NAMA

: NURUL INDA PRATIWI

STAMBUK : D321 15 303

PRODI

: TEKNIK KELAUTAN

EXERCISE 9
1. Main Idea : These new machines sell more interesting and better tasting food.
Does this paragraph include similarities, differences, or both? Yes it does, this paragraph include
differences
Signal Words
But
However
In contrast
In general

Examples
But the machines have been improved in several
important ways.
However work with plastic cards can be used many
times without error.
In contrast the new machines sell all kind of
delicious meal.
In general these new machines sell more interesting
and better tasting food.

2. Main Idea : The so-called portable computers a few years ago were heavy machines
Does this paragraph include similarities, differences, or both? Yes it does, this paragraph include
differences
Signal Words
However
Unlike
In Spite Of Their Size

Examples
Present day laptop computers, however, are
totally different
Unlike the heavy monsters of the past, the
laptop computer weigh only about five pounds
In Spite Of Their Size, though, they have much
more capacity than the older computers

3. Main Idea : The next big technological change will be the shift from gasoline to electric-powered
automobiles
Does this paragraph include similarities, differences, or both? Yes it does, this paragraph include
both
Signal Words
In some ways
On the other hand
In contrast

Examples
In some ways, the cars are quite similar
On the other hand, there is a major difference
In contrast to the sound of the ignition in a
gasoline engine, the sound of starting electric
car is click

EXERCISE 10
1. Main Idea : High school graduates are sometimes nervous about attending college, because they
fear that everything will be different
Does this paragraph include similarities, differences, or both? Yes it does, this paragraph include
similarities
Signal Words
In fact
In both places
Similarly

Examples
In fact, there are some important similiarities
between college and high school
In both places, academic success depend on
being a responsible student
Similarly, social success in college is like high
school

2. Main Idea : The University of Bologna in northern Italy is different from most North
America universities
Does this paragraph include similarities, differences, or both? Yes it does, this paragraph include
differences
Signal Words
One important difference
While

Unlike

Instead

Examples
One important differences is it age
While North American universities are often
located outside the city center, Bolognas
campus is in the heart of city
Unlike the American universities campus, there
are no trees or open spaces near this old Italian
Institution
Instead, students meet on the streets, in cafes,
and in the countryards of the historic buildings

3. Main Idea : In Russia, there is a strong tradition of learning foreign languages

Does this paragraph include similarities, differences, or both? Yes it does, this paragraph include
both
Signal Words
However
Difference

Unlike

In contrast

Examples
However, their differences are quite noticeable
One major difference s that most of the school
subjects are taught in a foreign language
(French, German, English)
Unlike the students in regular Russianlanguage schools, students are selected to
attend these schools
In Contrast to other Russian children, they

learn to express themselves fluently in a

foreign language

EXERCISE 13
1. AIDS
HIV
2. Epidemics
Bacteria
3. Coughs
Colds And Flu
4. Improperly Stored Food
Food Poisoning
5. Slow Infant Development
Poor Nutrition
6. Skin Cancer
Too Much Exposure To The Sun
7. Swimming In Pools
Ear Infection
8. Heart Trouble
Diet High In Fat
9. Lung Cancer
Cigarette Smoking
10. Skiing
Broken Leg
SENTENCES:
1. AIDS is the result of condition when the immune system damage by
HIV.
2. All infectious epidemics is caused by bacteria.
3. Coughs will follows after colds and flu.
4. Improperly stored food lead to food poisoning.
5. Slow infant development can be caused by poor nutrition.
6. Skin cancer is a consequence of too much exposure to the sun
7. Swimming in pools can cause ear infection
8. Heart trouble results from diet high in fat
9. Lung cancer is produced by cigarette smoking
10. Skiing gives rise to broken leg
EXERCISE 14
1. Coal burning factories cause acid rain.
2. Stricter C
anti pollution laws can lead
E to higher prices for consumers.
C

3. The death of lakes and streams can result from acid rain.
C
E
4. Forests have become diseased due to acid rain.
5. Coal burning
of sulfur dioxide in the air.
E also results in higher levels C
6. Higher infant death rates can result from sulfur dioxide pollution.
E
C
7. Coal burning
E causes the exterior walls of buildingsCto decay.
8. StrictCanti pollution controls may cause
E coal miners to lose their jobs.
C
E the amount of
9. Special equipment
in coal furnaces can greatly reduce
pollution that comes out the chimney.
10.

E
Pollution
the
C from carbon fuels can be decreased by encouraging

development and use of solar energy.

E

Exercise 15
Part A:
Cause 1 : Learning a new language
Effects
: Many headaches, Going to the language lab, Feeling
confused, Doing Homework, Meeting interesting people, Spending
a lot of money, Understanding others idea
Cause II : Living in a new city
Effects : Meeting interesting people , Feeling in danger,
Spending a lot of money, Feeling confused, Understanding others
idea, Finding a new job, Getting married
Part B:
Effect I : Many animals have become extinct

Cause : Smaller rain forests, Carbon-dioxide emission, Polluted

rivers, Wars, Too many hunters, Use of chemical fertilizers
Effect II : Many cities are overcrowded
Cause : Carbon-dioxide emissions, Lack of job opportunities on
farms, High birth rates,
Exercise 16
1. Main Idea : Doctors have noticed an increase in the number of
children who are treated for ear infections
Cause : Increased use of day care
Effect : Infection can be catch from each other in day-care centers
2. Main Idea : A young childs untreated ear infection can lead to
serious consequences
Cause : Untreated ear infection
Effect : Can spread to the throat and cause a general illness,
permanent damage to a childs hearing ability, cannot speak and
use language effectively
3. Main Idea : The greater numbers of reported ear infection could
result from social and economic factors
Cause : Parents more aware of treating ear infection, doctors have
economic interest in paying attention to ear infection, some health
centers charge very little for visits
Effect : Greater numbers of reported ear infection
Exercise 17
1. Main Idea : People move from one city or country to another can
result diseases

Cause : Move from one city or country to another

Effect : Spread of diseases
2. Main Idea : Changes in heating systems of building can also lead
to disease
Cause : Lowered the temperature in their heating systems due to
save heating oil
Effect : Temperature lower make the perfect deadly germs grows
in heating pipes then heated air carried the germs and many
visitors became ill and several die
3. Main Idea : Pollution of the oceans can also result in the spread of
disease
Cause : Pollution of the ocean
Effect : Phosphates and nitrates from fertilizers plus human waste
eventually flow into the ocean then make algae grow which
provide for cholera and this algae can stick to the ships the cholera
spreads around the worlds then thousand people have died from
resulting epidemic of cholera
Exercise 19
1. Cause/Effect
2. Listing
3. Comparison/Contrast
4. Cause/Effect
5. Sequence
6. Listing
7. Sequence
8. Cause/Effect
9. Comparison/Contrast
10.
Listing

Exercise 20
1. Cause/Effect
2. Comparison/Contrast
3. Listing
4. Listing
5. Sequence
6. Listing
7. Cause/Effect
8. Comparison/Contrast
9. Listing
10.
Comparison/Contrast
Exercise 21
1. Sentence : The porticos lining Bolognas streets make them far
more pleasant for walking than Florences narrow and noisy streets
Pattern : Comparison/Contrast
2. Sentence : in 1816, Bologna was once again ruled by the church,
with the help of the Austrian Empire
Pattern : Sequence
3. Sentence : Medieval Bologna was an independent city-state, and
the Bolognese developed a long-lasting love of independence and
self-government
Pattern : Cause/Effect
4. Sentence : It also comes from the many red-toned buildings in
Bologna that give the city a unique coloring
Pattern : Listing
Exercise 22

1. Sentence : Before a thousand years had passed, they had learned to

cultivate corn
Pattern : Listing
2. Sentence : It took a family several long days of hot, hard work to
harvest a few acres of corn
Pattern : Comparison/Contrast
3. Sentence : We eat corn in many forms, from popcorn to corn oil,
corn flour, and corn syrup
Pattern : Listing
4. Sentence : This will help farmers save millions of tons of corn that
are lost to disease every year
Pattern : Sequence

Exercise 23
1. Sentence : In addition, he invented differential and integral
calculus
Pattern : Listing
2. Sentence : In fact, by the age of 26, he had already completed most
of his best scientific work
Pattern : Sequence
3. Sentence : Newton was described as a man who never smiled, but
Einstein was well known for his sense of humor
Pattern : Comparison/Contrast
4. Sentence : Popular belief says that a falling apple gave Newton the
idea of the law of universal gravitation

Pattern : Listing