Experimental Methods, JTM 1

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
JULES TRISTAN T. MAGSANOC
BS HRM

Experimental Methods, JTM 2

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
1.

One-Shot Case Study

The views of tourism management teacher program
students on the five step learning strategy: The
example of the national and regional planning tourism
course (Topba & ahbaz, 2010)
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to determine the
views of the students enrolled in the Tourism
Management Teacher Program on the Five Step Learning
Strategy (FSLS).
One-shot case study design was used in the study.
The population of the study consisted of the students
enrolled in the Tourism Management Teacher Program in
the Educational Faculty of Commerce and Tourism, the
Department of Tourism Management at Gazi University,
who were taking the course on National and Regional
Planning in Tourism.
The data was collected using the Five Step
Learning Strategy Scale (FSLSS). Descriptive
statistical formulas were used in data analysis. It was
observed that the views of the students about FSLS
mainly consisted of I agree and I strongly agree
options. It was concluded that FSLS can contribute to
the effective learning of a subject.
Reference
Topba, E., & ahbaz, R. P. (2010, January 20). The
views of tourism management teacher program
students on the five step learning strategy: The
example of the national and regional planning
tourism course. Procedia - Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 2(2), 46434649.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.743

2.

One-Group Technique
Developing Teamwork Skills in Hospitality Management
College Students(Kapoor & de Villa-Lopez, 2010)
Abstract
Teamwork skills are among the most important
skills desired by hospitality management employment
recruiters, yet, teamwork skills are frequently
deficient in college graduates. The purpose of this

Experimental Methods, JTM 3

study was to determine whether hospitality management
college students who participated in a team project
with the same small group of students for one 10-week
academic quarter along with teamwork training or a
review of successful teamwork skills, and feedback
about their teamwork skills improved their teamwork
skills. An online teamwork skills questionnaire was
administered to students in an introductory, and an
upper division hospitality management course before and
after the 10-week courses. The introductory hospitality
management course contained teamwork training and the
upper division course provided a review of successful
teamwork skills, and in both the introductory and upper
division courses, students worked on a small group team
project, and received feedback on teamwork skills
throughout the 10-week period. Paired t-tests were used
to compare the students pre- and post-teamwork
questionnaire scores in the introductory and upper
division courses, and a t-test was used to compare the
students pre-teamwork questionnaire scores in the
introductory course with the students post-teamwork
questionnaire scores in the upper division course.
Statistical analysis revealed students teamwork scores
improved significantly from before the introductory to
after the introductory hospitality management 10-week
course, and from before the upper division to after the
upper division hospitality management 10-week course,
and students teamwork scores improved from before the
introductory hospitality management course to after the
upper division hospitality management course when
students were provided teamwork training in the
introductory course and a review of successful teamwork
in the upper division course, worked on a small group
team project, and received feedback on teamwork skills
over 10-weeks in the introductory and upper division
hospitality management courses. These findings suggest
hospitality management students teamwork skills can be
improved with teamwork training or a review of
successful teamwork practices, the opportunity to work
on a team project with a small team, and teamwork
feedback over a 10-week period.
Reference
Kapoor, S., & de Villa-Lopez, B. (2010). Developing
teamwork skills in hospitality management college
students. (D. Laloumis, Ed.) Journal of Tourism
Research, Open Access Journal. Retrieved March 03,

Experimental Methods, JTM 4

2016, from http://jotr.eu/index.php/tourismeducation/106-teamwork-skills
3.

Static Group Comparison

The Impact of Environmental Interpretation in
Developing a Connection to Nature in Park Visitors
(Burbach, Pennisi, West, & Ziegler-Chong, 2012)
Abstract
This static group comparison study examined
whether participants in nature-based recreation
activities featuring environmental interpretation
elicited more connection to nature than those that
engaged in nature-based recreation activities without
environmental interpretation. Two hundred twenty-one
visitors to a state park completed the Multidimensional
Connection to Nature Scale after participating in
activities with or without environmental
interpretation. Analysis using an Independent Sample tTest indicated visitors who participated in activities
featuring environmental interpretation had a
significantly greater connection to nature than
visitors who participated in recreational activities
without environmental interpretation. This result
supports the contention that participation in naturebased recreation activities featuring environmental
interpretation can increase a persons connection to
nature. Additionally, frequent park visitors who
participated in activities featuring environmental
interpretation had a higher connection to nature than
frequent park visitors who participated in activities
without environmental interpretation. This result
supports the contention that frequent park visitors who
participate in nature-based recreation activities
featuring environmental interpretation can increase
their connection to nature. For infrequent park
visitors, however, there was no significant difference
in connection to nature between participation in
activities featuring environmental interpretation and
participation in activities without environmental
interpretation. This study will help park managers and
planners improve visitors experience and better
achieve park objectives. Future studies employing
random assignment to treatment and control groups
should explore causal relationships.
Reference

Experimental Methods, JTM 5

Burbach, M., Pennisi, L., West, C., & Ziegler-Chong, S.
(2012). The impact of environmental interpretation
in developing a connection to nature in park
visitors. The Cyber Journal of Applied Leisure
and Recreation Research, 15(4), 13-30. Retrieved
March 03, 2016, from http://larnet.org/2012-04.pdf
4.

Parallel-Group Technique
Assessment of the lodging industry profitability
performance: Invest in independent or chain ownership?
(Kapiki, Mou, & Fu, 2014)
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the
economic results of the independent hotels in
comparison with the chain hotels as well as to propose
suggestions for the viability of the lodging industry.
The survey took place in Greece concerning the
period 2008-2011 and it was conducted via on-line
questionnaires among 165 hotel units. The average means
of efficiency and profitability indicators of the
sampled hotels are benchmarked and the data of 2009 are
utilized to further compare their ratios by using ratio
analysis. Furthermore, ANOVA test is used to conduct
mean difference analysis in order to identify the
differences among the means along with their associated
variables between independent and chain hotels.
The main findings of the survey show that,
generally, the independent hotels tend to be more
profitable than chain hotels. The sectors good
practices that have been identified through this study
are highlighted as suggestions for the viability of the
lodging industry both in Greece and worldwide.
Based on the findings of the survey, investors and
hotel operators may have a clearer picture of whether
it is preferable to invest their funds in the
development of an independent hotel or they should turn
to chain ownership.
Reference
Kapiki, S. T., Mou, L., & Fu, J. (2014). Assessment of
the lodging industry profitability performance:
Invest in independent or chain ownership?
TURIZAM, 18(2), 84-94. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2459498

5.

Solomon Four Group Design

Experimental Methods, JTM 6

Can Interpretive Messages Change Park Visitors Views

on Wildland Fire? (Wiles & Hall, 2005)
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of differently
formulated interpretive messages embedded in a 90minute guided tour on Mesa Verde National Park
visitors knowledge and attitudes about wildland fire.
Using a Solomon four-group experimental design, 31
different groups of visitors (N=496) received affective
arguments, cognitive arguments, a combination of
arguments, or no persuasive argument. All persuasive
programs led to significant increases (one to two
points) on a five-question knowledge scale and two
attitude scales, although the three treatments did not
differ in their effects. Attitudes became slightly more
positive about the ecological role of fire and less
negative about the destructive nature of fire. A slight
priming effect of the pre-test was found for one
measure but there were no effects on other measures,
supporting the external validity of study findings.
Attitude and knowledge changes related to fire were
greater for those who had weaker prior attitudes or
lower prior levels of knowledge. Counter to hypotheses,
the personal relevance of fire and need for cognition
did not exhibit a significant relationship to knowledge
gain or attitude change.
Reference
Wiles, R., & Hall, T. (2005). Can interpretive messages
change park visitor's view on wildland fire? (C.
Ward, Ed.) Journal of Interpretation Research,
10(2). Retrieved March 03, 2016, from
https://www.interpnet.com/docs/JIR-v10n2.pdf