Intro&to&Law&(Atty.

&Marianne&Beltran3Angeles)&

&

INTRODUCTION)TO)LAW)
Atty.)Marianne)Beltran8Angeles)
AUF)School)of)Law))JD)1)2015)
)
LEGAL)PLURALISM)
)
EUGEN)EHRLICH)
)
)
Religion/Morality/Ethics
)
)
)
)
)
)
Legal
)
Pluralism
)
)
)
State
Society
)
)
)
)
)
Legal) Pluralism:& Laws& vis33vis& everything& else.& Law& cannot&
be&taken&in&a&vacuum.&
&
&
LAW)&)SOCIETY)
&
DEFINE)LAW)
& A&RULE)that&defines&what&can&or&cannot&be&done.&
& NORMATIVE& or& what& ought& to& beO& ideal) as& opposed&
to&factual)what&is.&
&
NORMATIVE) CULTURE& & mass& of& rules.& The& totality& of& the&
following&(FORMS):&&
&
1.& NORMATIVE) SYSTEMS:& culture& specific& to& social&
orders&in&society.&)
Ex.&Respect&for&older&people,&extended&families)
2.& DOGMA:&associated&with&religion.&)
Ex.&Idea&of&the&afterlife)
3.& CUSTOM:&what&has&beenO&tradition.&)
Ex.&Fiesta,&extended&Christmas&season)
4.& MORES:&more&closely&related&to&moralsO&defines&acts&
which&are&right&in&the&relations&of&one&man&to&another.&)
Ex.&Corporal&punishment)
!
These( forms( are( not( separate( and( distinct( from( one( another.(
They(belong(to(the(same(family.(
)
NORMS)are&not&necessarily&legal&norms.&
&
LEGAL)NORMS)are&distinguished&from&non8legal)norms)by:&
&

GBAbeleda&|&AUF&SOL&&JD1&2015&|& 1&
1.& Identification) of) the) emitter) of) the) norm.) Identify&
where& the& norm& came& from.& If& it& came& from& a& branch&
of&government,&then&it&is&a&legal&norm.&
2.& Nature) of) its) consequences.&If&the&norm&is&penal&in&
nature.(Ex.(Fines&
)
ALLOTT)
)
CIRCULAR)ARGUMENT:&The&law&is&law&because&it&is&a&law.&
&
!& A& legal& system& is& not& necessarily& only& obeyed&
because&of&the&physical&force&working&behind&it.&
!& Even) before) a) law) became) law,) it) resonated.& A&
good&law&should&resonate&with&you.&&
Ex.&The&law&All&women&must&have&short&hair&has&no&
rationale.&It&doesnt&follow&illegality&or&immoralityO&not&a&
good&law.&
!& A&law&should&seem&right&to&a&vast&majority&of&people.&&
Ex.&RH&Law&
!& A& law& is& a& law& because& it& ought& to& be& a& law.& People)
do) not) follow) just) because) it) is) law.) People) will)
follow)even)if)its)not)law.&&
Ex.(Killing&
&
ROSSEAU)
)
Man) is) born) free,) and) everywhere) he) is) in) chains.) One)
man)thinks)himself)the)master)of)others)are)indeed)greater)
slaves)than)they.&&The&Social&Contract&
)
!& When& we& have& a& law,& that& law& is& usually& a& restriction&
of& rights.& It& seems& to& give& you& authority& but& it,& at& the&
same&time,&is&restrictive.&Even&if&it&seems&to&give&you&
rights,&it&also&limits&your&rights.)
Ex.(Right&to&marry&but&only&at&18&years&old)
!& You& might& think& you& are& free/feel& you& are& free& but&
actually&have&a&lot&of&impediments&to&that&freedom.)
!& Someone& who& thinks& they& are& in& a& higher& position,& a&
master& or& ruler,& gives& commands& but& is& the& least&
free/is&
less&
free&
than&
his&
subjects.&&
Ex.(Employer&vs.&Employee)
(
**One(way(to(define(law(is(to(look(at(the(FUNCTIONS(it(
performs(in(society,(FUNCTIONS(OF(LAW:(
)
I.)LLEWELLYN,)Karl)
)
LAW8JOBS) THEORY:&Laws&maintain&society&by&resolving&two&
problems,&namely&
&
1.& Adjudication)of)differences/disputes&&laws&prevent&
disruptive& disputes& within& the& group.& Should& any&
disputes& arise,& the& law& must& provide& the& means& of&
resolving&them.&&
2.& Providing) authority) & laws& provide& means& whereby&
the&authority&structure&of&the&group&is&constituted&and&
recognized.)

Intro&to&Law&(Atty.&Marianne&Beltran3Angeles)&

&

&
!& The& law& provides& for& the& manner& and& procedures& in&
which& the& above& law3jobs& are& carried& out.& However,(
not(all(jobs(are(LawJjobs.(
&
II.)SUMMERS,)Robert)
&
5)TECHNIQUES)OF)LAW:)May&be&used&to&implement&policies&
&
1.& To&remedy&grievances&
2.& As& a& penal& instrument/To& prohibit& and& prosecute&
forbidden&behaviors&
3.& To&promote&certain&defined&activities&
4.& To&manage&various&governmental&public&benefits&(e.g.&
education,&welfare,&etc)&
5.& To& give& effect& to& certain& private& arrangements& (e.g.&
law&of&contracts)&
&
**Another(way(of(defining(Law,(LAW(AS(RULES:(
(
III.)AUSTIN,)John)
)
COMMAND) THEORY:& Law& is& a& command& separate& from&
society.&It&is&the&command&of&the&sovereign&body.)
&
!& Austin& defined& law& from& an& ivory) tower,& in& a&
vacuum&divorced&from&social&contexts&or&settings.)
!& Major) Problem:) Not& all& laws& are& commands& and& not&
all& commands& are& laws.& There& are& many& rules& of& law&
which&do&not&command&us&to&do&things&at&all.&power3
giving&rules&v.&duty3imposing&rules)
)
IV.)HART,)HLA)
)
Law&as&A)SYSTEM)OF)RULES.)
&
!& The& legal& system& is& a& UNION& of& primary& and&
secondary&rules:)
)
1.& PRIMARY) RULES:& Impose& duties& or& obligations& on&
individuals.& However,& in& developed& and& complex&
society,& certain& problems& arise& from& primary& rules&
which& have& to& be& dealt& with& by& means& of& additional&
rules&(secondary&rules)))
2.& SECONDARY)RULES:)Rules&about&rules)
a.& Rules)of)Recognition:&define&what&is&truly&a&
law& by& reference& to& a& set& of& other& rules& or&
institutions.)
b.& Rules) of) Change:& enables& bodies& to&
introduce& new& rules& or& to& alter& existing& ones&
in&accordance&with&changes&in&society.)
c.& Rules) of) Adjudication:& provide& for&
officials/judges&
to&
decide&
disputes&
authoritatively.)
)
!& Within& the& same& law,& both& primary& and& secondary&
rules&
may&
be&
present.&

GBAbeleda&|&AUF&SOL&&JD1&2015&|& 2&
Ex.( Constitution& & rule& of& recognition,& rule& of& change
Ex.(Rules&of&Court&&rule&of&adjudication)
!& A& law& cannot& be& considered& a& law& forever& so&
secondary&rules&are&not&necessarily&exactly&the&same&
as&primary&rules.)
)
V.)DWORKIN,)RM)
)
Rules&try&to&give&effect&to&law&but&it&should&be&within&the&bounds&
of& principles/common) sense.& All& parts& of& the& law& contain&
principles&as&well&as&hard&rules.&
)
PRINCIPLES& differ& from& rules.& The& latter& are& applicable& in& an&
all3or3nothing& manner,& the& former& are& guidelines,& stating& a&
reason&that&argues&in&one&direction,&but&[does]&not&necessitate&
a&particular&decision.&
&
!& Ex.( X& killed& his& father& to& benefit/claim& his& share& from&
the& will.& If& the& rules& on& succession& are& to& be& taken&
verba(legis&on&succession,&X&will&benefit.&Dura(lex(sed(
lex.&But&here,&the&outcome&is&affected&by&the&principle&
that&no(man(should(profit(by(his(own(wrong.&Hence,&
despite& the& existence& of& rules& on& succession& which&
are&in&Xs&favor,&he&does&not&receive&the&inheritance.&
(
VI.)HOLMES,)Oliver)Wendell)
)
The& life& of& law& has& not& been& logic,& but& experience.& Law& itself&
may& not& change& but& the& interpretations& may& change& but& there&
are&only&some&instances.&Otherwise,&verba&legis.&
&
**AUTHORITY(in(Society(
)
WEBER,)Max&
&
3)TYPES)OF)AUTHORITY)
&
1.& CHARISMA) & authority& results& from& the& leaders&
personal,&individual&characteristics/&strong&personality&
which&
sets&
him&
apart.
Ex.(Celebrities,&Hitler&
2.& TRADITIONAL) AUTHORITY) & authority& is& sustained&
because& it& is& traditional:& it& has& always& been& so.&
Ex.(Monarchy,(tribes(&
3.& RATIONAL8LEGAL/BUREAUCRACY) & authority&
legitimized& through& rules& and& procedures.&
Ex.(Parliament&through&a&constitution)
(
Not(clear(cut(and(rarely(exist(in(their(pure(form.(Most(societies(
have(more(than(one(type.(
)
WHO)DETERMINES)AUTHORITY?)
&
Studies& in& various& disciplines& show& that& a& legal& order& must& at&
least&provide:&
&
1.& Recognition)of)legitimate)authority)

Intro&to&Law&(Atty.&Marianne&Beltran3Angeles)&

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2.& Means)of)resolving)disputes)
3.& Facilitating)interpersonal)relationships)
&
WHAT)KEEPS)SOCIETY)TOGETHER?)
Not&only&law&because&if&law&were&suddenly&relaxed,&it&is&unlikely&
that&society&would&immediately&plunge&into&chaos&and&disorder.&
(
**LAW(&(SOCIETY(
)
DURKHEIM,)EMILY)
&&
2)TYPES)OF)SOCIETY)
)
1.& SIMPLE)SOCIETY)&technologically&underdeveloped.&)
!& All& members& have& the& same& job& and& work& for& the&
same&goal,&e.g.&every&man&is&a&farmer.&)
!& Because&their&jobs&are&the&same,&the&kind&of&law&used&
is& REPRESSIVE/PENAL) LAW) in& order& to& repress&
deviant&individuals&who&go&against&the&collective&goal&
and& to& maintain& the& boundaries& between& acceptable&
and&unacceptable&behavior.)
)
2.& ADVANCED)SOCIETY&&advanced&in&terms&of&technology&
and&social&structure.&)
!& Because& of& increasing& complexity,& there& occurs&
occupational) specialization&or&division&of&labor,&e.g.&
farmer"miller"baker.&)
!& There& are& different& jobs& so& members& dont& work& for&
the&same&goal.)
!& INTERDEPENDENCE& between& the& members.& Each&
has& a& social& importance& in& his& own& right& rather& than&
simply&being&one&member&of&a&collective.)
!& WINNER8TAKE8ALL) ATTITUDE:& Dispute& settlement&
where& parties& do& not& want& to& continue& their&
relationship.&
There&
are&
many&
options.&&
Ex.((1)&A&who&injures&B&had&no&prior&relationship&and&
anticipates& no& future& relationship.& (2)( There& is& a&
disagreement& between& A& && B,& then& A& transfers& to&
C.&)
!& Use& COMPENSATORY) LAW) to& solve& grievances& by&
trying& to& restore& the& aggrieved& person& to& the& position&
he&was&in&prior&to&the&dispute.&)
!& Nevertheless,&negotiations&and&compromise)may&still&
take&
place.&&
Ex.(A&realizes&that&he&has&to&maintain&relationships&or&
that&he&is&stuck&with&B&they&will&agree&to&compromise.)
)
Problem/Criticism:& Its& not& as& simple.& Even& in& simple&
societies& there& are& compensation& laws& already.& Likewise,&
even&in&advanced&societies,&there&are&still&repressive&laws.&
)
PARSONS,)Talcott)
)
!& CONSENSUS) VIEW) OF) SOCIETY:& society& as& a&
system& comprising& actions& and& institutions,& each&
functioning&to&maintain&social&stability&and&order.&
)

GBAbeleda&|&AUF&SOL&&JD1&2015&|& 3&
FERNANDEZ)
)
!& Man& is& fundamental& and& has& a& natural& propensity& to&
achieve& the& good& life.& No& man& can& secure& this& for&
himself.&
!& Society& springs& up& a& society.& An& individual& joins& a&
portion& of& his& power& with& that& of& his& neighbors.&
Everyone&cannot&be&of&equal&level&of&power.&
!& In& order& to& be& peaceful,& everyone& has& to& give& up&
certain& rights& to& become& part& of& society& "& Create&
principles&and&policies&to&govern&society&through&law&
!& The&Constitution&does&not&protect&us&from&deprivation.&
But& DUE& PROCESS& required& before& deprived& of& life,&
liberty&or&property.&
!& With&rights&also&come&responsibilities.&
&
CHANGING)NATURE)OF)LAW)
)
!& There& are& some& things& that& were& irrelevant& then& or&
now.& As& the& world& changes,& the& law& also& changes.&
The&
law&
is&
never)
static.&&
Ex.&Laws&on&motor&vehicles,&Intellectual&Property&Law,&
Nationalization& policies& of& the& government,&
International&Adoption&
!& The&law&is&understood&in&terms&of&the&society&it&works&
in.&
Ex.( Noise& pollution& law& in& Angeles& City& vs.& Metro&
Manila&
&
KELSEN)
)
!& Just) as) the) essence) of) the) community)
constituted) by) law) is) most) clearly) revealed) when)
their) existence) is) in) question,) so) it) is) that) the)
significance)of)the)basic)norm)becomes.)
!& The&meaning&of&the&law&can&only&be&really&understood&
when&
someone&
tries&
to&
change&
it.&
Ex.(Rebellion&vs.&Revolution&
&
WHY)DO)WE)OBEY?)
)
!& Fear&of&punishment)
!& Belief&that&the&expected&action&is&the&proper&one)
!& Acceptance&of&Authority)
)
ARTICLE)3,)CIVIL)CODE)
)
!& Ignorance) of) the) law) excuses) no) one) from)
compliance)therewith.)
!& Only&way&our&society&can&survive.)
!& One&cannot&say&I&did&not&know)
&
&
&

Intro&to&Law&(Atty.&Marianne&Beltran3Angeles)&

&

LAW)&)MORALITY)
)
Code) of) Morality/MORAL) CODE) & set& of& beliefs,& values,&
principles& and& standards& of& behaviour& found& in& all& social&
groupsO&COLLECTIVE&CONSCIENCE&
&
Dominant& beliefs& && attitudes& conducive& to& maintaining& the&
status&quo&which&are&translated&to&positive&general&code.&
)
GODS) LAW/DIVINE) LAW& constituted& the& ultimate,& absolute&
and& beyond& criticism& criterion& for& good& and& evil& and& was& a&
universally&applicable&set&of&values&and&rules.)
&&
ST.) THOMAS) AQUINAS& related& Divine& Law& to& positive& law&
by& arguing& that& human/positive& law& is& derived& ultimately& from&
God&in&the&hierarchy&of&laws,&therefore,&making&it&worthy&for&its&
own&sake.&
&
The&criterion&by&which&to&determine&what&is&good&from&what&is&
evil&is&the&criterion&for&REASONABLENESS.&If&it&is&to&be&law,&it&
has&to&be&reasonable.&
&
If&human&law&does&not&coincide&with&Divine&law&then&it&is&not&
accorded&the&status&of&law&at&all.&
&
WHEN)IS)A)PERSON)CONSIDERED)WRONG?)
&
LIABILITY)
)
I.&
GENERAL) CONDITIONS& 3& depends& on& principles&
rooted&in&conceptions&of&morality&
!& INDIVIDUAL) RESPONSIBILITY:) The& law& holds&
liable/punishes&only&the&actual&wrongdoer.&&Ex.(It(
is( possible( that( the( person( was( just( an(
instrument,(mistaken(identity.&
!& BLAMEWORTHINESS:& voluntaryO& No& liability&
without& faultO& required& before& a& person& can& be&
subjected&to&legal&sanctions.&&
&
II.&
SPECIFIC) CONDITIONS& 3& depends& on& the& precise&
scope&of&legal&rules/set&of&rules&
!& Specific&offenses,&a&checklist&must&first&be&met&in&
order& to& be& held& liable.& Ex.( In( the( RPC,( for( each(
particular(crime,(there(is(a(checklist(of(elements&
&
THEFT&
ROBBERY&
#& Intent&to&deprive&
#& Intent&to&deprive&
#& Unlawful&taking&
#& Unlawful&taking&
#& Attended& by& force,&
violence,&
or&
intimidation&
&
LON)FULLER)
&
INNER) MORALITY) OF) LAW(&The&natural&law&element&is&not&
in& the& substance& of& the& law& but& rather& on& the& legality& or&
guidelines&to&which&a&legal&system&must&aspire.&

GBAbeleda&|&AUF&SOL&&JD1&2015&|& 4&
)
8)PROCEDURAL)RULES)(procedural&due&process)&
1.& There&should&be&rules&(as&opposed&to&ad&hoc&judgments)&
2.& These&rules&should&be&made&known&to&all&those&affected&by&
them&
3.& Rules&should&not&have&a&retrospective&effect&
4.& Rules&must&be&understandable&
5.& Rules&must&be&consistent&
6.& Rules&should&not&require&the&impossible&of&people&
7.& Rules&should&not&be&changed&frequently&that&people&cannot&
orient&their&actions&by&them&
8.& Rules&as&declared&should&coincide&with&the&actual&
administration&of&rules&
((&
A&proper&legal&system&must&satisfy&all&8.&Failure&in&one&of&these&8&rules&
results&in&something&that&is&not&a&legal&system&at&all.&
&
Criticism:&Nazi&legal&system&with&ALMOST&ALL&except&for&rule&2.&
How& can& then& a& system& adopting& these& requirements& be&
considered&a&good&legal&system?&
)
JOHN)FINNIS&
&
Tyranny& (rulers& self3interest& or& the& pursuit& of& an& ideological&
goal)& is& inconsistent& with& reciprocity,& fairness& and& respect& for&
persons&in&which&Fullers&criteria&rest&upon.&&
Further,&adherence&to&these&8&directions&reduces&efficiency&for&
evil&by&reducing&freedom&to&manoeuvre.&&
&
7)BASIC)PRINCIPLES)THAT)ARE)GOOD)IN)THEMSELVES:)
L&K&P&AE&S&PR&R&
1.& Life&
2.& Knowledge&
3.& Play&
4.& Aesthetic&experience&
5.& Sociability&
6.& Practical&reasonableness&
7.& Religion&
&
These& are& natural& law& because& they& are& obvious& and&
unquestionable.&Criticism:&highly&subjective.(
&
MORALITY) is) thought) of) mostly) in) terms) of) sex) and)
violence.))
)
R) v) BROWN) &) OTHERS) CASE:) Homosexual& adults&
consented&to&bizarre&sexual&acts&which&were&videotaped.&There&
was&no&injury.&There&was&consent.&Victims&did&not&file&charges.&&
Issue:&Whether&the&law&should&interfere&in&the&private&affairs&of&
adults&who&consent&to&certain&sexual&practices.&&
Ruling:& They& were& convicted.& The& law& should& intervene& to&
control& such& sexual& behaviour& to& protect& the& morals& and& the&
health&of&the&public.&&
(
LORD)MUSTILL:&there&is&such&a&thing&as&private&morality.&The&
presence& of& consent& is& a& valid& defense.& If& this& is& wrong,& then&

Intro&to&Law&(Atty.&Marianne&Beltran3Angeles)&

&

everything& else& should& be& wrong,& such& as& hazing,& drug& use,&
even&a&boy&giving&his&girlfriend&a&lovebite.&
&
LORD) DEVLIN:) It& is& unacceptable& to& distinguish& between&
private& and& public& immorality.& He& did& not& agree& that&
homosexuality& should& not& be& a& crime.& Immoral& is& immoral&
whether& in& public& or& in& private.& Making& the& distinction& is&
unacceptable& because& it& will& create& erosion/disintegration.& A&
recognized&law&should&preserve&morality.&
&
FEINBERG:)If&private&immoralities&are&deterred&by&punishment,&
then&give&authorities&a&way&to&detect&them.&
&
DWORKIN:&Moral&convictions&may&be&enforced&by&criminal&law&
but&it&has&to&be&something&very&very&wrong.&
&
MORALITY) IS) RELATIVE& to& people& (cartoon& depiction& of&
Islam&prophet&Muhammed&is&found&immoral&by&Muslims&while&it&
is& a& manifestation& of& the& fundamental& human& right& to& the&
freedom& of& speech)& and& time) (complete& legal& prohibition& of&
male&homosexual&activity&giving&way&to&a&milieu&protecting&the&
rights& of& gay& couples).( This& relativity& translates& to&
corresponding&shifts&in&formal&regulation/&legal&rules.&
&
JODIE)AND)MARY)(CONJOINED)TWINS))CASE)
Jodie&and&Mary&are&conjoined&twins.&If&they&are&not&separated,&
they& will& both& die.& If& they& are& separated,& one& will& die& but& the&
other&will&live.&Their&parents&wanted&to&keep&them&as&they&are.&
The& doctors& brought& their& case& to& the& court& because& they& did&
not&want&to&just&sit&and&watch&when&they&can&do&something.&
Issue:& Morality& issue& of& balancing& between& the& right& to& life& of&
Jodie& and& Mary,& or& the& right& of& the& parents.& The& doctors& filed&
because&they&might&be&charged&with&murder&if&one&of&the&twins&
dies.&
Ruling:&Consent&should&be&given&to&operate&so&the&con3&clusion&
has&to&be&that&the&carrying&out&of&the&operation&will&be&justified&
as&the&lesser&evil&and&no&unlawful&act&would&be&committed.&
&
OBSCENITY:&Fernando&vs.&CA&(2006)&What&is&obscene&versus&
what& is& not& obscene.& Court:& Basic& guidelines& which& tend& to&
change&over&time.&
&

GBAbeleda&|&AUF&SOL&&JD1&2015&|& 5&
LAW)&)PROPERTY)
)
PROPERTY) RIGHTS& 3& Legal& system& concerned& to& a& large&
extent&with&the&protection&of&private&personal&wealth,&and&
with& the& framework& for& its& investment,& transfer& and&
consolidation.&
&
Things)to)consider:)
)
!& Property)rights)are)related)to)wealth)
!& Property&rights&=&Wealth&
!& Acknowledgement& that& unequal& distribution& of& private&
property& && property& rights& among& social& classes& is&
prominent.&
)
DURKHEIM,)EMILY)
)
HEREDITARY)TRANSMISSION)OF)PRIVATE)PROPERTY))
)
!& Problem:) If& you& are& allowed& to& accumulate& property&
and& to& give& it& to& your& children& via& succession,& then&
from&the&beginning&your&children&will&already&have&an&
advantage& over& other& people& in& their& generation& who&
will&on&the&other&hand&be&limited.&
!& Impede& genuine& equality& of& opportunity& which& would&
otherwise& allow& people& to& occupy& positions& in& society&
commensurate& with& their& abilities:& there& cannot& be&
rich& and& poor& at& birth& without& there& being& unjust&
contractssocial& status& itself& was& hereditary& and& law&
sanctioned&all&sorts&of&inequalities.&
!& Ex.( In& Singapore,& hereditary& transmission& is& not&
allowed.& Properties& are& only& rented& and& not& owned.&
Everything& is& equalized& at& the& beginning.& They& want&
everybody&to&have&an&equal&chance&at&properties.&&
)
Each( type( of( property( has( developed( a( fairly( specific(
classification.(
)
CLASSIFICATIONS/CATEGORIES)OF)PROPERTY&
&
(1)& Real)Property/Land)
(2)& Personal) Property/Choses) in) possession:&
tangible,& material,& moveable& objects& (e.g.& furniture,&
books&or&manufactured&goods)&
(3)& Choses) in) Action:& intangible,& cannot& be& seen& but&
are& considered& property& (patents,& copyright,&
trademarks)&
&&
Each( classification( has( its( own( set( of( rules/laws( and(
procedures(and(governmental(entity(which(govern(it.(
(
Ex.(
Real&Property&&Register&of&Deeds&
&
Personal&Property&&LTO&(cars)&
&
Choses&in&Action&&Intellectual&Property&Office&
)
PROPERTY)RIGHTS)
)

Intro&to&Law&(Atty.&Marianne&Beltran3Angeles)&

&

Legal)right)is)separate)from)the)object)of)that)right.)
Ex.&&The&object&is&land&&there&are&many&legal&rights&that&may&
relate&to&it,&i.e.&ownership,&possession.&For&example,&in&case&of&
rentals:&
&
& A&owns&property&&right&of&ownership&
B&is&renting&&right&of&possession&
By&making&someone&a&lessee,&the&owner&A&transfers&
a&kind&of&right&that&even&the&owner&A&can&become&a&
trespasser/is&not&allowed&to&enter&is&property&at&will.&
Lessee/Possessor&B&also&cant&do&things&the&owner&
can&do&like&sell&the&property.&
&
Several(legal(relationships(may(arise(between(property(rights(
and(the(objects(of(that(right.(
&
KINDS)OF)LEGAL)RELATIONSHIP)
)
OWNERSHIP&&most&basicO&the&owner&of&goods&or&land&has&a&
greater&degree&of&legal&right&to&deal&with&goods&or&land&
than&someone&who&is&not&the&owner.&&
&
POSSESSION&3&situations&where&the&owner&may&not,&in&fact,&
be&in&a&position&to&enjoy&the&property3object&in&question&
because&the&right&to&possession&of&that&object&has&been&
voluntarily&given&up.&
&&
KARL)RENNER)&
&
In&a&capitalist&system&Property&is&transformed:&
Title&to&dispose&of&material&objects&"&TITLE)TO)POWER,&
exercised&in&the&private&interest&(capitalism)&"&TITLE)TO)
DOMINATION)
&
Freedom)to)negotiate/Freedom)to)contract)are)illusory.))
)
!& Ex.(Employer&&&Employee&relationship:&They&would&
enter&into&an&employment&contract&where&the&ideal&is&
that&both&are&equal&parties.&But&the&mere&fact&that&one&
is&the&employer&and&the&other&is&an&employee&means&
they&are&unequal.&The&employer&has&
capital/property/material&possession.&The&employee&
lives&on&a&hand&to&mouth&existence,&he&has&no&choice&
but&to&work.&The&employees&freedom&to&work&is&
illusory.&He&is&actually&only&free&to&choose&which&
employer&he&is&to&work&for.&
&
Criticism/Argument:)There&is&now&an&effective&separation&
between&ownership&of&property&and&its&effective&control:&
)
!& A&=&owner,&B&=&manager,&C&=&supervisor,&D&=&
employee&
D)")C)")B)")A)
There&are&many&people&dividing&the&pie.&&
The&manager&and&not&the&property&owner&exercises&
real&power.&

GBAbeleda&|&AUF&SOL&&JD1&2015&|& 6&
!& In&capitalism&the&owner/shareholder&becomes&more&
powerless&while&effective)power)is)possessed)by)
persons)other)than)the)legal)owner.&
&
REAL)PROPERTY/LAND)
&
CHARACTERISTICS:)
)
!& immovable,)
permanent)
and)
virtually)
indestructible:& cannot& be& taken& away& by& thievesO&
many&have&invested&in&land.&
!& sole) and) original) form) of) wealth& because& it& is& a&
fixed&and&limited&commodity.&&
)
In) the) Philippines,&the&idea&is&still&of&the&Spanish) feudalism,)
where&you&are&as&rich&as&the&number&of&lands&you&own.&
&
Generally,& because& land& is& so& important,& citizens& of& other&
countries& are& not& allowed& to& own& real& property& in& the&
Philippines.& Only& Filipinos& and& corporations& owned& by& a&
majority&of&Filipinos&can&own&land.&
&
TORRENS) SYSTEM:) relatively& organized& way& of& being& with&
propertyO&land&registration&system&relied&by&the&PH.&Land&titles&
are&powerful.)
&
INTELLECTUAL)PROPERTY)
&
Philippines& entered& the& World) Intellectual) Property)
Organization)(WIPO)&in&1980.&
&
KINDS)OF)INTELLECTUAL)PROPERTY&that&are&protected:&
&
!& COPYRIGHT) & a& right& to& copyO& a& thing& that& can& be&
copied.&&
)
!& TRADEMARK) &3&the&mark&of&a&trade.&Ex.&The&letters,&
font,&logo,&the&bee,&colors&in&the&logo&of&Jollibee&
)
!& PATENT& & only& requires& innovationO& must& have&
created&something&nobody&has&created&before.&Even&if&
something& has& existed& before,& as& long& as& there& is& no&
patent,&it&can&still&be&given&a&patent.&&
&
IPs&such&as&copyrights&and&patents&expire.&Although&there&are&
now& laws,& there& are& still& loopholes.& Ex.& COCA8COLA) did& not&
rely&on&patent&to&keep&its&formula&a&secret.&Only&5&people&in&the&
world&know&its&formula.&You&cant&apply&a&patent&for&something&
that&is&secret.&
&
KANTOR8NAVARRO) AGREEMENT) (1993)& & agreement& to&
delist& the& Philippines& from& blacklist& of& countries& (because& of&
Greenhills),&in&exchange&of&some&promises:&
&
!& SPECIAL) COURTS) designated& for& IP) CASES)
because&it&is&a&technical&field,&it&is&a&specialization.&

Intro&to&Law&(Atty.&Marianne&Beltran3Angeles)&

&

!& RA)8293&IP)CODE)OF)THE)PHILIPPINES)enacted&in&
1997,& effective& January& 1,& 1998.& It& made& things&
clearer& as& to& when& people& are& infringing& intellectual&
property.& It& also& defined& Fair) Use) Ex.& Allowed&
people& to& reproduce& one& chapter& of& a& book& for&
educational&purposes.&
&
OTHER)LAWS)GOVERNING)PROPERTY)
&
!& Pre8nuptial) agreements.) ) If& there& is& no& pre3nuptial&
agreement,& the& property& of& regime& in& a& marriage& is&
automatically&
absolute&
community&
of&
property/conjugal& partnership& of& gains& (prior& family&
code).&
!& Legislation& regarding& forests,& mining,& fishing&
resources,& Clean& Air& Act,& and& solid& waste&
management&Act,&etc.&
&
RECENT)PROBLEMS)
)
!& Digital&technology:&videotaping,&file&sharing&
!& The& Internet/Cyber3bullying:& use& of& social& media&
accounts,&right&to&privacy,&evidence&
!& Comprehensive) Agrarian) Reform) Project) (CARP):&
only& covers& agricultural& land& which& goes& to& people&
who& have& been& working& on& the& land& (number& of&
hectares& divided& by& number& of& workers).& Issues:& (1)&
For&agriculture,&not&all&lands&are&ideal&for&small&plots.&
Investment& for& machinery& is& expensive.& (2)& Land& is&
given& to& farmers& but& they& have& to& pay& in& reasonable&
increments.&However,&they&do&not&have&the&means&to&
pay&so&they&end&up&selling&the&land.&
&

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