemented in an area of 28750 ha. in
1996-97 by providing subsidy for cutting and
removal of disease affected / unproductive palms,
coconut seedlings, fertilizers, plant protection and 5.21 An outlay of Rs. 15,00,00 thousand has been
multi-species cropping.
provided for Centrally Sponsored Integrated
Development Programme of Cashew during
5.16 For integrated control of leaf eating 1996. The programmes implemented under the
caterpillar, 5.009 million parasites were schemes include the following:
multiplied and liberated during 1995-96 in the
pest prone areas of Karnataka and Orissa. During 1. Development of New Plantations with clones
con-firming to export qualities and
1996-97, another 8 million parasites will be
maintenance of Cashew Plantations raised
released.
in previous years.
5.17 The Board has acquired one acre of land in 5.22 This programme is intended to develop new
Ernakulam for setting up pilot testing plants for cashew plantations with clones conforming to
coconut products. Under the marketing activities, export
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qualities and also to maintain the plantations

raised in previous years in the States of Kerala,
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Manipur,
Madhya Pradesh and Union Territory of
Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Necessary
assistance to the tune of Rs. 7,22,83 thousand for
inputs like planting materials, fertilizers and plant
protection chemicals have been provided under
this programme. Against the target of 23,300 ha.
for fresh planting, an area of 24,400 ha. is
expected to be covered under this programme
along-with maintenance of 31,597 ha. raised in
previous years by utilizing unspent balance of
1995-96.
2. Replanting / Rejuvenation by top working
of old and uneconomical Cashew gardens.
5.23 The objective of this programme is to
replant / rejuvenate the old, senile, unthrifty and
unproductive cashew gardens with genuine
clones. Input support has been provided under
this programme as in the case of New Planting in
addition to compensation for removing the old
tree. This programme is being implemented in the
States of Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. It is
expected that the entire target of 4000 ha. will be
achieved along with the maintenance of 2262 ha.
planted in 1994-95 and 1995-96 at a cost of Rs.
1,6868 thousand.
3. Adoption of Comprehensive production
technology in growers orchards
5.24 The objective of this programme is to
consolidate and improve the productivity status
of Cashew through adoption of recommended
package of practices in comprehensive manner by
providing assistance for inputs like fertilisers,
farmyard manure, and plant protection chemicals
for a period of three consecutive years. An area
of 12978 ha., adopted for the package treatments
in previous years in the States of Kerala,
Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal, will be
maintained with an outlay of Rs. 1,64,62
thousand.
4. Adoption of intensive pest control
measures
5.25 This is to carry out prophylactic plant
protection measures against pests attacking
foliage, root, stem, tender flushes and blossoms
of cashew. Necessary assistance for plant
protection chemicals for spraying and swabbing
treatments has been provided. This programme
will be implemented in the States of Kerala,
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Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,

Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal in an
area of 33500 ha. at a total cost of Rs. 2,68,00
thousand.
5. Generation
of
planting
materials
Establishment of Regional Nurseries
5.26 This programme is launched with an
objective of generating required number of clones
for coverage under new planting and replanting
programmes by way of establishing Centralized
Regional Nurseries in the States of Kerala,
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and
Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Twelve new
Regional Nurseries have been sanctioned for
establishment during this year in addition to the
maintenance of 13 Nurseries established during
last year at a total cost of Rs. 90,00 thousand.
6. Pilot demonstration of clonal cultivation
Development of Model Clonal Cashew
Gardens
5.27 The main objective of this programme is to
demonstrate the cultivation of cashew by
adopting scientific agro-technologies and
Horticultural
management
practices
for
cultivators field. During the year under report,
250 plots are sanctioned for establishment afresh
along-with maintenance of 304 plots laid out in
the previous years at an outlay of Rs. 870
thousand, in the States of Kerala, Karnataka, Goa,
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and
Orissa. Costs incurred for planting materials,
fertilisers, Farm Yard Manure, Plant Protection
Chemicals and Soil & Moisture Conservation
measure have been provided for this programme.
7.
Farmers Training Programme
5.28 This programme is intended to expose the
farmers to various technologies available and to
train and motivate them to adopt the modern
cultivation techniques in their fields by
organizing training programmes on Cashew
Production Technology. Financial support
towards training allowances and instructional kit
etc. has been provided to 3600 farmers in the
States of Kerala, Kamataka, Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Goa, Maharashtra, Orissa and West
Bengal at a cost of Rs. 916 thousand.
8. Publicity measures for Crop Promotion
5.29 In order to provide wider publicity on
promotional aspects of cashew, an amount of Rs.
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thousand has been provided for publishing and In order to further step up vegetable production in
distributing printed materials and literature in the country, an amount of Rs. 20,000 thousand
Regional Languages of the implementing States.
has been provided during 1996-97.
Arecanut
Root and Tuber Crops
5.30. The area under arecanut is 230 thousand ha.

with a production of 275 thousand tonnes. Under
the Central Sector Scheme for Development of
Arecanut, the programmes being implemented
during Eighth Five Year Plan include:
5.33 Root and Tuber Crops, including potato,

have been identified as most important group of
staple food in the tropical countries of the world.
The production of potato alone during 1994-95
was 179.42 lakh tonnes. For promoting
cultivation of Root and Tuber Crops, a Central
Sector Scheme on Development of Root and
Tuber Crops for improving production and
productivity of major crops like potato, sweet
potato, yams, etc. is being implemented with an
outlay of Rs. 25,000 thousand during Eighth Five
Year Plan. For potato, major emphasis is being
given on phased introduction and promotion of
new technology called True Potato Seed (TPS)
to replace use of bulky tubers, reduce cost of
production, improve productivity and reduce
dependence on cold storages. For other crops like
sweet potato, yams, etc., the planting material of
improved varieties is obtained from ICAR
Institutes and is being multiplied at Bio-Centres
already established under the scheme for further
use to raise commercial crops by the farmers.
About 5,694 tuber minikits were distributed and
1,326 demonstration plots were laid out during
the year under report. An amount of Rs. 4,000
thousand has been allotted during 1996-97 for
implementation of the scheme.
(i)
control of fruit rot disease;
(ii)
eradication of yellow leaf disease;
(iii)
control of ganoderma disease;
(iv)
providing irrigation facilities; and
(v)
production and distribution of seedlings
5.31 During 1996-97. an outlay of Rs, 1,00,00

thousand has been provided for implementing the
scheme. The programmes undertaken include: (1)
coverage of 15,000 ha. under plant protection
against fruit-rot disease and distribution of 160
rocker sprayers; (2) establishment and
maintenance of 100 replanting and 120
rejuvenation demonstration plots; (3) removal of
11,120 yellow leaf disease affected palms; (4)
establishing 200 irrigation units; (5) production
and distribution of 3.4 lakh high yielding
varieties of seedlings.
Vegetable
Cocoa
5.32 The production of vegetables including

potato during 1994-95 is estimated at 670.90 lakh
tonnes. The production of vegetables in the
country is increasing significantly mainly due to
popularization of improved/hybrid seeds of
vegetables amongst the farmers.
5.34 The area under cocoa in 1993-94 was 13,900

ha. and the production was 7,000 tonnes. For
increasing production and productivity of Cocoa,
a Central Sector Scheme for Development of
Cocoa is being implemented with Eighth Plan
outlay of Rs. 3,00,00 thousand. During 1996-97,
an outlay of Rs. 5,000 thousand has been
provided for implementing the scheme in Kerala,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh for
the following programme components:
5.32.1 A Central Sector Scheme on Production

and Supply of Vegetable Seeds is being
implemented with an outlay of Rs. 1,50,000
thousand during Eighth Plan with the aim of
improving supply of foundation seeds of
improved/hybrid varieties of vegetable crops, (i)
enhance the productivity and increase overall
production of vegetables. The scheme also
provides support for popularization of (ii)
improved/hybrid varieties through distribution of
seed minikits in all the States/ UTs.
5.32.2 During 1995-96, about 51,000 vegetable (in)
Establishment of 1100 demonstration plots

of high yielding clones in the farmers fields.
Production and distribution of 1.45 lakh
vegetatively propagated cocoa planting
materials.
Providing assistance for setting up of 14
irrigation units.
seed minikits were distributed; 3,406 quintals of

foundation seed was produced by the (iv) Establishment and maintenance of five
implementing agencies.
clonal seed gardens.
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(v) Providing financial assistance to cooperatives flower crops like rose, gladiolus, carnation,
for organizing marketing and processing of orchid, etc. which are used in flower bouquets
cocoa beans.
and for decoration.
Betelvine
5.35 A Central Sector Scheme for the
Development of Betelvine is being implemented
with Eighth Plan outlay of Rs. 2,00,00 thousand.
For implementing the scheme during 1996-97, an
outlay of Rs. 4000 thousand has been provided.
The scheme is implemented through Departments
of Horticulture/ Agriculture in 19 States and 3
Union Territories. The programmes under the
scheme included providing financial assistance
for
construction
of
2200
units
of
conservatory/trellies, establishment of 2510
demonstration plots in the farmers fields,
providing financial assistance for developing 705
water sources and irrigation facilities, and
distribution of 1530 plant protection equipments.
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
5.38 A major component of the Central Sector

Scheme on Commercial Floriculture is the
establishment of model floriculture centres in
public sector which are to be the focal units for
development of floriculture in the region through
introduction of new technologies and providing
training in different areas of commercial
floriculture. Nine such centres are proposed to be
set up during the Plan period. During the period
under report, work has been initiated at these
centres. This includes finalization of location,
land development sourcing various equipments
and developing mother germplasm blocks for
plant material. For the components on setting up
Model Centres with large tissue culture units in
private sector, the process of identifying the
beneficiaries has begun. Under the area
expansion programme, a total of 1000 ha. are
targeted to be covered during 1996-97. An
allocation of Rs. 2,00,00 thousand was made for
the implementation of the programmes during
1996-97, which has been revised to Rs. 40000
thousand.
5.36 The scheme for the development of

medicinal and aromatic plants is being
implemented with Eighth Plan outlay of Rs.
5,00,00 thousand. It was continued during 199697 with an outlay of Rs. 1,00,00 thousand.
Mushroom
5.36.1 The scheme is being implemented through
16 Agricultural Universities and three CSIR
Institutes, The programmes under the scheme
include production of quality planting material of
aromatic plants in 62 ha. for distribution,
providing financial assistance for setting up of 29
modern distillation units, establishment of 16
herbal gardens having total area of 60 ha.,
establishment of 16 nursery centres for
production and distribution of planting materials
of important medicinal plants. The component of
demonstration plots in the farmers fields has been
taken up through State Agriculture / Horticulture
Departments and 934 demonstrations are being
established during 1996-97.
5.39 The Central Sector Scheme on Mushroom

cultivation started in Eighth Five Year Plan with
an outlay of Rs. 10,00,00 thousand, aims
primarily at creating the infrastructure for spawn
and pasteurized compost production and
providing training to farmers for mushroom
cultivation. Plan outlay has since been revised to
Rs. 156800 thousand. During the year under
report, it is targeted to establish 16 units of spawn
production and 15 units of pasteurized compost
and provide training to 9096 farmers. An outlay
of Rs. 20000 thousand has been provided during
1996-97 for the scheme.
Floriculture
5.40 Total outlay of Rs. 2500000 thousand has

been made during Eighth Five Year Plan for
taking up various programmes for popularizing
use of plastics including drip irrigation, green
houses, plastic mulch in horticultural crops. The
outlay for 1996-97 is Rs. 50,00,00 thousand.
Development Programmes for Use of Plastics
5.37 Floriculture is an emerging area with great

potential both in the domestic as well as export
markets. Flowers are traditionally grown in India
in open field conditions. Major emphasis has
been on growing of loose flowers like marigold,
chrysan- themum,jasmine/ tuberose, etc. which Drip Irrigation
are in demand for garlands, venies or offerings
mainly for religious functions. In the recent years, 5.41 This is a method of irrigation in which the
there has been interest in growing modern cut
network
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of plastic pipes distribute required quantity of

water directly to the root zone of the plants. It
provides benefits in saving of water, reduction in
weeds and increase in yield. During 1996-97, a
subsidy of 90 percent in case of SC/ST, small/
marginal and women farmers and 70 percent in
case of other farmers with a ceiling of Rs.
25000/-ha. is being provided. It is expected to
cover 23528.50 ha. of land under drip installation
and 384 ha. under the drip demonstration during
1996-97.
Green House
5.42 This is a device to control micro
environment for crop production. This helps in
faster germination, raising off season crops. high
value crops for exports, crops in harsh weather
conditions etc. It is proposed to set up poly-green
houses over an area of 76.20 ha. by spending Rs.
75923 thousand during the year with each
beneficiary getting one unit of 500 sq. mts.
bee-keeping; and
(6) to develop feasible strategy for long term
development of bee-keeping.
5.45 The scheme started functioning during 199495. The implementation of the scheme was
proposed in all the States and UTs. The scheme
envisages implementation mainly as Central
Sector Scheme through research institutions and
by State Designated Agencies. The overall
implementation of scheme in the States in general
and some components in particular is to be
looked after by State Designated Agency (SDA)
identified by the State Government.
5.46 So far, 23 State Governments/UTs. have
identified the SDAs. During 1995-96, funds to an
extent of Rs. 46,75 thousand have been released
to the SDAs for production and distribution of
about 25,000 bee colonies. For the
implementation of the scheme during 1996-97, an
outlay of Rs. 4,25,00 thousand have been
provided.
5.47 Thirty projects on Research and
Development aspects of bee-keeping approved by
the Project Approval Committee at a total cost of
Rs. 80.00 thousand, for implementation during
the Eighth Plan were continued during 1996-97.
Twenty-eight Institutes were financed during
1996-97 for imparting training on different
aspects of bee-keeping development.
Mulching
5.43. A thin plastic film (20 to 200 microns) is

spread around the plant to prevent the weed
growth, conserve moisture, maintain soil texture
and control soil borne diseases. During 1996-97,
an amount of Rs. 21923 thousands is proposed to
be spent to bring an area of 4384.5 ha. under
mulching.
5.48 A Beekeepers Experience. Exchange
Conference was organized at Ludhiana during
Promotion of Bee-Keeping
May, 1996 which was attended by farmers and
beekeepers from all over the country. State level
5.44 The two most important gifts offered by honey festivals were organized in Kerala and
honeybees to mankind are pollination service to Punjab.
crops and production of honey. With the view to
improve crop productivity and generate rural Use of NICNET Services
employment, a Central Sector Scheme of
Development of Bee-keeping for improving crop 5.49 Horticulture Division has been extensively
productivity was implemented during Eighth using NICNET Services for renewing physical
Plan. The total outlay of the scheme is Rs. and financial progress of various horticulture
18,87,00 thousand. The main objectives of the schemes, E mail etc. Some of the Computer
based information systems developed by NIC and
scheme are;
being fully utilized by the Division are;
(I) to promote role of honeybee pollination for Horticulture schemes Monitoring System,
Foreign Investment Proposals Monitoring
improving crop production.
System, Bee-keeping Projects Monitoring
(2) to develop new strains of bees for enabling System, etc.
disease resistance and higher production.
Programmes of National Horticulture Board
(3) to encourage procurement, processing and
5.50 The objectives of the National Horticulture
storage etc. of honey and its products.
Board include all aspects of horticulture
(4) to impart training to unemployed for
development in the country. however, the main
employment generation.
emphasis is being laid on post-harvest
5 to promote awareness and faster growth of
management and marketing. The Schemes
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of the Board, therefore, have been launched

covering various developmental aspects of
horticulture industry and can be grouped, as
under;
Soft loan schemes for exploitation of
commercial horticulture,
Schemes to provide support services like
Market Information and Transfer of
Technology.
Schemes to induce awareness and updating
the state of horticulture through innovative
ideas including the schemes professional
upliftment and introducting of new
technologies/concepts.
A. (i) Integrated Project on Management of
Post-Harvest
infrastructure
of
Horticultural Crops
5.51 With a view to reduce the post harvest losses
and to increase the producers share in consumers
price, the Board took up this project from 198889. Under the project, assistance is provided for
creation of post harvest infrastructure such as
grading/packing facilities in the producing areas,
improved packaging such as plastic crates, card
board boxes, transport facilities with particular
emphasis on developing cool chain including
establishment of Pre-cooling units, cold storages
and refrigerated transport vehicles, retail outlets
etc. for direct marketing and other aspects where
post harvest losses could be minimized. The soft
loan having service charges of 4 percent is
provided to the Cooperative/Corporate Sector,
registered/voluntary organizations, Agro/Hort.
Corporations etc. for creation of such postharvest infrastructure facilities to a maximum
extent of Rs. 1.00 crore per organization.
5.52 During the current financial year, seven
projects have been sanctioned for an amount of
Rs. 134, 49,00 thousand for the establishment of
4 cold storages, 3 Pre-cooling unit, One
refrigerated van, 2 specialized transport vehicle &
8 grading/packing centres etc. In addition to this,
41 projects costing Rs, 49,00,00 thousand are
under process. The Board has also approved
financial assistance for supply of 9.00 lakh card
board boxes to the Apple Growing States like
J&K, HP., U.P., U.P. Hills and other NorthEastern States.
(ii) Development of Marketing of Horticulture
Produce Through Participation in Soft
Loan
5.53 Under this scheme which is being
implemented since 1993-94, a soft loan assistance
is provided to the beneficiaries i.e cooperative
societies, private sector,
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corporate sector, farmers association and public

sector organization for creating marketing
infrastructure to boost the horticultural export.
Since the scheme is in its implementation phase,
NHB has gathered a rich experience to give a
further improvement in this direction. The main
objective of this scheme is to introduce new
technology
apart
from
strengthening
infrastructural facilities with backward linkages
among producers, processors and marketers. A
soft loan assistance upto a maximum limit of Rs.
1,00,00 thousand (40% of total term annum with
one year moratorium period is given for purchase
of plants and machine for marketing processing
and export oriented units.
5.54 During the year under report, 12
organizations have been assisted to the extend of
Rs 3,13,57 thousand upto December, 1996.
(iii) Market
Information
Horticultural Crops
Service
of
5.55 Marketing of fruits and vegetables is an

important aspect of post-harvest management of
horticultural crops. This is a mechanism which
provides remuneration to farmer efforts in the
form of profits and encouragement. Horticultural
crops which are highly perishable in nature need
quick disposal after harvesting. So, a sound
system of marketing with latest and accurate
information on prices and arrivals play an
important role in planning of marketing of these
produce. If accurate market information are
available, then an optimum planning can be made
to send their consignments to the markets
showing a higher price trend.
5.56 National Horticulture Board is implementing
this scheme since 1988 with its 33 Market
Information Centres located all over India
especially in state capitals and wholesale markets
called NHB-NET. These market information
centres collect market information on prices and
arrivals on fruits and vegetables from these
markets on daily basis and transmit it to Delhi
Coordination Cell for compilation of national
bulletin. Apart from this, these centres prepare
weekly and monthly bulletins and send it to coordinating cell for preparation of monthly bulletin
which is published on monthly basis from Head
Office. Delhi Co-ordinating Cell analyses these
information, received from the centres and
transmit it back to the centres as a national
bulletin for the benefit of mass media.
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5.57 Presently, NHB is publishing a monthly

bulletin and dispatches to its subscribers (approx.
400), published in 218 national and local
newspapers, telecast through Doordarshan
Kendras and broadcast through 22 AIR Stations.
Apart from these disseminations, Market
Information Centres despatch daily bulletin to the
Government organizations, co-operative societies
engaged in Fruits and Vegetables Trade, Market
Committees, State Horticulture & Marketing
Departments etc. NHB has also made
arrangements to provide international prices on
cut flowers, fresh fruits and Vegetables and
processed foods (Weekly bulletins) of ITC,
Geneva.
5.58 NHB has signed an MOU with National
Informatic Centre for implementing NIC-NET
system with earth based satellite. On
implementation of this system, market
information would reach all block levels for
benefiting actual producers to take quick
decisions.
(iv) Introduction of New Technologies &
Concepts in Horticulture
5.59 Various research and development
institutions/
universities
are
developing
technologies which have been tested at laboratory
scale and are found to be advantageous in
increasing productivity and enhancing quality in
various ways. However, these do not get easily
tested/adopted on a commercial scale.In order to
test these technologies and concepts on
commercial scale, this scheme is being
implemented from 1993-94. Apart from testing
proven technologies, the scheme also envisages
to popularise use of improved tools and
equipment for better production and marketing,
creating awareness through audiovisual aids,
distribution of literature, etc. During current
financial year, outlay of Rs 2,00,00 thousand is
likely to be utilized fully under these activities.
(v) Techno-Economic Feasibility Studies/
Surveys on Various Aspects of
Horticulture
consultants. The scheme is basically meant for

development of data base for taking up planning
for short and long term development of
Horticulture. As such the studies would provide
basis for formulating plans by the State
Governments/UTs, which was lacking so far.
During the year under report, the panel of
consultants has been up-dated and proposals
received are being processed.
(vi) Establishment of Nutritional garden in
rural areas
5.61 In order to increase the availability of fruits
in the daily diet of masses, particularly the rural
areas, so as to overcome the problem of
malnutrition, the Board took up this programme
from 1990-91. Under the project, each household
is provided upto 10 fruit plants suitable for
growing in that particular area, near the dwelling
unit/dugwell. Keeping in view the enthusiasm
shown by the State Governments in
implementation of the project and its utility in
increasing nutritional standard of the rural
masses, the scheme is being continued. This year,
35 lakh fruit plants are being distributed entailing
an expenditure of Rs. 1,75,00 thousand under this
scheme.
(vii) Transfer of Technology through Training
and Visits of Horticulture Growers
5.62 Most of the horticultural growers are
unaware of the latest agro-techniques developed
at various research stations of progressive
farmers in different areas. With a view to
familiarise such technologies through visits to
various centres of excellence, the Board provides
financial assistance to State Governments for
conducting such visits. The project was initiated
during 1988-89. Assistance of Rs. 50,000/- for a
group of 50 farmers is being provided. Under the
scheme, an outlay of Rs. 25,00 thousand has been
provided during current financial year which is
likely to be utilised fully and 2500 horticultural
growers are likely to be benefited.
(viii) Elimination of Jhoom cultivation

through development of Horticulture in
5.60 With a view to strengthen data base in
Nagaland
horticulture, the Board is getting TechnoEconomic Feasibility Studies/Surveys conducted 5.63 On the request of the State Government,
for various States/UTs through empanelled
Gov-
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eminent of India has given approval to the

continuation of this project for implementation
during the entire period of Eighth Plan i.e., 199293 to 1996-97 at a total cost of Rs. 2,90,00
thousand to cover 2325 hectares under different
crops (125 ha. under citrus, 200 ha. under
Pineapple, 500 ha. under Passion Fruit and 1500
ha. under citronella grass) and installation of 15
distillation units. There is a budget provision of
Rs. 48,00 thousand for covering an area under
citronella 300 ha., passion fruits 100 ha. and
installation of 3 nos. distribution units during this
year i.e. 1996-97 which is likely to be utilised.
the rest to be borne by the state.

5.66 There is budget provision of Rs. 40,00
thousand for covering budding of ber (4000),
laying demonstration (900), block demonstration
(15), publishing training literature (700) and area
expansion in 540 hectares. Funds earmarked
under the scheme are likely to be released during
the year 1996-97.
(xi) Alternate structure for marketing of Fruit
juices/ fruit based beverages
5.67 The Board, with a view to provide nutritious

(ix) Expansion of area under Pineapple fruit based beverages at reasonable prices to the
masses, initiated a scheme for providing financial
cultivation in Madhya Pradesh
assistance for installation of juice vending
5.64 In order to introduce pineapple cultivation in machines
to
Agro
Horticulture
Tribal area of Bastar District of Madhya Pradesh Corporations/Societies
engaged
in
as also to encourage Tribals to take up the marketing/processing of horticulture produce
cultivation of this remunerative crop, the Board during 1987-88. Under the scheme, assistance of
initiated a scheme during the year 1989-90 for Rs. 25,000/-is being provided per machine with
demonstrating technology for high density 25 percent subsidy and 75 percent loan repayable
pineapple cultivation. In order to increase area in four instalments at 9 percent interest per
under pineapple plantation, 100% expenditure on annum. The scheme has been found very useful
demonstration is borne by the Board whereas and many organisations like Agro Industries
50% in case of area expansion is shared by the Corporations of Gujarat, Punjab, Madhya
State Government. During current financial year, Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, MAFCO and HPMC
an allocation of Rs. 42,00 thousand for covering have installed these machines at places of floating
an area of 200 ha. and laying 50 demonstrations. population. During the year 1996-97, there is a
Efforts are being made to utilise the allocation. budgetary provision of Rs. 30,00 thousand for
However, only Rs. 20,09 thousand may be 120 machines which is likely to be utilised in full.
released if progress report and proposal is
received by the Board.
(xii) Grant of Financial assistance to
professional
organizations
for
the
(x) Integrated Horticulture development in
development of Horticulture
Rajasthan (District Sikar)
5.68 The Board provides assistance upto Rs.
5.65 A Central Team visited Sikar district of 20,000 for organizing exhibition, fair, seminar,
Rajasthan to recommend programmes which symposia etc. for the development of horticulture
could be undertaken in Central and State Sector through voluntary organisations, cooperative
for development of Agro-horticultural crops and societies etc. The Board also provides assistance
arresting desertification. The Board, on the to State Governments for organising Udyan
recommendation of this team and proposal Pandit Competitions at State level. The assistance
received from State Government, initited a five is limited upto Rs. 2,00 thousand per competition
year project on Integrated Development of upto maximum of Rs. 5,00 thousand per State per
Horticulture in Rajasthan at a total cost of Rs. year for three competitions. During the year
1,03,00 thousand. Boards share being Rs. 88,37 1996-97, there is a budgetary provision of Rs.
thousand and
30,00 thousand which is likely to be utilized.
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FISHERIES
harvest
and
post-harvest
operations,
strengthening of infrastructure for production of
fin and shell fish seed, providing berthing and
landing facilities for fishing vessels, training of
sea going fishing operatives and other crew,
besides taking adequate care of the welfare of
fishermen.
Fisheries sector occupies a very important place

in the socio-economic development of the
country. It has been recognised as a powerful
income and employment generator as it
stimulates the growth of a number of subsidiary
industries and is a source of cheap and nutritious
food besides being a foreign exchange earner.
Most importantly, it is the livelihood of a large
section of economically backward populace of
the country. The main challenges facing fisheries
development in the country have been assessment
of fishery resources, both inland and marine, and
their potential in terms of fish production,
development of sustainable technology for fin
and shell fish culture and yield optimisation,
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6.2 Fisheries is a State subject and as such the

prime responsibility for developmental efforts
rests with the State Governments. The main
emphasis of the developmental efforts on the part
of the Central Government is to assist the States
and Union Territories in attaining increased
production and productivity by supplementing
and complementing their efforts. The overall
strategy has been evolved with a view to
improving the exploitation of the vast fisheries
resource potential for augmenting food supply,
generating employment and earning foreign
excange.
Objectives
6.3 The main objectives of fisheries development
have
been
enhancing
production
and
productivity, augmenting export of marine
products, generating
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employment and improving welfare of fishermen 1991-92 is given below:

and their socio-economic status. The schemes for
Export of Marine Products
fisheries development are essentially focused
towards:
Year
Quantity
Value
Production systems
(000 Tonnes)
(Rs. Thousand)
1991-92
171.8
13,75,89,00
Infrastructural development
1992-93
208.6
17,67,43,00
Input mobilisation
1993-94
244.0
25,03,62,00
Management and information system
1994-95
307.3
35,75,27,00
Human resource development; and
1995-96
Welfare
SOURCE: MPEDA, Cochin
Fish Production
PROGRAMMES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF

INLAND FISHERIES
6.4 During 1995-96, a record fish production of

about 49.49 lakh tonnes was achieved. During the
year under report, fish production is likely to be
51 .40 lakh tonnes. The trend of fish production
since 1991-92 is given below:
296.3
35,01,11,00
Development of Freshwater Aquaculture

6.7 Development of freshwater aquaculture is one
of the production oriented programmes being
implemented by the States through Fish Farmers
Development Agencies (FFDAs).
Fish Production (Lakh Tonnes)

6.8 A net-work of 414 FFDAs has been
established under this programme covering all the
Year
Marine
Inland
Total
potential districts in the country. These agencies
provide a package of technical, financial and
1991-92
24.47
17.10
41.57
extension support to the fish farmers. In order to
1992-93
25.76
17.89
43.65
boost inland fish production, assistance in the
form of subsidy is given to fish farmers for
1993-94
26.49
19.95
46.44
construction
of
new
ponds,
reclamation/renovation of ponds and tanks, inputs
1994-95
26.92
20.97
47.89
for first year fish culture, running water fish
culture, integrated fish farming, fish seed
1995-96
27.07
22.42
49.49
hatchery, fish feed mills, etc. Assistance is also
given to the progressive fish farmers for purchase
1996-97
28.57
22.83
51.40
of aerators. Subsidy for construction of new
ponds, renovation of old ponds, inputs and
(T)Target
running water fish culture is given at double the
6.5 There has been a significant increase, both in rates to the Scheduled Tribes fish farmers.
quantum and value of export of marine products
and, for the first time, the value of export of 6.9 Total water area brought under intensive fish
marine products crossed the US$ 1 billion mark culture is about 3.87 lakh ha. upto 1995-96. The
in 1994-95. The export of marine products in agencies have trained 5.04 lakh fish
terms of value registered a level of Rs. farmers/fishermen in improved practices. The
3,501,11,00 thousand in 1995-96 which was total beneficiaries covered under the programme
marginally lower than Rs. 35,75,27,00 thousand are about 7.43 lakh. The average productivity
achieved in 1994-95. Though shrimp accounted from FFDA ponds and tanks was about 2180
for 32 percent of quantity and about 67 percent of kg/ha. during 1995-96.
value of export in recent years, there has been 6.10 Through the assistance to FFDAs, about
diversification also and the country is now 40,000 ha. water area is expected to be brought
exporting frozen squid, cuttle fish and a variety of under scientific fish culture during 1996-97.
About 40,000 fish farmers are likely to be trained
fishes.
6.6 The growth of export of marine products in improved practices by the agencies during the
year.
since
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Fish Seed production

6.11 Fish seed production during 1996-97 is
expected to be 16,500 million fry as against the
production of 15,007 million fry in the previous
year. The production of shrimp seed is about
1000 million per year at present.
Development of Inland Fisheries Statistics
6.12 The programme introduced with a view to
evolve a standardized methodology for
upgradation of inland fisheries statistics has
continued during 1996-97. The resource
assessment survey work and catch assessment
survey work have been completed in 150 and 52
districts respectively, under this scheme so far.
The above work is in progress in about 30
districts during 1996-97.
Development of brackish-water aquaculture
6.1 3 Development of brackish-water areas for
shrimp farming under an area development
concept was introduced as a Centrally Sponsored
Scheme during the Sixth Five Year Plan. The
scheme was continued during the Seventh Five
Year Plan onwards under a new name Integrated
Brackish-water Fish Farm Development and
upgradation of technology was given priority.
The other components introduced into the project
during the Seventh Plan included establishment
of Brackish-water Fish Farmers Development
Agencies (BFDAs), strengthening of technical
wing in the State Fisheries Directorates and
establishment of demonstration brackish-water
shrimp farms and hatcheries. From 1991-92
onwards, the following new components were
added for streamlining the implementation of the
brackish-water aquaculture programme in the
country and they are being continued in the
Eighth Five year Plan (1992-97):
(i) Provision of assistance to different categories
of shrimp farmers for establishment of semiintensive shrimp farms and shrimp seed
hatcheries;
(ii) Establishment of demonstration-cum-training
centres for imparting training to the shrimp
farmers;
(iii) Introduction of training components under
the BEDA programme for imparting training
to shrimp farmers.
6.15 The Brackish-water Fish Farmers'

Development Agencies (BFDAs) provide
technical, financial and extension support to
shrimp farmers belonging to small scale sector.
One new BFDA was sanctioned for Kerala in
1996-97. A total of 39 BFDAs have been
sanctioned for establishment till the end of 199697 along the coastal districts. These Agencies
have brought 17,708 ha. area under shrimp
farming and imparted training to 14,243 shrimp
farmers until 1995-96. The target for 1996-97 has
been fixed for development of about 2,500 ha.
area into shrimp farming and imparting training
to 8,000 farmers. It is also targeted to sanction
one more BFDA, taking the total number of
BFDAs to 40.
6.16
The
Government
is
encouraging
prawn/shrimp culture activities under scientific
culture systems to avoid any possible adverse
impact on the environment. Guidelines issued by
the Government inter alia, outline the measures to
be adopted for
(i)
Development of sustainable aquaculture as

an eco-friendly activity.
(ii) Reducing the adverse impact of the waste
water discharged from the shrimp
aquaculture units.
(iii) Treatment of such waters
(iv) Mitigation of any adverse impact of
aquaculture on environment.
6. 1 7 The State Governments and other user
agencies have been requested to implement these
Guidelines.
Shrimp and Fish culture project
6.18 A Shrimp and Fish Culture Project with
World Bank assistance for developing about 3810
ha. of brackish-water area and about 51,000 ha.
of reservoirs/ ox-bow lakes in the States of
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa. Uttar Pradesh and
West Bengal had become credit effective from
28th May, 1992. The estimated cost of the project
will be about Rs. 28,30,000 thousand (equivalent
to US $ 95 million) from 1992-93 onwards for a
duration of seven years. About 90% of the total
estimated cost or about US $ 85 million will be
available as IDA loan assistance. Out of total
project cost, Central Government's share will be
Rs. 98300 thousands; of this, an amount of Rs.
85700 thousand is earmarked for the Eighth Five
Year Plan period (1992-97). The Project consists
of 2 components, viz., shrimp culture and fish
culture.
6.14 The main objective of this Centrally

Sponsored Scheme is to utilize the countrys vast
brackish-water land for fish/shrimp culture. The
other objectives are to increase the foreign
exchange earnings through increased shrimp
production, generation of adequate employment 6.19 Under shrimp culture component, designs
and drawings have been completed in respect of 8
opportunities and to increase income of farmers.
sites in
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the States of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West

Bengal. Of these 8 sites, construction is on in 6
sites which is expected to be completed by the
end of May, 1997. 6.20 Under fish culture
component, 133 reservoirs and 55 oxbow lakes
are to be developed. Out of 133 reservoirs,
envisaged for development, 91 reservoirs have
been identified in the States of Orissa (31),
Andhra Pradesh (46) and Uttar Pradesh (14).
Similarly, out of 55 oxbow lakes to be developed,
22 lakes have been selected for infrastructure
development in the States of Bihar (13), Uttar
Pradesh (7) and West Bengal (2).
6.21 Programme for training/study tour abroad
for the officers involved in implementation of the
Project has been completed. A total number of 83
officers candidates have completed their training
/ study tour abroad and 91 BFDA/FFDA
extension officers have completed their training
at the Central Institute of Brackish-water
Aquaculture (CIBA), Madras and the Central
Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA),
Bangalore.
6.22 An expert has been appointed to study and
prepare feasibility report on artemia cyst
production and processing. The consultant has
submitted a report and it has been decided to
make the report available to the prospective
entrepreneurs for setting up artemia culture and
processing units. The potential States have been
informed accordingly.
for providing remunerative price to the fish

farmers for their produce and making available
fresh fish at reasonable price to the consumers.
Under the scheme, assistance is being provided to
the State Governments for strengthening
infrastructural facilities in the shape of fish
handling sheds, ice plants, cold storages,
insulated/refrigerated transport vans, fish retail
outlets/kiosks and bicycles with insulated boxes
for retail marketing. A total of 33 marketing units
have been sanctioned so far to 18 states with a
total cost of Rs. 2,00,483 thousand. A revised
scheme was approved on 12th March, 1996 by
the Expenditure Finance Committee (EFC) and
under the scheme, models A and B with
identified components at a total cost of Rs. 41
lakh and Rs. 74 lakh respectively have been
approved. During the current year (1996-97),
about 10 units for a total cost of Rs. 495 lakh are
likely to be sanctioned to the States on receipt of
proposals.
DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL MARINE
FISHERIES
Motorisation of Traditional Craft.
6.25 This production oriented scheme was
introduced during the Seventh Five Year Plan in
order to help the fishermen to reduce physical
strain and to extend the range of operation of
their traditional craft, thereby increasing their fish
catch and income. Under this scheme, 50 per cent
of the cost of engine is provided as subsidy
subject to a maximum of Rs. 10,000/- for OBM
and Rs. 12,000/- for IBM which is shared by the
Centre and the State equally. Besides, a sum of
Rs. 6,000/- is also provided as grant for purchase
of gear. In the case of Union Territories the entire
cost of subsidy on gear is .met by the Centre.
6.23 Environmental management plan has been

sanctioned for implementation in Orissa, West
Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. The preparation of
Environ- mental Action Plan has been completed
by Orissa through Orissa Remote Sensing
Application Centre (ORSAC), whereas in West
Bengal and Andhra Pradesh it will be taken up
shortly. Strengthening of infrastructure for inland 6.26 About 26,000 traditional craft have been
fish marketing
sanctioned for motorisation in the country upto
1995-96 since its inception. During 1996-97, it is
6.24 The Centrally Sponsored Scheme on expected that about 6000 craft would be
Strengthening of infrastructure for Inland Fish sanctioned to be motorised with a Central share
Marketing is being continued during 1996-97. of about Rs. 600 lakh including grant for
The objective of the scheme is to create facilities purchase of gear, etc.
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Introduction of Plywood Craft.
Enforcement of Marine Fishing Regulation

Act and Setting up of Artificial Reefs and Sea
6.27 This component is under implementation Farming Projects
from 1991-92 onwards with a view to provide a
viable alternative to wooden craft such as canoes 6.33 This new Centrally Sponsored Scheme was
and catamarans since wood is becoming scarce launched during 1993-94 onwards in order to
and more expensive. Under this scheme, 25 per assist the States in the enforcement of Marine
cent subsidy is provided towards the cost of the Fishing Regulation. Under this scheme, 100%
craft limited to Rs. 30,000/- per craft which is Central grant-in-aid is provided towards capital
shared between the Centre and the State cost of procurement of patrol craft in order to
Governments equally and fully met by the Centre carry out surveillance in territorial waters to
for the UTs.
safeguard the interest of traditional fishermen.
6.28 During 1995-96, sanction was issued for 6.34 Upto 1995-96, 25 patrol craft were
introduction of 230 plywood craft. During 1996- sanctioned to the States of Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
97, it is proposed to introduce 300 plywood craft. Orissa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal
and Maharashtra with a Central grant of Rs. 1941
Introduction of Intermediate Craft for lakh. Besides, about 40 artificial reefs have also
Exploitation of Offshore Pelagic Fishery been sanctioned to be set up during 1995-96 on
the coast of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh etc.
resources.
under this scheme.
6.29 Under this component, it is planned to
introduce a new generation of multiday offshore Infrastructure Development for Marine
pelagic intermediate fishing craft for exploitation Fisheries
of hitherto underexploited offshore pelagic fish
species like sharks, tunas, etc. Under this 6.35 Development of Fishery Harbour facilities is
component 25 percent of the cost of craft and largely responsible for increased landings of high
gear unit is provided as subsidy subject to a value fish, higher export and resulting enhanced
maximum of Rs. 200 thousand per unit which is foreign exchange earnings.
shared on 75:25 basis between the Centre and
State and fully by the Centre in respect UTs.
6.36 Government of India have initiated a Central
Sector Scheme and a Centrally Sponsored
6.30 During 1995-96, sanction was issued to Scheme during 1964 for providing landing and
introduce 4 craft. During 1996-97, it is proposed berthing facilities for fishing craft. The objective
to introduce about 70 such craft.
of the scheme is to provide appropriate and
adequate infrastructure for efficient operation of
Reimbursement of Central Excise Duty on constantly increasing number of fishing craft and
HSD oil supplied to Mechanized Fishing thus contributing for the increase in fish landings.
Vessels below 20 m length.
6.37 Under the Central Sector Scheme, 100
6.31 The scheme aims to help the small percent grant is provided to Port Trusts for
mechanized fishing owners/operators to bring construction of fishing harbours at major ports
down the operational cost of their boats and to and under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme 50
encourage them to increase the fishing days and percent share of funds are provided to maritime
thereby their catch and income. The scheme was State Governments for construction of minor
introduced from 1990-91 onwards with 100% fishing harbours and landing centres. Since the
reimbursement cost to be shared on 80:20 basis inception of the scheme till the end of 1995-96,
between the Centre and the State from 1991-92 the Government of India had sanctioned 6 major
onwards. From 1995-96 onwards, the entire cost fishing harbours, 41 minor fishing harbours and
of reimbursement of Central Excise Duty will be 138 fish landing centres. Out of these, 5 major
borne by the Central Government, provided the fishing harbours, 28 minor fishing harbours and
states waive off fully the Sales Tax on HSD oil 114 fish landing centres have been commissioned
supplied to these fishing vessels.
by the end of 1995-96.
6.32 Central Excise Duty reimbursement cost 6.38 During the year 1995-96,3 minor fishery
amounting to Rs. 27,32,00 thousand was to harbours and I fish landing centre were
benefit about 18000 small mechanized boats upto sanctioned at a total
1995-96.
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cost of Rs. 2255.10 lakh whereas 1 minor fishery partial disability. A single policy will be taken in
harbour and 5 fish landing centres were respect of all the participating States/U.Ts
commissioned.
through FISH-COPFED and enhanced premium
would be Rs. 12 per beneficiary.
Welfare Programme for Fishermen
6.43 During 1995-96, 10.65 lakh active fishermen
6.39 The Centrally Sponsored Scheme, National were insured and an amount of Rs. 7779 thousand
Welfare of Fishermen has the following three was released to the States/U.Ts. During 1996-97,
components:
it is proposed to cover 11.00 lakh active
fishermen under this scheme with a budget
(i) Development of Model Fishermen Villages.
provision of Rs. 6600 thousand.
(ii) Group Accident Insurance Scheme for Active Saving-cum-Relief for Marine Fishermen
Fishermen.
6.44 The objective of this component is to
(iii)
Saving-cum-Relief for Marine fishermen. provide financial assistance to marine fishermen
during lean fishing seasons. Under this
component, the beneficiary fishermen contribute
Development of Model Fishermen Villages.
a part of their earning during fishing months 117
6.40 The objective of this component of the Rs.45/-per month. The contribution is matched
welfare scheme is to provide basic civic with equal contribution each by the Central and
amenities such as housing, drinking water and State Government and the tripled amount is
construction of community hall for fishermen distributed back to fishermen in four equal
villages. During 1995-96, 205 model fishermen instalments 117 Rs.270/per month. In case of
villages were to be developed with an amount of UTs, the share of the Administration is also borne
Rs. 37,477 thousand released to State by the Central Government.
Governments/UT Administrations. It is proposed
to develop 60 more villages in 1996-97 with a 6.45 During 1995-96, about 2.15 lakh fishermen
budget provision of Rs. 30,000 thousand. In each were covered under this component and an
village a minimum of 10 and maximum of 100 amount of Rs.78926 thousand was released as
housing units, upto 5 tube-wells and one Central assistance to various maritime
community hall (if the number of houses to be States/U.Ts. About 2.75 lakh beneficiaries are
constructed is 75 or more) will be constructed. expected to be covered under this scheme during
While 50% of the cost will be met by the Central 1996-97. It has been decided to continue this
Government, the remaining 50% will be met by component during the Eighth Five Year Plan.
the concerned State Government. In case of UTs, Fisheries Training and Extension
cent per cent expenditure is borne by the Centre.
6.46 A Central Sector Scheme Fisheries
Group Accident Insurance Scheme for Active Training and Extension with 100% assistance
Fishermen
came into existence in June 1994. The main
6.41 The objective of this component is to objective of the.scheme is to provide training to
provide insurance cover to fishermen actively fishery personnel so as to help them undertake
engaged in fishing. Under this component of the fisheries extension programmes effectively which
scheme, active fishermen are insured for also includes training of fish farmers/fishermen to
Rs.25,000 for one year against death or enable them to pursue the vocation on a scientific
permanent disability and Rs. 12,500 for partial basis. To enhance training facilities, the scheme
disability. The insurance premium is Rs. 11.25 also provides assistance for setting up/
per beneficiary per year, 50 per cent of which is upgradation of two training centres in States/UTs.
subsidised by the Central Government and the Other components of the scheme are:
remaining 50 per cent is subsidised by the State (i) To bring out short, concise and specific
Government. In case of Union Territories, 100
publications in the form of manuals with a
per cent premium is borne by the Government of
view to provide adequate extension material to
India.
the trainees and personnel associated with fish
production and allied activities.
6.42 From 1996-97, it is proposed to enhance the
insurance cover to Rs.35,000 in case of death or (ii)Production of video films on the technologies
permanent disability and Rs. 17,500 in case of
developed by the Research Institutes/
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Organizations as well as by States Fisheries Brackish-water farms. During 1996-97, the

Departments for the development of fisheries Institute has also been involved in selection of
and its publicity through electronic media.
sites and preparation of survey reports in respect
of the World Bank Shrimp and Fish Culture
(iii) To conduct meetings /workshops/ seminars, Project.
etc. which are of national importance and
relevant to the fisheries sector.
Important Developments during 1996-97
6.47 During 1995-96, an amount of Rs.38,00
thousand
was
released
to
various
States/Organizations for training of 795 fish
farmers, setting up/ upgradation of 12 training
centres, preparation of 18 extension manuals and
purchase of 20 films/video cassettes, conducting
study, production of documentary films and
organization of seminars, workshops, etc.
Central Fisheries Institutes
Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and
Engineering Training (CIFNET), Kochi.
6.48 The objective of the Institute is to make
available sufficient number of operatives of
fishing vessels and technicians for shore
establishments. In addition to the main campus at
Cochin, the Institute has units at Madras and
Visakhapatnam. The Institute has a total intake
capacity of 200 trainees for the two main courses
of Mate Fishing Vessels Course and Engine
Driver Fishing Vessels Course which are of 18
months duration. During 1996-97, about 200
trainees are expected to be trained in these two
main training courses. In addition, the Institute
also conducts short-term training programmes for
sponsored/Departmental candidates in fishing
technology, gear technology, etc. and about 187
candidates are expected to be trained in these
short-term courses.
Integrated Fisheries Project (IFP), Kochi
6.49 This project envisages processing,
popularization
and
test
marketing
of
unconventional varieties of fish. During 1996-97,
about 400 tonnes of fish are expected to be
processed and marketed. The Project has a fleet
of five vessels of different sizes, a well-equipped
marine workshop and a slipway to slip vessels
upto 250 tonnes, an ice-cum-freezing plant and a
modern processing unit. It also provides
institutional training in various courses.
Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for
Fishery (CICEF), Bangalore.
6.50 The Institute is engaged in techno-economic
feasibility study for location of fishery harbours
and
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6.51 The draft National Fisheries Policy

document has been circulated to the concerned
Ministries/ Departments and others for obtaining
their comments/ suggestions on the draft Policy.
Action has been taken to get approval of the
Policy by the Cabinet.
6.52 During 1996-97, a meeting of the Central
Board of Fisheries was held in Bangalore on 6th
November, 1996 under the Chairmanship of the
Union Agriculture Minister. Other members of
the Board who attended the meeting included
Ministers in-charge of inland and marine fisheries
in the States, senior officers of the Central/State
Governments and representatives of ICAR
Institutes, NABARD and other concerned
organizations. Important national level problems
on fisheries development were dis- cussed.
6.53
The
Board
made
important
recommendations for the optimum growth of the
sector, conservation of fishery resources, etc.
Externally Assisted Projectes
6.54 The following externally aided projects are
under implementation during 1996-97.
Pilot Project for Commercial Trout Farming
in Kullu Valley of Himachal Pradesh
This bilateral project which is being implemented
in the State of Himachal Pradesh with Norwegian
assistance was initially for a duration of six years
from January 1988 to March 1994. The project
was subsequently extended for a further period of
three years due to the devastation caused by
floods in the Kullu Valley during July 1993. The
objectives under the project included (a) transfer
of technology for trout fish farming (b) utilizing
the untapped riverine resources of Himachal
Pradesh and (c) providing a means of earning and
living for the people of the region. The total
amount of foreign assistance available under the
project which was 11.3 million Norwegian
Kroners as on 9.3.95 is being enhanced to 11.98
million NOK on the basis of a request received
from Government of Himachal Pradesh mainly to
reconstruct the foot bridge and approach road
washed away during 1995 floods.
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6.55 The results achieved under the project were (3) To establish a prawn feed mill having
as follows:
production capacity of 8500 tonnes/annum.
(4) To set up a Quality Control and Applied
(1) Commissioning of the new hatchery by
Research Laboratory.
installing necessary equipments.
(5) To make available the required foreign
technology for successful implementation of
(2) Decommissioning of the feedmill and
the project.
production of pelletted feeds at the farm
(larval, on-growing and brood stock)
6.59 The project was to be implemented over a
period of five years but actual implementation
(3) Successful hatching of the imported rainbow started only in 1993 due to Gulf war.
trout eyed ova with high survival rates
(above 80%)
6.60 The main results achieved under the project
were as follows:
(4) Training of staff both of Himachal Pradesh
and other States like Sikkim and Uttar (1) A survey of brackish water area of Kerala
Pradesh in trout farming.
was conducted during 1989 and 1990 and
the results are available in the publication
6.56 The project has helped the State
Kerala Fisheries Brackish Water Resources
Government in identifying suitable sites for trout
Survey ; 1991 (At a Glance).
farming and in identifying suitable socio(2) Land acquisition for a hatchery at Odayam is
economic groups to start trout farming.
almost complete and considerable progress
has been achieved in the establishment of
Kerala Fisheries Development Project for
Quality Control and Research Laboratory.
Prawn Culture with assistance from Kuwait
(3)
The technical consultancy arrangements
Fund for Arab Economic Development.
under the project which was postponed due
to slow progress since July 1994, is being
6.57 This project for which an agreement was
revived to complete left over components
signed between the Kuwait Fund for Arab
under the project.
Economic Development and Government of
India/Government of Kerala on .24.2.89
involving an investment of Rs. 75,00,000 Indo-German Reservoir Fisheries Developthousand (of which Rs. 35,00,000 thousand will ment Project in Kerala
be a loan assistance from Kuwait Fund) had the
6.61 This project is being implemented in a
following objectives:
phased manner. The objective of the project is to
(1) Increasing production and exports of prawn improve the living conditions of families
belonging to socially and economically backward
from the State.
and marginalised scheduled caste and scheduled
(2) Increasing job opportunities for fish farmers
tribe communities of Kerala hinterland through
and fishermen in the project area.
improved utilization of reservoir resources by
(3) Tapping the rich natural water resources establishing a sustainable culture based-capture
available in the State for prawn culture.
fishery. The initial phase of the project which was
an orientation phase involved an investment of
DM629800 from the German side (Rs. 126,00
thousand approximately) and Rs. 50,00 thousand
in terms of local costs. The duration of this phase
was for 36 months from March, 1992- March,
1995. During the orientation Phase, a
comprehensive fisheries management concept
was elaborated and the socioeconomic and bio(1) To develop scientific prawn farming in an technical viability tested for future utilization and
area of 1500 hectares.
management of original five pilot reservoirs in
(2) To establish four shrimp hatcheries each Palghat (Malampuzha, Chulliyar and Puthundy)
having a production capacity of 60 million and Trichur Districts (Vazhani, Peechi).
per hatchery (PL 20)
6.58 The Government of Kerala has constituted a
registered society for the implementation of the
project in the State, namely, the Agency for
Development of Aquaculture, Kerala (ADAK)
with headquarters at Trivandrum. The major
components under the project are as follows:
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6.62 The second Phase of the project is now

under implementation in the State for duration of
34 months from 1.6.95 to 31.3.1998. During this
period the German Government will make
available a contribution of DM 826760 (Rs.
190,00 thousand) towards the project and the
Government of Kerala approximately Rs. 220,00
thousand. During this phase the management
strategy evolved during the first phase of the
project will be put into operation on the five
reseviors of Malampuzha, Pothundy, Chulliyar,
Peechi and Vazhani in addition to developing
additional reserviors (Mangalam, Menkara,
Peruvannamuzhi, Kanjrappuzh, Kallada, Walayar
and Neyyar). The executive agencies for the
project are Fisheries Department, Government of
Kerala and German Agency for Technical
Cooperation (GTZ).
6.63 The most significant achievement under the
project includes Co-operative Action Planning
and Implementation (CAP) which aims at
empowering fisher co-operatives and reservoir
communities to plan and implement their own
activities.
6.64 About 100 sub-projects under CAP have
been initiated and implemented so far. The
floating hatchery established at Malampuzha is
the first of its kind.
Rehabilitation of Two Training Vessels of
CIFNET Cochin with Danida Assistance
6.65 The object of this project which is for a
duration of five years from June, 1993 to June,
1998 is to rehabilitate two training vessels
Skipper II and Skipper III delivered by Danida to
CIFNET Cochin during 1979/80. As per the
progress reports received equipments received in
respect of these vessles were installed on board
during the dry docking of the vessels (December
1994 to February, 1995). Performance of vessels
have improved to the extent spare parts and
equipments are fitted to them. Efforts are being
made to obtain a few additional items which are
yet to be supplied by the donor agencies.
Institutional Co-operation between CIFNET
Cochin and the Institute of Marine Research
(IMR) Bergen (Norway)
6.66 The objectives of the project, which is for a
three year duration from 15th December, 1993 to
14th December, 1996, are
(1) To develop selective shrimp trawl fishing
technology for Indian waters and
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(2) To promote such technology in commercial

fishing fleet operations. During the project
period Norway was to provide an assistance
of NOK 1.91 millions to India (NOK 1.125
million for personnel services and NOK
0.785 million for procurement)
6.66.1 As per progress report received, this
project has not made satisfactory results as yet
although selective shrimp trawling experiments
were carried out.
6.66.2 Accordingly a decision has been taken for
the discontinuance of the project beyond
December, 1996 subject to fulfillment of certain
commitments from both the sides.
Phase III of Bay of Bengal Programme
(BOBP) dealing with Coastal Fisheries
Management
6.67 This project which is financed equally by the
Governments of Denmark and Japan within the
frame work of the FAO/Government co-operation
programme (BOBP) for a duration of three years
with effect from 18.3.94. The total budget for the
project is US$ 3 million and the recipient
countries include Bangaladesh, India, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
Yearly counterpart cash contribution of
Government of India to this project is US$
25,000. The present phase of the project is
focusing on enabling participatory integrated
aquaculture management in the context of
Integrated Coastal Zone Management.
6.68 On the basis of a national workshop held in
July, 1995 it has been decided that BOBP would
assist the States of West Bengal and Andhra
Pradesh in improving the management of shrimp
culture to ensure their ecological and economic
sustainability and assist the States of Orissa and
Tamil Nadu in improving the management of
Coastal Fisheries in general and coastal trawl
fisheries in particular. BOBP is in the process of
undertaking preparatory studies and consultations
with the four coastal States with a view to evolve
detailed work plans and budgets. Under the
project one proposal has been mooted for funding
under GEF through Ministry of Environment and
Forests.
Overseas Development Administration (UK)
assisted Bay of Bengal Post Harvest Fisheries
Project.
6.69 This project seeks to support post harvest
aspects of fisheries development not covered
under SIDA/
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DANIDA assisted Bay of Bengal Programme.

The current phase of the programme (IIIrd) is for
duration of five years commencing from 1992-93
and during this period Government of United
Kingdom would provide an assistance of
970100.
6.70 During the current phase the project seeks to
enhance the income of fisher-folk and other
persons engaged in artisanal fishing, fish
processing, distribution and marketing through
the following sub-projects identified for
implementation during phase II of the
programme:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Anchovy drying and marketing

use of ice by fishing communities.
Development of shark skin leather processing
Market support for fisherfolk in general and
fisher-women in particular with a view to
improving their marketing ability and
incomes.
5. Development of domestic marketing system.
6.71 Some of the achievements under the project
during the current year were as follows:
Women are encouraged to take bigger role in the

fisheries sector. In the Integrated Fisheries
Project, Cochin, a large number of women are
employed in its processing plants. Women are
also being included in the Management
Committees of Fish Farmers Development
Agencies. More and more women are being
trained in various activities concerning fisheries
development. The cumulative position regarding
training of women through schemes of Fisheries
Division is given below:
1. Area of Training
: Brackish-water Fish
Farmers
Development
Agencies (BFDAs) and
Fresh
Water
Fish
Farmers Development
Agencies (FFDAs).
a. Organization of : After the registration of
training courses
women with BFDA and
FEDA,
training
is
imparted as one time
measure.
b. No. of women : 443 received training in
participants
BFDA upto 1995-96;
9366 received training in
FFDAS till 1995-96
1. Production of different varieties of dried Measures taken for Control & Abatement of
anchovies through various womens groups Pollution in Aquaculture Activity
in a number of villages in Kanyakumari
District.
6.73 To keep our coastal zone free from pollution
and for making aquaculture an environment2. Production of dried fish using drying racks friendly activity, the State Governments have
by a private company in Orissa (Paradeep)
been requested to ensure that the integrated
brackish-water shrimp farming units coming up
3. Popularisation of ice boxes by making under joint sector/l00% export oriented units may
arrangements for hiring them as well.
obtain the clearance from the respective State
Pollution Control Board and also incorporate
4. Popularization of an ODA designed container adequate environmental safeguards, particularly
which will improve the mobility of women environmental management plan, environmental
fish vendors through public transport system. monitoring plan and waste water treatment
systems, etc. so as to mitigate adverse impact, if
Presentation of technical papers in seminars any, of shrimp aquaculture on the environment
and vice-versa.
organised from time to time.
6.74 The guidelines prepared by the Expert
Committee constituted by the Department of
6.72 Majority of fish vendors in coastal areas are Agriculture & Cooperation for guidance to the
fisherwomen. Women also play a key role in fish State Pollution Control Boards and Aquaculture
processing, net making, net repairing, etc.
units, have been circulated to the State
Governments and other end users for compliance.
Programme for Women
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RAINFED FARMING SYSTEMS

watersheds viz., arable land, nonarable land and
drainage lines as one geohydrological entity.
7.3. The projects aims at in-situ moisture
conservation primarily through vegetative
measure to conserve rain water and to control soil
erosion and regenerate the green cover both on
arable and non-arable lands. Detaining, retaining
and using rain water as it falls and where it falls
is the first principle of the Project. The goal of the
watershed based management approach is to
evolve models of sustainable agriculture
development in rainfed areas which can be
replicated on a large scale in the country in a
phased manner. The technology prescribed is
simple, low cost and is mainly built on the
accumulated wisdom and skills of the watershed
community. This project is under implementation
on watershed basis in those community
development blocks in the country, where less
than 30 percent arable land is under assured
means of irrigation. In each of the identified
blocks, watershed of 500 to 5000 ha. has been
taken up for integrated development.
Watershed Management
Government have accorded high priority to the

holistic development of extensive rainfed areas
which constitute 70 per cent of our cultivated
land. The aim is to increase food production,
reduce regional disparity between irrigated and
rainfed areas and restore ecological balance in
degraded and fragile rainfed eco-systems by
greening these areas through appropriate mix of
trees, shrubs and grasses.
7.4. The project is promoting dry-land farming
systems including seasonal crops, dry-land
7.2. Holistic approach for integrated farming horticulture, agro-forestry, pasture development,
systems development on watershed basis is the livestock management etc. Household production
main pursuit of the development activities under including cottage industries like basket and rope
the National Watershed Development Project for making, bee-keeping and other subsidiary
Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) and other externally occupations are being promoted in consonance
aided watershed development projects. It is with ecological and socioproposed to treat all the spatial components of the
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economic settings. This is helping the landless non-arable and arable lands respectively. Under
labourers and small and marginal farmers in Agro-Forestry component, 57,23,120 trees have
supplementing their income.
been planted while 20,52,527 horticultural plants
have been raised on arable land under dry land
7.5. An area of 28 lakh ha. is targeted to be horticulture. 16904 number dug out sunken
covered with an allocation of Rs. 1,10,00,000 structures have been constructed for insitu
thousand during the Eighth Five Year Plan. A moisture conservation in upper, middle and lower
sum of Rs. 2,30,37,00 thousand was released reaches under drainage line treatment.
during 1990-91 and 1991-92 and a sum of Rs.
82,700 thousand was available as an unspent 7.7 3149 Composite/Kisan, Mahila Mandal and
balance of Seventh Five Year Plan. Thus, total Government nurseries have been established for
amount available for this project is Rs. producing the planting material for conservation
1,33,86,400 thousand. So far, 2554 micro measures and production systems suited to local
watershed projects have been taken up in almost conditions. Within the composite nurseries, 1823
as many blocks of 25 States and the Union Barani Chetna Kendras have also been
Territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and constructed to act as community centres where
Dadra and Nagar Haveli. A total area of 45.84 farmers can meet, discuss and share their
lakh ha. has been taken up under these projects problems and experiences amongst themselves
for development with an estimated cost of Rs. and field workers. Besides, these Kendras have
12407941 thousand. The micro watersheds taken the facility of storing inputs for crop
up under the projects are at various stages of demonstrations, trials, etc. These Kendras serve
development. Out of 45.84 lakh ha., area taken up as focal points for spreading the watershed
so far for development under the project. A development technologies to neighbouring areas.
substantial part of 28 lakh ha. is likely to be
saturated by the end of Eighth Five Year Plan.
7.8 In order to promote peoples participation, the
participating States/UTs have identified and
7.6. During 1996-97, an allocation of Rs. trained Mitra Kisans and Gopals out of practicing
1,88,50,00 thousand was made which was later farmers village youth and school drop-outs etc.,
on revised to 1,55,00,00 thousand. During the who are working as focal points for disseminating
third meeting of the National Watershed the vegetative conservation and other low cost
Development Policy and Implementation technology.
Committee (NWDPIC) held in July, 1996 at New
Delhi, the Eighth plan allocation under 7.9 Realizing that Mitra Krishak Mandal for each
NWDPRA in respect of four North Eastern States micro-watershed project is an effective means for
of Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland organizing and mobilizing the watershed
was enhanced from Rs. 5.42,00 thousand to Rs. community, steps have been taken to transfer a
191400 thousand keeping in view the sum of Rs.l0,000 from the project funds to the
performance and needs of the region. In case of bank accounts of each such Mitra Krishak
Manipur, allocation for current financial year has Mandal. This could go a long way in ensuring the
further been revised from Rs. 300 thousand to Rs. participation of beneficiary groups in project
10000 thousand. Similarly, in case of Orissa the implementation.
allocation of Rs. 80000 thousand had been
enhanced to Rs. 180000 thousand for the year 7.10 Stress is being laid on organizing self-help
1996-97 to step up the activities under the project groups of beneficiaries in the micro-watersheds
in view of the prevailing drought conditions to institutionalize peoples participation in the
specially in the drought-affected districts. Out of project. Acknowledging that Mahila Mitra
this, Rs.50000 thousand has been earmarked for Krishaks can play a significant role to improve
Koraput, Bolangir and Kalahandi districts. the economy of households, if properly organized
During current year, a sum of Rs.83,3100 under household production systems (mushroom
thousand has been released upto December, 1996. cultivation, sericulture, bee-keeping, etc), a twoAn expenditure of Rs. 55.54 crore has been tier training programme, one at district level, the
reported by the State/UT Governments upto other at watershed level, is being taken up with
September, 1996. During the first two quarters of the objective of promoting formation of self help
l996-97, an area of 52,150 ha. and 1,87,147 ha. thrift groups of women and their training through
has been covered under contour vegetative Mitra Krishak Mandal.
hedges on
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7.11 To operationalise the project, a massive

training programme has been launched in two
phases. The first phase involves training and
orienting the district level Subject Matter
Specialists from line Departments such as
Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry,
Forestry, Fisheries, Village Industries, etc. These
two-day training programmes have already been
completed in all the participating States / UTs.
About 2233 Subject Matter Specialists and field
functionaries have attended these orientation
courses. The second phase involving a six-day
comprehensive course for Mitra Kisan and field
functionaries have been completed in almost all
the States/UTs.
area for treatment with access to funds identified

for surrender. The State Government. of Gujarat
has proposed extension of project period by an
year.
7.15 The proposal of Government of Orissa to
treat 25,000 ha additional area within project life
in the Districts of Nayagarh and Khurda
originally not covered under Credit Agreement, is
under consideration.
7.16 The cumulative credit disbursement under
the project upto August, 1996 is US $ 33;672
million.
2. Integrated
Watershed
Development
7.12 So far, 181 model research projects covering
Projects (Hills)
51 agro-climatic zones have been approved with
an estimated cost of about Rs. 118,90 thousand.
7.17 The project was conceived to address to
integrated development of hilly areas specially of
7.13 National, Regional and State level reviews ecologically degraded Shivalik ranges in J & K,
are conducted alongwith field visits to review the HP, Punjab and Haryana.
progress of the project and explain its concept,
approach and strategy to the field functionaries. 7.18 During mid term review, US $ 23.17 million
The State/UT Governments have also started out of the total credit of US $ 86.23 million was
similar reviews by their own officers at various identified as uncommitted balance and considered
levels. National Watershed Development Policy for surrender. The participating States have
and Implementation Committee provides overall submitted for extension of project period by one
policy framework and direction for development to two years with the request for access to the
of rainfed areas on watershed basis and monitors funds identified for surrender which is under
the projects by reviewing its progress.
consideration of DEA/ World Bank. Cumulative
credit disbursement upto August, 1996 is US $
Externally Aided Projects World Bank Aided 42.34 million.
Projects Integrated Watershed Development
3. German
(Kreditanstant
For
Projects (Plains)
Wiederaufbau) Assisted Project
7.14 With the overall objective of minimising
ecological degradation by promoting sustainable KFW assisted Watershed Managements
and replicable rain water conservation measures Project Karnataka
and diversified production system, the World
Bank aided IWDP(Plains) was initiated in 1991 7.19 KFW assisted Integrated Watershed
with a project life of years (ending March, 1998) Management Project with total project cost of
in the States of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Orissa, Rs.550.75 million (DM 24 million) is being
During mid term review held in November 1994, implemented in Karnataka to treat an area of
US $ 15.0 million against the total credit of US $ 53633 ha. The programme is being implemented
65.19 million was computed as uncommitted since August, 1996 with the active participation
balance and hence considered for surrender. of 6 NGOs. The Government of Karnataka has
However, the State Governments of Orissa and made a budget provision of Rs.40 million for
Rajasthan have proposed to take up additional
1996-97 to implement the project.
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7.20 KFW assisted Watershed Development in

Maharashtra is being implemented through
NABARD since April, 1992. The total cost of the
project is Rs. 180 million with KFW assistance of
DM 12 million. The project is being implemented
with active participation of NGOs.
Tamil Nadu and Assam for creation of basic

infrastructure for multi sectoral activities.
7.25 The projects have been progressing

satisfactorily in Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan.
However, in case of Bihar and Assam, There is a
slippage. The States are being constantly pursued
7.21 A project on Capacity Building through to speed up implementation of various activities
NGOs for replication of Watershed Development envisaged under the project.
with the total project cost of Rs. 251 million will
be implemented after signing of the agreement. 7.26 The projects for UP, Madhya Pradesh,
The project will create institutional framework Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Haryana are at
for watershed management in. cooperation with various stages of preparation and finalization.
NGOs.
DANIDA AIDED PROJECTS
Swiss Assisted Projects
Participate And Integrated Development of 1. Comprehensive Watershed Development
Watershed (Pidow) in Karanataka
Project Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu.
7.22 The Swiss Development Corporation (SDC)
supported PIDOW project is a collaborative,
project between SDC. Government of Karnataka
and a voluntary organization in the State. The
project was implemented during April, 1985 to
March, 1988 as Phase I, The Project has
completed its Phase II and Phase III during 198889 to 1994-95. For taking up the project in Phase
IV, Government of Karnataka has submitted a
project proposal alongwith draft of Agreement to
cover about 4569 ha. area with an estimated cost
of Rs. 358 lakh of which 58 percent will be
contributed by Government of Switzerland, 31
percent to be shared by Government of Karnataka
and balance contributed by beneficiaries, is under
consideration.
7.27 This project was launched in 1990-91 with

the assistance from DANIDA. The objectives of
the Project are to arrest further erosion of badly
degraded lands and to develop sustainable and
cost effective utilization of several types of land
to create long term employment opportunities for
farmers not able to cultivate their own land as
well as additional employment opportunities for
marginal farmers and landless agricultural
labourers. The main components of the project
are survey, extension and training, planting of
shelter belts, establishment of demonstration
plots, moisture conservation activities, research
and training, study tours, etc. Keeping in view the
successful implementation of the project, the
second phase of the project at a total cost of Rs.
41,7200 thousand (with DANIDA assistance of
SDC-assisted People Action for Watershed
Rs. 33,7200 thousand has been started.) So far, an
Development Initiatives (PAWDI) Projectamount of Rs. 5.64 crore has been spent in the
Rajasthan
second phase.
7.23 During the first phase of three years (1996- 2. Comprehensive Watershed Development
99),about 15,000 ha. of area in the Districts of
ProjectRamanathapuram, Tamil Nadu
Alwar and Chittorgarh of Rajasthan is to be taken
up. The total cost of the project is estimated to be 7.28 This project was launched in 1994-95. The
Rs. 1533.90 lakh out of which SDC is to objectives of the project are to enable land users
contribute 64 percent and Government of in priority watersheds to practice dry land
Rajasthan 25.1% The rest about 10 percent would agriculture, range management, horticulture and
be the peoples contribution. Two NGOs have forestry including conservation and use of natural
been identified for facilitating the community resources on a sustainable basis. The main project
involvement in planning and execution of works components are formulation of village project
committees, orientation course to village project
to be taken up in the watersheds.
committee leaders in community organizations,
The World Bank Assisted Agricultural training in nursery raising and borewell
maintenance,
ploughing,
production
and
Development Projects.
distribution
of
seedlings
for
interbelt
7.24 The multi-sectoral ADPs are presently being development, establishment of shelter belts, soil
and
moisture
conservation
activities,
implemented in the States of Bihar, Rajasthan,
establishment of demonstration
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plots, etc. The total project cost is Rs. 13,5000 total cost of the project is Rs. 13,2500 thousand.
thousand. So far, an amount of Rs. 1,9400 The total expenditure, so far, is Rs. 1,9200
thousand has been spent.
thousand.
3. Comprehensive Watershed Development 5.
ProjectKarnataka.
Comprehensive Watershed Development

ProjectMadhya Pradesh
7.29 This project was launched in 1990-91 with

assistance from DANIDA with a total cost of Rs.
8,8300 thousand, now increased to Rs. 13,3500
thousand. The main objectives of the project are
to develop an appropriate land use system
through soil and moisture conservation activities
and tree plantation in order to increase the overall
production in the area and to improve the living
conditions of landless, small holders and
especially rural women,. by increasing production
of fodder, fuel, wood and minor forest products
on waste lands. This project is being
implemented in the districts of Belgaum and
Dharwar in Karnataka. The major components
are soil and water conservation, afforestation,
training, survey, studies and research. The period
of first Phase has been extended upto March
1997. Total expenditure under Phase I is Rs.
10,4350 thousand. Keeping in view the
successful implementation, DANIDA has agreed
for a second Phase of this project, which is likely
to start from 1997.
7.31 The DANIDA Board has approved the

project on 11th September, 1996. The project
agreement is likely to be formalized shortly. The
project is likely to start from 1997.
7.30 This project was launched in 1993-94. The

objectives of the project are to establish
sustainable and locally acceptable land use
system which are sustainable and ecologically
sound. The land use system would enable the
poorer rural communities to improve their living
conditions and their supply of food, fuel and
other essentials without exploiting the natural
resource to harmful stress. The main components
of the project are soil and water conservation
measures, mix tree plantations like horticulture,
cashew plantation, sisal cultivation, training and
demonstrations, etc. The
2. Doon Valley Project
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC
ASSISTED PROJECT
1.
COMMUNITY
Bhimtal
Integrated
Management Project
Watershed
7.32 The objective of the project is To halt

deforestation and help soil protection in hilly
district of U.P. which are subjected to local
ecological degradation and to meet needs of local
people, such as, fuel, fodder and timber from the
hills in an ecologically sustainable manner
7.33 The project was launched in April, 1991 for

a period of 7 years and will be over by 1998-99.
The project covers treatable area of 21582 ha.
with an outlay of Rs. 1150,0000 thousand (ECU
50.60 lakhs.) An amount of Rs. 9080,000
4. Comprehensive Watershed Development thousand has been spent upto September, 1996
and area treated is 15,830 ha. by this period.
Project Koraput, Orissa
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7.34 The objective of the project is To arrest and

as far as possible reverse on-going degradation of
Doon Valley environment.
7.35 The project was launched in April, 1993 for
a period of 9 years and will be completed by
2002-3. The project has 1,41,591 ha. as treatable
area with an outlay of Rs. 8295,0000 thousand
(ECU 231.00 lakh). An amount of Rs. 1333,0000
thousand has been spent upto September, 1996
and area treated is 14943 ha.
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SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

alkalinity, ravines, shifting cultivation and so on.
The incidence of drought and flood is increasing
which in-turn is seriously affecting the
productivity and production in problem areas.
8.2 Land is not only inelastic but is
heterogeneous in nature. In different parts and
regions of the country, it is found with varying
degree of capability for its use. This non
expandable land resource has to accommodate
the competing demands for production of food,
fodder, fiber and fuel, minerals, urbanization,
non-agricultural land use etc. It is estimated that
in the year 2000 AD, the per capita availability of
land is likely to decline from 0.89 ha. in 1950 to
Land and Water are essential pre-requisites for
0.33 ha.
the primary production system as well as for
meeting essential needs such as food, fodder,
8.3 Inspite of development in the agriculture and
fiber, shelter, communication etc. Serious thought
allied sectors, problems of soil erosion and
has to be given to the issue whether the natural
degradation have brought us face to face with
resource base particularly land, would be able to
ever increasing depletion of productivity of land
support the likely increase in population and
through nutrient deficiencies on the one hand,
provide better standard of living. Out of the total
and the ever growing demand for food on the
geographical area of 329 million ha., about
other. In the past few decades, the country has
173.64 million ha. (53%) face degradation.
made considerable advance in terms of increased
problems arising from water and wind erosion
food production through scientific application of
and through various processes of land
inputs and innovative approach to marketing and
degradation like water logging, salinity,
better credit flow.
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8.4 However, all these inputs and innovations

could become effective only if the land is
responsive and the available land is not allowed
to get degraded. It is in the above context that the
soil and water conservation programmes assume
greater significance in the modern agriculture
than ever before.
measures including Water Harvesting Structures,

Sediment Detention Dams and check bunds etc.
in catchment areas. All the above measures are
being taken up in High and Very High priority
watersheds which are identified by prioritization
survey conducted by All India Soil and Land Use
Survey Organization (AIS&LUS) based on the
Silt Yield Index (S.Y.I.).
Objectives of Soil and Water Conservation

8.7 Out of 31 Catchments, two catchments
Programmes
namely Upper Kolab and Upper Indravati were
8.5 The objectives of soil & water conservation included during 1995-96 and have been surveyed
programmes are prevention of land degradation, by All India Soil and Land Use Survey
reclamation of special problem areas and Organization for Codification of Watersheds and
improvement of productivity, management of Priority Delineation. The total Catchment area of
land resources and human resource development the remaining 29 Catchments is 76.82 million ha.,
for soil and water conservation programmes. out of which the area of degraded watersheds
These objectives are being met through the (high and very high categories watersheds) is
comprehensive approach of watershed treatment 20.76 million ha. Till 1995-96, an area of 3.16
based on guidelines already formulated. To make million ha. has been treated with an expenditure
the treatment cost-effective, the guidelines lay of Rs. 610,59,00 thousand.
emphasis on the vegetative conservation
measures
with
active
involvement
of 8.8 During the year 1995-96, the work was
beneficiaries and also Non-Governmental undertaken in 29 Catchments. Detailed
Organizations (NGOs). Detailed project reports Watershed Reports were approved, based on
are being prepared and approved for the entire micro planning on cadestral maps and on forest
period of 3 to 5 years till the saturation of the land with compartment wise density details. An
watersheds. Annual programmes both in physical area of 1.39 lakh ha. has been treated during
and financial terms are also being approved and 1995-96 with an expenditure of Rs. 60,12,00
implemented as per norms. Involvement of thousand.
various sectors such as agriculture, horticulture,
forest, etc. is stipulated for integrated treatment 8.9 In 1996-97, an amount of Rs. 65,00,00
for conservation and sustainable development of thousand has been budgeted for treating an area
land and water resources.
of 1.5 lakh ha. The present modifications in the
guidelines with inclusion of watershed project
report for their full term of saturation i.e. 35
PREVENTION OF LAND DEGRADATION
years has helped the States in planning their
A. Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Soil activities well in advance and reducing the cost
Conservation in the Catchments of River and implementation period of the project.
Valley Projects (RVP)
8.10 The scheme is being reviewed through
8.6 The Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Soil Quarterly, Half yearly and Annual progress
Conservation in the Catchments of River Valley reports. In addition to this Zonal Standing
Projects (RVP) was launched in Third Five Year Committee Meetings, discussion with Nodal
Plan. Presently, the RVP Scheme is being Department of the States are organized to review
implemented in 31 Catchments spread over 18 critically the implementation of the scheme.
States. The Scheme is being implemented with
100% Central assistance comprising 50% grant B. Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Soil
and 50% loan to States and 50% grant on
Conservation in the Catchments of Flood
matching basis to Damodar Valley Corporation.
Prone Rivers (FPR)
The main objective of the scheme is to control the
premature siltation of reservoirs by adopting Soil 8.11 This scheme was launched during Sixth Five
and Water Conservation Measures, such as Year Plan with the objective of reducing peak
Contour Vegetative Hedges, Agro-forestry, rate of runoff by increasing in-situ conservation
Horticulture
Development,
Afforestation, of water and ground water recharge by increasing
Staggered trenching, Silvi-pastoral Development the time of concentration resulting in reduction of
and Drainage Line Treatment
flood hazards. At present, the
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scheme is being implemented in 10 catchments

spread over 8 States. Soil and Water
Conservation Measures such as contour/graded
bunding, contour bund supported by vegetative
hedge, afforestation, agro-forestry and drainage
line treatment with vegetative and mechanical
measures are adopted in Very High and High
priority watersheds identified by All India Soil
and Land Use Survey Organization. The priority
delineation survey is in progress in Ghaghar and
Kosi Catchments. The scheme is being
implemented with 100% Central assistance
comprising 50% grant and 50% loan to the State
Governments.
8.12 The total catchment area of Flood Prone
Rivers (FPR) is 19.70 million ha., out of which
7.56 million ha. has been identified as critically
degraded priority area. Till 1995-96, only 0.775
million ha. has been treated with an expenditure
of Rs. 2,31,52,00 thousand.
Year Plan. Considering low coverage so far for

the above schemes, Working Group for Ninth
Plan has recommended higher allocation. For
Ninth Five Year Plan, the schemes of RVP and
FPR have been merged into a single scheme of
Soil Conservation in the Catchment of RVP and
FPR and an outlay of Rs. 11,25,00,00 thousand
has been proposed for the scheme to cover an
area of 18.75 lakh ha. For first year of the Ninth
Plan i.e. 1997-98, an outlay of Rs. 270,00,00
thousand has been proposed to cover an area of
3.37 lakh ha.
Centrally Sponsored Scheme for Reclamation
of Alkali Soils
8.17 The Centrally Sponsored Scheme for
Reclamation of Alkali Soils (Usar) launched
during the Seventh Five Year Plan continued in
the States of Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.
During Eighth Five Year Plan, three more States
namely Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
have been added. The Scheme aims at improving
physical conditions and productivity status of
alkali soils for restoring crop production. The
major components are assured irrigation water,
on-farm development works like land leveling,
bunding and ploughing, community drainage
system, application of soil amendments, organic
manures, etc.
8.13 The scheme is implemented by the State

Governments through Nodal Departments of
Forests or Agriculture. Watershed Project
Reports (WPRs) are prepared by Nodal
departments of the states generally envisage
saturation within 35 years. After detailed
examination of micro planning with reference to
guidelines,
WPRs
are
approved
for
implementation. During 1995-96, an area of 0.85
lakh ha. has been treated with an expenditure of 8.18 During the year 1995-96, an area of 46.42
Rs. 29,37,00 thousand against the target of 0.70 thousand ha. approximately has been reclaimed at
lakh ha. and allocation of Rs. 31,50,00 thousand. the cost of Rs. 3,61,17 thousand (Government of
India share) only. So far areas in isolated patches
8.14 In 1996-97, an amount of Rs. 30,00,00 with low cost measures were taken up for
thousand has been budgeted for treating an area reclamation. The scheme aimed at treatment of
of 0.74 lakh ha.
isolated patches costs of soil amendment, boring,
pumpset, on farm development covering land
8.15 The scheme is reviewed in Zonal Meeting of leveling, field channels and field drainage as key
the Standing Committee, State level discussions components. A projectised approach with much
and through quarterly, half yearly and annual larger beneficiaries participation to include
progress reports submitted by States. Under RVP, reclamation of large tract of alkali land having
till the end of Eighth plan, it is likely that 32.5 higher degree of severity is being adopted.
lakh ha. (16%) only would be covered and under
FPR scheme, 8.3 lakh ha. (11%) would be 8.19 During 1996-97, it has been proposed to
covered leaving balance area of 175 lakh ha. and reclaim 61224 ha. of alkali soil under isolated
68 lakh ha. under RVP and FPR respectively.
patches at an anticipated expenditure of Rs.
6,50,00 thousand (Government of India share)
8.16 During the Eighth Five Year Plan, it is
anticipated that an amount of Rs. 422,00,00 Alkali Land Reclamation and Development
thousand would be spent out of allocation of Rs. Project with EEC Assistance.
520,00,00 thousand achieving 10.47 lakh ha.
against target of 13.75 lakh ha. under RVP 8.20 In May, 1990, an agreement was signed
scheme. The lower level of physical achievement between EEC and Government of India for
is mainly due to non-availability of allocated Implementation of a project for Reclamation and
funds under RVP scheme during Eighth Five
Development of Alkali
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Soils in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh with EEC 8.25 A new scheme for Shifting Cultivation has
assistance.
been launched in Seven North-Eastern States
with an Outlay of Rs. 45,00,00 thousand from
8.21 The main objective of the project is to 1994-95 with 100% central assistance to the
improve the income level of disadvantaged and States. This scheme aims at over all development
marginal farmers by reclaiming the potentially of jhum areas on watershed basis, restoring
fertile alkali land.
ecological balance in hill areas and improving
8.22 The project came into existence during socio-economic condition of the tribal
1993-94. It is being implemented in the States of community. An area of about 76000 ha. is
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh at an estimated cost of targeted to be developed during the last 3 years of
Rs. 85,80,00 thousand of which the Central Eighth Plan.
Govt.s Share works out to Rs. 6,88,00 thousand. 8.26 During 1996-97, the programme is in
It is proposed to reclaim 15,000 ha. of alkali operation in 256 micro-watersheds selected by
lands (10,000 ha. in Uttar Pradesh and 5,000 ha. the concerned States and approved by the State
in Bihar). Three districts each in Bihar level Sanctioning Committee of the respective
(Muzaffarpur, Siwan and Samastipur) and Uttar States. Implementation of this programme lays
Pradesh (Unnao, Kanpur dehat and Jaunpur) are emphasis on adoption of low-cost technology
covered under the project. Life span of the project with the use of local material for Soil and Water
is 7 years; it is likely to be completed by 2001 Conservation such as vegetative measures,
A.D. The components of the reclamation package improved production systems and construction of
include:
small water harvesting structure. It also includes
components of live-stock development and house
Preliminary survey and planning.
hold production with the Peoples Participation
on farm development.
and NGOs involvement. Expenditure involved is
Boring and Installation of pump sets/tubewells. about Rs. 16,00,00 thousand annually payable by
the Government of India to the concerned State
Improvement of drainage system.
Governments in the form of Grant-in-aid.
Application of soil amendments.
BUILDING OF DATA BASE
Green manuring.
Crop production inputslike seeds, fertilizers, All India Soil and Land Use Survey Scheme
micronutrients, insecticides/pesticides.
Horticulture plantation.
Dissemination of reclamation technology by
involvement of NGOs, farmers etc.
8.23 The scheme is being implemented by UP.
Land Development Corporation in Uttar Pradesh
and Gandak Area Development Agency,
Muzaffarpur in Bihar Since the inception of the
scheme, an area of 7417 ha. of alkali soil has
been reclaimed in both the States at the cost of
Rs. 16,22,00 thousand.
8.24 During 1996-97, an area of 6280 ha. has
been targeted to be reclaimed. Out of this, 974 ha.
has been treated with soil amendment and
brought under paddy/ wheat cultivation. In the
remaining area preparatory operation like soil
survey, boring and installation of tubewells, on
farm development works, drainage etc. is under
progress. This area is likely to be treated with soil
amendment in the month of May/June, 1997.
8.27 The All India Soil and Land Use Survey is a

subordinate office of the Ministry of Agriculture,
Department of Agriculture & Cooperation,
Government of India, instituted in the year 1958.
The prime activity of the organization is to
conduct soil surveys of different intensities in
order to provide scientific data base for research
and development programmes. The major
activities of the organization are confined to the
generation of database on soil and land resources
for catchment area treatment. The organisation is
well equipped with modern facilities of soil
survey, soil analysis, carteography aerial photo
interpretation laboratories.
8.28 The All India Soil and Land Use Survey

operates its soil survey activities through 4
regional centres located at Delhi, Calcutta,
Bangalore, Nagpur and 3 sub-centres located at
Hyderabad, Abmedabad and Ranchi with its
headquarters at New Delhi. The mandate of
AIS&LUS
is
acquisition,
classification,
interpretation and presentation of soil and land
Scheme of Watershed Management for resource data for planning and execution of soil
Shifting Cultivation areas in North, Eastern and water conservation measures as well as
watershed
India
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management programmes. The major activities Remote Sensing Scheme

are:
8.32 The scheme of Application of Remote
i) Rapid Reconnaissance Survey (RRS) for Sensing Technology for Soil Survey and Land
demarcation of priority watersheds in the Use Planning has been sanctioned during 1993
catchments of River Valley Projects and which has been operationalised in 1993-94. The
Flood Prone Rivers based on sediment yield major activities in the schemes are:
and run off potential indices using 1:50,000
survey of India Toposheets.
i) District based land degradation mapping on
1:50,000 scale.
ii) Detailed Soil Survey (DSS) in the Very
ii) Development of map library using
High and High priority subwatersheds to
geographic information system for RVP
provide sound data base for exectuion of soil
catchment.
conservation measures as well as for
scientific and land use planning consistent iii) Digitisation of watershed atlas published by
All India Soil and Land Use Survey.
with soil characteristics and terrain features
using 1:15/10,000 scale aerial photographs or (iv) Development of soil information system
cadestral maps.
using GIS and relational data base
8.29 Besides this, the Organization has also taken
up Rapid Reconnaissance Survey in the NonRVP and FPR catchments since 1993-94 in order
to generate data base on vulnerable watersheds
for the whole country for planning and execution
of soil and water conservation measures. The
celebration of National Land Resource
Conservation Week during l4th20th November
of each year has also been taken up in the
catchment area to bring awareness among the
children and rural people on importance of soil
and water conservation.
management system.
(v) Statewise mapping of waterlogged land
using Image Analysis System.
8.33 The achievement made on different items
during 1995-96 are given below:
(i) 60 lakh ha. area have been covered under
land degradation mapping.
(ii) Map library in respect of one catchment has
been completed.
(iii) Digitisation of 17 sheets containing codes up

to catchment level of watershed Atlas has
been completed.
8.30 During 1996-97, an area of 117 lakh ha. is
likely to be covered under rapid reconnaissance (iv) The information pertaining to 10 reports
survey while the annual physical target in respect
have been stored for development of soil
of detailed soil survey has been kept as 0.96 lakh
information system.
ha. The financial targets under plan and non-plan
(v) Digital analysis for mapping of waterlogged
are Rs. 4,20,00 thousand and Rs. 52,00 thousand
lands of Punjab has been completed.
respectively which are likely to be achieved. The
achievement made during 1995-96 on annual 8.34 The financial achievement made in 1995-96
physical target are 154 lakh ha. under rapid is Rs. 70,00 thousand against the Annual outlay
reconnaissance survey and 0.61 lakh ha. under of Rs. 1000 thousand.
detailed soil survey. The financial achievement
8.35 In this regard, it is pertinent to mention that
for 1995-96 under plan and non-plan are Rs.
the voluminous data base being generated by
2,68,00 thousand and Rs. 48,00 thousand
conventional means for RVP and FPR
respectively.
catchments are difficult to manage physically and
requires lot of time to provide the required data
8.31 The All India Soil and Land Use Survey
base to the decision makers at the time of urgent
Organisation has proposed to take up 150 lakh ha.
needs. The development of automated data base
and 1 lakh ha. area under rapid reconnaissance
using geographic information system can resolve
survey and detailed soil survey for 1997-98. The
the management of huge data base as well as
proposed financial outlay for 1997-98 has been
quick retrieval of data to the user departments
kept as Rs. 6,00,00 thousand. Besides the
and the policy makers. Once the automated data
generation of data base on Soil and Land Use
base for RVP and FPR catchments is developed,
Survey Organization is proposing to start regular
it will serve as a decision making tool in order to
training course for State level officers on the soil
formulate strategic planning for resource
survey for catchment area treatment.
development in the country.
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8.36 The annual outlay made for 1996-97 for

both physical and financial targets are likely to be
achieved. Necessary trained manpower has been
developed from staff available under All India
Soil and Land Use Survey Scheme.
meeting for a review of the present stage of land

use policy efforts to frame future line of action.
AWARENESS CAMPAIGN TO CONSERVE
LAND RESOURCES
SOIL 8.41 An awareness campaign for conservation

and promotion of scientific management of land
resources was launched during National Land
8.37 The scheme for Strengthening of State Soil Resources Conservation Week from 14th to 20th
Survey Organization was initiated during Fifth November, 1996 with the theme Role of
Five Year Plan in 19 States and 4 Union Panchayats in Land Resources Conservation.
Territories to carry out soil survey for preparing During this week, following activities were
soil and land resources inventories so as to help undertaken:
the formulation of suitable water-based
programme.
Organization of mass painting, Essay and
Debate competition among the School
8.38 During Eighth Five Year Plan, the scheme
Children.
was implemented in the Union Territory of Organization of exhibition at the Agriculture
Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Mizoram
Pavilion at India International Trade Fair
State. An amount of Rs. 69 thousand is likely to
(IITF), Pragati Maidan, New Delhi.
be utilized against outlay of Rs. 1,00,00 thousand The message on Soil and Water Conservation
for conducting Rapid Reconnaissance Survey and
by Union Minister for Agriculture over
Detailed Soil Survey. During 1996-97, allocation
Doordarshan and AIR.
for Andaman and Nicobar Islands has been kept
Printing of posters with Calendar for 1997 and
at Rs. 10,00 thousand. During Ninth Plan, scheme
Stickers distributed to all States for onward
is proposed to be implemented only in Union
distribution to Panchayats.
Territory of Andaman & Nicobar as survey of
Mizoram would be completed during Eight Plan. Popularization of the Soil Conservation Works
undertaken by States on AIR network and
This scheme is being proposed to be merged with
Regional Doordarshan Kendras.
SLUB during Ninth Plan with total 9th Plan
outlay of Rs. 75.00 thousand, and 1997-98 outlay Publication of articles on Soil Conservation in
Journals.
of Rs. 12,00 thousand.
Celebration of National Land Resources
LAND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Conservation Week by State Governments.
STRENGTHENING OF STATE
SURVEY ORGANIZATION
8.39 Recognizing the need for optimal land use

planning, a National Land Use and Conservation
Board (NLCB) was established in 1983, and
restructured in 1985 with the main objective of
formulation of National Land Use Policies,
preparation of Perspective Plan (PP) for optimum
utilization of land resources and to coordinate
similar activities in States through State Land Use
Boards. It accords high priority to land resource
conservation and has adopted perspective plan
approach to reconcile the growing demand of
land for satisfying various needs of the society.
8.42 The main emphasis of the programne is to

make people aware about the scarcity of the Land
and Water Resources and the need to conserve
them. The Agriculture Minister in his message
called upon the farmer Panchayats, the scientists,
researchers and administrators to contain the
magnitude of the problem of alkali soils, and
fallow lands consisting of both current and other
than current fallows. He also called upon the
State Education Departments to ensure adequate
focus these aspects namely, adoption of
watershed approach in the syllabi for various
8.40 Besides the evaluation studies carried out casses at primary, middle and secondary levels.
under the auspices of NLCB, status of
implementation of these 19-points by the State STRENGTHENING OF STATE LAND USE
Governments is being obtained and compiled by BOARDS (SLUBs)
NLCB for a review of the situation on land use
and framing future action plans. Further, it is also 8.43 State Land Use Boards (SLUBS) in the
States
proposed to convene the NLCB
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and Union Territories work as organic linkages

between National Land Use and Conservation
Board (NLCB) and the State Governments with
the main objective of formulation and
implementation of land use policies. Other
activities include coordinating and reviewing the
land base programmes among the line
departments of States, organization of
studies/seminars and launching of awareness
campaign for promotion of scientific land use etc.
To strengthen SLUBs, a scheme of Strengthening
of State Land Use Boards was launched in 1986
in all the States and U.Ts. Central Government
provides 100% central assistance to States/UTs,
comprising 50% grant and 50% loan and 100%
grant to U.Ts without legislature. Financial
support of Rs. 3,00,00 thousand is being provided
to the States during 1996-97. Other activities of
SLUBs include:
8.45 During the year 1996-97 so far, 9 Officers

have been trained on Soil and Water
Conservation and 15 field and project officers
have been trained under Short Orientation
Training Course. The expenditure on staff
engaged for imparting training is funded by DAC
out of its regular non-plan scheme. An
administrative approval for 1996-97 (Non-Plan)
has been issued for Rs. 14,50 thousand. In view
of the need of strengthening and upgrading the
infrastructural facilities in the training centre, the
DVC authorities have prepared a detailed project
proposal to be executed in Ninth plan. The
tentative requirement for the project is Rs. 516,00
thousand for Ninth Five Year Plan, out of which
Rs. 50,00 thousand has been proposed for 199798.
(i) Implementation of 19 point recommendations

of the National Land Use Policy Outline
(NLPO)
(ii) Formulation and issue of comprehensive
detailed guidelines of SLUBs in regard to
sponsoring of studies and organising
awarenesss campaign. Meetings are held
from time to time to review the functioning
of SLUBs at National level.
(a) INDO
GERMAN
PROJECT
ON
MANAGEMENT
SOIL
CONSERVATION
TRAINING
CENTRE,
DAMODAR
VALLEY
CORPORATION HAZARIBAGH, BIHAR
8.44 The Soil Conservation Training Centre
located at Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC),
Hazaribagh, Bihar is organising training courses
on Soil and Water Conservation for in-service
Officers/ Assistants who are working under State
Governments. The training centre has been
organising three regular training courses each of
90 days duration every year for field
functionaries and project officers engaged in
implementation of Soil and Water Conservation
Programme. Besides above courses, two Short
Orientation Training Courses each of 11 days
duration on Hydrologic and Sediment Monitoring
of Small Watersheds are being organised every
year for officers and assistants working under
Centrally Sponsored
Schemes
of
Soil
Conservation in the catchment of River Valley
Projects and Flood Prone Rivers. Since inception
of regular training course, total 1630 in-service
Soil and Water Conservation Assistants and
Officers have been trained upto 1995-96. Also
827 field and project officers have been trained
under Short Orientation Training Course till
1995-96.
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EXTERNALLY AIDED PROJECTS

BILATERAL
WATERSHED
8.46 An Indo-German Bilateral Project on

Watershed Management (IGBP) is being
implemented in selected catchments of River
Valley Projects (RVP) and Flood Prone Rivers
(FPR) in two phases. During first phase, the
programme entitled Hydrological Monitoring
Network for Small Water-sheds was taken up in
five States namely Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Damodar Valley Corporation
(Bihar) and Himachal Pradesh respectively at a
total cost of 2.00 million DM. Out of which, the
German Contribution in terms of equipment,
expert services, studies and training was 0.8
million DM. Duration of the project was two
years (till January 1992) which has been extended
upto January, 1997 in phase II with an additional
contribution of 8.0 million DM from Germany in
III phase.
8.47 During second phase of the IGBP (from
February, 1992) with changed nomenclature i.e.
Indo-German Bilateral Project on Watershed
Management with additional watersheds for
setting up of ten Silt Monitoring Stations (SMS)
in the States of Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
Orissa and Kerala and five Representative
Watersheds (RWS) for treatment in the States of
Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, DVC
(Bihar) and Uttar Pradesh have been taken up.
During this phase, hydrological instruments
received from Germany have been installed in the
Silt Monitoring Stations constructed in the
selected watersheds.
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8.48 In order to successfully implement the

programme in Representative Watersheds (RWS)
with large scale community participation. local
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have
been engaged. A Project Monitoring Committee
has been set up to review the progress of the
project. Several kinds of trainings are conducted
for the Officers from States as well as
Government of India who are associated with
RVP/ FPR Schemes. Approximately 146 officers
have been trained under the project upto 1995-96.
8.49 There is a proposal to extend the phase II of
the project from February. 1997 to the States of
Assam,
Sikkim
and
Maharashtra
for
Establishment of Silt Monitoring Stations with an
additional contribution of 1.0, million DM. It is to
be subsequently followed by IGBP Phase III for
which a planning workshop was organised to
work out future plan of operation of the project.
are also undertaken. The total outlay of the

project is Rs. 33,06,00 thousand including
2,55,00 thousand contribution from Government
of West Bengal. The target for 1996-97 includes
5000 nos. of Tubewells, 82 nos. Dugwell, 24 nos.
of Shallow Tubewells, 24 nos. of River lift
irrigation and Soil Conservation works at an
estimated cost of Rs. 3535 thousand.
(c) UTTAR PRADESH SODIC
RECLAMATION PROJECT
WORLD BANK ASSISTANCE
LAND
WITH
8.52 World Bank assisted project for large scale

reclamation of Sodic Soil was launched in Uttar
Pradesh State in the year 1993-94 for seven years.
Under the project, an area of 45000 ha. Sodic Soil
will be reclaimed at an estimated cost of Rs.
313,70,00 thousand, which comprises World
Bank assistance of Rs. 239,76,00 thousand, and
State and beneficiary share of Rs. 37,99,09
thousand and Rs. 35,96,00 thousand respectively.
So far about 1 5000 ha. area has been reclaimed
(upto August, 1996) with an expenditure of Rs.
68,33,00 thousand on a cummulative basis. An
allocation of Rs. 45,00,00 thousand has been
provided during 1996-97 for the scheme.
8.50 During 1996-97, twenty one Middle and

Junior Level Officers have been trained under the
project
on
Hydrology
and
Watershed
Management. Seven Senior Officers from
Ministry of Agriculture and State Governments
attended the 9th International Soil Conservation
Organisation (ISCO) Conference held at Bonn,
Germany.
(d) INDO DUTCH OPERATIONAL PILOT
PROJECT FOR RECLAMATION OF
(b) NORTH
BENGAL
TERAI
WATER- LOGGED AND SALINE
DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
WITH
LAND
DUTCH ASSISTANCEPHASE III
8.53 An operational Pilot Project for Reclamation
8.51 Phase III of programme has been in of Waterlogged and Saline Land in Haryana was
operation since January, 1995 in the Districts of launched during 1994-95 to transfer the
Cooch Bihar. Jalpaiguri and Siliguri sub-division technology (equipment, knowledge and skill)
of Darjeeling District of West Bengal. Project relating to the mechanized installation of
period of phase III programme is 5 years i.e. upto horizontal sub-surface drainage system to ensure
December, 1999. The objective of this project is the agriculture production in saline water belt of
to improve income and income distribution Haryana. The project envisages reclamation of
among the farmers by increasing their production 2000 ha. in 5 years time. The estimated cost is
capacity. This is to be achieved by Rs. 25,58,00 thousand comprising contribution of
implementation of small scale irrigation schemes. Rs. 23,30,00 thousand of Netherland Government
It also includes soil conservation measures such and Government of Haryana contribution of Rs.
as field bunding, contour bunding, gully control, 2,26,00 thousand. So far expenditure of Rs. 43,02
masonory extensions of the underground water thousand has been incurred upto June, 1996 on
transmission system in case of minilift irrigation the project. Allocation for 1996-97 is Rs. 158,00
and deep tubewells
thousand.
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FERTILIZERS AND MANURES

Concession on Sale of Decontrolled Fertilizers
9.2 The scheme of concession on sale of
decontrolled phosphatic and potassic fertilizers to
the farmers originally introduced during Rabi
1992-93 season, was continued during the year
on the existing pattern. The methodology of
making payment direct to the manufacturers
based on the reports of sales received from the
State Governments/Union Territories was
followed. A provision of Rs. 22,24,00,00
thousand (Rs. 2224 crore) is available during
1996-97 for making payment towards concession
on sale of decontrolled fertilizers. The rates of
concession were enhanced with effect from 6th
July, 1996 are as given below:
Fertilizer Consumption
The consumption of chemical fertilizers during
1995-96 is estimated at 138.77 lakh tonnes as
against 135.64 lakh tonnes achieved during 199495 showing an increase of about 2.3%. While the
consumption of nitrogenous and potassic
fertilizers increased by 3.3% and 2.8%
respectively during 1995-96 over the previous
year, the consumption of phosphatic fertilizers
declined by 1.2%. All chemical fertilizers except
urea continue to be decontrolled.
Rate of Concession
Product
Indigenous DAP
(Rs. per tonne)

Up to 5.7.96 From 6.7.96
1000
3000
Imported DAP
1500
MOP
1000
1500
SSP
340
500
Indigenous Complexes 435-999
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nutrient testing facilities.
NPK Ratio
9.3 The NPK consumption ratio during 1995-96
works out to 8.5:2.5:1 which is almost to the level
of 1994-95 NPK consumption ratio.
National Project on Development and Use of
Bio-fertilizers
9.4 Recognizing the importance of Bio-fertilizers
as the cheapest source of plant nutrients, the
National Project on Development and Use of Biofertilizers has been continued with the aim of
promoting, producing and distributing Biofertilizers. During the year 1996-97, the project is
being implemented by adopting Mission Mode
approach to boost up the production, and for
organizing large number of trainings and field
demonstrations. During 1996-97, it is envisaged
to approve about 22 Bio-fertilizer Production
Units with Central assistance.
2. Organizing demonstrations
nutrients other than zinc.
on
micro-
3. Production of organic manures by setting

up compost units by municipalities.
4. Providing training to farmers on making
bio-compost
by
adopting
latest
technologies available in the field.
9.5.2 This scheme covers both irrigated and Unirrigated intensively cultivated areas where
imbalance in fertilizer use is common.
National Project on Development of Fertilizer
Use in Low Consumption and Rainfed Areas.
9.6 This Centrally Sponsored Scheme being

9.4.1. At the National and Regional Bio- implemented since 1994-95, was continued.
fertilizers Development Centres, 68 training Assistance under the scheme is provided to the
courses, 70 farmers fairs and 70 demonstrations States/UTs for the following components:
were organized and production of Bio-fertilizers
1. Supply of fertilizer bags of small size to
at these Centres was about 354 tonnes. During the
farmers.
year 1996-97, it is expected that these centres
would produce about 375 tonnes of bio2. Demonstration on integrated nutrient
fertilizers. About 400-500 tonnes of B.G.A. is
supply.
expected to be produced through BGA sub3. Assistance for production of green manure
centres.
seed.
9.4.2. In order to popularize the use of bio4. Preparation of extension material / video
fertilizers among the farmers, a large number of
films etc. for education of farmers.
training courses and field demonstrations/trials on
farmers field will be conducted. A quarterly news
9.6.1 The scheme covers low fertilizer
letter for popularization of bio-fertilizers had also
consumption areas in the country. However,
been introduced. To maintain check on quality of
preference is given to implement it in watershed
bio-fertilizers sold in the country, bio-fertilizer
areas developed under NWDPRA.
samples are received from various sources for
testing the quality of bio-fertilizers. During the
current year, the project is being implemented at Amendment in Fertilizer Control Order, 1985
a total cost of Rs. 6,45,00 thousand.
9.7 The Fertilizer Control Order (1985) issued
Balanced and Integrated Use of Fertilizers
under Section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act
9.5 The Centrally Sponsored Scheme on regulates quality, price, trade and distribution of
Balanced and Integrated Use of Fertilizers was fertilizers in the country. The State Governments
continued. The Scheme promotes balanced use of are primarily responsible for ensuring the quality
NPK fertilizers in conjunction with organic of fertilizers being manufactured and sold in their
manures, compost, green manures and bio- States through appointment of Enforcement
fertilizers with added emphasis on the use of Agencies. The Central Government only assist
micro-nutrients in high fertilizers consuming them through periodical executive guidelines,
amendment in FCO and training of their
intensively cultivated areas.
Enforcement Officers. One grade of Ammonium
9.5.1 Assistance under the scheme is provided to Phosphate (14:28:0) has been specified under
the States/UTs for the following components:
FCO in addition to a number of other
1. Purchase of equipment to strengthen micro- amendments including relaxation in particle size
for CIS (MOP).
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9.9.2 The Institute and its Regional Laboratories

located at Chennai, New Mumbai and Kalyani
9.8 The number of fertilizer quality control have analyzed 1829 samples till September 1996
laboratories in the country has increased from 52 out of which 206 samples were found nonin 1992-93 to 61 during 1995-96 with the setting standard.
up of 8 new laboratories in Tamil Nadu and one
9.9.3 The Institute and its Regional Laboratories
in Rajasthan. The analytical capacity has also
imparts mandatory training on Fertilizer Quality
increased from 94560 to 106475 during the
Control to the Fertilizer Inspectors and Analysts
corresponding period.
of the State Governments as per provisions of
clause 27 A and 29 A of FCO, 1985. Foreign
9.8.1 The number of samples analyzed has gone
participants from developing countries, sponsored
up from 77420 in 1991-92 to 93144 in 1995-96.
under various bilateral technical cooperation
Percentage of non-standard samples has gone
schemes of the Government of India are also
down from 7.0 to 5.7 showing the effectiveness
given training in fertilizer quality control. Total
of the programme.
13 training programmes have been proposed to be
organized during 1996-97 out of which, 8
Central Fertilizer Quality Control & Training
programmes have already been organized till
Institute, Faridabad & its Regional Laboratories.
September, 1996 in which 111 officers were
trained. It is proposed to organize 15 programmes
9.9 The Inspectors of the Institute and Regional
during 1997-98 in which 300 officers will be
Laboratories continued their activity of visiting
trained. The Institute in collaboration with the
various ports for inspection and drawal of
State Governments and Fertilizer Industry will be
samples from ships discharging imported
organizing 25 Dealers Training Programme and
fertilizers. Total 66 ships were inspected till
12 short term orientation courses for District
September 1996 out of which variations were
Level Agricultural Officers in States during
found in 7 ships mostly in particle size in MOP
1996-97. During 1997-98, 37 such programmes
and DAR
are proposed to be organized.
Quality Control of Fertilizers
9.9.1 The Central Teams also drew indigenous

samples from various manufacturers and their
distribution network and report sent to State
Governments for action on non-standard samples.
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9.9.4 Quick Testing Kit, developed by the

Institute for quick detection of adulteration in all
major and micronutrient fertilizers, has been
highly appreciated. This is proposed to be
popularized in the field during 1997-98.
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Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-1997

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

Andaman and Nicobar

Programms taken up for development of

New direction given to development of Fisheries

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

Brackish-water Fish Farmers Development Massive training efforts launched for

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

The productivity of alkali land has been

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

Training Programmes for

NGOs involved on pilot basis in the process

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

Sugar factories in the Cooperative sector

UT. claiming 3610 human lives and damaging

Specific programmes focused on preparedness

India also effectively participated in the World

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE

2.3 The Department is organized into 22

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

of Official language Implementation Committee

were awarded cash prizes. Essay writing, Noting

2.11 During the year, teams from the Special Cell

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

Food-grains Production Targets

production is likely to be 26.55 million tonnes as

Food Production Targets, 1996-97

3.10 During 1996-97, the production of cotton is

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

Central Sector/Centrally Sponsored Schemes are

3.17 For implementation of the scheme during

3.18 ICDP-Wheat is being implemented in the

Development 3.20 ICDP-Coarse Cereals is being implemented

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

Intensive Cotton Development Programme

3.23 For implementation of the scheme during

High Yielding Varieties Programme

3.31 The High Yielding Varieties programme is

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

TECHNOLOGY MISSION ON OILSEEDS, PULSES AND MAIZE

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

4.4.1 The production during 1995-96 declined to

National Pulses Development Project

4.4.3 An amount of Rs.34,38,00 thousand

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

4.5.2 There is a vast potential of oil palm

mechanization of bulk handling facilities has

4.5.4 National Research Centre for Oil Palm has

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

tions by ICAR Project, Directorate of Maize

cultivated oilseed crops viz. soyabean, groundnut,

4.9.2 During 1995-96, an amount of Rs. 4,26,00

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

Horticulture development in the country

5.2 The horticultural crops are providing a better

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Annual Report 1996-97

5.12 The major thrust of the programmes