The Journal of The Royal Agricultural Society of England 1860 v20 1000073820

THE
JOURNAL
OF
ROYAL
THB
AGRICULTURAL
OF
VOLUME
SOCIETY
ENGLAND.
THE
WENT
'
.'
Y-PIBST.
'
'
'
"/"""!
PRACTICE
'
n*
WITH
SCIKNCE.
LONDON:
JOHN
MURRAY,
ALBEMARLE
1860.
STREET.
Us
EXl'BlU"''K^t
THKSK
WHO
BR
SHOULD
TO
OARE
TAKES
or
IT
UVSBAKVM*^'
THIMKIKO
HE
BKFOVX
AKD
AGRICULTURE,
THB
BZPBOTED.
BE
TO
PRBTARE
ALL
OF
STILL
OKE,
BUT
SUCH
OP
FORMS
EAST;
KOT
ADVANCES
XAKT
CARE
THE
AAE
A0001IPLISUS8
THSREBT
MAKE
PIB8T
TRUE,
FAITHFULLT,
ACQUIRES
^^
AVTER.
COMB
IT
18
WHO
SOCIETfES
SUCH
TO
BETOND
THE
THE
FORMED
EXPERIMENTS,
AKK
IM
HOWEVER
SCIENCE,
THE
RIGHT
IS
THKT
OF
GRATITUDE
OF
OP
FOR
AND
THE
POWER
HIS
MOOT
DISTRIBUTE
EVERT
AKD
THE
PELL0W8,
PRACTICE
AKD
INDIVIDUALS,
OP
AKD
IllPBOVEMENT
TO
OP
AFFUCATIOK,
OONSEQUENTLT,
AKD,
POWER
THE
LmiTED
OP
THE
OUR
EXECUTION
TB06B
CAMKOT
SCIENCE
OF
CONTENTS
Stattbtiob
OF
VOL.
XXL.
"
Meteorology,
Pablic
Price
for the
of Provisions
Weekly Average
Meteorology, for
H^th
Public
Price
six months
Health
30, 1860
June
ending
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
..
..
vi
vi
of Wheat
vni
the six months
of Provisions
31, 1860
December
ending
..
ditto
ditto
xiv
ditto
ditto
xv
ARTICLJB
PAGE
I.
II.
"
On
"
^The
the
Agriculture
Mechanical
Growth
HI.
V.
VI.
"
Soil
the
Spearing
favourable
1
.
for
the
Tanner
46
in
Improvements
Practice.
Dairy
By
Fulton
73
^Recent Improvements
in
On
of
the Composition
Cattle-Cabbage. By
"
J. B.
By
of
Professor
By
Recent
on
James
IV.
Condition
of Seed.
Essay
"
of Berkshire.
Practice.
Dairy
Varieties
two
Dr.
By Joseph Harding
Kohl-Rabi
of
and
of
Voelcker
Augustus
93
Nutritive
the Composition and
Propertiesof Mangoldpulp (the Refuse of Beet-root Distilleries).By Dr. Augustus
On
"
Voelcker
Vn.
On
"
97
Chemical
the
Properties
of
Soils.
Dr.
By
Augustus
Voelcker
VIII."
The
IX
of
of
Report
different
and
Xn."
Dr.
the
On
XIII.
"
"
on
and
Robert
W.
By
Dead
Wells
134
.
By Henry
Fann.
Meat
for
Growth
of
Evershed
Consumption
153
in
Herbert
the
173
Red
Clover
Experiments on
by
By J. B. Loiwes, Esq., F.R.S., F.C.S.,
Part 1
H. Gilbert,F.R.S., F.C.S.
J.
Moveable
Steam-Engine.
the
of the
Composition
P.
By
H.
Frere
178
201
..
...
Blood, and
principally
Sheep in which
the Fluid
undergoes 'important Pathological Changes.
By
James
Beart
of Cattle Pathology at the
Simonds, Professor
Royal Veterinary College,Veterinary Inspector to the Royal
206
Agricultural Society, "c
On
XV.
Mere.
Manures.
^Remarks
on
Reference
with
XIV."
Stock
Live
Metropolis. By
the
"
of Whittlesea
OflBce of Straw
Proper
Statistics
"
XI.
105
Drainage
The
"
X.
82
the
On
Feeding
Diseases
of Stock.
Modifications
the
Modem
to those
P. H.
By
of
the
have
Improvements
of Cattle
and
Frere
218
Four-course
rendered
Rotation, which
advisable.
By
P. D.
Tuckett
258
..
XVI.
"
Report
of
XVII.
"
the
Tables
of
On
Application of the
Prize Essay
the
Tanner.
XVIU.
"
the Past
and
upon
Danish
Monarchy;
Exports.
Present
its
By Harry
Manure
State
Products,
of the
with
Agriculture
Comparative
Rainals
of the
267
Farm.
By
Professor
329
Commercial
Value
of
the Chemical
Composition and
Norwegian Apatite, Spanish Phosphorite, Coprolites,and
used in England for Agricultural
other Phosphatic Materials
350
Dr.
Augustus Voelcker
Purposes. By
On
CONTENTS,
ARTICLE
PAGE
XIX."
Statistics of
the
XX."
Metropolis. By
On
Course
Dead
and
Robert
Meat
for
Consumption
..
XXIL"
On-tbe
381
in Kent.
On
Present
Aspect
in
Herbert
of
Cropping adopted
By
Composition of the Yellow Lupine, and a
to. its Culture.
By Dr. Augustus Voelcker
a
R. Heathom
the
XXI,r-On
XXIII.
Live Stock
of Steam
Culture.
385
Soil suitable
389
By P.
H.
Frere
401
the
Composition of Oxen, Sheep, and Pig8"and of their

whilst Fattenino:.
By J. B. Lawes, Esq., F.R.S.,
F.C.S.,and Dr. J. H. Gilbert,F.R.S., F.C.S
"
Increase
XXIV."
Re{)orton the Exhibition

Canterbury Meeting. By
and
Trials
H.
B.
of
Implements
433
the
at
Caldwell, Acting Senior
Steward
XXV."
The
XXVI.
with
J.
M.
"
By
P. H.
Frere
513
the Riding Horses

and Ponies shown
at Canterbury,
Remarks
the present Breed of Riding Horses.
on
By
Report
"
XXVII.
488
Canterbury Meeting.
on
EarleWelby
L. de
1789.
Miscellaneous
515
Lavergue on
By F, R. de la
Communications
the
Rural
Economy
of
France
since
Ti^honnais
521
Notices
549
and
APPENDIX.
PAGE
Royal AgriculturalSocietyof England, 1860-61

of Meetings, Privileges,
Memoranda
Payment of Subscription,"c.
Report of the Council to the General Meeting, May 22, 1860
31, 1859
Half-yearly Balance-sheet^ ending December
List of Stewards, Judges, "c., at the Canterbury Meeting
of the Judges of Live-Stock
Prize- Awards
: Canterbury Meeting
Local
the
Committee
Prizes
Canterbury
by
given
Special
of the Judges of Live-Stock
Commendations
: Canterbury Meeting
Prize- A wards of the Judges of Implements : CanterburyMeeting
of the Judges of Implements
Commendations
; Canterbury Meeting
List of Officers of the
i,xxxiii
ii,xxxiv
..
v
v
..
Awards
of
12, 1861
..
..
Members'
Members'
Binder
Incindea
the
are
end
of
each
the
third
to
xliv
..
liv
Iv
THE
TO
BINDER.
together all the' Appendix

of
volmne
to be
in all cases
of the year
xliii
Leeds
placed
statement
io 1841.
xxxv
xl
for Prize
to collect
\b desired
xxi
xxiii
xU
DIRECTIONS
place it at
kc.t which
xxxviii
Essays
Meeting
Privilegesof Chemical Analysis
Veterinary Privileges
Competition
offered for 1861
Prizes
second
..
xxiv
for Essays, 1861
Rules
xiv
xvi
xxvi
Report of the Council to the General Meeting, December

Half-yearlyBalance-sheet, ending June 30, 1860
Country Meeting Account, Canterbury, 1860
Prizes
vii
..
given by the Canterbury Local Committee

of Prices for Essays and Reports, 1859-60
Prizes
The
iii
..
as
1842,
well
the
at
as
fourth
Journal, excepting
the beginning of the
the
to
volume
1843.
and
the
so
îth
matter,
the
Titles
Volume
first Tolume
Ronum
numeral
folios,and
Contents, and Statistics,
the
lettering at the bacic to
belonging to 1839-40, the
and
:
on.
Article
in the body of
Instance an
matter
all Appendix
(and in one
Reprtnu of the Journal
omitted
become
had
nmneral
obsolete, were
Roman
folios,
; the
at the time
the Journal) which
alteration in the Appendix
of reference), being reprinted without
matter
however
(for convenience
In
retained.
.._____-_.^_-__"_"
GeologicalMap
Lithographic
the
Growth
-"_^_______-_-.
to
of Berkshire
Plan
illnstTatingthe Effect
of Red.
Clover
of DiflTerent
Manures
face ^.1.
on
to/actf p. 187.
STATISTICS
OF
PUBLIC
WEATHER,
THE
PROVISIONS,
Chiefly
Tlie
this
VOXi.
SIX
THE
FOR
extracted
Corn
f
Returns
rem
MONTHS
the
are
"c.,
ENDING
Quarterly
prepared
"c.,
DECEMBER
Report
from
of
Official
OF
PRICE
HEALTH,
31,
the
1860.
Oenerdl,
Registrar-
Documents
"
expressly
Journal,
XXI.
for
ON
OF
METEOKOLOGY
THE
ENGLAND
DURING
8BC.
The
weather
low
temperature,
days
the
the
reached
the
mean
its average
excess
July
temperature
of
in defect,
compared
three
has
since
the
is
no
the
The
in
August
the
is still
Tillyat
v^
0*40
much
^"^.-
low
20
in. at
of
the
below,
and
northern
stations
"i
'
-:)oint
'
",
*"Ac
sx.
.-iTifjr.r*n the
if
"'-"
-.
-
"-
V^
months.
was
little above,
their
less
in
respective
in
August
August
than
in
in., increasing gradually
,i
below
in
than
September
its average
September
to
T^^"^j^
:..
vjic
'
3*7
months
hxQQ
î
4
extend, of
in any
in.,in August
'"
July
months
55^*9, and
was
records
greafer
in
and
three
^'^
"'
of
low-
so
four
below
was
-J"iri fr"-"vi
'.
10"-o,
was
stations, gradually increasing
ceding
pre-
to
stations.
n'^^-n
'"
the
less than
0*25
was
3"*7,
the
been
important
was
by
It
southern
of
"
was
pressure
stations.
''
in
mean
only, viz.,
once
of
four
September
August
The
southern
'^
in
July
its value
for these
The
months
same
whilst
temperature
trustworthy
as
1"
from
56"-2, and
was
atmosphere
in
years.
^^
far
on
September
mean
temperature
value
in
1859,
The
remarkable
as
fell short
4".
averages
year
of the
mean
more
pressure
extreme
Au$r""
so
pressure
preceding
respective
temperature
The
exceeded
3"'8, and
the
the
less than
was
days
with
compared
instance,
of
The
averages.
their
with
1771.
other
mean
83
4"-3, in August
mean
year
temperature
the
days
September
ending September
ending September
there
and
days only,
on
shine,
sun-
within
temperature
3"-3 colder.
months
in 1817,
The
cloud, little
of
amount
'
for continued
remarkable
very
the
on
was
As
years.
5"*8, and
August
the
as
was
generally.
daily deficiency for
average
19
quarter
weather
SOCIETY.
KETEOBOLOOICAl.
BRITISH
THE
F.E.S.,
Esq.,
frequent rain, large
bad
tliree months
83
OF
during
and
30, 1860.
GLAISHEE,
JAMES
By
SEPTEMBER
ENDING
QUARTER
THE
h*^
T%'
jii
wiou
in
in., and
-p r,^.^
tor
summer
89
^pp/îng
July
'09.
in., and
9*6
^
to
in
Sep-
beino-
^^
bciug
the
three
monihs,
years.
was
XI
Sop
"
"
r-"0
.A
"
.
"0
"A
vr\
O
"
"
tt,
"
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o
w%
kr\
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O
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3^
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""
"I
B
o
c"
r*
o
NO
"a
^9
M)
OWO
NO
s
CO
"a
el
CO
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C7*0
'^
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CO
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Sm
CO
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so
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r*
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r*
4"
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rt
r"
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fa*
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so
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CN
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S
(U
XII
ON
ENGLAND
OF
METEOROLOGY
THE
DUBINa
QUARTER
THE
8EC.
the
With
in
of October,
5th
and
the
29th.
was
These
the
3^*4
47
in
--6,
tho
11^'
last
The
found
to
and
than
in
cember
De-
average
7" to
from
10^
14"
and
on
neighbourhood
as
7" and
8^\
for December.
In
This
1860.
tho
low
as
December
of
just passed.
below
the
I]i
beinp;
32^*9,
was
the
was
it
1852
year
hottest
was
December
fall of rain
the
but
was
preceding
slightly
This
greater
for
20
in
in
its average
in
kmaller
being
all
quarter, and
the
exceeded
than
as
in
years.
deficient
was
averages
years.
above
December,
and
December
their
19
slightly
was
November
year.
is
of'the
below
4^
November
of
above,
1"
was
was
atmosphere
in
in any
October
December
of
of the
than
in
was
remarkable
very
of
observations
and
1852;
month
and
pressure
in.
32
29th
great
On
25th;
the
in
cold
years.
the
December
The
20
are
and
day
the
on
temperature
25th
temperature
warmer
below,
October,
on
was
and
the
above
each
1G"
24th;
the
the
temperature
from
The
day
mean
in the
mean
2}^
was
the
than
or
7th
tho
on
it
Xovember,
month.
the
temperature
23rd
the
12tli
days, exhibiting
of
beginning
of
the
about
December,
of
these
between
the
excess
temperatures
1846
lower
15**
29th
the
the
in
average
first
throughout
largo
was
daily
to
cold
been
has
the
and
October,
in
days
ten
tlio
18th
at
54", and
latter
below
to
SOCIETY.
temperature
severe
18th
tho
as
of
the
as
On
year
weather
tho
6th
the
high
as
from
much
as
the
weather
tho
from
below;
last
3"
singularly
to
9";
was
about
was
been
contrast
the
deficiency
largo
very
having
of
F.RS.,
Esq.,
UKTEOROLOOICAL
BKITISU
THE
December,-
The
quarter.
was
OF
exception
days
ten
31, 1860.
GLAISHER,
JAMES
By
DECEMBER
ENDING
in
other
the
years
amounted
1821,
years
since
1824,
the
year
1815.
The
months
was
mean
temperature
ending
48^*3,
being
November,
1^*1
below
of
tho
air
at
constituting
the
average
Greenwich
the
of
three
the
for
the
months,
autumn
preceding
thrco
89
years.
Xlil
-e
t"
"
")0
-h
r^
u)
"
"
r"
""-"
VTN
Tf
Tf
a"
"
**
!?:""-""
ON
"S
0-4-0
"
ft
fl
"
ft
r"
s
o
s
o
ffi
8^-
C"
C^
"9
o
o
v^
"
"
"
"""
r"
r"
80
f"^
I5
ja
bO
ja
3*
"j
CD
oc
fS
r^
f'^
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r"
kr\
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CO
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CO
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5-
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lb
at
2^5
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n
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r"^
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5"2
^"
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^TN
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8.
2
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fl
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a
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e
m^m
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ON
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r"
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5
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ON
ft* "-
^
iH
fj
OO
?"
"3
"
t)
d
d
"
XIV
OF
THE
excess
of
STATE
Quarter.
1st
was
77,639
and
Wales
The
"
at the
was
increased
Kingdom
natural
the
so
record.
any
months
ending
on
in
deaths
in the
the
town
whereas
the
districts
The
rate
15*87,
been
the
the
of
rate
found
little
is 22
of
to
be
so
districts
country
of
at
The
town
countrjr districts
the
the
1000
is
still
unnatural
in
18
districts
from
19
to
It
18.
are
is
in the
rate
from
mortality
the
deathjs
are
ten
or
years
mortality
rate
rienced
expe-
instead
the
92
of
days
unhealthy country
unhealthiest.
gratifying
declined
during
in
below
the
deaths,
of
"
tho
have
2*113
the
of
least
still the
the
of
the
Yet
so
the
souls
must
preceding
The
79,283
In
rate,
0*158
excess
districts.
at
was
in
by
quarter
mortality
living was
deaths
has
of
rate
to
registered
year,
saved.
been
1000.
for the
18*42
districts.
same
rate
was
average
districts
mortality
annual
of the
have
rate
the
greatly
17*59
were
mortality
annual
to
from
Kingdom
deaths
account
The
1000.
densest
the
The
unhealthy
that
died
districts
the
in
least
persons
Europe.
town
up
; and
and
1860,
making
Wales
the
would
23,274
102,557
was
21
and
England
102,557
daily.
life in every
one
in
population
United
40,928.
260,930
the
at
far
23*75
the
was
increased
by
coimtiy
population.
Wales
servable
ob-
deaths
and
country
in
of the
and
of the
year
deaths
increase
Ireland
the
of
is
52,861
in the
43,697
in
1*72
of
was
districts
the
England
and
2*024.
422,500
than
more
and
town
it is
1850-9
fell from
town
exceeded
of
the
season
small
natui-al
1069
of
Upon
average.
in
of the
last quarter
during
the
If Scotland
the
at
in the
increase
increase
and
present
average
but
were
districts
To
mortality
45,495
were
deaths
the
number
of
summer
the
the
average
summers
town
births
was
natural
daily.
natural
"
the
country
The
that
and
the
in
degrees
Quarter.
59,691,
713
the
5*33
or
2nd
year
in
the
three
deaths
the
the
districts
country
periods
same
of
The
in the
in
whereas
reduction
in the
last
17
was
increase
of last year.
five
only
lation
popuUnited
The
than
by 17,916
England
the
registered
were
districts.
during
mortality
of
1000
per
the
during
there
The
in the
deaths
less
of
of
daily.
were
quarter
of the
rest
increase
of 1266
deaths
mortality
town
districts
if the
and
in the
population
natural
or
last
and
town
the
corresponding quarter
1000.
per
in the
greatest
in the
of
rate
is 20
season
the
of
rate
86,423
in the
in
The
summer.
the
the
at
deaths
the
over
daily
the
September,
(104,339) registered
six
of 844
been
have
exceeds
every
births
increase
rate
HEALTH.
PUBLIC
equally fast,
must
23
in
to
find
25
to
1000
that
In
tho
in
the
the
23, and
tality
mor-
of
the
PRICE
"
starting
point,
mntton
11
thirteen
6id,
mutton
The
pound.
Jcf.
prices
in
7^.
and
the
of
price
in
Leadenhall
the
4id.
a
it
than
and
pound,
potato
Market,
crop
sold
The
price
the
to
1025.
ficorbutic
three
last
6d.
and
of
vegetables,
less.
and
6d.
universal
of
fruit,
the
ton.
or
To
herbs
6id.
7d.
to
mutton
rose
respectively
last
of
rate
food
rose
1858-59-60
years
supply
its
required.
deficiency
at
5fJ.
The
1859.
the
of
at
carcase,
average,
of
at
the
at
or
an
months
Beef
1859.
the
by
higher
cent,
per
of
Regents,
are
stationary
of
31
on
was,
article
three
Newgate
were
were
sold,
the
ton,
5|"/.,
Market,
from
quarter
York
beef
or
was
in
as
beef
weeks.
quarter,
prices
average
qualities
Mutton
same
1225.
Qd.
9d.
Markets
failed,
this
thirteen
cent.,
per
and
and
corresponding
the
at
higher
twelvemonth,
565.
^d.
months
1225.
rose
the
the
nearly
partially
were
qualities
Newgate
remained
penny.
in
in
was
or
higher
the
was
and
pound,
of
the
as
Waterside
at
qualities
and
Leadenhall
ton
1859
quarter,
lower
during
"
Id.
the
1355.
lower
in
Wheat
Quarter.
2nd
in
carcase
the
525.
the
during
beef
The
cent.
per
of
cent.,
per
wheat
the
of
pound
of
pound
the
59
weeks
34
rose
potatoes
prices
prices
f^.
and
wheat
high
been
corresponding
the
by
have
provisions
were
Regent
the
and
(4^.),
of
weeks,
The
Southwark.
of
potatoes
pound
York
Markets;
id.
cent.,
per
the
dimng
price
the
PROVISIONS.
the
Taking
weeks.
thirteen
OF
prices
The
Quarter,
1st
XV
Waterside
lb.
for
progressively
from
other
875.
6d.
anti-
XVI
The
December
ending
imported weekly,
and
sold
of Wheat
Quantity
Wheat
Average
in
Price
of
Cities
per
Towns
Prices
of
Flour
for
Meat
in
per
lb. at Leadenhall
Potatoes
Consumption
England
making
Chief
at
and
Ports
Markets
Newgate
(York
Wales
England
and
of Great
Returns.*
(by
the
Britain.*
Market,
Southwark.
of
number
Average
Qaartera weekly.
".
1858
Dec.
Mutton.
Beef.
d,
8.
98i
31
Regents)
Ton
per
at Waterside
Carcase).
Wales.
Quarters
and
and
in
(for
Money).
average
Nine
290
entered
Quarter
[Consols
ending
the
Home
Wheat
Qofflrtera
the
Average
and
sold
AVheat
Price
of
each
in
31st, 1860.
AVheat
Average
; also the
Potatoes
Meat, and
of Wheat,
of Consols,
Prices
AVERAGE
PROVISIONS.
OF
PRICE
THE
41
80S.
4rf.--6Jrf.îd."%id.
95
5|(f.Mean87s.
5f"/. Mean
54,413
110,437
"
Mean
".
6"f.
1859
Mar.
31
June
92J
30
40
95g
47
96,514
45'/." 6f/.
Mean
5|c/. Mean
46,139
103,637
5J.
99"533
30
95
44
85,707
5^"f.
4jrf.-6irf. 4H"
50,291
5 jJ.
Mean
Dec.
96i
31
127,361
43
909.
85*.
iios.
"
6rf.
Mean
1005.
"
Mean
-jd.
"
Mean
Sept
8o".
5ji/.
Mean
97*.
6"/.
6frf.
655.
105*.
5 Id
Mean
85s.
Mean
"
4c/." 6irf. A\d."tid.

85*.
1 20s.
s^c/. Mean
5|(i.Mean io2s,(id"
44,911
"
Mean
i860
^lar.
June
Sept.
945
31
94J
30
Dec.
59
93i
31
4f/." 6fJ.
Mean
^{d.
Mean
SK"
7H
Mean
5IJ.
Mean
o^J. Mean
139,142
îd."^d,
5K-7K
Mean
Mean
5|(/.
15*.
Mean
5f"f.
145s.
"
130*.
25*.
i6o".
"
i42s.6c/.
145*.
125a."
6^2/.Mea%i35".
3jrf." 6J//. 4-2rf."6irf.ii5".

i3o".
Mean
4j"/. Mean
^^d. Meani22".6"/.
197,396
73,770
3frf." 6H
62,272
66,539
56
22,300
101,106
52
93i
30
114,218
44
"
Col.
"Note.
The
"
ending
September
for
30th,
for Home
289,906;
13
30th, 1859,
1,783,050;
for the 13
31st,
for the
1,347,277;
June
total number
December
the
18G0,
weeks
of quarters
was
weeks
ending June
weeks
1,314,386;
ending
Consumption
809,535;
for
1,114,191;
was
December
30th, 1859,
the
quarter
ending March
for
the
13
weeks
31st, 1860,
and
13
weeks
ending
1,254,682;
ending December
Wales
and
for the 13
March
for the
3
13
Ist, 1859
31st, 1860, 1,484,837 ; for the 13
707,367
respectively,
1,808,848;
England
in
the
for
1,435,678;
1858,
13
sold
of wheat
2,566,145.
ending September
959,006.
;
The
30th, 1860,
total number
of
31st,
weeks
1859,.
ending
(14 weeks),
weeks
ending
865,007;
quarters
599,807 ; 1,293,925; 653,789
weeks
and
enteretl
583,848
3Sio^"lAgricultural ôtittj) of Cnslanti.

1960"1861.
EARL
THE
POWIS.
OF
CruiÛti^.
Sir Thomas
Adand,
Lord
Bemers,
Bramston, Thomas
ChaUoner, Colonel
Graham,
Dyke,
William, M,P.
Rt. Hon.
Portman,
Richmond, Duke of
Rutland, Duke of
Bart.
Sir
Shelley,Sir
John
M.P.
Villiers,Bai-t.,
Speaker, The Rt Hon.

Sutherland, Duke of
Jas.,Bart, M.P.
The
Thompson, Harry Stephen, M.P.
Lord
Vict'^vtHtUnM.
Ashbnrton,
Barker, Thomas
Raymond
Chichester, Earl of
Downshire, Marquis of
Lord
Exeter, Marquis of
Hardwicke, Earl of
Hill, Viscount
Sir John V. B., Bart, M.P.
Miles, Sir William, Bart, M.P.
Johnstone,
Egmont, Earl of
Erersley,Viscount
Tarborough, Earl
fBLfnAtvH
"t^tt
Acland, Thomas
Amos,
Charles
Dyke
Milward,
Pennant,
Chandos
Howard,
James
A.
Smith, Robert
Stanhope, James Banks, M.P.
Torr, William
Charles
Towneley, Lieut.-Colonel
Tredâr, Lord
Turner, George
Vernon, Hon. Augustus
Nelson
Wren
Walsingham,
John
Hudson,
PhilipStapylton,
Hnmberston,
Western,
Clarence, Bt., M.P.
Wynn,
John
Kinder,
Lawes, John
Thomas
Burch
Wilson, Henry
Wilson, Professor
Jonas, Samuel
Kerrison, Sir Edward
Lord
Webb, Jonas
M.P.
William
Hatton,
Douglas,M.P.
Aglionby, M.P.
Slaney,Robert
Anthony
Hoskyns,
Col, Uie Hon.
Pope, Edward
Powis, Earl of
Shuttleworth, Joseph
Lord
Fisher
Hobbs, William
Hood, Colonel The Hon.
Richard
Pain, Thomas
Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth
Hamond,
Council.
Lawrence, Charles
Leigh, Lord
Earl of
Macclesfield,
Marlborough, Duke of
Edwards
Bamett, Charles
Barrow, William Hodgson, M.P.
Barthropp, Nathaniel George
Brandreth, Humphrey
M.P.
Buller, James Wentworth,
Oaldwell, Henry Bemey
Carendish, Hon. William
George, M.P.
Dnioe, Joseph
Exall, William
Ferersham,
ol
of
Sir Watkin
Williams, Bart., M.P.
Bennet
decretar^.
DARE,
H. HALL
Dr. Augustus
Consulting-Chemist
"
Vetertnary-Inspector
"
Consulting Engineer"
Seedsmen
Publisher
Bankers
VOL.
Thomas
"
"
"
John
Messrs.
XXI.
Voelcker,
Beart
James
Easton,
James
Gibbs
12, Hanover
and
Murray,
Drummond,
Simonds,
or
Co., Comer
50, Albemarle
C. E.
Square, London, W.
Royal Agricultural College,Cirenoesttr,

Royal VeterinaryColl^,
Amos,
of Halfinoon
The
N.W.
Grove, Southwark, S.".
Street,Piccadilly,W.
Street, W.
Charing Cross, S.W.

b
ii
MEMORANDA.
Address
The
Letters.
of
postal
Society'softce being situated in the new
in their correspondence with
designated by the letter W, members^
Secretary, are requested to subjoin that letter to the usual address.
"
General
Meeting
in
London,
in
General
Meeting
in
London,
May
Country
Meeting
at
Leeds, in
Monthly
Council
in
only
every
Members
to
December,
trict
disthe
1860.
22, 1861,
o'clock.
Twelve
at
1861.
of business), at 12 o'clock
on
(for transaction
month, excepting January, September, and
of Council
and Gk"vernor6
of the Society.
first Wednesday
the
October:
open
Council
(for practicalcommunications), at 12 o'clock on all Wednesdays
February, March, April, May, June, and July, excepting the first Wednesday
in each
of the
of those months, and during adjournment : open
to all Members
of
to avail themselves
Society, who
particularlyinvited by the Council
are
this privilege.
Weekly
in
Adjournments.
when
The
"
do
first
Wednesday
firstWednesday
Diseases
of
Council
weeks
those
in
adjourn
include
not
August
in December
Cattle, Sheep, and
Veterinary Committee
Veterinary College, on
College." (A statement
Appendix, p. xxxii.)
Analysis.
of the
the
Pigs." Members
Society ;
of the
the
of
the
from
the
privilege of applying to
sending animals to the Royal
of
if
they
same
terms
these
privileges will
as
from
the
hav"
and
subscribers
were
found
be
present
Members
found
be
the
to
the
in
Analysis enjoyed by
privilegesof Chemical
stated
in the Appendix of the present
The
"
Society will
Wednesday
;
and
Wednesday in November;
in February.
first Wednesday
first
to
the
Chemical
the
to
month
of the
first
weeks,
Whitsun
Easter, Passion, and
over
the
volume,
p. xxxi.
Local
Cheques.
Orders
on
which
particularly requested
are
in
London
but
London;
payment
Old Cavendish-street
(payable to H. Hall
Cheques
All
Members
"
for
Cheques
required
are
in
cancelled
be
must
to
bear
them
upon
each
Cheques,
penny
initials
in lieu of them.
draft
of
Country
Post-office
or
Dare),
by the
case
fbrward
to
not
or
receiptstamp,
They
Society, by re-
drawer.
the
al$o conveniently transmit

their Subscriptions to the
may
to pay
Agents) the
"questing their Country Bankers
(through their London
amount
at the Society'sOffice (No. 12, Hanover
Square. London), between
the hours
official receipts,signedby the Secretary,
of ten and
four, when
will be given for such
payments.
New
Members.
"
by
candidate
Ev^ry
Member
; the
place of residence,and
mg,
Packets
or
Post.
to
Packets
to
the
specify
in
the
be
Societymust
writing
full name,
the
candidate, either
of the
post-town,
letter addressed
by
into
admission
for
proposer
at
Council
posed
prousual
meet-
Secretary.
in
feet
length, width, or depth,

containing letters sealed or
in envelopes open
at each
open), if sent without
envelopes, or enclosed
end,
be forwarded
by the inland post, if stamped, at the following rates :
may
by
consisting of
"
written
exceeding
printed matter
not
or
two
(but
not
"
For
packet
exceeding
not
Cor quarter
ounces
(or
^
f"
"
32
9
\*
Members
and
and
may
10
of the
on
of
the
in
obtain
Bye-Laws,
Veterinary
"
"
[And
on
a
pound)
proportion
application
Statement
Privileges, and
Society'siNisiners.
(or
one
(or
two
of
to
one
the
ounces
pound)
pound
the GaiMial
of
other
penny.
pence.
4
"
and
hall)
"
pounds)
for each
"
"
Objeota,
"e.,
printed papen
additional
Secretary copies of
of
...
....
"
16
.
(orbalfapoond)
B
M
of
Abstract
an
af
ScL]
the
ooanaetad
of
the Charter
Society, of Chemical
with special departments
ill
Boâl agruuUural
ipotittôf englanl)*
MEETING,
GENERAL
12, Hanovbe
Sqdare, Toesdas,
REPORT
the
72
in
The
119
Annual
927
Life
970/.
has
been
funded
The
by
the
on
11*. lOd., being
which
further
Governors,
Members,
Annual
Members,
list
been
occasion
former
no
condition.
dividend
"
Governors,
the
on
5,165 names
of the Society liave on
favourable
so
22, 16C0.
COUNCIL.
total of
finances
The
May
present time, of
Life
4,047
making
THE
OF
Society consisK, at
The
paid
at
into
the
to
the
rate
the
late
of
10s.
to
Secretaryamounts
in the pound,
U^.
Society'sbankers.
the
stood
capital,which
investment
of
estate
of
amount
10,000/., has
at
12,000/.in
been
raised
Three
the New
Cents.
per
The
Ball
be
to
the
frequent and
close
Council
examination
the
have
appointed
Accountants
Professitmal
materiallyassist
The
have
Committee
Finance
of
the
of the
books
Quilter
Society,who
and
accounts
Professor
elected
to
be
The
Consulting Chemist
followingsubjects:
an
honorary
is
engaged
Voelcker,
member
in
the
of the
will
Society's
on
investigations
The
Experiments on Wheat, Barley, and Turnips.

of Simple Saline
Action
Compounds on the Soil,
Feeding Value artd Composition of Mangold Pulp.
The
Chemistry
The
by
Society.
"
Field
and
Committee.
Consulting Chemist,
Messrs.
of Cheese
and
Butter.
ft 2
the
iv
Report
The
Council
scientific
of
the
Frere
to
that
H.
Philip
exhibited
will
that
by
in
succeed
and
The
of
quarter
the
and
occasions,
in
than
is
in
this
also
as
Yard
of
he
that
hoping
addition
ciency
effi-
proceeding-
are
contain
to
held
be
to
nearly
mile
large entry
very
of
close
will
entry of Stock, which
the
Kent,
the
to
the
to
to
has
have
them
guided
which
thought they
could
the
agriculture peculiar to
offer of
the
accept
Hops,
Wool,
and
lost
for
to
sum,
tumrise
or
Breeds
certain
the
district,and
Kentish
the
on
of
considerable
do
not
be
not
awaits
"
wishes
strongly-expressed
should
former
on
reception
cordial
prizes for Ploughing

for
July,
will
special opportunity
induced
in
9th
spiritwhich
of
defer
distributed
system,
in
already large.
the
directing attention
been
the
the
; and
county
locality,that
be
testimonials
high
Canterbury Meeting,
in
Shedding,
considering
the
otherwise
have
Mr.
appointed
Society'spublicationswith
Implement
June,
Council,
them
the
the
for
motion
in
1st of
The
the
feel confidence
commencing
week
Machinery
on
have
and
literary
talent.
the
from
office,and,
conducting
satisfactorily. The
and
select
to
Society'sJournal,
gentleman,
arrangements
during
Meeting.
determined
having
Editor
the General
to
Live
of
Stock.
have
Council
The
Society's Country Meeting
the
hold
district
comprising
anxiety
was
selected
as
of
Leeds
sites
In
to
place
its
offered
for
in its
to
in
next
three
Ridings
many
localities
by
for the
in
its future
advance
the
it is
Great
the
advantages
eligibilityof
the
be
to
county,
; but
the
the
induced
will
confidently hoped
result
meeting.
Council
position
that
the
Trial-fields,have
and
for
Leeds,
Yorkshire.
of
to
conditions, to
at
year
Country Meeting
Showyard
the
usual
the
neighbourhood, joined
successful
be
the
favour, which
conclusion,
itself
and
the
most
evinced
and
decision
in
decided, subject to
to
pursue
be
may
important
that
trust
its
marked
the
with
career
by
objects
for
Society will
renewed
increased
which
it
prove
energy^
endeavours
was
specially
constituted.
By
Order
of the
H.
Council,
Hall
Dare,
Secretary
"
SHOW
OF
STEWARDS
Milward.
Mr.
Fisher
Hon.
W.
M.P.
O, Cavendish,
of
stewards
Hobbs.
B.
Mr.
H.
Mr.
Edw.
Direotor
T.
of the
J^RANDRETH
Implemeiits.
B. Caldwell.
Pope.
Leigh.
Lord
Honorary
1860.
YARD.
THE
of Cattle.
Stewards
Mr.
JULY,
CANTERBURY:
AT
Show.
GlBBS.
JUDGES.
Short-horns.
Short-woolled
Charles
Barnett,
J Parkinson,
J. Rawlence,
G.
Brown,
G.
H.
Beauford.
Atkinson.
Herefords.
E.
L.
Down
Shropshire
Sheep.
Franklin,
G.
W.
H.
HlGGINS.
C. Randall,
Baker,
ExMPE
W.
Bourne,
E. Trumper.
Bevons.
Pigs.
J. Anstey,
Rbv.
Potter.
Thomas
Breeds
Other
and
J. Unthank,
Sussex.
W.
Ladds,
William
A.
Denman,
B.
SwArriELD.
Steam
E.
William
Bartholomew,
Ploughs^
Wallis,
Owen,
Owen
Atkinson,
W.
Cattle.
Implements.
Horses.
John
E. Elmhirst,.
Professor
Wilson..
Greene.
Thrashing
Biding
Horses
and
John
Cotton,
Welbt,
J. Earle
Maohines,
Ponies..
Colonel
Hon.
H.
C.E.,
John
Brasnett,
Joseph
MUh
Thurnall.
Druoe.
Bone
and
Crushers
Mill
and
Chaff
Cutters,
Leicester
Sheep.
âlsl fowtr.
Hewitt,
T. Harris,
Steam
Power.
R.
R.
B.
John:
G. M.
Aylmer.
Long-wodlled
Sheep* Kentish
and
Prizes.
Hicken,
John
Clarke,
Southdown
Henry
J. G.
Tindall.
Local
Bbevor.
F.
Sheep.
Lugar,
Homer,
Kino,
Whittle.
MisoeUaneous.
Local
J. Abbot,
H.
Edw.
Hipwell.
William
Brown,
Thomas
Fielder
F.
Prizes,
Rammell,
Murton,
Thomas
Abbott,
H.
G. Austin,
P. S, PUNNETT.
P. PURVES.
Veterinary-Inspectors.
Professor
Simonds,
Professor
Spooner.
CiDBsnlting-Bngineer.
Charles
(Finn
Edwards
of Eastok
'
Amos,
aad
Amm).
Award
"ifLive*
Stock
AWARD
OF
Lancaster
Chables
weeks
James
the
and
of Fifteen
Prize
PRIZES.
of Towneley
Towneley,
Park, Burnley,
for his 2 years 10 months
Sovebeioks,
of Thirtt
days-old Bull ; bred by exhibitor.

of Balcony Farm-house, Upholland, Wigan,
Dickinson,
the
Prize
vii
Canterbury,
at
Short-Horns*
Cattle:
LiEUTKNANT-CoLONKL
Prizes
Sovereigns,
Lancaster
and
1 month
2 weeks-
old Bull
Lord
; bred by exhibitor.
of Duncombe
Feversham,
Five
Sovebeionb, for his
for his 3 years
Park, Helmsley, Yorkshire

4 years
the
mouths-old
and
Bull
Prize
; bred
of
by
exhibitor.
Peel, of Knowlmere
SOVEREIGNS,
Jonathan
Manor, Clitheroe,
for
TwENTY-FivB
old Bun
bred
; bred
Bull
Charles
Prize
bred
by
Yorkshire
4 months
year
the
1 week
Prize
1
and
of
day-
of Famley
the
Fawkes,
Hall, Otley, Yorkshire:
his
months
1
4
for
and
3
Sovereigns,
days-old
year
of Fifteen
Prize
exhibitor.
by
Hawkbwobth
Francis
Sib
his
exhibitor.
the
Bart., of Broughton Hall, Skipton, Yorkshire:
Tempest,
1
his
5
months
1 year
and
of Five
Sovereigns, for
day-old Bull ;
exhibitor,
by
of Bushey Grove, Watford, Herts

Prize of Ten
: the
Marjoribanks,
3 weeks-old
and
for his 10 months
Bull-calf; bred
Sovereigns,
by
Stewart
exhibitor.
Towneley
Lieutenant-Colonel
1 week
the
Prize
of Five
for his 11
Sovereigns,
days-old Bull-calf ; bred by exhibitor.

of Swinshawe
Prize of
: the
Eastwood,
EiCHABD
House, Burnley, Lancashire
and
Twenty
Sovebeigns, for his 4 years and 5 days-old Cow, In-milk
shire.
Wetherell, of Aldborough, Darlington, YorkIn-calf; bred by William
months
and
Booth, of Warlaby, Northallerton, Yorkshire

and
3 weeks
Sovebeigns, for his 4 years 8 months
milk and In-calf; bred bj exhibitor.
Suffolk
Park, Newmarket,
Lady
Pigot, of Branches
Bjchabd
Sovereigns,
by
Henby
for her
Webb,
Jonas
3 years
Sovebeigns,
for his
calf ; bred by exhibitor.

The
Captain
GuNTEB,of
Sovereigns,
by
for his
and
month
1 week
Grange, Wetherby,
2 years
the
1 week-old
Hall, Halifax, Yorkshire

years
the
days-old Cow,
Prize
Prize
of
of
Ten
In-
Five
Cow, In-calf; bred
Cambridge.
of Babraham,
of Watkinson
Ambleb,
5 months
7 months
and
the Prize
and
Yorkshire:
6
of Fifteen
days-old Cow,
the
days-old Cow,
Prize
In-calf
In-
of Ten
:
bred
exhibitor.
4 daysSovebeigns, for her 2 years 0 months

by Mr. Wetherell.
11
for his 1 year
the
Prize
of Fifteen
Gunteb
Captain
:
Sovebeigns,
and 6 days-old twinr Heifer ; bred by exhibitor.
1 week
months
11 months
for his 1 year
Prize of Ten
Gunteb
: the
Sovereigns,
Captain
and 5 days-old Yearling Heifer ; bred by exhibitor.
1 week
of CUfton
Joseph
Pastures, Newport
Pagnell, Buckingham : the
Kobinson,
1 month
3 weeks-old
and
1
for
his
Five
Prize
of
Sovebeigns,
year
Lady
Pigot
the Prize
of Five
old Heifer, In-calf; bred
Heifer
; bred
by
exhibitor.
viii
Award
Live-Stack
of
Prizes
Herefords.
Cattle:
2 weeks
9 months
for his 2 years
SovEBEiGNS,
Hereford
of Wintercott, Leominster,
Edwabds,
Thomas
Canterbury,
at
the Prize
and
of Thibtt
days-old Bull
bred
by exhibitor,
Prize
of St. Mary's, Kingsland, Leominster, Hereford
: the
and 4 days-old Bull ;
Sovereigns, for his 3 years 10 months
Williams,
John
of Fifteen
bred
Thomas
exhibitor.
by
of Westonbury,
Rba,
for
his
Pembridge,
years
Hereford
months
and
the
of
Prize
weeks-old
Five
reigns,
Sove-
bred
Bull;
by
exhibitor.
Perry, of Cholstrey,Leominster, Hereford

and
Sovereigns, for his 1 year 9 months
William
FIVE
"
the
Prize
day-old
of TwbnttBull
bred
by
exhibitor.
Bea
Thomas
old Bull
Lord
the
; bred
Thomas
6
James
Sovereigns,
11
months
of
and
The
months
Edwards
the
Stowe,
and
Prize
bred
of Stretford
the
Rea,
of
by
his
; bred
8 months-
Sovereigns,
for
exhibitor.
months
11
Five
by exhibitor.
Prize of Ten
: the
Sovereigns,
day-old Bull-calf: bred by exhibitor.
Five
and
Sovereigns, for his 10 months
Knighton,
2 years
of
Court, Leominster
Monaughty,
of
for
and
Hereford
and
10 months
for his 6 years
be In-calf; bred
to
by John
James
Prize
days-old Bull
3 weeks
days-old Bull-calf;
Tatlob,
for his 1 year
exliibitor.
by
Monkhousb,
for his 10
of Fifteen
Cronkhill, Shrewsbury
Berwick,
his 1 year
John
Prize
the
Prize
reigns,
Sove-
of Twenty
days-old Cow, In-milk and

Taylor, of Burton
Cottage,
6
Radnor
and
the
Prize
of Fifteen
days-old Heifer,
posed
supLeominster.
reigns,
Sove-
In-milk
and
In-calf ; bred by exhibitor.

Williams
of Ten
John
: the Prize
Sovereigns, for his 2 years and 10 monthsbred

exhibitor.
by
;
the Prize of Five
and
In-calf Heifer ; bred by exhibitor.
old In-calf Heifer

Lord
Berwick
2 weeks-old
of Fifteen
of Shobdon
Court, Shobdon, Hereford
Bateman,
: the Prize
2 weeks-old
and
Yearling Heifer
bred by exhibitor.
Edmond
of Halston
Wright,
Hall, Oswestry, Shropshire : the Prize of Ten
for his 1 year 11 months
and 5 days-old Yearling Heifer
Sovereigns,
Lord
bred
Philip
by
exhibitor.
of Leen,
Turner,
for his
year
Pembridge,
months
Hereford
1 week
and
the Prize of Five
days-old Yearling
Sovereigns,
Heifer
bred
by exhibitor.
John
Williams
the Prize
old Heifer-calf; bred
of Ten
by
Sovereigns,
Cattle:
and
John
for his 8 months
and
3 weeks-
exhibitor.
Devons.
of Norton, Stoke Climsland,Callington,Cornwall

:
3 weeks
and
Sovereigns,
2 days-old Bull ; bred by James
Quartly, of Molland, South Molton.
George
Prize of Ten
Exeter
: the
Turner, of Barton, near
Sovereigns, for
his 2 years and 9 months-old
Bull ; bred by exhibitor.
John
Prize of Fifteen
Bodley, of Stockley Pomeroy, Crediton, Devon
: the
month-old
and
Bull
bred
2
his
for
1
Sovereigns,
by exhibitor.
years
;
Molland
Devon
the
James
of
Prize
House,
Southmolton,
of
Quartly,
:
2
months
for
his
1
and
3
Twenty-five
weeks-old
Sovereigns,
year
Thomas
the Prize
Bull
; bred
Palmer,
of Thirty
by
exhibitor.
Award
Quabtly
James
Bull
George
Quartly
by
George
George
Turner
Prize
the
weeks-old
In-milk
the
8 months-old
John
and
and
year
7 months-
3 weeks-old
of
Twenty
the Prize
Bull-Calf
Sovereigns,
and
2 weeks-
of Five
reigns,
Sove-
by exhibitor.
; bred
for his 5 years
and
andÎn-calfCow ; bred by exhibitor.

Prize of Ten
Sovereigns, for his 3
Cow
In-calf
Turner
2
1 year
for his 8 months
Sovereigns,
and
Prize
the
months-old
and
In-milk
Turner
George
the
for his
exhibitor.
for his 6 months
2 months-old
ix
Canterbury.
at
of Hannafoid, Barnstaple, Devon
Hole,
James
Prizes
of Fifteen
Sovereigns,
by exhibitor.
of Five
Sovereigns, for his
the Prize of Ten
BuU-Calf
William
the Prize
; bred
Turner
old
Prize
Bull; bred
Turner
old
the
months-old
George
of Live^Stock
Prize
In-Calf
of
of
Sovereigns,
Five
and
In-calf
Cow
Fifteen
Heifer
; bred
for his 5 years

exhibitor.
; bred
and
5 months
by
for
Sovereigns,
by
years
his
and
years
exhibitor.
Prize of Ten
Mildon, of Woodington Farm, Witheridge, Devon
: the
In-calf Heifer
and 3 weeks-old
bred
John
exhibitor.
by
Quartly
1 month
for his 2 years
Sovereigns,
by exhibitor.
reigns,
SoveHalse, of Molland, Southmolton, Devon
: the Prize of Fifteen
and
for his 1 year
8 months-old
Yearling Heifer; bred by
and
the
Philip
of Five
Prize
3 weeks-old
In-calf
; bred
Heifer
exhibitor.
Philip
Halse
and
Edward
3 weeks

bred
days-old Yearling
by exhibitor.
;
Great
Maiden
of
Pope,
Toller,
Newton, Dorset : the Prize
the
Prize
Sovereigns,
of Ten
Heifer
Sovereigns,
by exhibitor.
for his
year
months
of Five
Yearling Heifer
1 week-old
and
bred
George
Turner
weeks-old
the
Prize
Heifer-Calf
of Ten
bred
Cane,
for his
5 months-old
and
months
and
established Breeds.
Court, Berwick
of Berwick
years
his
exhibitor.
Other
Cattle:
Edward
by
for
Sovereigns,
Sussex
Prize
the
Bull
of Ten
; bred
by
Sovereigns,
John
Yerrall, of
Swanborough, Lewes.
Lord
Sondes,
exhibitor.
Edward
Cane
his
old In-milk
Hailsham,
Lord
Sondes
In-calf
and
year
the
Prize
In-calf
8 months-old
of Ten
Cow
the
Bretonne
Samuel
Terry,
Sovereigns,
by exhibitor.
Clayden,
Webb,
reigns,
Sove-
; bred
by
by
unknown.
; breeder
of Dummer,
Agricultural,
Basingstoke,Hants
2 months
for his 5 years
of Little Linton,
of Babraham,
his 5 years
Ten
Ten
Cambridge
for his 6 years-old Suffolk

Jonas
of
Norfolk
Cow
Rev. Stephen
bred
Prize
polled Bull
and
exhibitor.
Heifer
bred
polled
by
;
Pheasantry, Beaufort-street, Chelsea,
Baker, of The
Prize
of Five
3 years-old
Sovereigns, for his under
of
Prize
In-calf
Horses:
five
; bred
the
for his 8 years and 6 monthsJosiah

Pitcher, Westham,
Sovereigns,
Sussex
Norfolk
Sussex.
Camfield
Middlesex
and
the
2 weeks-old
SkmnsL
Hall, Thetford, Norfolk
of Elmham
for
1 month
Stallion
and
the Prize
2 weeks-old
the
bred
Prize
of Twenty-
Bay Stallion
of Fifteen
exhibitor.
reigns,
Sove-
:
by
for
Sovereigns,
Cambridge : the Prize of Five
bred
exhibitor.
Stallion
Suffolk
2
by
or
days-old
;
of Live^Stock
Award
Gbobgb
Nathaniel
Suffolk
the
Stallion
; bred
of
Canterbury.
at
Market,
Gretingham Bookery, Wickham
SovEBSiGNa, for his 2 yearsôld Suffolk
of
Barthbopp,
Prize
Prizes
Twekty
exhibitor.
by
tJie Prize of Tek

of Kedleaf, Penshurst, Kent:
Sovsbeigks,
Wells,
2 months
and 6 days-old SufEblk Stallion ; bred
3 weeks
for his 2year8
Castle.
by Lord Warwick, of Warwick
of
Isaac
Sovsbeigks,
Rist,
Tattingstone,Ipswich : the Prize of Twektt-five
Mare
Lambert, of Buckleeham,
; bred by Mr.
William
Ipswich.
his
for
'
of Danbury,
Chelmsford
r the
1 week)
years"old(foal4 months
Carter, Stow
Marris, Maldon, Essex.
Cabteb,
George
Charles
Geobob
Nathaniel
Babthbopp
the, Prize
Mare
years-oldSuffolk
; bred
of
Mr.
by
of
Prize
pure
Fifteen
Bucke,
Soyxbxigns,
Ten
Suffolk Mare
Sovereigns^
bred
by
for
his
Wickham
of Cretingham,
Market.
John
of
Clatden,
SoYEBEiGNS,
the
of Ten
Essex
Prize
: the
Littlebury, Saffron Walden,
Mare
of
his 2 years-old Suffolk
bred
the
Trustees
by
;
of
Barham
Hall, Idnton^ Cambridge.
Claydw,
for
late W.
C.
Drat-Hobses.
Edmund
of
Olding,
SovBBBiGNS,
bred
Geobge
by
Batfin, Aroesbury, Wilts
for
his
of Little
his
for
Root,
of
Hinton, Shrivenham,
Chipping Warden,
SovEBEiGNS, for his 2 years

Thomas
Johnson, of Priors
John
of
Bbown,
his
for
of
Twentt-fivb
days-old Stallion
month
years
and
1 week-old
and
Marjoribanks,
of
the
Prize
of
Jos.
by
Fitteen
; bred
by
Warwick.
Prize
of
Stallion
Five
; bred
Greenlands, Henley-on-Thames,
Stallion
; bred
Stallion
days-old
reigns,
Sove-
of Ten
by
Sovebeictns,
Mr. Hall, of
Hobses.
SovEBEiGNS,
thorou^-bred
Stallion
Berks.
Newbury,
TwENTY-nvE
the Prize
Oxon
Banbury,
weeks
Other
of
Wilts
Marston, Rugby,
Compton, Newbury, Berks : the
Woolhampton,
Edwabd
and
2 weeks-old
and
1 month
years
Wilts.
of Swindon,
Gay,
years
Prize
the
2 weeks
month
exhibitor.
Brown,
William
; bred
for
his
the
by
Oxon
and
10
years
of Richmond,
Duke
Prize
the
months-old
Goodwood,
Chichester.
George
of
Trumper,
for
:
Horton, Slough, Bucks
thoroagh*bred
the
his 4 years-old
Prize
Stallion
of
reigns,
Sove-
Fifteen
; bred
by Mr.
son,
Simp-
Roydon, Diss, Norfolk.

John
Denchfield,
Twenty
of
Aston
Sovsrswns,
Abbotts,
for
his
11
Aylesbury,
years-old
Bucks
brood
Prize
the
Mare
bred
of
by
exhibitor.
Robertson
Ten
Rube,
of Jealotts
Sovereigns,
Hall, Warfield, Bracknell, Berks
for his 11
years-oldbrood
; bred
Mare
by
the
John
Prize
of
Marsh,
of North
End, Little Yeldham, Halstead, Essex.

Burch, of Campsey Ash, Wickham
Market, Suffolk : the Prize
^f Fifteen
for his 8 years-old hackney Mare
Sovereigns,
by Mr.
; bred
of
Norfolk.
Swaffham"
""4*"*bbins,Narboroiogh,
'V4T^TER
John
Sheep:
v
""["LiAM
Sandat,
Sovereigns,
"V
.--.lAM
Sandat:
of
Holme
for his about

the
Prize
Leicesters,
Pierrepont,Nottingham
16
of Ten
months-old
Ram
Sotfmkignb,
the
Prize
of Twenty
16 months-old
for his about
Award
WiLUAX
of Live^Stock
Saitday:
old Ram
William
tlie Prize
brad
Sandat
William
Saicbat
months-old
Twentt
of
by
Prize
of 5
for
his
xnoiiihs-
4 years
his 1 year
exhibitor.
3 months
of Five
for his
Sovereigns,
and
4 months-
and
1 week-old
Babraham,
and
the
Prize
Pen
weeks*old
of Five
of
for
Sovereigns,
Shearling Ewes
of five
for his 16 months-ok!
Soybbeigns^
Pen
and
years
; bred by exhibit("r.
of Thorpe Constantine, Tamworth
bred by
Sottthdowns,
Shsep:
of
and
for his 2 years
Shearling
Imge,
of Ten
Sovebbiqns, for his 1 year 3 months
fire Shearling Ewes
; bred by eidbibitor.
Geobge
Turner, of Barton, near Exeter : the Prize
Ewes
Webb,
16
exhibitor.
LiEnTENANT-Ck)LONEL
Jonas
his
for
Sovxbeioks,
the Prize of Twenty
Ram
Sanday
Pen
Prize
the
the Prize of Ten
SovsBEiaNS,
; bred
SANDAY:.the
William
Sovsbeigks,
Ram
old Ram
William
Frvs
xi
Canterbury.
cU
by exhibitor.
:
4 months-dd
of
Prizes
Cambridge
Prize
the
Sovbbeigns,
Twenty
of
for his 1 year and 4 months-old

Ram
; bred
by exhibitor.
Jonas Webb:
for
his 1 year and
the Prize of Ten
Sovereigns,
by exhibitor.
; bred
Webb
the
of Five
Prize
:
4 months-old
Ram
Jonas
old Ram
Jonas
; bred
Wbbb
months-old
Jonas
Ram
Webb
old Ram
Jonas
Webb
the
bred
old Ram
the
months-
by exhibitor.
of
Prize
the
and
for his 1 year
Sovereigns,
; bred
of Ten
by
exhibitor.
Prize
by
for
his
years
years
and
exhibitor.
by
Prize
bred
Sovereigns,
Twenty
for his
Sovereigns,
of Five
for his 2 years
Sovereigns,
and
4 months-
and
4 months-
exhibitor.
the Prize of
Sussex
of Angmering, Anmdel,
:
Heasman,
Pen
2 weeks-old
and
for their 1 year 4 months
Sovereigns,
of five Shearling Ewes
exhibitors.
bred
by
;
of Merton
LoBD Walsinoham,
Hall, Thetford, Norfolk : the Prize of Ten
Pen of five Shearling Ewes
r
Sovereigns, for his 1 year and 4 months-old
John
and
Alfred
Twenty
bred
Does
by
exhibitor.
of Goodwood,
Chichester, Sussex : the Prize of Fivjei
RicHMcmD,
of five Shearlings
for
his
and
4 mpnibs-old Pen
1
Sovereigns^
year
of
Ewes
; bred
by exhibitor.
Sbeep
Fbedbbiok
Murton,
FmsDBBioK
MuRTON
Frederick
JSjsntish or
Ram
and
Murton
the
3 months-old
Prize
; bred
by
of
Murton
Frederick
Ram
Murton
months-old
the
3 months-old
Prize
Ram
Frederick
Prize
Five
Ram
the
;
bred
of
Five
; bred
by
his
of Fifteen
added
Sovereigns
3 months-old
Ram
the Prize of Five
:
bred
1 year
by
and
by
for
his
added
the
X"ocal
exhibitor.
for his 3
Sovereigns,
by exhibitor.
; bred
the Prize of Five
Sovereigns,
exhibitor.
reigns,
Sove-
by exhibitor.
for
Sovereigns,
Murton
Sovereigns,
Ram
Conmiittee, for his 4 years and 3 months-old
WauAM
Kent:
of
Gascoyne,
Bapchild, Sittingboume,
and 1 week-old
SOVEREIGNS, for his 1 year 3 months
Ewes
of Fifteen
Prize
exhibitor.
Cinnmittee, for his 1 year and

Frederick
Bomney Marsh.
Ashford, Kent
of Smeeth,
for his 1 year

: the
months-old
years
2 years
by
the
and
and
3^
Local
by exhibitor.
; bred
of Fifteen
the Prize
Pen
of five Shearling.
xii
Award
Neve,
Sovereigns,
Charles
Frederick
of
of
Live- Stock
Prizes
for his
of five
Pen
of
Fivk
of five Shearling
Pen
added
Sovereigns,
3 months-old
and
1 years
3 weeks-old
and
Prize
the
Court, Maidstone, Kent:
Shepway

bred
Ewes
by exhibitor.
;
of Five
Murton
Prize
: the
Committee,
Canterbury.
at
the
by
Local
Shearling Ewes
bred by exhibitor.
Long-uxxjUed,
Sheep:
of Northleach, Gloucestershire
Walker,
James
for
his
and
year
Ram
Shearling
months-old
of Twenty
Prize
the
reigns,^
Sovebred
by
exhibits.
Prize of Ten
: the
Garne, of Aldsworth, Northleach, Gloucestershire
Ram;
Sovereigns, for his 1 year and 4 months-old
Shearling Cotswold
bred by exhibitor.
Robert
Garne
of Five
Sovereigns, for his 1 year and 4 months: the Prize
Robert
old
Robert
; bred
Shearling Cotswold
Ram
Garne
of Twenty
the
Prize
Cotswold
months-old
for his
Sovereigns,
; bred
Ram
exhibitor.
by
late William
the
by
3 years
and 4
Game
of Aids-
worth.
Robert
Garne
the
old Cotswold
George
of Ten
Prize
Ram
of
Fletcher,
for his 3 year and 3 monthsof Aldsworth.

Garne
Sovereigns,
the late William
; bred
by
Shipton SoUars,
Gloucestershire:
Cheltenham,
near
and
Cotswold
bred
Ram
exhibitor.
by
;
William
Lane, of Broad field Farm, Northleach, Gloucestershire
the
Prize
of Five
and
five Shearling Cotswold
bred
Ewes
exhibitor.
by
;
Lane
old Pen
William
the
the
3 weeks-old
of Ten
Pen
of Ftvb
Prize
of five
of
Horton,
Sovereigns,
and
of
months-
Ewes
Shearling Cotswold
Grange, Shrewsbury
Hamage
and
for his 1 year
; bred
Ewes
and
by exhibitor.
Shropshire.
Sheep:
Thomas
for his 1 year
Sovereigns,
Prize
Pen
Shearling Cotswold
of five
Lane
Prize
the
2 weeks-old
of Twenty
William
2 weeks-old
3} months-old
the
Prize
of Fifteen
Shearling Ram
bred
by
exhibitor.
James
and
Sovereigns,
of Shrawardine,
Crane,
Edward
for their 1 yei^
and
Shrewsbury : the Prize

3-months-old
Shearling Ram ;
of Five
bred
by
exhibitors.
Sampson
Byrd,
of
Lees
Farm, Stafford

Thomas
Horton
Prize
: the
and
James
3 weeks-old
and
Edward
1 year 2 months
exhibitors.
and
James
and
Edward
King,
the
Prize
Ram
of
Sovereigns,
of Five
Fifteen
; bred
Crane
the Prize
of Fifteen
:
and
Pen
3 weeks-old
the
of five
Sheep:
Stephen
3 weeks-old
for his
Sovereigns,
exhibitor.
by
3
years
3 months
Ram
Crane
3 months-old
and
Pen
Prize
of ê
of Five
Shearling Ewes
Sovereigns,
Shearling Ewes
for
their
; bred
Sovereigns, for their

; bred by exhibitors.
by
1 year
Short-woclled.
of Old
Farm, Hungerford, Berks : the Prize *of

Hayward
his
for
1 year
4 months
2 weeks-old
and
West
Sovereigns,
Ram
bred
exhibitor.
Country Down
:
Shearling
by
William
of Oak
Ash, Chaddleworth, Wantage, Berks : the Prize
Humfrey,
Twenty
of
Ten
Country
Sovereigns,
Down
for
his
Shearling Ram
I year
; bred
months
and
by exhibitor.
weeks-old
West
xiv
of Live-Stock
Award
Cbzsp:
Thomas
Prize
the
Prizes
Soyb"bigks,
of Five
Canterbury,
at
8 months
for his 1 year
and
Improved Suffolk Sow ; bred by exhibitor.

John
Habribok, jun. : the Prize of Ten Sovebeigns, for his S years 2 months
and
with
2 days-old white
spots Sow ; bred by Mr. Robinson, of Lee
Cheshire.
Green
Middlewidi,
Hall,
of Five
the Price
Mangles
Geobqe
:
SoVebeionS, for his 4 years 8 months
Sow
and Yorkshire
and 2-day s old white Cumberland
the Prize
of Ten
Wilts
of
William
:
Sevenbampton, High worth,
Hewer,
3 weeks-old
Berkshire
Hewer
William
the
weeks-old
Prize
of three
Pen
Crisp:
the
of
for
Ten
Suffolk
white
black
of three
his 7 months
Sow-pigs ; bred
for his 7
Sovereigns,
small-breed
of three
Pen
Pen
Berkshire
white
Prize
3 weeks-old
and
by exhibitor.
; bred
of Five
Sovereigns,
Sow-pigs
weeks-old
Thomas
his 7 months
for
SovEBEiGNS,
white
by
and
and
exhibitor.
months
Sow-pigs
and
bred
by
exhibitor.
of
Wiley,
Samuel
York
Brandsby,
the
Prize
of Five
Prize
of Ten
black
Suffolk
Crisp
Thomas
4
and
for his 7 months-old
Sovereigns,
Sow-pigs
the
days-old
black
and
weeks
Pen
Prize
of
white
three
bred
bred
by
by
small
pure
Suffolk
white
the
small-breed
of three
exhibitor.
Sovereigns,
of Five
Pen
for his
Sovereigns,
days-old Pen of threis small-breed

Yorkshire
Sow-pigs ; bred by exhibitor.
Georgr
Mumford
Sexton, of EarFs
Hall, Cockfield, Sudbury,
6 months
for his 7 months

black
Improved
breed
weeks
Suffolk
and
Sow-pigs
exhibitor.
Maidstone, Kent : the Prize of

Hall, near
Betts, of rreston
6
of three
months
weeks
and 1 day-old Pen
for
his
4
Sovereigns,
bred
exhibitor.
black and white
by
Improved Aylesford Sow-pigs ;
Edward
Davies, jun., of Harrington, Shiffnal, Shropshire: the Prize of
2 weeks
and 4 days-old Pen
Five
of three
Sovereigns, for his 4 months
Ludd
Edward
Ten
white
Sow-pigs
BY
GIVEN
; bred
by
exhibitor.
CANTERBURY
THE
COMMITTEE.
LOCAL
Cattle
Sussex.
the Prize
Sussex
i
Place, Hurstpierpoint,
Bottino, of Westmeston
2
week
and
for his 5 years
1
of Thirty
Sovereigns,
days-old Bull ;
bred by exhibitor.
George
Bubs, of Boughton Aluph, Ashford, Kent : the Prize of Fifteen
William
for his
Sovereigns,
Gower,
Stephen
4 years
and
Bull ; bred
months-old
Hellingly,Hurst Green, Sussex.

Hart, of Aldington Court, Hy the, Kent
by William
of
for
his
years
months
and
the Prize
Six
reigns,
Sove-
bred
by
of
Bull
weeks-old
T,
Farm, Bexhill, Sussex.

Barton, formerly of Pebsham
William
Dunk, of Horton
Priory, HyUie, Kent : the Prize of Twenty-five
and 4 days-old Bull
1 week
Sovereigns,
; bred
by
exhibitor.
Smith,
Sovereigns,
Tildbn
of
Beckley, Staplehurst, Sussex:
for his
year
months
and
the
Prize
week-old
of
Fifteen
Bull; bred
by
exhibitor.
Tildbn
Smith
2 weeks
and
the
Prize
of
Twenty
3 days-old In-calf
Cow
Sovereigns, for his

4 years
3 months
of Lwe^Stock
Award
Geobe
of
Jekkeb,
for
Cow
In-calf
FiTB
John
Fifteen
calf
bred
of
Sovereigns,
Heifer
of
Tilton,
for
of
his
and
years
by
year
of
Prize
of
weeks-old
In-
Kent
months
the
years
of
Prize
days-old
In-calf
of Tilton.
the
weeks
his
Prize
and
Fifteen
of
days-old
Yearling
exhibitor.
Heasman
the
weeks-old
Gorringe
months-old
and
; bred
the
for
and
Gorringe,
Heifer;
and
by exhibitor.
Sussex
Lewes,
months
Pennington
6
Penhinoton
Ten
Prize
Cow
and
Soverbionb,
his
Alfred
Sussex
months
Selmeston,
for
months
of
In-milk
Kent.
Arundel,
5
bred
;
Sovereigns,
and
the
In^milk
Ten
Heifer
Faversham,
Kent
months-old
years
Fairbrook,
John
Hawkhurst,
6
of
bred
Prize
Rolrenden,
Prize
In-calf
James
by
Neame,
Robert
the
:
Rye, Sussex
we^
and
5 days-old
Angmering,
their
the
days-old
Five
bred
xv
exhibitors.
by
Gorrinoe,
Pennington
and
years
for
Gbbgson
and
months
months
Freizingham,
Sovereigns,
Heifer
Hbasman,
Hatlet
Th"â8
of
Pilcher,
Alfred
his
for
SoTEBBiaMS,
and
years
Udimore,
by exhibitor.
of Woodsden,
Gbegson,
Charles
by
bis
Canterbury.
at
bred
Hatlet
Thomas
House,
Parsonage
Sovereigns,
Prizes
Yearling
Heifer
Five
of
Prize
Heifer
Ten
of
Yearling
the
Prize
bred
;
Soverbiqns,
; bred
Sovereigns,
James
by
for
their
for
his
Pennington
and
year
exhibitors.
by
and
Gorringe,
of
year
Tilton.
Neame
Robert
and
Prize
the
of
Heifer
days-old
Sovereigns,
Ten
bred
Calf;
Ponies
Kerset
Geobge
Pony
for
bred
;
his
Sovereigns,
for
Manor
Holme,
W.
Rev.
Farm,
Holt
years
his
Nash
Cowbridge.
his
Pen
months-old
Kingsnorth,
Edward
for
Sovereigns,
Ewes
bred
by
Collard,
Charles
Ten
old
Ewes
months-old
bred
Murton
weeks
Prize
Stallion
N.W.
Prize
bred
of Twenty
of
Mr.
by
Fifteen
Howell,
of
of
two-years
of
Orlestone,
Glamorganshire
Mare
years
and
Pony
old
Ewes
bred
Ham-street^
Kent
months-old
Pen
his
for
Sovereigns,
Ten
Prize
of
N.
Game,
R.
by
Five
of
Marsh.
Romney
or
the
bred
and
years
by exhibitor.
the
of
Prize
five
two
of
Five
years-old
exhibitor.
of
Wickhambreux
ibr
by
:
Pen
Prize
five
Ids
Sovereigns,
Frederick
Kentish
the
of
Gallaway
the
Pony
Mare
the
Brecon,
Kent:
Staplehurst,
years-old
Sheep
Murton
months
Welsh
Defynnock,
Cowbridge,
of
Bebvor,
for
Frederick
Norfolk.
Sovereigns,
Manor,
month-old
years-old
Norfolk
Thetford,
of
his
Breed.
any
and
Havrard,
Benenden,
oi
of
Euston,
David
by
Neve,
Thomas
of
Cooper,
Sovereigns,
for
exhibitor.
by
his
Court,
years
and
Kent
Wingham,
months-old
Pen
of five
the
three
Prize
of
years-
exhibitor.
the
of five
Prize
three
of
Five
Sovereigns,
years-old Ewes^;
bred
for
by
his
years
exhibitor.
and
xvi
Awards
Commendations.
Canterbury: Live'Stock
at
(ZDommenlvattons.
Tbe
mark
the mark
f "highly
oommendkd;"
(distinctly and individually); and the omission
(as part of a whole
class).
"
COMHEMDED
Cattle
Brabburne,
Hanbitby
fJoHN
3
oommekded;"
these
markSk
signifies"sfkctallt
"commekdkd"
and
1 month
years
of
the
mark
"gbmxrallt
Shorthorns.
Pipe-place, Lichfield, Staffordshire:

Lythall,of
days-old Bull ; bred by Edmund
of
for
his
Radfonl
Hall, Leamington, Warwickshire.

for his
Ambler7 of Watkinsou
2
Hall, Halifax, Yorkshire
S
:
tHENRY
years
and
3 days-old Bull ; bred
months
1 week
Carr, of Stackhouse,
by William
Settle, Yorkshire.
Colonel
M.P., of Penrhyn Castle, Bangor, Carnarvon
Pennant,
JThe Hon.
: for
and
3 days-old Bull ; bred
his 3 years 4 months
2 weeks
by exhibitor.
Lincoln:
for his 2 years
of Church
Stroxton, Grantham,
Farm,
Ltnn,
^JoHN
Bull ; bred by the late Robert
and 2 weeks-old
II months
Lynn, of Stroxton,
Lincoln.
Grantham,
of Brockley House, Lewisham,
Kent
Tomf8ett
his 4 years
Noês,
John
: for
i
Bull ; bred
and
2 weeks-old
3 months
by his Royal Highness the Prince
Consort.
Ambler
IHenrt
for his
bred
;
Bull
his
Fawkes
of
and
I year
for his
1 year
montbts
3 weeks
Upholland, Wigan,
by exhibitor.
House,
Farm
Balcony
months-old
Bull
bred
10 months
I year
: for his
$Lieutenant-ColonelTownei"T
old Bull ; bred by exhibitor.
of Babraham,
Webb,
Cambridge: for his^9 months
t Jonas
Bull-Calf ; bred
f Lieutenant-Colonel
by
old
his
bred
Lancashire
for
2 weeks
and
days-
weeks
and
days-
months
weeks
and
days-old
Cow
; bred
Pagnell, Buckinghamshire
by exhibitor.
Kent:
Redleaf, Penshurst,
days-oldIn-calf
for
Pastures, Newport
Bull-Calf;
of
Wells,
and
Clifton
for his 9 months-old
t William
day-old
exhibitor.
Towneley
of
Robinson,
^Joseph
and
his
by exhibitor.
bred
;
Bull-Oalf
for
exhibitor.
by
Dickinson,
^ James
and
3 weeks
Hawksworth
IFrancis
of
Fawkes,
2 months
I year
Bull ; bred by exhibitor.

Farnley Hall, Otley, Yorkshire
days-old Bull ; bred by exhibitor.
7 months-old
I and
Hawksworth
t Francis
by
Mr.
for
his 3 years
of
Marjoribanks,
1 month
Bushey,
weeks
shire.
Hertford-
less 2 days-old In-calf Cow

4 years
: for his
by
; bred
Holtby House, Catterick, Yorkishire.
of Henlow,
for his 3 years
3
2 months
Biggleswade, Beds:
fFRANCis Fowler,
and
and In-calf Cow
5 days-old In-milk
weeks
; bred
b^ exhibitor.
of Featherstone, Wolverhampton : for his 3
Price,
t Joshua
years and 1 monthand
In-calf Cow
old In-milk
bred
exhibitor.
by
;
of Siddingtou House,
''iôwARD
for his
BowLY,
Cirencester, Gloucestershire:
and
and
In-calf Cow
3 months
5 days-old In-milk
3 years
bred
exhibitor.
by
;
Marjoribanks
fSrEWART
Robson,
Thomas
Ambler
Henry
days-old
15
Hon.
ê
PiooT,
"*^Y
ad
"*T"on,
ac
*""Â
.^
of
"
and
and
In-milk
and
2 months-old
years
of Panton,
Wragby, Lincolnshire.
Manchester
T.
H.
and
Heifer
In-calf
Hill,
Noel
weeks-old
Heifer;
In-calf
; bred
bred
by
for
his
In-calf
Cow
9 months
years
Suffolk:
Mr.
and
by exhibitor.
Berrington, Shrewsburjr:for
Heifer; bred by exhibitor.
of
In-milk
Park, Newmarket,
Branches
for her
Wetherell,
of
vears
his
months
Aldborough,
Dar-
Yorkshire.
MoNTROSEy
'^
ji,-
Rev.
months
days-old
Dales, Stand,
the
In-milk
and
10
2 years
his
Dudding,
of
Grundy,
t^hn
for
by Richard
bred
of
days-"ld
Price
'^^hi^*'"''
Buchanan,
of
Heifer-
In-calf
ô^
h"^
'
^"
Glasgow : for his

by exhibitor.
2 years
months
2 weeks
*"red
uonths
-"d
4 wo"Vg-old
^n-calf
Heifer;
bretl
Awards
^Richard
{Richard
^The
and
Colomel
Heifer
Pennant
; bred
Êdward
Heifer
for
for his 2 years
his 2 years
8 months
and
days-old In-milk
exhibitor.
by
Bowlt
bred
months
exhibitor.
by
Hon.
xvii
9
Warlaby, Northallertoo, Yorkshire
: for his 2 years
day-old In-calf Heifer ; bred by exhibitor.
and 5 days-old In-calf
3 weeks
Booth
bred
Commendations,
of
Booth,
2 weeks
Canterbury: Live-ôck
at
2 months
and
3 weeks
days-old In-calf
Heifer
by exhibitor.
{Duke
Montrose:
of
Heifer
{Joshua
; bred
for
his
and
2 weeks
6 months
2 years
days-old
In-calf
by exhibitor.
Price:
his
for
month
years
days-old In-calf
and
for
his
Heifer; bre4 by
exhibitor,
f The
Hon.
Rev.
and
T. H. Noel
dajrs-oldHeifer
fSTEWART
; bred
Mabjoriranks:
Heifer
; bred
t JORA8 Werb
by
Hill
year
months
weeks
and
by exhibitor.
for
his
months
year
and
weeks
days-old
exhibitor,
for
his
Booth
for
his
his
2 weeks
8 months
year
and
days-old Heifer; bred by
exhibitor.
{Richard
and
months
year
weeks-old
Heifer
bred
by
exhibitor.
{Jonas
Werr
for
8 months
year
3 weeks
and
; bred
days-old Heifer
by
exhibitor.
{Richard
and
fSTEWART
Broad
of
Stratton,
2 weeks
Marjoriranks
bred
fLiEuiÂNT-CoLONEL
Heifer-Calf; bred
Wilts
for his
2 months
1 year
days-old Heifer-Calf;
TowNELET:
his
for
his
11
moDths
week
and
days-old
Townelet
and
3 weeks
months
10
days-old
by exhibitor.
bred
Heifer-Calf;
for
by exhibitor,
t Lieutenant-Colonel
Pain, of Manor
for his
Crayford, Erith, Kent:
by the late Colonel Austen,
Farm,
day-old Heifer-Calf;
Swindon,
by exhibitor.
; bred
and
for his 9 months
3 weeks
exhibitor.
by
{Joseph
Hinton,
days-old Heifer
bred
11
of
months
and
Kippington,
Serenoaks, Kent.
{The
Colonel
Hon.
Calf; bred
Ludd
{Edward
2 weeks
Pennant
by
of
Betts,
and
for his 11
3 weeks
months
and
days-old Heifer-
exhibitor.
Preston
Hall,
days-old Heifer-Calf;
Kent
Maidstone,
for
his
10
months
by exhibitor.
bred
Herefords,
Cattle:
and 6 daysCronkhill, Shrewsbory : for his 3 years 11 months

by exhibitor.
and 2 daysof Landport, Lewes, Sussex, for his 3 years 8 months
John
Ellman,
old Bull ; bred by Mr. Moore, of King's Pvon, Weobly, Hereford.
his 4 years 4 months
: for
tTnoMAS
Rea, of Westonbury, Pembridge, Hereford
and 5 days-old Bull ; bred by Benjamin Rogers, Grove, Pembridge.
3 weeks
and 4 days-old Bull ; bred by exhibitor.
7 months
Rea
tTnoxAB
: for his 2 years
tLoRD
of
Berwick,
old
Bull
bred
and
Bull
days-old
t William
bred
;
4 days-old Bull
Marsh
t James
Read,
and
weeks
bred
;
by
by
Hereford
for his 3 years
3 weeks
exhibitor,
Ashford, Ludlow,
of
Tuoge,
Court, Shobdon,
Shobdon
of
Bateman,
fLoRD
Shropshire:
for his 2 years
7 months
and
exhibitor.
Elkstone, Cirencester, Gloucester': for his 5 years 8 months

Bull ; bred
by the Earl of Radnor, of Highworth,
days-old
WUts.
Bateman
tLoBD
Perry,
{William
of

Cholstrey, Leominster.
:
of Showle
Taylor,
1 week
f William
and
days-old
for
Taylor:
Court,
Bull
his
year
days-old Bull
Ledbury,Hereford:
; bred
for his
by
1 year
William
8 months
by exhibitor.
; bred
1
and
and
months
days-old Bull;
bred
by
exhibitor,
t John
Williams,
6
VOL.
months
XXI.
and
Mary's, Kingsland,Leominster, Hereford

days-old In-calf Heifer ; bred by exhibitor.
of St.
4
"
for his 2 years
3îii
Awards
fLoBO
'Bk^MSlMi:
bred
Canterbury: Live^Stock
at
for his
y"ftrs lOitiontltt 1 week
years
CommendaticTis.
and
day-oM
In-calf Heifer
exhibiter.
by
tLoK]"
by
BAl*EMlAir
LoltD
Bateman:
tot his
months
10
and
In-calf Hefftr
3 weekôld
bred
exhibitor.
for
exhibitor.
LdR^
Bateman:
his
for his
and
months
10
11 months
weda-^ld
and
2 weeka
Heifer-Calf;
dtiys-oldHeiHer^Calf
bred
by
; bred
by
exhibitor.
Ror
His
Hts
Hio"itrss
al
bred
by His
RoTAL
old
JoHiv
Highness
of
Consort
Paxnce
the
bred
Heifer-Calf;
His
by
his 8 months^d
H"ifei"Calf
for his 9 months
3 week!
and
"
days-
Royal Highness.
Stowe, Hereford:
by exhibitor.
The
his
for
11
nonfba
\reek
and
; bred
Heifer-Calf
days-old
for
Royal Highness.
MONKHOUSE,
2
GoMflonT
PrUVce
the
Devons,
Cattle:
"
for his
Barnstaple, Devon:
and
3 weeks
1 day-old Bull ; bred by exhibitor.
of Stowey
Court, Bridgwater, Somerset
t Walter
Farthing,
In-calf Cow
and
2 weeks-old
7 months
by exhibitor.
; bred
South
of Champson Molland,
Molton, Devon
t John
Quartlt,
Hannaford,
of
Hole,
^William
In^'caif Cow
and
In-milk
6 months-old
and
H(""Bs:
bred
;
Stallion
of
Foster,
t John
of
; bred
StaiUon
tCHARLES
Frost
Wrinch,
^Samuel
by
bred
t James
his Z years
for
kis
6 years
exhibitor.
for
his 5 years-old Saffolk
for his
years-old Sbffolk
; bred
for
his
2 years
1 month
and
by exhibitor.
and
2 weeks-old
Bingham, Notts : for his 2 years 2 months
by exhibitor.
Filly ; bred by exhibitor.
of Great
Holland, Colchester
: for his 2 years-old Suffolk
Filly;
exhibitor,
for his
Stoginsev, Bridgewater, Somerset:
bred
days-old Dray Stallion.;
by George
Farm,
2 weeks
month
years
Cock
of
Shepherd,
Pierrepont, Notts
Holme
Stallion
wedis-old
for
exhibitor.
by
Sanday,
f William
Colchester
near
Ipswich, SnfTolk^
Wherstead,
of
; bred
Stallion
S" Months
exhibitor.
by
Frost,
^Charles
by
year
Agrici^rai.
Clacton,
Little
of
tWix.i.tAH Laws,
; bred
and
Hains, Huntspills,Bridgewater.
Sheep.
fLiETTTENANT-CoLeNEL Inge,
for his 1 year
tWilli
t John
3 months
Sanday
AM
bred
;
Bird, of
Ram
old
{Thomas
bred
Webb
:
Ram
f Jonas
Thorpc
2 weeks-old
for his 3 years
of Barton
Borton,
of
and
by
House,
and
Constantine, Tamworth, Staffordshire

Ram
by exhibitor.
; bred
months^ld Ram ; bred by exhibitor.
Malton,
York
for
his
years
and
3 months-
months-old
exhibitor.
Bilton, Rugby, Warwick
by exhibitor.
for his 1 year
and
for
months^ld
his 4 yean
and
Sotithdown
Ram
bred
by
exhibitor.
Richmond,
Dure
of
Rams.
}The
of Goodwood,
Chichester, Sussex:
6 Entries
of Shearling
of Augmering, Arundel, Sussex

Heasman,
: 3 Entries.
Sussex:
Entries.
5
of
Rigden.
Hove,
Brighton,
jWiLUAM
: 2 Entries.
Boys, of Eastbourne, Sussex
Robert
6 Entries.
of Mcrtou
Hall, Thetford, Norfolk:
Walsinoham,
ÔRD
Ahv"ED
and
John
TonasWebb:
I'HOMAS
ÊNRT
.TO
Ttt"
Entries.
of Badminton,
Chippenham, Wilts .' 2 Entries.
Sussex
Lewes,
: 2 Entries.
Bcddingham,
Ellman,
W.
Bor-^H, of Arlington Manor, Newbnnr, Beilte : 2 Entries.
Duke
'Ê
Beaufort,
of
of
AS
.p"-'
t"n.
of
Birt.,
Belhus,
Afefy,Romford,
Essei
Entries.
Awards
fJoiTAS Webb
and
for his 2 yean
Live-Stock
4 monte-old
Commendations.
Bam
for his 2 years and 4 months-old

Ram
Wauinoham
and 4 months-old
: for his 2 yean
and 4 months-old
Webb
Ram
: for his 3 years
t Jonas
thoKB
Webb
XJoMAS
tJonas
Webb
xix
bred by exiiibitor.
; bred
Ram
by
exhibitor.
; bred
by exhibitor.
; bred
exhibitor.
by
3 years
and 4 months-old
Ram
by exhibitor.
; bred
Richmoni"
and
1 year
4 months-old
5 Yearling
: for his
Duke
|The
Canterbury:
at
ov
Ewes
by exhibitor.
bred
^William
Rigden
for his
and
year
4 months-old
; bred
Shearling Ewes
by
exhibitor.
Barl
of Coleshill Honse, High worth, Wilts

1 year
: for his
Shearling Ewes; bred by exhibitor,
of Bapcfaild,Sittinf^ttrne,
Kent:
for his 7 years
tWilliam
Gascotnx,
Ram
bred
exhibitor.
3 months-old
Romney Marsh
by
;
n^HOMAs
of Dymchnrch,
Blake,
Hythe, Kent : for his 2 years 2 months
S^m; bred by exhibitor.
2 weeics-old
Romney Marsh
tTHB
^4
fWiLLLAM
and
Lane
for
lus 1 year
months
2 weeks-old
and
Cotswold
and
and
; bred
Ram
exhibitor,
by
tGEOBOE
of
Fletcher,
1 year
2 weeks-old
of Broadfieid
Lane,
months
Shipton Sollars, Cbehenham,
and
months
fWiLLXAX
3
Radnor,
of
months-old
Lane:
fWiLLLAM
by exhibitor.
Fletcher
tGEOROE
his
for
for
Ram
Gkmeestershire
; bred
for
his
by exhibitor.
Fnrm, Northleach, Gloucestershire:

Ram
by exhibitor.
; bred
3 weeks-old
and
Cotswold
for his 1 year
Cotswold
4 months
1 year
his
and
year
Colswold
1 week-old
and
month"old
CotswoM
Ram
; bred
; bred
Ram
by
exhibitor.
fRoBERT
of
and
fElDWARD
weeks-old
Cotswold
Fletcher
{George
bred
for
his
year
for
his
year
for
his
year
; bred
Cotswold
; bred
Ram
Cotswold
by exhibitor.
Glouoestershire
Sierford, Cheltenham,
of
Tombs,
4 months-old
bred by exhibitor.
;
Gloucestershire
: for
Ram
1"8
Langford, LecUade,
Ram
by exhibitor.
; bred
for
his
months
year
months
and
2 weeks-old
and
year
Cotswold
Ram
exhibitor.
by
Porter
{Thomas
by exhibitor.
Handt
{Edward
for his 1 year
for his
3 months
1 year
and
week"oki
Cotswold
Ram
; bred
2 weeks-old
Cotswold
Ram
; bred
Cotswold
Ram;
and
exhibitor.
by
{WiLUAM
3 months
for his 1 year
Lane:
and
2 week"4"ld
bred
exhibitor.
by
Lave
{WnjUAM
for his I year
months
aztd 3 weeks-old
Cotswold
Ram
; bred
exhibitor.
by
of
Class
The
weeks-old
of
and
Kino
{John
Bauntos,
Handy,
months
by exhibitor.
Cirencester, Gloucestershire
Ram
Cotswold
Porter,
9 months
Gloacestershire
Northleach,
AMsworth',
months-old
fTnoMAS
of
Garne,
and
ShearliBg Sabm,
Porter
fTBDMAS
for
his
ontries in alU geneEally commended.
3%
asd
years
Cotswold
months-old
Bam
; bred
by
bred
by
exhibitor.
fTHOMAS
Porter
for
his
and
years
Cotswold
months-old
Ram
exhibitor.
3 weeks-old
Cotswold
Ram
1 week-old
Cotswold
Ram
; bred
and 2 week"K"ld
Cotswold
Hewer, of Hill House, Northleach, Gloucestershire.
Ram
Lane
fWiLLiAM
by exhibitor.
fWiLLiAM
Lane
for his 3 years
2 months
for his 4 years
3 months
and
and
bred
exhibitor.
by
IÊdward
Handt
by William
Lane:
{William
for his 2 years
and
4 months
week-old
bred
Ram.; bred
Cotswold
by
exhibitor.
The
f John
Class of aged Rams,

King
bred
Tombs:
17
Entries
for his I year
and
in
all,generally commended.
4 months-old
Cotswold
Shearling Ewes;
by exhibitor.
c
Awards
XX
t John
King
bred
Tombs
Beale
Browne
months-old
Cotswold
ShearlingEwes
Park, Andoversford,
Salperton
and
year
months-old
Cheltenham,
Cotswold
cestershire
Glou-
Shearling
Ewes
by exhibitor.
{Thomas
Bbale
Ewes
t James
:{James
and
and
Ram
Edward
and
years
tCHARLES
for their
of
Dumbleton
Ram
months
Cotswold
for
Shrewsbury:
Shearling
their
year
by exhibitors.
; bred
and
1 year
3 months
Hall,
Evesham,
Shropshire
4 months-old
Reynolds
his
Shrawardine,
of
Crane:
and
year
2 weeks-old
Shropshire
exhibitors.
by
Holland,
fEDWARD
Shropshire
weeks-old
; bred
for
his
for
Browne:
by exhibitor.
; bred
and
Edward
Crane,
2 months
of
his
for
bred
and
for his 1 year
Commendations,
exhibitor.
by
;(Thoha8
Live-Stock
Canterbury/:
at
of
Keeling,
months
years
; bred
Ram
Yew
S.
Bird,
for
his
Stafford.
near
Farm,
Penkridge, Staffordshire:
day-old Shropshire Ram
by
; bred
Tree
and
weeks
Worcestershire:
by
exhibitor.
fWiLLiAM
; bred
of
Sheldon,
James
2 years
{Thomas
Ram
months
Mansell,
old
Shropshire
fEDWARD
by exhibitor.
; bred
Ram
Holland:
Ewes;
of
Preece,
Shropshire
t Henry
XThe
and 2 weeksShrewsbury : for his 2 years 3 months

by S. Byrd, of Lees Farm, Stafford.
for his
Brailes, Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire:
by exhibitor.
2 weeks-old
and
about
Shropshire Ram
; bred
and
of Adcott
3 monthsHall, Shrewsbury : for his 2 years
Goodwin
old
his
for
and
year
months-old
Shropshire Shearling
by exhibitor.
bred
his
PatshuU, Albrighton, Wolverhampton
: for
Ewes
Shropshire Shearlins
by exhibitor.
; bred
his 1 year
for
and
tJoHN
of Uppington, Shrewsbury:
3 months
-old
Evans,
exhibitor.
bred
5 Shropshire Shearling Ewes
by
;
of Montford,
{Henry
Matthews,
Shrewsbury : for his 1 year and 3 months-old*
bred
by exhibitor.
;
{Henry
Maddock,
Shiffnal, Shropshire : for his 1 year
and
Smith, of Sutton
4 months-old
by exhibitor.
; bred
Earl
fCHARLEs
3 months-old
Howard,
Bryan,
2
of
weeks-old
tJoHN
Joseph
old
by
Down
and
King,
4 months
bred
by
Duke
The
1 year
3 months
and
Oxfordshire
2 weeks
Country
Farm,
West
4
and
year
Down
months
Ram
and
Ram
Hungerford,
Down
and
months
Berks
Wantage,
Down
Country
for his 1 year

of
Chilmark,
Oxfordshire
weeks-
Ram
for his
1 year
; bred
Berks:
by exhibitor.
; bred
by exhibitor.
2 weeks-old
his
for
Oxford
Down
year
Ram
Salisbury, Wilts
Down
bred
;
Ram
for his
by
John
years
Bryan,
months
of Southleigh,
Oxon.
2 years
3 months
and
2 weeks-old
Oxfordshire
Down
Ram
for his 3 years
3 months
and
weeks-old
Oxfordshire
Down
Ram
for his
1 week-old
and
Blenheim,
of
Oxfordshire
Woodstock,
Down
Ram
Oxford
; bred
OF
Down
Brown,
Washbourne
niAnfKr
for his
-^1*
f^^mpshire
of
Uffcote,
Down
Swindon,
She"""-UngEwes;
Wilts:
bfed
years
by exhibitor.*
and
his 2 years
5 months
West
2 weeks-old
: for
exhibitor,
bred
by
;
3 months
and 2 weeks-old
Marlborough
: for his 3 years
exhibitor.
bred
Ram
by
;
Ram
DuKB
for his
Humfrey
Down
John
exhibitor.
by
West
Marlborough,
of
William
^fi
and
exhibitor.
4 months
r
4 months
by exhibitor.
Bryan
i*John
and
for his
Hayward
Old
Bennett,
Witney,
bred
year
by exhibitor.
; bred
Ash, Chaddleworth,
2 weeks-old
weeks-old
Bryak
t John
his
exhibitor.
F.
2
Oxford
bred
;
of Oak
of
and
by
f William
by
months
for
exhibitor.
Oxfordshire
Ram
3
year
3 weeks-old
Howard
bred
Ram
HuMFREY,
{Charles
Down
Eynsham,
of
Oxford
{Stephen
bred
exhibitor.
4 months
and
his
for
Bedford
near
Ram
Southleigh, Witney,
Druce,
fWiLLiAM
Down
Oxfordshire
Bryant
bred
Biddenham,
of
Oxford
2 weeks-old
t John
of
Dartmouth,
of
and
1 year
for
his
Country
shire
Oxford-
year
by exhibitor.
and
xxii
Award
of Five
Gloucestershire
the Prize
Sove:
Tewkesbury,
vented,
l\i8 Portable
Thrashing-Machine, with Single Blower; inWith
manufactured
the
exhibitor.
Patent
and
by
improved,
for
BEiGNS,
Cleaning
and
Smutting
Cabson,
SoYEBEiGKs,
Machine.
Wilts
Warminster,
Foundry,
of Wiltshire
"Hugh
Canterbury/.
at
of
Savoby,
Jaues
Prizes
of Imflement
"or Steam
the
Prize
of
Ten
Engine,
Chafif-Cutting
; invented,
by the exhibitor.
James
Cobnes, of Barbridge Works, Nantwich, Cheshire : the Pxize of Five
two
for, his Hand-power
SovEBEiGNs,
Chaff-outtiDg Machine, with
and
Knives
of
invented
John
factured
manuComes,
Barbridge,improved
by
jen.,
;
by the exhibitor.
Hamhond
Edwabd
Maldon, Essex : liie Prize
Bentall, of Heybridge, near
of Thbee
Sovebeigns, for his Hand-power Patent Chaff-cutter ; invented,
improved, and manufactured
by the exhibitor,
and Liverpool : the Prize of Two
Soveand Chaudleb,
Manchester
Richmond
Machine
for
their
invented,
improved,
Hand-power Chaff-cutting
BEIGN8,
;
and manufactured
by the exhibitors.
improved,
T.
W.
for his
for
BE1GN8,
manufactured
and
Lincolnshire
Co., of Stamford,
and
AsHBY
Power
their
Portable
Four-Horse
the
Flour
Prize
Mill, with
of
Five
French
invented, improved, and manufactured

Tte, of Lincoln : the Prize of Five
John
grindhig Mill on
by the
Hunt
by the Exhibitors.
Sovebeigns, for his Portable
travellingwheels ; invented, improved, and
four
Comfactured
manu-
exhibitor.
Pickebing,
and
BoysStones
the
of
Leicester
Church-gate,
Chisher, or Kibbling
Mill
Works,
Implement
Short-street,
Sovebeigns, for their Com
Goulding
the
of Eight
Prize
invented, improved, and
maniifacttyredby
tlie
exhibitors.
E. R. and
Malt,
of St. Peter's
Lron
Works, Ipswich, Suffolk : the Prize

Crushing Mill for Bruising Oats, Linseed,
Sovebeigns,
manufactured
Barley, "c. ; invented, improved, and
by the
F. Tubneb,
of FrvB
for his
exhibitors.
Edwabd
E.
Bentau^:
Hammond
Patent
and
Com
the
Crasher
Seed
Prize of Thbee
for his
Sovebeigns,
invented, improved, and manufactured
by the exhibitor.
of St. Peter's Iron Works, Ipswich, Suffolk ; the Prize
and F. Tubneb,
of Two
Sovebeigns, for their Crushing or Bmising Mill for Oats, Linseed,
manufactured
Malt, Barley, "c. ; invented, improved, and
by the
R.
exhibitors.
Edwabd
Bentall
Hammond
Mill
Oilcake
the
Prize
of
Seven
invented, improved,
Sovebeigns,
and
manufactured
for
his Improved
by
the
exhibitor.
and
Co.
Dbay
and
Taylob,
Dbay,
(late Wm.
Co.), of 4, Adelaide-place,
Prize
from
of Tskee
London-bridge, removed
: the
Swan-lane, London
for their Patent
Oilcake
for Beasts
and
Sovebeigns,
Breaking Machine
Slieep,and TillagePurposes ; invented, improved, and manufactured
by
N. Nicholson, of Newark.
of Thbee
Edwabd
Hammond
Bentall
Sovebeigns, for his Oilcake
: the Prize
Mill ; invented, improved, and manufactured
by the exhibitor.
Hunt
Mesbbs.
and Piceebinq, of the Goulding Works, Short-street,
Churchthe
Prize
and
""he
of Two
Sovebeigns, for their Oilcake Breaker ;

by the exhibitors.
invented, improved,
of
of W.
Tbostbeb
shire
Beverley Iron Works, Beverley, YorkCbosskill,
of
Ten
their
Yorkshire
Prize
for
Bone
the
Sovebeigns,
:
Improved
Water
Power; improved and manufactured
-dill,for Steam
or
by the
gate, Leicester
manufactured
exhibitors.
t'vv
Trxjstewj
)^ V
'ôs"irTTT.
the
Pr"e
of
Five
Sovebeigns,
for their
Prizes
"f Implemeid
Award
al
Impcoved Yorkahire Bone Mill* kft Steaoi

\iythe e"hibutenaL
xziii
CkuUgrbury.
Voma
Watar
or
ioqiroved-
lyid mana"fiturad
of W.
Tnuffncxs
Tbs
Bone
Gkoskill
Dust
Mill ;
-the Prise
of Tbk
lor tlieir Improved
SovEREiaNS,
invented, improved,
and
manufactured
by
the
ezhibiton.
the
Prize of Foub
manulactored
and
BimÂBD
Haxxono
by the exhibitonu
ê
BsktajJij:
Turnip-cutter,Double
Gardner's
impoFsd end
Banbury,
Hugh
chester
ManCo., of Bedford Foundry, Jiei^, near
invented
for
tJieix
Soyêigns,
Turnip-Slicer
;
Pick81"bt, Sihs, and
Messrs.
Cabson
nanufiBctured
of Two
tae Prise
Priae of Faint SoviiSEXGiifl,for )m Patent

Action
QArdnior,of
; invented by James
by the exhibit^:.
Soysbsights, for his Hoody'js Patent
TunnipQio. 1), for Hand-power, on Iron Frame

by Edmund
; invented
Bradley, improved and manufactuilMi by the
Moody, late of Maiden
:
Cutter
exhibitor.
Haiqi
BtBWABD
Prize
BsiTrALL
ONB
Koot-Pulper
the
Prize
of 1?V)xjr '6otebvigks,
and
invented, improved,
for his Ffttent
manufactured
by
the
exhibitor.
iN'orwicb, Norfolk;
BiSEOP, and
Babkasd,
Barnabd^
jSoYSBEiGNs, for tholr Patent
manufactured
"i"WARD
BBiiTALL
Hamhovd
and
Hunt
and
of
the Prize
Two
and
invented
Soyi^"bigks
Root-Pulper, for Hand-power
Prize
manufaetaf"d
Mebsbs.
Two
of
Prize
the exhibitors.
by
for his Patent
the
Boot-Pulp^r" for Power
Half,
exhibitor.
the
by
and
invented, improved,
Pickering
the Prize
of One
Sovereign
and
Half,
for
fioot-Pulper,for
Hand-power ; invented, invprov^

by the exhibitors.
Etna
and
Works, Sheffield,Yorkshire : the Prize of Five
Stbab
Jackson,
Tools used in Hop Grounds Jwd.Hand
Sovereigns, for their Set of Hand
bv the .exhibitors.
!nilag9; improved and manufactured
Right
Hon.
Lord
The
Kenilworth, WarLeigh, of StoneleiÂbbey, near
wiokflhira : ihe Prize of Five
Sovbrsigks, for bis Field Oate ; improved
his
Eight-knife Disc
and
manufactured
and
manufjActured
by
the
exhibitor.
.;
im.
MEDALS.
for their Combined
ing,
Bolting,Thrashwith
Machine,
Barley
Avelling
Shaking, Riddling,Winnowing,
manufactured
the
and
exhibitors.
by
Elevators; invented, improved,
Adapted for working by the three-horse engine.
for his Apparatus
Silver
of Maidstone, Kent
Medal,
William
: a
Weeks,
Patrick
invented
Simpson Punnett, Esq.,
by
adapted for Drying Hops ;
"sf Ohart Sutton, a^ improved and manufactured
by the exhibitor.
B.
R.
and
F. Turner
Silver
Medal,
and
Commenttatfoni^.
Tte
"The
Btobt
Bedale,
t^niftit"^hkiblt
Aoricoltural
Yorkîre:
ooiioaanaa"f
Imfiîiemt
for
their
Farm
and
Uie mark
"
cx"iiifEin"ED.'* !
of Newton-le-Willows,
CowPANr,
invented,
improved, and
Gate;
near
factured
manu-
Catterick.
of Killerby, near
Dudley, Staffordshire : for
near
Brierley Hill Iron Works,
and
their Iron Vennin-proof fiickstand,
16 feet diameter
; invented, improved,
manufactored
by the exJubitors.
by
"Hnx
jBuk
and
J. B.
teiTH,
of
Booth, Em^
xxiv
Awards
*Georos
Engineer,
of
Desk
improved
and
W.
of
Trustees
Implement
their
for
for
his Rosthall
by Russell and Bugler.

general Collection of Carts
manufactured
Cbosskux:
Commendations.
Ashford, Kent
Works,
Elwick
Foord,
School
*The
Canterbury
at
and
Waggons.
*
John
Pumps,
Sons, of Crescent, Jewin-"treet, London
and
Warner
for their
Hydraulic
"c.
his Chaff-Catting Machine

: for
Co., of Bedford
; improTed
Adapted for hand power.
by the exhibitors.
Double-action
Co. : for their
and
*AsHBT
Mill, for SheepRegistered Oil-cake
and
invented
Smith
and
Oxen
by
Ashby, of Stamford, improved and mMBU;
factured
by the exhibitors.
Mill ; invented
Bone
*Picksle7, Sims, and Co. : for their One Horse
by Robert
by the exhibitors.
Bums, of Leigh, improved and manufactured
and Barnard
Power.
Bishop,
IBarnard,
Root-rulper for Hand
: for their
his
Root-Slicer
for
for
Hand
Power.
H.
Bentaij"
fE.
:
for Hand
Power.
Chaff-Cutter
Carson
tHuoH
: for his
of 58, King William-street,London-bridge : for his Wood'st W. M. Cranston,
*"dwarq
and
Page
manufactured
and
Improved
IThomas
Portable
Thomas
fTHOMAS
Machine.
Grass-Mowing
for his Eight-horse

Buckingham:
and
invented
manufactured
Cylinder Steam-Engine;
And
for his Apparatus for Steam
Rickett, of Buckingham.
invented by the exhibitor, and manufictured
Land
by the
;
Castle Iron Works
Companv, of Buckingham.
of
Beards,
Stowe,
near
Power
Double
and
Kennan
Son,
of
19, Fishamble-street,
and
18
Dublin
for
by
vating
Cultiingham
Buck-
their
Wire-Strainer.
f The
St.
their
and
tCoTTAM
Iron-Works
Pancras
Stable
Old
Compant,
St.
Pancras-road,
Fittings.
Co., of 2, Winsley-street,Oxford-street, London
London
for
their
for
Stable
Fittings.
Percha
and Gutta
Depdt, Lincoln: for his Gutta.
Straps.
of Cathedral-steps,Manchester, and 63, Fleet-street,London
Bradford,
fTHOMAS
:
and
for his Patent
manufactured
Washing-Machine
by
; invented, improved,
fR. H.
Crisp, the
India
India
and
Percha
Rubber
Rubber
exhibitor.
the
and
fOLDHAM
Yorkshire:
BoOTH,ofKingston-upon-Hal],
for his
Six-Horse
Bone-Dust
Power
Mill.
Mill, and for his Four-Horse
Iron Works,
Norwich
tHowARD,
Riches, and Watts, of Duke's-Palace
Grist Mill ; invented
Patent
American
by Amory
Felton, New
Power
Bone
America,
and
manufactured
GIVEN
PRIZES
by
for their
exhibitors.
the
THE
BY
York, U.S"
CANTEEBURY
LOCAL
COMMITTEE.
of Bowbill,
E. B. Elbet,
his
"
Six
Plough
the
Prize
Principle.
To
of
the
Thirty
Sovereigns, for
Ploughman, E. Waters^
Sovebeions.
T. WiLDASH,
his
Maidstone
the Turnrise
on
Davinffton, Feversham
Plough
on
the Turnrise
the
Prize
Principle.
To
of
the
Twenty
Sovebeions, for
Ploughman, M. Cob, Foub
Sovebeions.
Sittingboume : the Prize of Ten

Sovebeions, for his
Sovebeions.
Bakeb, Two
Ploughman, Geoboe
and Key, of 95, Newgate-street,London
beions,
Sove-"Êss
: tiie Prize of Twenty
Machine
for their Grass-Mowing
invented
J.
A.
by
Allen, of
;
êw York, improved and manufactured
by the exhibitors.
the Prize of Ten
Weeks:
Sovebeions, for his Kent Pattern HopWixuîAM
for
Machine,
Pressing Hops in Cloth for the Home
âpted
Pressing
*r^^
ifarir""f.
mnrr^v
nnonnfiujtured by thc ezhlbltor.
Simmons,
Plough.
"-
Rainham,
To
the
Awards
Bebriman,
Robert
of
Ten
Earl
Langrish
Thong,
the
for
Matthew
Sovereigns,
George
for
Eley,
White,
for
of
of
Sample
the
any
the
reigns,
Sove-
Five
of
reigns,
Sove-
Five
Hops.
the
of
Prize
First
Golding
of
Ten
of
Prize
Hops.
Prize
of
:
Seven
Hops.
Petersfield,
Farm,
the
First
of
Second
kind
Sample
for
of
Prize
kind
Canterbury
Manor
Langrish
Prize
Hops.
Second
other
:
best-managed
First
the
Hoijs.
other
oiany
Sovereigns,
Five
Hants
Canterbury:
Westgate,
the
Berriman,
Prize
Grolding
near
Sample
best
the
xxv
Golding
of
Sittingboume
near
Collard,
Sovereigns,
Robert
best
the
the
of
Park,
Tong,
for
Thomas
Sample
best
Petersfield,
Sample
best
Gravesend
near
Bourne
Bell,
the
Wool.
Farm,
Manor
for
Sovereigns,
Darnley,
CaMerhury
at
Hants
Sample
best-managed
the
Second
of
Golding
Hops.
Hope
Theobalds,
Godmersham,
Sovereigns,
George
for
Eley,
Sovereigns,
Matthew
best-managed
the
Tong,
the
best-managed
Bourne
Bell,
Sovereigns,
Park,
the
for
Sample
Sittingboume,
near
for
Canterbury
near
tiie
of
Canterbury
best-managed
Third
of
Sample
the
of
Prize
of
Kind
kind
Seven
Hops.
Five
of
Prize
Second
other
any
Three
Hops.
Jlrst
other
any
:
of
Prize
Golding
of
Kent:
Sample
near
the
of
Hops.
WOOL.
Wickham
Collard,
Charles
Sovereigns,
and
Highly
for
the
of
quantity,
Six
George
Murton,
for
the
biuing
Six
Smeeth,
Neve,
Walsingham,
Lord
the
Six
Fleeces,
Castle,
Staplehurst,
Kent
Long-
Wool
the
Prize
Fleeces,
of
Kent
Ten
or
^Thomas
"
Kent.
Sovereigns,
otherwise,
com-
Hall,
most
Thetford,
valuable
Norfolk
Short-Wool
the
of
reigns,
Sove-
Fleeces,
Prize
combining
quantity.
Commended,
quality
quantity.
Merton
for
and
and
Sissinghurst
Ashford,
valuable
most
quality
Kent
combining
Ten
of
Prize
the
growth.
"
Frederick
Kent
Wingham,
valuable
most
year's
one
Commended,
Court,
Horton,
Hamage
Grange,
near
Shrewsbury.
Ten
quality
"vi
("ii"uîi
iEtepurts.
anlr
1859.
FOR
AWAEDS
Class
The
Prize
of
of 25, Gresham
awarded
was
Street, London,
of the
have
201,
V.
Four-Course
Mr.
to
for
Phiup
best
the
Beport
which
Eotation
Tuckett,
Debell
the
on
modem
cations
Modifi-
improvements
advisable.
rendered
1860.
I.
Class
The
Prize
Moulsford,
of
bOl
awarded
was
for
Wallingford,
the
Mr.
to
best
J.
Beport
B.
Speailing,
the
on
of
Agrioulture
of Berkshire.
The
Report
Abingdon,
by
the
Rev.
J. C. Clutterbdck,
Prize
of
201.
and
the
best
awarded
was
College, Birmingham,
Rotation
Long
Wittenham,
commended.
was
II.
Class
The
of
for
time
his
Professor
to
Essay
of year
for
Class
III.
on
the
applying
Tanner,
best
the
of
Queen's
period
Manure
of
the
of
the
Farm.
The
offered.
Essays
in this
Class
were
not
considered
worthy
of the
Prize
Awards
and
Essays
for
IV.
Class
Prize
The
the
best
The
10^
of
JEaauj
Beoeat
on
Mr.
to
J.
flukSDiKa,
of
of
Fulton,
in
ImprovementB
Joseph
Mr.
by
Essay
awarded
was
xxvii
Reports.
for
Glasgow,
PxmctLoe.
Dairy
Bristol,
Marksbnry,
was
commended.
V.
Class
The
of
Prize
10/.
Essex,
Halstead,
for
awarded
was
the
best
to
Essay
Mr.
on
H.
the
Evershed,
Proper
Office
of
Gosfield,
of
Straw
on
Farm.
the
"la8S
Prize
The
College,
best
of
107.
for
Birmingham,
suited
to
awarded
was
the
various
the
VTL
to
hest
Professor
Essay
Agricultural
on
Taniter,
the
Crops.
Conditions
of
Queen's
of
bed
Seed-
xxviii
1B""ag"
^Reports."prizes
ani
for
Royal Ag^cultural Society of England

will be
Competitors
Special
tbe
the
Prize
of
Earl
of
Sovereigns,
Powis,
will
in
the
petition.
com-
and
discuss
the
President,
best
Report
on
since
the
Reports
in the
OF
Sovereigns
will
Agriculture
of
be
given
'
by
for
given
Farming
the
AGBIGXTLTXTBE
described
the
the
Yorkshire
of
Journal.
HAMPSHIRE.
for
the
best
Report
the
on
Hampshire.
Soil and
of the
the nature
of the
character
should
county
be
of the
Farming in it"
different districts or natural divisions ; its live Stock ; Implements ;
duced
recent changes of Farm
Improvements
Management;
lately introstill required; remarkable
characteristic
the
or
Farms;
or
be briefly
Forest should
traced, and any peculiar
History of the New
;
connected
customs
with
it described.
nL
will
Sovereigns
of
Drainage
the
by
The
be
offered
principalgeologicaland physical features
The
wet
be
at
down
drained
of the
ridges.
of
influence
should
be
several
which
^r
depths
of
The
tested
A
follow
other
T7.
THE
n/^^fl^ oi
different
best
Essay
flat,instead
soils
in
the drainage
laying;
directioik
subsidiaryto draining,should
effect of variations
tested
as
effect of
following the
of
Results*
the
on
different
on
1860, including the
subsoiling,as
some
jovjbiiEiGNS
for the
land
lands.
will
DBAINAaE.
given
season
into account.
consider
to
general
to
open
of
TOBKSHIBE.
Fifty
last
of the
n.
Fifty
OF
Improvement
date
"
expected
FABMINa
I.
Ten
are
Prizes
enumerated.
heads
ah
1861."
on
be taken
the
crop8"
not
by ascertaining,
estimating,the yield of the
practicalrule should, if possible,be deduced,
the broad
geologicalcUstinctions between
strata,,
definite law.
WINTERZNa
will
be
given
OF
for
DAIRY
the
ViTit^^'ni^g* I"airyStock.
best
STOCK.
Essay
on
the
best
Prizes
XXX
All
1.
and
sides
of the
shall
An
the
been
swMxled
the
open
is
the
confidentially as
of the
Journal
shall
accordingly
writers
; but
The
7.
the
8.
In
9.
The
to
are
the
and
not
to
write
to
on
stated
scale^
for
the
willingneaa
sealed
name
cover,
of that
view
piace
the
be
open
Prize
has
empowered
Prize, that
the
shall
author.
al""ie
shall
with
being
which
to
of the
obtaining
to
time
the
Essay
Committee
not
in
themunber
and
written.*
Council
the
addresaes
Essay,
be
Society's objects ;
his
deserving
Prize?
power
to
publish
will
be
Essays
net
are
gaming
Essay
the
have
Soeiety
th"
all reports
be
shall
dedare
Essay
all
other
Society
Essays
the
of
Journal
the
to
of
copyright
Essays
petitors
Com-
sources.
he
of
soch
Essay
shall
belong
to
think
may
consulting
at
the
the
disposal
the
Society^
Commiitee.
The
and
;
experience
on
other
or
paper,
and
names
subject
MSL
and
the
for
useful
to
writer
who
founded
constructed
or
of their
designating
of any
likely
6.
drawn
Society,
motto
of
motto-paper
be
the
of the
written,
Chairman
The
5.
letter
ESSAYS.
be
books
to
large
or
then:
oiclose
Ghairmaii
or
whieh
cm
shall
Essays
models,
or
shall
List
President
cover
PEIZE
reference
"doIsci^
uas
motto,
Prize
in the
The
4.
their
only
subject
FOE
writings requiring them.
oompetitocs
which
on
to
in Prize
simple
on
specimens,
accompany
3.
Reports.
leaf.
Drawings,
2.
not
requested
are
both
coBtained
infoTiDation
observation,
or
and
COMPETITION
OF
RULES
for Essays
do
iaak"
not
bound
whole
or
any
for their
responsible
prize
unless
part of such
application
the
on
themsdvea
award
to
the
retuaned
to
they
of
the
loss.
consider
of
one
of it.
of
the
experiments
imperial weights
and
shall be
expenseff
only
measures
those
are
aocurately
by
which
detailed.
calculations
made.
10.
No
11.
Prizes
prize
shall
be
be
may
given
taken
for
in
Essay
any
or
money
which
has
the
plate, at
been
already
of Uie
option
in
print.
successful
candidate.
12.
All
Essays
be
must
addressed
to
the
Secretary,
at
the
house
of
the
Society.
Competitors
^h'**** TiAines
are
are
requested
written,
as
well
to
as
write
on
their
the
motto
outside
on
of
die
the
enclosed
envelope.
paper
on
which
""i
of C{)emftat ^naI^C"(.
fiHtmbtns:'9rtf)fle$e"(
Council
Ths
fiineJ the
have
followingrates
fbr
Charge
of
Analyses to
for the hond-fide
of Members
use
hj the ConsultingChemist
of the Society; who
(to avoid all unnecessary
correspondence) are
the kind
of
particularlyrequested,when applying to him, to mention
and
its
number
in
the
schedule.
to
subjoined
quote
analysisthey require,
The
charge for analysis,together with the carriage of the specimens^
of their application.
be paid to him
at the time
must
by members
made
be
No^
1.
dust,
2.
genoineiiiessof Penivian
99
and
showing
estrmate
of
1^0
sampliBSin
the
"
..
only
lOs.
..
..
like arerage
muriate
of
(rdafcivelyto
of
market)
sulphate and
of potash and
analysis of supeiplMMqâte
moisture,
salts,
..
..
ttthie
of the nitrates
and
An
proportionof
ammonia
..
4."
58.
the
sand, phosphate of lime, alkaline
organic matter,
8.-" An
bone-
guano,
oil-cake (each sample)
or
anaJysisof guano
-An
"
tb^
opinion of
An
"
monia,
am-
IQsJ
soda
..
..
for soluble
of lime
of
phates
phos109.
analysis of superphosphate of lime, showing the proportions

of moisture, organic matter, sand, soluble
and
msoluble
phon"hates,sulphate of lime, and ammonia
"1.
for the determinatton
of its agricul(J. An
anaiyws (sufficient
tural
value) of any ordmary artificial manure
"i,
the pnqxffticni
of lime, 7", 6^^. ; the proport.^'IimestcMie ;
tion
of magnesia, lOs^ ; the proportionof lime and magnesia
5.r"-An
,,
..
"
"
"
"
"..
..
..
..
..
..
15s.
..
marls, including carbonate, phoophate, and

and magnesia with sand and clay
of
lime,
sulphate
of clay,
^Partial analysisof a soil,
9
includingdeterminations
and
carbonate
of
lime
sand, organicmatter,
10.--"!("npânalysisof a soil
used for feeding
Ân analysisof oil-cake,or other substance
11.
the
of
proportion
showing
moisture, oi^
purposes;
muminoas
and
mineral
matter,
woody fibre ;
matter,
8." ^Limestone
or
"1.
"
..
..
"
"l.
..
..
"3.
"
as
well
as
asd
of starch, gum,
sugar,
"12,
Ânalyse*of any vêtaibleproduct
^13." Ânalyses of animal products, refuse
"
14.
in the aggregate
.^
"o.
manarsy
^Determination
"
."
of
the
..
"
"
15.
and
"
of land
..
..
10s.
drainage,and
..
"
N.B.
"
The
above
cammercidlly engaged
Analysis.
The
Address
YoELCKER,
of
tke
Scale
in
qf Charges
Manufacture
Consulting Chemist
or
of
to
for
..
..
of water
.
to the
a]f"plicahle
Sale
the
which
of
any
requests
:
the
once
4^1.
of
case
Substance
Society is.
he
parcels (postage and carriage paid) should be directed

of persons
residing in London, parcels sent to
bowever,
to Cirencester
Square, W., will be forwarded
12, HaD"Tcr
and
used
"2.
..
sample
is not
the
Cirencester, Gloucestershire,
of water
..
of nitric acid in
êtemrinatton
16."
of water
sample
for
boiling
after
Analysis of water
irrigation
"
used
finom IQs. to 30s,
^,
of
"
before
"1.
substances
..
hardness
"1,
Dr.
that
for the
persons
sent
for
Augustus
all letters
conrenience,
Society's Office, No.

or
twice
week.
xxxii
Ueterinarg
iWemfiew^
I.
No.
Any
1.
^Veterinary
"
member
of
professional opinion
destructive
the
and
disease
i9r(bfUges(*
Inspection.
who
Society
desire
may
in cases
of
special advice
his
among
will
stock, and
competent
extensive
address
or
letter
of post, receive
Secretary, will, by return
a
printed list of
filled
him
be
and
returned
to
queries, to
immediately. On
up
the
the
list, the Secretary will convene
receiptof such returned
Committee
forthwith
Members
two
of
Veterinary
(any
which, with
the
to
assistance
the
Committee
the
Simonds,
disease
is said
No.
day
as
expenses
will
the
from
will
of
such
also be
allowed
where
discretion
his
be
reduced
such
on
21, 2s. each
have
been
may
but
the
travelling
Society,
paid by
charge against the applicant
be
spot where
services
the
peculiar circumstances
under
the
to
such
Professor
of personal
day on account
to charge the cost of travelling
be
however,
may,
of the Council,
and
to
Inspectorwill
1/. Is. each
fees will
be
expenses
Thia
charge
or
for
professional
remitted
altogether
step being recommended
to
the
by
Veterinary Committee.
his
from
return
The
on
3.
visitingthe diseased stock,
Inspector,
in writing, the results of his observations
report to the Committee,
them
No.
shall
and
No.
4.
of the
proceedings,which
Should
to
II.
the
Committee,
arise to prevent
Inspector,he
receive
may,
the
same
Lectures,
Investigations,
"
competent
some
name
shall
in his stead, who
act
report will be laid before
contingencies
confided
duties
of the
to
of
localities
The
required.
at the
act);
despatching
competent
necessity
Society's VeteHnary Inspector,
to prevail.
he
and
be
the
on
professionalfee, and
to and
aid.
Secretary,will
decide
remuneration
The
2.
thus
of the
will
the"ouncil.
personal discharge
subject to the approval
professional person
of remuneration.
rates
and
Eeports.
Society have the privilegeof sending

cattle, sheep, and pigs to the Royal Veterinary College, on the same
Members
of the College.
if they were
terms
as
No. 2. The
to investigatesuch particular
College have undertaken
with the application
classes of disease, or special subjects connected
No.
1.
of the
vime
Veterinary
directed
be
No.
3.
In
of the
Members
All
art
by
to
the
addition
cattle, sheep, and
pigs, as
to the
increased
number
of lectures
Cattle
the Lecturer
on
Simonds,
3y Professor
he
will
in
the
Royal Veterinary College,
"ûpils
ectures
lanover
Square,
or
of
Members
the
before
from
may
'^
to the
Coimcil
cattle, sheep, and

"These
,uolisbed
privilegesare
when
at its Annual
also
r^dergoing
)r
*^'*
the
to
deliver
such
the
Society, at their house

Meetings in the country, as
Veterinary College will from time

of the Society a detailed
Report of
pigs treated in the College.
confinr**^
to
given
now
Pathology,
decide.
"''^^mcil may
The
4.
Royal
0.
lumish
time
Council.
revision.
""'Minc'i
The
the
time
cases
regulationswill
new
in November
to
in
the
until
then
the
bo
old
^grtcultttralJlôctetgof ^nglanti.
3Elo})a[
1861.
THE
EARL
POWIS.
OP
^xniUti*
Djke,
Sir Thomas
AcUnd,
Bemers, Lord
William, M.P.
BramstoD,
Thomas
Challoner,
Colonel
Rt. Hon.
Graham,
Jas., Bart., M.P.
Sir
Stephen, M.P.
Thompson, Hany
of
Ddke
Harlboroogh,
Portman, Lord
Rutland, Duke of
SheUej, Sir John Villiers,Bart., M.P.
Speaker, The Rt. Hon. The
Sutherland, Duke of
Bart.
Vict'Tj^ttHititntii.
Lord
Ashburton,
of
Exeter, Marquis
Raymond
Barker, Thomas
Chichester, Earl of
Downshire, Marquis of
Hill, Viscount
Egmont, Earl of
Viscount
Grerslej',
Walsingham,
Lord
Tarborough,
Earl
Sir John V. B., Bart., M.P.

Miles, Sir William, Bart., M.P.
Johnstone,
of CounctL
(Qt^tt fRtnAttH
Acland, Thomas
Lawrence, Charles
Leigh, Lord
Dyke
Charles
Amos,
Edwards
Bamett, Charles
Barrow, William
Macclesfield, Earl of
Hodgson,
M.P.
Milward, Richard
Nathaniel
^Barthropp,
Pain, Thomas
George
Brandreth', Humphrey
M.P.
Boiler, James Wentworth,
Caldwdl, Henry Bemey
Pope, Edward
Powis, Earl of
Cavendish,
Romney,
Hon.
Pennant,
George, M.P.
William
Dmce, Joseph
Exall, William
Fsrersham, Lord
Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth
Hamond,
Anthony
Fisher
Hobbs, William
Hood,
Colonel
The
Shuttle
Smith,
Nelson
Clarence,Bt., M.P.
VOL.
"
"
John
Messrs.
XXI.
DARE,
HALL
Dr. Augustus
James
"
Bankers
Charles
Thomas
Burch
Wilson, Professor
Wynn,
"
Pubiisher
Lieut.-Colonel
Wilson, Henry
Inspector
VeterinaryConsultingEngineer"
Thoscas
Banks, M.P.
Turner, George
Vernon, Hon. Augustus
Wallis, Owen
Webb, Jonas
Western,
ConsuUing-Chemist
"
M.P.
Aglionby,.
Lord
T||sdâr,
PhilipStapylton,M.P.
H.
Seedsmen
of
Robert
Towneley,
A.
Wren
Mutton, William
Jonas, Samuel
Kerrison, Sir Edward
Lawes, John Bennet
Earl
Douglas,M.P.
worth, Joseph
Stanhope, James
Torr, William
Bowaid, James
findion, John
Humberston,
Col. Hon.
Slaney, Robert
Hon.
Chandos
Hoekyns,
of
Mubray,
Voelcker,
Be
art
Easton,
A-hiES
Gibbs
12, Hanover
and
Simonds,
or
Co., Comer
50, Albemarle
DRUanxoND,
Sir Watkin
WilUams,
Bart., M.P.
Square, London, W.
Royal AgriculturalCollege,Cirencester
Royal VeterinaryCollege,N.W.
C. E. Amos,
of Halfinoon
The
Grore, Southwark,
W.
Street,Piccadilly,
Street, W.
Charing Cross, S.W.

d
S.E.
xxxiv
MEMORANDA.
Address
Letters.
of
The
"
designatedby
Secretary,
Society'soffice being
the
requested
are
situated
in the new
trict
postal disin their correspondence with
the
W, members,
subjoin that letter to the usual address.
letter
to
General
Meeting
in
London, May
Country
Meeting
at
Leeds
General
Meeting
in
London,
Monthly
Council
in
only
every
Members
to
22, 1861,
commencing
in
Twelve
at
July 15th,
December,
and
1861.
1861.
(for transaction
of business),
month, excepting January,
of Council
o'clock.
Governors
o'clock
12
at
in
in
Society, who
invited
particularly
are
first Wednesday
October:
September,
Society.
open
of the
Council
(for practicalcommunications), at 12 o'clock
February, March, April,May, June, and July, excepting
each
of those months, and during adjournment :
to
open
Weekly
the
on
and
Council
by the
all
on
the"rst
all Members
avail
to
Wednesdays
Wednesday
of the
themselves
of
privilege.
this
Adjournments.
The
"
do
Wednesday
first Wednesday
in
first
of
Diseases
Council
weeks
those
when
adjourn
include
not
August
in December
to
Cattle, Sheep, and
Pigs.
of the
the
Veterinary College, on
College." (A statement
Appendix, p. Iv.)
Analysis.
Chemical
of
of
if
same
terms
privileges will
be
in
found
in the
the
the
Chemical
stated
found
the
from
privilege of applying to"

to the Royal
sending animals
subscribers
the
to
were
they
these
as
weeks,
from
the
have
Society ; and
privilegesof
The
"
Society will be
of the
first
Members
"
the Veterinary Committee
Whitsun
Wednesday of the month

;
in November;
first Wednesday
and
in February.
the first Wednesday
the
to
Easter, Passion, and
over
the
Analysis enjoyed by
Appendix of the present
present
Members
volume,
p. liv.
Local
particularly requested not to forward

Country
London
but
Post-office
London;
Cheques, or
Cheques
payment
All
Vere-street
Orders
(payable to H. Hall
on
Dare), in lieu of them.
them
draft or
a
required to bear upon
are
receipt
stamp,,
Cheques
penny
in each
be cancelled
case
by the initiifls of the drawer.
They
must
which
their
also conveniently transmit
questing
Subscriptions to the Society, by remay
Bankers
their Country
to pay
(through their London
Agents) the
at the Society'sOffice (No. 12, Hanover
amount
Square, London), betweeo
official receipts,signed by the Secretary^
and
of ten
four, when
the hours
will be given for such
payments.
Cheques.
Member^
"
are
in
for
New
Members.
"
by
candidate
Every
admission
ror
a
proposer
; the
and
residence,
post-town,
Member
place of
or
by letter addressed
to the
to
into
specify
of the
in
the
Societv
writing
be
must
full name,
at a Council
the
candidate, either
posed
prousual
ing,
meet-
Secretary.
exceeding
printed matter
feet
in
length, width, or depth,

containing letters sealed or
in envelopes open
at each
end,
envelopes, or enclosed
rpvu), if sent without
if
inland
the
forwar'^'^d
the
at
be
stamped,
by
following rates:
post,
nay
^ÂCKETs
PosT.
BY
of
'''insisting
Packets
"
written
two
not
or
(but
not
"
,-
""./âHtn.
.-û"
'or quarter
half a
or
i""^
or
ôr
w
""
..v|,^.
"^^.a
id
nd
.^-.
"".~i.
Bye-Laws,
Veterin-y
...
-g^^
"
wwu
^.
....w.
Statement
of
or
of
the
""'
^*"-^
%.u
one
one
two
ponnd)
pound)
ponnd)
pound and
pounds)
for
ounces
H^.ccm*
General
Privileges, and
of
t^^*^
eac*
penny.
pence.
...
....
4
"
half)
"
"
8
"
^"''"'"'^nal2"t]
l^îv.^
""t
Objects, "e.,
""Qr*"
Abttrftct
"a
of
the
r^~"-"yh-."
of
Society,
"
ith
the Chartet
of Chemical
vpeci*!
depart-
ZZXY
MEETING.
GENERAL
12, Hanover
Squabe,
have
Council
time,
present
of
OP
to
85
Life
95
Annual
Members
The
their
Life
3,651
Annual
will
and
times
in
Duke
the
of
of
of
vacancy
they
of
one
sustained
have
of
memory
of
evinced
always
the
had
who
one
the
by
Trustees
the
the G)un
with
shared
have
ciH
decease-
So-ciety,,
filled three
interest
warm
Society.
have
among
the
elected
of
Trustees,
the
Duke
the
Marlboroagh
Mr.
Owen
supply
the
and
to
of
Council, created
to
Wallis,
vacancy
by
the
of
among
fill the
Overthe
resignation
of
Southampton.
The
of accounts
statement
1860,
has
public
accountants.
The
the
list.
the
President, and
Council
members
Members,
Society will
loss
and
Members,
on
Grange, Northampton,
general
Governors,
Honorary
Richmond,
cherish
office
the
Membei*s,
names
great
afiairs of the
The
Lord
the
long
the
the
stone
of the
of
sense
Society consists,at
the
Governors,
1,093
total of 4,942
that
"
18
making
COUNCIL.
THE
report
12, 1861.
December
Wednesday,
REPORT
The
Cnglanti
of
âopal ajjriculturalômtp
been
funded
approved
for the
by
capital consists
half-yearending
Messrs.
of
30th
Quilter, Ball,
12,000/. stock
; and
and
it is
2
June,
Co.,
hoped
to the
Report
xxxvi
that
the
large portion of
1,472/., will
to
cease
they
way
desire
to
bound
to
annual
Society by
claim
Every
has
feel
Members
Since
the
delivered
value
adopted
for adulteration.
the
different
of
varied
character
the
of
of the
live stock
exhibited,
point
of
and
general
The
view,
funds
of the
Council
accorded
and
have
nev'êssary
ITie
and,
in
Sussex
in
1861,
the
by
the
acknowledge
the
the
the
to
usual
in
in
Cleveland
and
according
to
the
held
be
to
horses.
in
nature
financial
as
the
on
well
the
as
poration,
Cor-
and
carrying
all
out
the
week
Implement-Yard
of
bs, ;
will
and
fixed
the
year
have
been
trial of
that
the
to
open
in
at
Leeds
introduced
implements
force, will
horse-hoes, hay-machines,
horse-rakes,
200/.,
to
will
be
cultivation
of the
Meeting
Monday,
July
on
Cattle-Yard
Monday
will
carts,
offered
Leeds
the
commencing
be
next
The
reaping-machines,
have
Council
implement prize-
quadrennial system
applicationof steam-power
payment
the
Mayor
and
prizes, classes
Prizes, amounting
in
and
charge
the
by
live stock
the
Country Meeting,
cattle
waggons.
place
instructive
hospitable reception
Committee,
Local
settled
mowing-machines,
The
usually
means
Mayor,
afforded
comprise drills,manure-distributors,
best
the
considerable
assistance
have
addition
for
and
arrangements.
Council
for
sheets
composition
successful
prove
Canterbury by
at
also
not
entailed
to
zealous
and
the
out
Society.
them
to
valuable
has
has
implements displayed
did
able
favour-
Voelcker
Canterbury, though
at
the
list of the
complete
descriptions,and
Country Meeting
in
are
plete
com-
and
accounts,
Professor
Meeting,
oilcake, pointing
on
the
that
are
1861.
in
General
last
discharged,
the finances
decided
been
feeding
The
stating that
Council
Secretary.
been
into
this
shall withdraw
they
the
to
has
Society
published
lecture
in
It has
be
writing
in
Members
all
bye-laws
introduced
confident
shall
the
by
that
the
but
to
Members
many
impression
membership
in
the
been
condition.
the
that
subscription until
notice
against
system
Council
that
them
their
pay
It is found
up.
their
terminate
can
subscription,amounting
subscriptionsunder
remind
the
from
their
pay
Meeting,
of
arrears
shortly paid
be
General
be
soil.
take
The
15th.
opened,
the
for
shall
morning,
and
on
the
without
AGRICULTURAL
ROYAL
To
Cash
Half-yearly
Dr.
hand,
in
Balance
Bankers
1860
January,
lat
".
:"
Secretary
To
viz.
Income,
Dividend
"
1-
Stock
on
*"
Members'
Annual
Members*
Life-Compositions
s.
620
170
..
122
Country Meetings
39
12
146
17
4,066
10
162
Chester
11
Dividend
5,404
15
2,624
"9,371
8
9
"
Warwick
from
of
estate
16
late)
970
Secretary
10
983
of Sundries
46
Meeting, July,
Canterbury
Amount
1,342
"
Advertisements
To
received
on
this
10
I860:"
account
.
A.
(Signed)
N.
HOOD,
QUILTER,
for
BALL,
Finance
JAY,
Committee.
"
Co., Accountants.
Balance-Sheet,
'
"
I H
.
urplui
oi
H.
""x
d,
d.
3,276
Sales
Sale
8,
"
Annual
Governors'
"
Subscriptions
Journal
JC.
d,
""
o
s.
1,339
"
Account,
"
OP
SOCIETY
By
Januabt
IsT
FROM
ENGLAND.
Expenditure
30th
TO
Jdne,
1860,
Or.
""
^'
415
10
Literature
181
60
Stitching
Delivery,Advertising, "c
..
..
141
12
Grant
By
0
0
40
19
Sundries
13
11
Subscription returned
10
..
Meeting Arreai*s
B. T. Brandreth
to
Esq.,1
1,875
1,827
3,C60
10
:"
New
cents
per
Meetings
Country
account
on
Gibbs,
Secretary
Investment
Paid
Leeds,
"
18C0
..
..
1861
vo, hand
Balance
"
Canterbury,
By
10
19
2000Z.
By
798
325
200
..
..
Honorary
11
Advertisements
Warwick
Grant
Testimonial
2,008
^'
^'
Printing
Veterinary
d.
Salaries
Journal:"
Chemical
8.
"
Establishment, including Rent, Taxes, and

Postage and Carriage
"
Bankers
*.
Secretary
"9,371
audited, and
Examined,
found
correct, this 7th
WILLIAM
(Signed)
ASTBUIIY,)
of
December,
Auditors
CORBET,
HENRY
day
1860.
on
the
paH
of the Society.
JuJSfE,1860.
30th
ASSETS.
",
By
By
Cash
in hand
New
By
Books
per
and
3,660
Stock
12,0001., cost
Furniture, Society's House,
cent.
..J
"
^The
amount
in
arrear
amounted
above
Assets
recoverable
30th
to
June,
3,6911,
are
exclusive
in respect of
1860, which
d,
10
11,796
14
2,000
Hanover)
Square
Mem,
s.
of
the
Subscriptions
at
that
date
"17,456
16
la
'Ml
"fill
Âi
'"'Ml
Sâ"yi^B
5'â5^-5
Ml
-SlSfe'
"S"'^CES
iftiilMiPii
lltllllHÎI-lllltlllllllil
u
H
IS
Is
:h
mm
ill
î
3"s"aBS
ana
Ueportt." prizes
Royal Ag^cultural
will be
AU
1861."
are
expected
Prizes
consider
to
general
to
open
of
the
petition.
com-
and
discuss
the
the
President,
best
Eeport
on
since
the
enumerated.
FABMINa
for
Society of England
Competitors
heads
Special
the
the
Prize
of
Fifty
Sovereigns,
Earl
of
Powis,
will
last
of the
n.
be
the
in
Improvement
date
Fifty
T0BK8HZBE.
OF
Reports
will
Agriculture
of
be
of
in the
Journal.
OF
HAMFSHIBE.
given
for
the
the
Yorkshire
best
Report
the
on
Hampshire.
of the
principalgeologicaland physical features
The
by
for
given
Farming
AOBIOULTimE
Sovereigns
offered
should
county
be
Farming in its
different districts or natural divisions ; its Live Stock ; Implements ;
duced
recent changes of Farm
Improvements
Management;
lately introcharacteristic
the
still required; remarkable
Farms;
or
or
Forest should
be briefly
traced, and any peculiar
History of the New
described
connected
customs
of the Soil and
the nature
will
Sovereigns
of
DBAINAOE.
The
the
wet
season
of
drained
of the
ridges.
influence
of
should
The
several
which
or
lands.
other
some
THE
IV.
Sovereigns
mode
of
follow
will
Essay
of
the
on
different
on
1860, including the
subsoiling,as
tested
be
depths
flat,instead
land
down
into account.
Ten
different
best
for the
given
at
Drainage
by
be
of the
it described.
with
ZXL
Ten
character
soils
following
the
tested
as
effect of
subsidiaryto draining,should
effect of variations
Results
laying
direction-
be taken
the crops
on
estimating, the yield of th"
in
the drainage
by ascertaining, not
practicalrule should, if possible,be deduced,
the broad
strata,
geologicalcUstinctions between
definite law.
OF
WINTEBINa
will
be
Wintering
given
Dairy
for
DAZBT
the
Stock.
best
STOCK.
Essay
on
the
best
for Essays
Prizes
xlii
Sovereigns
Ten
BBEEIDINa
CBOSS
V.
and
be
will
CATTLE.
OF
given
results
principlesand
Reports.
for
the
best
involved
Essay
the
in
the
on
Cross
general
of
Breeding
Cattle.
An
should
account
according
milking as
be
given
the male
as
of the
difference
female
or
parent
produced in the offspring

is of a given race, of the
well as fatteningqualities
of the half-bred
stock, and of
produced by a second cross with the originalstock, or by
putting half-bred animals together.
the
effects
VL
Ten
will
Sovereigns
be
the
for
given
best
Essay
the
on
Bearing
of Calves.
The
advantages
cow
given
to
fatty
matter
which
drawbacks
or
contained
calves
are
calf to suck
the
the
will
Harvesting
considered
cream,
should
the
the
be desciibed, and.
and
diseases
best
ventatives
pre-
togetherwith
management,
to
some
suggested.
HABVESTma
vn.
Sovereigns
in
liable
respect of diet
simple remedies
of
allowing the
on
be
in
Ten
attendant
be
milk should
discussed, the extent to which
new
and
substitutes
for
the
the
best
artificial
calves,
weaning
should
be
given
and
ooBir.
for the best
Thrashing
Essay
on
best
the
mode
Com.
"
of mowing,
bagging," and reaping wheat
of men
and
considered, in respect of labour
horses,in
and
of
of
variations
climate ;
thrashing;
cutting,carting, stacking,
of
and
of the value of the straw
for
tion
cultivaautumn
preparation
;
for
the
the
best
stacks
should
be pointed out, and the
position
;
comparative advantages
The
should
be
comparative advantage of thrashing in the field or in the bam ; the

be
should
benefit derived from
reviewed
in relation to
large bams
their cost, and the possibility
of providing a less costly substitute
considered.
vin.
Ten
Sovereigns
will
be
for
given
the
best
Essay
must
be
on
any
other
AgriculturalSubject.
lleporta or
Essayi
of
March
of their
the
Society,
1, 1861.
the
competing for
at
12, Hanover
Contributors
Communications,
Prizes
as
Square, London,
of Papers
the
sent
Society
are
cannot
requested
be
to
the
on
or
to retain
tary
Secre-
before
Copies
responsiblefor
their
return.
Rules,
"c.
Prizes
OF
RULES
requested
are
the
the
in
subject
Prize
awarded
been
the
open
the
useful
for
confidentially as
of
Journal
who
Essays
writers
8.
In
9.
The
to
are
the
all
shall
the
to
be
on
stated
scale,
declare
in
and
sealed
cover,.
number
the
of that
written.*
for
the
the
addresses
Essay,
Council
time
the
Essay
name
being
which
to
of the
shall
Committee
shall
the
open
Prize
has
author.
be
with
place
such
Essay
shall
belong
to
alone
empowered
Prize, that
the
obtaining
not
willingness
Essays
the
do
gaining
to
power
will
Essays
the
returned
view
he
of
whole
to
think
may
consulting
the
the
disposal
the
Society,
at
any
unless
part of such
application
of
for their
loss.
responsible
prize
to
or
the
on
themselves
award
to
Prizes
publish
be
make
not
bound
not
are
all reports
be
of their
Society's objects
his
have
Society
deserving
Essays
the
other
Society
The
7.
the
the
but
write
to
to
of
accordingly
; and
not
Committee.
copyright
shall
and
Essay
to
The
shall
of any
writer
6.
petitors
Com-
sources.
and
paper,
and
designating
Journal
likely
the
of
the
of
motto-paper
be
or
experience
on
other
constructed
or
names
Society,
motto
written,
drawn
subject
Chairman
or
Chairman
The
5.
is
the
of the
List
which
on
cover
fonnded
them.
their
enclose
motto,
President
The
4.
their
only
which
on
shall
competitors
All
letter
ESSAYS.
be
books
to
large
or
models,
or
writings requiring
accomxjany
3.
foolscap
use
specimens,
Drawings,
2.
shall
to
shall
Essays
reference
simple
on
PRIZE
leaf.
the
of
sides
both
not
xliii
Reports.
FOE
in Prize
contained
and
observation,
or
COMPETITION
information
All
1.
and
Essays
for
they
consider
the
of
one
of it.
the
of experiments
imperial weights
and
shall
expenses
only
measures
be
those
are
accurately detailed.
by
which
calculations
made.
10.
No
11.
Prizes
prize
shall
be
taken
be
may
for any
given
in
Essay
or
money
which
has
plate, at
the
been
already
option of the
in
print.
successful
candidate.
12.
All
Essays
be
must
addressed
to
the
Secretary,
at
the
house
of
the
Society.
their
Competitors
names
are
are
requested
written,
as
well
to
as
write
on
their
the
motto
outside
on
of
the
the
enclosed
envelope.
paper
on
which
%ttW
COMMENCING
WEEK
THE
IN
Mtttinq,
MONDAY,
SCHEDULES
I.
Live-Stock
"
1861
OF
Prizes
THE
15th
OF
JULY.
PEIZES.
offered
the
by
Society.
CATTLE.
ThinI
Priie,
".
SHORT-HORNED
calved
Bulls
For
and
calved
than
more
one
BuU-Calves
For
in-milk
Cows
year
above
or
in-milk
Heifers
For
of
1st
six years old

since the 1st of
July, 1859,
July,
and
1859,
old
six and
twelve
exceeding
not
old
months
For
the
exceeding
not
Bulls
For
before
or
on
CATTLE.
in-calf
above
in-calf
or
three
old
years
..
exceeding
not
three
5
old
yeiirs
..
For
Yearling Heifers
For
Heifer-Calves
above
six and
on
before
under
twelve
months
old
HEREFORD
calved
Bulls
For
and
For
not
calved
than
more
one
BuU-Calves
in-milk
Cows
For
of
July, 1859,
5
six years
old
the 1st of
since
year
above
and
July, 1859,
old
six
and
twelve
exceeding
not
old
months
For
1st
exceeding
Bulls
For
or
CATTLE.
the
Heifers
or
in-milk
in-calf above
three
in-calf
or
years
three
exceeding
not
old
old
years
For
Yearling
For
Heifer-Calves
Heifers
six and
above
under
twelve
months
old
CATTLE.
DEVON
For
Bulls
and
For
not'
Bulls
one
Bull-Calves
months
For
For
Cows
year
the
of
1st
July, 1859,
5
and
July, 1859,
old
six
above
in-milk
or
in-milk
and
exceeding
not
twelve
in-calf above
or
in-calf
three
not
years
old
..
exceeding
three
5
old
For
Yearling
For
Heifer-Calves
old
before
or
old
Heifers
years
on
exceeding six years old

calved
since the 1st of
than
more
For
calved
Heifers
above
six and
under
twelve
months
Prizes
Stock.
Live
for
dVi
'
Third
Priae.
".
CLEVELANDS.
the
Pot
the
Tor
the
For
S^taHion
"best
best
best
of any
"Mare
three
Filly
two
20
age
old
years
and
old
years
OTHER
Brood
For
breedinc;
with
Mares,
breeding
foal
at
foot,
or
in-foal, for
foal
at
foot,
or
in-foal, for
hunters
^
Brood
For
HORSES.
for getting hunters
suitable
Stallions
For
10
upwards
with
Mares,
hackneys
SHEEP.
LEICESTERS.
For
Shearling
For
Rams
For
Pen
Rams
of
any
other
of
five
Shearling
age
Ewes
of the
same
flock
..
SOUTH-DOWNS.
For
Shearling Rams
For
Rams
For
Pen
of any
other
of five
Shearling
age
Ewes
of the
flock
sabae
..
SHROPSHIRES.
For
Shearling
For
Rams
For
Pen
of
Rams
.*
..
any
of five
other
age
Sh^rling
..
..
.-.*
..
Ewes
of the
LONG-WOOLLED
Shearling'Rams
For
Rams
For
Pen
of any
other
age
of five Shearling Ewes
SHORT-
{Not qualified to compete

For
Shearling
For
Rams
For
Pen
of the
same
as
Leicesters.)
flock*
..
SflEEP.
WOOLLED
as
South-Downs
Shropshire Sheep,')
or
Rams
other
of any
age
of five Shearhng
Ewes
SHEEP.
(^Not qualified to compete

For
flock
same
of the
same
flock
..
Prizes
for Implements and
Machinery.
xlyii
PIG"
For
Boars
of
largebreed,
For
Boars
of
small
white
of any
breed
For
Boars
of
small
black
breed
For
Boars
of
breed
not
colour
eligiblefor
the
10
Breeding
Breeding
Breeding
Sows
of
small
white
Sows
of
small
black
Sows
of
breed
not
colonr
.
eligiblefor the
of three
breed, of the
For
ceding
pre-
eight
of
four
and
the
of
small
and
white
under
eight
small
black
Breeding Sow-Pigs
litter,above
same
four
of three
four and
above
of
Breeding Sow-Pigs
under
Împlement
"
and
under
old
eligible for the preceding classes,of the
n.
four
10
months
Pen
iarge breed,
10
above
litter,
of three
breed, of
For
litter,above
Breeding Sow-Pigs
same
of
old
Pen
Breeding Sow-Pigs
colour, of the same

old
eight months
months
".
10
of three
Pen
Third
Prize.
classes
For
10
For
any
breed
of any
of
10
10
breed
large breed,
tinder
Pen
".
of
".
10
10
Sows
For
Prize.
10
Breeding
For
Second
preceding
classes
For
For
First
Prize.
eight months
10
not
litter,
same
old
Machinery
and
breed
10
Prizes
offered
by
the
Society.
Steam
The
best
applicationof
Power
to
the cultivation
ordinary Portable
an
".
of the
soil
100
.
ditto
ditto
Ditto
by
Steam
Cultivators.
Engine
not
exceeding 10 horse-power
worked
100
..
..
Dbills.
Com
and
General
Turnips
Water
Purpose
Drills
ditto
Ditto
and
other
30
for small
occupations
roots
10
30
Drills
10
.,
Drills
for small
seeds
10
Drill-Pressers
10
Manure
Distributors
for
Ditto
for
dry manure
liquidmanure
Distributors.
10
10
Special
xlyiii
Prizes.
".
HOBSE-HOES.
general
for
Horse-Hoes
Horse-Hoes
Single-row
flat
Machines.
MbwiNa
For
20
artificial grasses
and
natural
10
thinning turnips
for
Horse-Hoes
15
purposes
for ridge and
10
Machikes
Hay-making
Machines.
Heaping
For
cutting, with
For
cutting
For
comhined
the
20
self-delivery
without
self-delivery
com,
reaping
and
10
20
grass-moving
10
Hobse-Kakes
Waggons.
10
Waggons
Pair-horse
10
Waggons
Other
Carts.
10
Single-hoi-se Carts
Market
..
..
10
Carts
Two-horse
Harvest
"
Carts
,.
Carts
on
springs
Miscellaneous.
Awards
to
improvements
essential
and
articles
Agricultural
therein
20
(10 medals)
TT
-Special
Prizes
the
by
offered
Local
Leeds
Committee.
TABOUREBS.
juii
*nd
iv^
J.KAJ.
by
them
distributed
the
,1
Âv;tcaiUj^
ê
at
amongst
first-prize'^Tiimals
o'
the
of the
disposal
the
mHements
Servants
who
Local
may
"'^ject to
Committee,
in charge
be
such
limits
of
Sfiîed Prizet,
xlix
HOBSES.
Dlood
Yor
Mares
Hunters,
Geldings,five
or
ditto
Ditto
old
years
four
(2 crosses)
old
years
ditto
Geldings three years old

or
Hunting Mares
Coaching Stallions
three years old
Coaching Mares
Coaching Brood-Mares, with a foal,or stinted
Pot
"For
For
For
Stallions
For
Roadster
For
Roadster
For
Geldinnjs,any
Horses, Mares
Mares
pair
or
of
Dray
of
Mares
under
age,
15
J hands
Mare
Geldings, or
or
..
and
Gelding
For
pair
Mares
For
Gelding
years
under
Ponies
For
Mare
Ponies
For
Mare
or
and
old, for As^ricultural
Geldiag, for
purposes
ditto
ditto
old
three
For
Mare
or
Gisldings,
or
Agricultural purposes
For Geldings three years
14 hands
..
..
ditto
under
Gelding Ponies
hands
12
CATTLE.
Cows
For
for
Dairy
in-calf
purposes,
in-milk
or
10
SHEEP.
SHEEP.
LONG-WOOLLED
(^NeitherLeicesters
For
the
best
Shearling Ram
For
the
best
Ram
For
the
best
pen
of any
nor
10
10
of the
liock
same
MOUNTAIN
For
the
best
For
the
best
pen
For
the
best
Black-faced Ram
For
the
best
pen
For
the
Dest
Lonk
For
the
same
best
Shearling Cheviot
pen
SHEEP.
5
Ewes
of the
of any age
of five Black-faced
Ewes
with
five
10
Ram
of five Cheviot
of
dark
Lonk
or
Ewes
same
flock
5
5
of the
mottled
with
same
fleck
or
mottled
face
dark
flock
faces, of the
5
PRIZES
best
".
age
of five Ewes
Ram
Cotsivolds.)
OFFERED
BY
For
the
For
the best pen of five Leicester
Hunting
Colt
three
years
LORD
LONDESBOROUGH.
old
Ewes, of the
20
same
flock,not bei ng shearlings 10'
SpecialPrizes,
GHxifiSEia
Second
For
Cheese,
the best
weight,
For
less than
nor
the best
Cream
six
or
one
six
months
Prfie.
".
".
28 lbs.
less than
not
more,
ThinT
Prize.
old
Cheeses
..
BUTTER.
the best, one
For
not
For
less than
the
not
or
more.
lbs.
20
best, one
less than
or
more.
Rolls
or
Pats
of Butter,
or
Pats
of Butter,
Rolls
5 lbs
WOOL.
SHEEP.
LONG-WOOLLED
six Fleeces, deep
For
not
For
exceeding 9
six
Ewes,
For
six
Fleeces, deep staple and

bright fibre, for
exceeding G lbs
for Hogs,
Fleeces, deep staple and bright fibre,
not
9 lbs.
For
bright fibre,for Hogs,
stapleand
lbs.
upwards
or
Fleeces, deep staple and
six
6 lbs.
upwards
For
six Fleeces, deep staple,and
Hogs, any weight
For six Fleeces, deep staple,and
Ewes, any weight
Ewes,
bright fibre, for
or
not
bright fibre,for
not
bright fibre,for
,
SHORT-WOOLLED
For
six
Hog-Fleeces
For
six
Ewe-Fleeces
SHEEP.
FLAX.
For
Green
grower
10
For
acres
Green
grower
to 20
For
Flax, English grown, and exhibited by the

only,pulled from fields of 5 acres and up to
and exhibited
Flax, English grown,
of 10 acres
fields
from
only, pulled
and
gro^vn,
from
fields
pulled
Flax, English
only,
upwards
For Prepared Flax,
grower
to be exhibited
handled
retted,scutched, and
Retted, scutched,
"No sample
in
up
acres
Green
and
by the
and
to be
and
20
by
acres
the
and
by the preparer only,

mill-scutched
Flax
..
handled
hand-scutched
Flax
of less
weight tliau fire hundredweight,

retted,scutched,and handled
flax to be
5
..
all scutched
1861.]
exhibited
of
li
SpecialFrizes.
ESSAY.
".
"Essay
Mode
Best
the
on
of Getting in the Harvest
pair of AgriculturalCottages, containing
best
the
in
bed-rooms
built
to be
with
the
1st
not
or
by
Town
Ijeeds
the
Season
10
..
attached, already
1861, within
exceeding "180
exceeding
not
of the
miles
ten
of June,
cost
three
less than
not
conveniences
suitable
Hall, at a cost
best single ditto, at a
"built,
'For
each, and
Bad
DESIGNS.
BUILDING
For
in
20
10
"110
to the
also intend
Committee
to build,on
a
piece of land near
Yard, the pair of AgriculturalCottages to which the first prize
be
offered
awarded, provided they
by the Yorkshire
Society may
will then adopt some
and
of
the
do
if
they
they
design
not,
;
approve
Local
[The
Show-
design.]
other
best
the
Por
suitable
blocks
"10
to
per
the
per
of the
cost
[N.B.
for
and
at
cent,
per
annum,
"7J
than
less
of
Covering
working men
for
Design
prize
^tififerent
in
the
2.
bull in Class
unless
will be
paid
and
year
No
of the
cow
to have
Show,
3.
until
or
No
of
Committee
of
at
Leeds.]
PKIZES.
LIVE-STOCK
of the divisions
produced
sanitary arrangements
competition may be had
his
the three
of cattle will be
having
served
eligiblefor
less than
not
preceding the
months
three
1st of June
Show.
in-milk
had
within
cow
is
the
to
TO
(or heifers)within
cows
not
provided
of ventilation
to the modes
cottages,
I. of any
certificate
of
return
50
EELATING
CONDITIONS
No
in
"6
building outlay (exclusive
the
throughout. Particulars and conditions

from the Honorary Secretaries of the Local
1.
of
allow
will
upon
Dwellings,
varying from
with
at rentals
towns,
which
cost
annum
of back-to-back
case
in
land)
Especialattention
"
in the
Land
quantity of
(and
in-calf)will
not
live calf,either between
the
twelve
entered
months
be
eligiblefor
the
of
date
preceding the
prize unless
entry
and
tified
cer-
that of the
of the Show.
date
in-calf (and not in-milk) will

produced a live calf in due course
as
certified to have
be
entitled
to
prize
subsequently
to the
"Show.
4.
No
cow
entered
cinless certified to have

of the Show,
in
due
6.
course
No
or
entered
been
in-calf
produced
the
subsequently
heifer
Jtifiedto have
within
both
as
as
bulled
twelve
to the
and
will
months
be
eligiblefor
preceding
prize
entry and that

the date of the Show, or
the date
of
Show.
in-calf will be
before
in-milk
live calf between
the
31st
eligiblefor
oSfMarch
prize
in the
unless
year
she
is
of Show,
cernor
Conditions
lii
will her
receive
afterwards
owner
Prizes.
to
relating,
the
he
until
prize
shall
Secretary with a further certificate that she produced

in the subsequent year.
of January
foals must
All
6.
for the
exhibited
in each
The
ewes
8.
The
three
9.
The
Judges
in
which
31st
they
are
any
class,and
be
instructed,
which
animals
affix
to
flock.
same
must
pen
of pigs'will be
should
and
has
animal
the
shall have
stewards
of the
with
litter.
same
the
shall
sanction
of
the
stewards,
to have
to them
placard
been
appear
of disqualification
to the
pens
No
mouths
jected
Society shall be subveterinary inspector of the
the
by
of dentition
pig indicate that

any
in the
certificate of
in
correctly returned
disqualify such pig, and

ensuing monthly meeting.
exhibited
without
certificate from
tlie ê
stance
circum-
Member
of
the
entry,
shall report the
to
at its
shall be
horse
of the
meetings
coimtry
their
state
power
Council
the
to
of
been
not
the
at
examination
an
Society ;
11.
in each
pigs exhibited
All
to
the
with
along
mare
the
the
animals.
of those
10.
sow-pigs
wrong
the
be of the
must
pen
prizes from
to withhold
of
oflfaprings
the
furnished
prize.
7.
entered
be
have
live calf before
of the
with
ence
referVeterinary Surgeons as to the state of the animal
Koyal
of the respiratory
which
to hereditary diseases, particularlythose
organs,
the Certificate of Entry ; but
the above
shall not
certificate shall accompany
College of
supersede
the
examination
usual
RULES
1.
the
As
pigs, is
to
value
relative
2.
will
instructed
not
of animals
for the purpose
merits
take
to
instructed
make
to
cattle,sheep, and
Judges in making
their consideration
into
to decide
exhibited,but
the
present
according
to
their
of breeding.
If, in the opinion of the Judges, there

be
neat
the
specialreport
should
to
equality of merit, they
be
Council, who
the
will
decide
on
award.
the
Judges
3. The
that
to
be
butcher
the
to
ADJUDICATION.
Society in giving prizes for

improvement in breeding stock,
promote
will
OF
of the
object
awards
their
Society'sVeterinary Inspector.
the
by
there
award
justifyan
class
instructed
merit
shall
shall be
final.
The
Judges
will
to withhold
in
be
consult
instructed
of
any
should, however,
arise, the Judges
joint decision
4.
will be
sufficient
is not
the
to
give
class of live
merit
5.
In
the
prizes will
strength into
6. The
become
classes
be
in
the
"
the
of
opinion
prize
disqualifying a
of the yard, and
reserved
their
are
for such
**
number
opinion possess
prize is awarded
Whole
their
in each
sufficient
shouM
disqualified.
for stallions,mares,
instructed,
in
addition
and
to
the Judges
fillies,
symmetry,
to
ii"
take
awarding the
activity and
their consideration.
Judges will be instructed to deliver to the

the prizes are
to which
stating the numbers
signed, and
leave
of
stewards
in
would
animal
stock, viz., which
to which
for the prize in case
the animal
subsequently
exhibited
stock
question
the
with
prizeif they
any
the
yard.
Director
theu*
adjudged,
award,
they
before
liv
of Clêmfcal ^nalpists^.
9rfi)fleges(
0itmhttsP
Charge for Analyses to

of Members
foe made
for the bond-fide
use
by the ConsultingChemist
avoid
of the Society; who
all
correspondence) are
(to
unnecessary
of
the kind
particularlyrequested,when applying to him, to mention
in the subjoinedschedule.
analysis they require,and to quote its number
The
charge for analysis,together with the carriage of the specimens,
be paid to him
of their application.
must
at the time
by members
Council
The
No.
1.
opinion of
An
"
dust,
2.
An
"
fixed
have
"
or
the
genuineness of Peruvian
the
oil-cake
organic matter,
An
"
5$.
proportionof moisture,
the
; showing
sand, phosphate of lime, alkaline
salts,
10s.
ammonia
..
3.
bone-
guano,
(each sample)
analysisof guano
and
of
following rates
estimate
of
the
..
..
..
,.
..
of
the
value
to
(relatively
average
monia,
sulphate and muriate of amand of the nitrates
of potash and soda
phates
analysis of superphosphate of lime for soluble phos-
"
samples
in the market)
of
An
"
"
An
"
99
6.
..
..
..
..
.,
portions
pro-
and
"1.
..
An
of its agriculfor the determination

tural
analysis(sufficient
value) of any ordinary artificial manure
Limestone
the proportion of lime, 7". Qd, ; the propor:
tion
of magnesia, 10s. ; the proportionof lime and mag-
"
9i
7.
10".
only
analysis of superphosphate of lime, showing the
of moisture, organic matter, sand, soluble
insoluble phosphates,sulphato of lime, and ammonia
..
5.
l("t.
..
..
4.
"
..
..
""
#"
"1.
"
99
aICoIA
8.
"
"
""
Limestone
."
""
""
""
îjSm
marls, including carbonate, phosphate, and

of
and magnesia with sand and clay
lime,
sulphate
Partial analysisof a soil,includingdeterminations
of clay,
and
carbonate
of
lime
sand, organicmatter,
^9
or
"1.
..
"
..
10.
"3.
Complete analysisof a soil

An analysisof oil-cake,or other
"
..
"
11.
"
"
purposes
mineral
as
12.
well
showing
the
and
sugar,
"
and
"
"
14.
"
15.
"
of
the
hardness
before and
after
of land
..
N.B.
"
The
ahi/ue Scale
in
to 30".
10s.
of water
..
..
..
used
of water
for
"2.
..
..
of nitric acid in
"
^commercially engaged
sample
..
drainage,and
..
..
^Determination
"
lOs.
boiling
Ânalysisof water
irrigation
for
used
..
of
"
"
16.
..
..
substances
..
..
"
"1.
,.
from
..
^Determination
"
moisture, oil,
woody fibre ;
"c.
manure,
feeding
in the aggregate
..
13.
for
"1.
Analyses of any vegetable product

Ânalyses of animal products, refuse
"
used
matter,
..
..
..
proportion of
of starch, gum,
as
..
substance
albuminous
matter,
"1.
..
of Charges
the
sample
is not
Manv/acture
..
or
of water
to
aj/plicahle
Bale of any
..
."
..
..
"1.
the
case
Substance
of persons
sent for
Analysis,
The
Address
VoELCKER,
of
the
Consulting Chemist
Cirencester, Gloucestershire,
of
to
the
which
Society is, Dr.

he
requests
Augustus
that
all
letters
be directed : for the conyenience,

parcels (postage and carriage paid) should
however, of persons
residing in London, parcels sent to the Society'sOffice, No.
And
12, Hanover
Square, W., will be forwarded
to
Cirencester
once
or
tirice
week.
^y
iWenti"ew;^ Ueterinarg
I.
lô.
Any
1.
^Veterinary
"
member
of
and
professional opinion
qneries,
be
to
filled
receipt of such
Veterinary Committee
the
desire
may
in cases
of
Society who
special advice
disease among
Secretary, will, by
the
Inspection.
the
destructive
to
I9ribitegeja;*
his
of
return
and
post, receive
list, the
forthwith
or
letter
Members
two
(any
printed list of
him
On
to
immediately.
the
Secretary will convene
returned
up
returned
address
will
stock, and
competent
extensive
of which,
with
of the
Secretary, will be competent to act) ; and such

will decide
Comniittee
the
on
necessity of despatching Professor
the
Simonds,
Society's Veterinary Inspector, to the spot where
is said to prevail.
disease
of such
remuneration
No.
2. The
Inspector will be 21. 2s, each
each
and
1/.
l5.
of pei'sonal
fee,
as
a
day on account
professional
day
will
also
be
allowed
he
to
the
ling
cost of travelcharge
; and
expenses
assistance
the
to
and
localities
the
from
required.
thus
fees will
The
will
be
expenses
This charge may,
of the
the discretion
3. The
No.
shall
report
tions
and
to
the
services
the
however,
Council,
be
in
Committee,
which
reduced
such
on
peculiar circumstances
Inspector, on his return
under
them
his
by
Society,but
from
writing, the results
report will
be
act
in his stead, who
n.
"
name
some
receive
Învestigations,
competent
the
to
same
Lectures,
of his obsei-va-
laid before
to
shall
professional
altogether
Veterinary Committee.
visitingthe diseased stock,
the
Committee,
been
the travelling
step being recommended

the
of
of the
for
remitted
or
proceedings,
4. Should
contingencies arise to prevent
confided
duties
to the Inspector, he
may,
No.
have
may
paid by
charge against the applicant
aid.
at
where
be
Council.
personal discharge
subject to the approval
professional person
rates
and
the
of remuneration.
Eeports.
Society have the privilege of sending

cattle, sheep, and pigs to the Royal Veterinary College,on the same
Members
of the College.
if they were
terms
as
to investigatesuch
No.
2. The
College have undertaken
particular
with the application
of disease, or special subjects connected
classes
from time to
of the Veterinary art to cattle, sheep, and pigs, as may
Council.
the
be directed
time
by
number
of lectures
No. 3. In addition
to the increased
now
given
Cattle
Lecturer
the
the
to
Professor
on
Simonds,
Pathology-,
by
deliver
such
Pupils in the Royal Veterinary College, he will also
in
of
the
the
Members
before
lectures
Society, at their house
tho
in
the
Annual
Hanover
as
Meetings
Square, or at its
country,
No.
Council
No.
famish
1.
All
Members
of the
decide.
may
llie
4.
Royal
to
the
Council
of cattle, sheep, and
College will from time

of the Society a detailed
Report of
in
the
treated
College.
pigs
Veterinarv
to
the
time
cases
CONTENTS
OF
XXI.
I., VOL.
PART
i^rfta
Statistios
page
"
for
Meteorology,
of
Price
the
montlis
six
Health
Public
ditto
ditto
ditto
1860
30,
""
""
Ti
vi
Wheat
of
Average
ending
ditto
Provisions
Weekly
June
..
""
..
..
viti
""
ABTICLB
PAGE
On
I."
the
Berkshire*
of
Agriculture
J.
By
B.
Spearing
1
.,
n.
^The
Mechanical
"
Growth
of
Êssay
m."
on
the
of
Condition
Soil
favourable
for
the
Tanner
Professor
Seed.
By
Recent
Improvements
46
Practice.
Dairy
in
By
Fulton
James
73
"
rV.
Recent
V.
On
"
in
Improvements
"
the
of
Composition
By
Cattle-Cabbage.
VI.
On
"
the
Composition
Refuse
pulp (the
Practice.
Dairy
By
Varieties
two
Dr.
Augustus
and
Nutritive
of
Harding
Kohl-Rabi
and
82
of
Yoelcker
93
of
Mangold-
Dr.
Augustus
Properties
Distilleries).
of Beet-root
Joseph
By
Yoelcker
YU.
On
97
the
Chemical
Soils.
of
Properties
"
Dr.
By
Augustus
Yoelcker
The
Vm."
IX."
X.
The
of
of
different
and
Xn."
On
of
Straw
Stock
Live
By
Metropolis.
Report
"
J.
the
and
..134
H.
Meat
Dead
Evershed
Consumption
in
B.
of
Lawes,
Esq.,
Part
F.C.S.
Steam-Engine.
By
P.
H.
Red
Clover
F.R.S.,
by
F.C.S.,
178
Frere
201
..
[Xm.
"
Remarks
Reference
with
the
on
Fluid
James
undergoes
the
"
On
the
Modem
Tuckett
Diseases
important
Simonds,
Yeterinai;y
Agricultural
XV.
those
of
of
Improvements
and
Pathol(^cal
Professor
of
Cattle
and
..
principally
Sheep
in
which
Changes.
Pathology
Inspector
to
the
By
at
the
Royal
"c
20G
Stock.
Modifications
Blood,
Cattle
College, Veterinary
Society,
Feeding
the
of
Composition
to
Beart
Royal
XIY."On
the
153
173
Growth
the
on
J.
Gilbert, F.R.S.,
Moveable
for
Henry
Herbert
Robert
By
By
Farm.
on
Experiments
Manures.
Dr.
W.Wells
By
..
Office
Proper
Mere.
Whittlesea
of
Drainage
Statistics
"
the
XI.
105
By
of
the
have
P.
H.
Frere
Four-course
rendered
218
Rotation,
advisable.
By
which
P.
D.
258
COlÊNTS.
jj
APPENDIX.
PAGE
Royal
lileetings,
of
Memorajida
the
of
Officera
of
Liat
Agricultural
Privileges,
of
Society
1860-61
Subscription,
of
Payment
England,
"c.
ii
..
Council
the
of
Keport
the
to
1860
22,
May
Meeting,
iii
..
f-yeariy Balance-sheet,
Hal
General
Judges,
Stewards,
of
List
the
of
Awards
Prize-
December
ending
"c.,
Judges
of
Meeting
Canterbury
the
at
Live-Stock
Meeting
Canterbury
..
1859
31,
vii
..
of
Commendations
the
by
given
Prizes
Special
the
Judges
Live-Stock
of
..
Committee
Local
Cdnterbury
xiv
Canterbury
Meeting
xvi
..
of
wards
Prize-
the
of
Judges
Implements
Meeting
Canterbury
xxi
..
Commendations
the
of
Judges
of
Implements
Canterbury
,.
Meeting
xxiii
..
given
Awards
of
for
Prizes
of
Rules
the
by
Prizes
for
Prizes
Local
Canterbury
Essays
for
Privileges
Members'
Veterinary
Reports,
place
which
Ac.,
include
second
to
are
xxxii
(for
of
the
year
to
1842,
the
time
all
Journal
the
which
at
of
convenience
all
placed
at
well
as
the
of
as
the
to
volume
1843,
matter
become
and
being
reprinted
and
Volume
first
the
volume
mmienl
folios, and
Contents,
and
lettering
belonging
Statistics
the
at
to
back
to
the
1839-40,
saon.
(and
obsolete,
the
Titles
the
Roman
with
matter,
thebegirming
Appendix
reference),
Appendix
excepting
fourth
had
the
BINDER.
THE
Journal,
the
of
volnrae
be
TO
together
collect
to
cases
third
xxxi
Privileges
each
of
the
1841.
Journal),
however
all
in
xxx
Analysis
Chemical
of
to
of
end
statement
Reprints
In
the
is dMired
the
xxvi
Essays
Prize
DIRECTIONS
Binder
1859-1860
xxviii
Competition
it at
xxiv
..
..
and
1861
Essays,
Members'.
The
Committee
in
one
were
instance
omitted
Article
an
the
without
alteration
Different
Manures
Roman
in
the
in
the
body
numeral
of
foUoe.
Appendix
matter
retained.
Geological
Lithographic
the
Growth
of
Map
Berkshire
to
face
..
Plan
of
illustrating
Red
Glover
the
..-
Effect
of
'p,
I,
on
^"/actf
p.
187.
STATISTICS
OF
TVÊATHER,
THE
PUBLIC
PROVISIONS,
THE
FOR
Cliiejly extracted
The
Cam
Jietums
expressly /or
VOIi.
XXI.
f mm
SIX
MONTHS
the
and
Biarp-am
OP
"c., "c.,
ENDING
are
30,
JUNE
Quarterly JReport of
this Journal,
PRICE
HEALTH,
the
1860.
Registrar- General,
from
jprejHired
OfficialDocuments
"
ON'
METEOROLOGY
THE
OF
ENGLAND
DOSING
QUARTER
THE
JAMES
By
weather
low
of
pressure
BRITZail
THE
OF
this
during
of
31, 1860.
Esq.,
METEOROLOGICAL
quarter
and
atmosphere,
remarkahle
was
and
for
long
changes
great
continuous
almost
an
F.R.S.,
80CIETT.
frequent
temperature,
the
MARCH
GLAISHEE,
8EC.
The
ENDING
tinuance
con-
the
in
succession
of
gales of wind.
The
to
January 24,
to
the
at first
with
warm
both
in
cold
were
The
the
the
cold
both
the
the
days
and
the
of
the
three
than
so
months
of
35"*7;
that
less
nights
in,
tinued,
con-
of
the
31
in
was
January
nights
the
and
days.
38"*8
was
March,
and
end
nights
1st
set
March
cold, particularly the
but
on
than
period
afterwards,
so
days ending
67
January
that
41^*1, but
of
little
of
January, 39"' ?"

The
mean
atmosphere in January and March
was
pressure
below
its average
in
inch
it
in
was
by i
February
slightly excess
;
with
the
and
19
within
this period
on
comparison
preceding
years,
the mean
has not been
low in January
so
reading of the barometer
warmer
the
Both
month,
coldest
26th
became
the
of
average.
March,
from
triflingexceptions, to
February
in
24, 1859, continued
temperature
the
on
but
defect
temperature
mean
February,
daily;
and
average
December
on
of the
excess
severe,
few
very
in
set
4"*1
not
li" daily below

were
the
was
The
quarter.
1860
averaged
24th
which
which
period
warm
average
of the
as
it
in this year.
was
The
differing but
nonth,
little from
therefore
and
'^fthe average
'^'ire of
was
the
''^'^^" the
air
ir,T
,/"ric-io
below
in both
was
"ere
....
i^-i^rt
"
February,
""
*"r
months
the
the
air
at
average.
.y^
/#"
the
than
excess,
of
the
nearly
that
than
of
the
usually dry.
Gales
of wind
quarter.
three
winter
years.
tempera-
that
for
-'f89
in
the
Greenwich
the
consti+^^^'ug
Li)pir-Tr+.-
"
very
March
more
frequent throughout
"A3ii*^x?x..vure of
was
its average
slightly below
was
-n
"
humidity
February and
In
was
temperature
mean
of
degree
more
January
the
of
excess
month.
for the
dew-point
'ê fall
"**""?
the
in
dew-point
the
the
I-,and
ixo^w*if
the
of
temperature
the
three
months,
IV
ON
METEOROLOGY
THE
OF
ENGLAND
DURING
QUARTER
THE
JAMES
By
cold
JUNE
30, 1860.
GLAISHER,
THE
OF
8EC.
The
ENDING
weatlier
BRITISH
which
Esq.,
XSTEOBOLOOICAL
in
set
80CIBTT.
January
on
F.R.S.,
which
and
25,
was
the
last quarter, continued, excepting the

till
the end of the present quarter.
8,
of
prevalent to the end

10 days following May
ning
daily deficiency of temperature for the 38 days beginJune
34
30
amounted
and
for
the
to
ending
April
3J",
days
as
large as 4J" ; the average
daily deficiency for these 72 days
3J". The remaining 19 days, viz., from May 8 to May 26,
of the
and
their temperatures
were
daily in excess
warm,
The
mean
was
was
were
to the
average
Both
the
almost
an
usual;
in
usually higher
The
in
excess
the
that of June
to find
The
little below,
May
inch
in
to
than
The
in
inch
1*9
in June
at
of
temperature
as
month
0*8
in excess,
of
the
The
May
fall
the
was
Gales
The
months
the
travel
averages
than
colder
to the
back
April was
1"'0
May
year
little above,
below, the average.
much
10*7
of wind
mean
inches, being
have
been
0"*5
May,
below
was
that of
the
air ; and
; in
of the
value
the
4"*4, so
was
fore
thereit
May
of ture
tempera; in
average
excess
than
air
in defect,
3"'4
was
that
the
humid.
in
April
in Jime
frequent
of the
3-9
average
0*8
was
inches
in
inch
in defect
The
excess.
in
total
for this quarter.

the average
over
during the quarter.
air
constituting
the
that
as
slightly drier
4*9 inches
temperature
ending
450-9, being
and
April
its average
the
less than
at Greenwich
in excess,
in
point
somewhat
air
remarkably
was
inch
the
stations.
northern
dew
1"*3, whilst
was
fell of rain
1*8
compared with
of April was
in
atmosphere
extreme
being
air, and
its defect
air in June
of
must
we
in amount
very nearly the same
the degree of humidity was
of
June
that
defect
in
being
was
in
stations
southern
readings at extreme
less than
April; 1*0 inch in May; and somewhat
ward
increased
values
these
on
going northgradually
;
somewhat
in April ; to 1*3 inch
in May : and
more
June
inch
an
The
in June
and
days, the
May, although it is
of the barometer
range
1*2 inch
was
in defect,
of the
pressure
than
3"*6
was
years.
mean
The
4"*4
than
warmer
degrees.
year 1839, and

June.
a
cold
so
lower
of 7
April
somewhat
were
to
cold, particularly the
was
amount
of
both
May
cold, and
remarkably
April were
were
of which
19
1821
in
in
both
to the
preceding
April since the
any
an
amount
temperature
of
3J".
nights
June
temperature
mean
in
and
days
equal
and
of
amount
at
the
Greenwich,
three
of the
for
the
months,
sprinjg
preceding
89
years.
three
was
6o"
"0
"^
u^
4"
I -h
M
"8
%
^60
"a
"
kA
w"
30
00
"
"
"^
"a
"
*"
O
a*
5i
0
""
CNO
ON
5 =
"
to
"3
4"
8^
e
*"*
"
"
"
CO
|2
60
o
o*
So
"*
CO
(S$
s
"0
vO
"^
SJ^
0
CO
"O
o
g,
CO
B
M
CO
!!?"
-"iJ
"
0
OQ
Us
"*"
es
CO
"
"
"
Th
5S2
0
"
"
S0"*S
"0
"
-"*" ON
ê
tJ-
vr\
w"v
"
0
fS
"
OO
"
"
"oo
O
r*
"
00
o
M
ON
ON
OO
"
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"
1^
I
"8
"^00
"^
"
"
"
/i^
I +
ONOO
"
"
"
00
^
"
fi
"
"
o
r"r\
"
"e
CN
Th
1+
pes
a
"^"
I
0
5-52
,^0
^
r"^
ro
t^
u^
VTk
r*
ON
g"
-a
"
"*vO
"
cs
wa
ON
"
"
"
tfi"
VO
a
a
vO
Tf
I 4-
O*
"^
"
fc-2
""
o;*
NO
"^
rj-
"
"
"
OO
On
r"
r"
r"
ON
ON
"^^
"
I +
iS
NO
CN
I +
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00
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o
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N/N
f*
o
u^
"/N
li
_
""
""5
"-"
VI
STATE
Quarter,
1st
the
the
fatal in
most
districts
The
of
latter
only
would
from
which
induced
Quarter.
Jime
ended
in any
The
"
30th
were
previous
June
in the
was
deamess
110,878,
2-228
previous spring quarters
caused
in
some
food.
If
the
of
selected
healthy districts instead

whole
of England
and
Wales
the
85,283,
25,595
or
Quarter.
1st
while
in
at
5id.
the
the
in
price
of
by
winter
mutton
ton
at
the
York
Quarter.
months
ending
period
44s.
Id.
of wheat
of
last
The
"
it
both
labouring
class.
best
beef
been
pound
price fell
B^cf. The
to
4fd.
mutton
price ;
an
52s.
of
M.,
bread
Sd.
the
6|"2.,
lower
21
per
average
superior
at
130s.
in the
three
average
and
in
and
6^.,
as
and
Newgate
Markets.
York
Begent potatoes
average
by
has
price
average
sold
the
price of
In
of
sold
142s.
beef
at
same
it
been
at
carcase
the
1858
of
that
meat
per
The
average
quarter.
per
of mutton
an
the
on
average
Markets
Newgate
Ida
it
years
an
was
6|d
sold
on
having
by
at
been
quarter,
previous
sold
so
5df. a
beef
lb. ; that
Market, Southwark,
in
deaths
have
44s.
was
felt
the
the
of
rate
would
two
inferior
in
47s.
was
and
Southwark.
was
deamess
no
excess
rate, the
and
year
potatoes
risen
30th
the
fell from
pound
has
June
year
only
Market,
Wheat
the
preceding
a
the
at
was
Beef
inferior
Begent
Waterside
2nd
of
bid.
the
number.
prices of
was
tality
mor-
weather
of
quarter
Leadenhall
at
the
of
rate
The
badness
actual
Sd.
40s.
carcase
of
that
returned
was
2*195.
was
last
price
and
superior beef
a
6|"2.
pound.
the
in
PROVISIONS.
average
5d.
annual
the
actual
highest
The
prices Sid.
the
The
cent.
OF
of the
lowest
than
PKICE
465.
The
been
corresponding quarters
pound
average
of the
the
^The
"
respectively
was
less than
of
deaths
the
months
three
had
mortality
country,
33,934.
to
than
by
measure
the
at
of the population,while
cent,
per
of the
number
(1848-59).
quarter
was
larger
average
sanitary condition
people live, amoimt

registered in the
deaths
quarter
of ten
average
doubt
of the
2-338
quarter,
Consequently,
88-708.
unfavourable
the
the
districts
healthier
the
the
below,
in
town
districts
country
deaths
The
to
by
and
town
chief
in the
mortality
above, the former
is
amounted
large numbers
2nd
small
in
of
rate
respectively.
have
causes
the
The
rate
actually prevailing
rates
per
in
"
in the
districts
those
season
registered in ibis quarter.

(2-460)
cent., or slightlyabove
of epidemics always
absence
were
2-472
England.
2-613
was
cent.
per
this
HEALTH.
PUBLIC
deaths
about
was
of
average
THE
122,642
"
mortality
The
OF
was
sensibly
SfcL
was
Leadenhall
the ^Taterside
6d. per
ton.
THE
Tbo
Fbiceb
ATEBAOK
ending
"NOTK."
1,3M,99S
Mardi
13
June
The
etidiiv June
weeks
of
total number
30th,
; (or the
IS5S,
13
and
PROVISIONS.
^Theat, Meal, and

imported weeklj,
weeks
qouten
of
1,308,420;
vu
1,347,277
ending
;
Dfcember
vbrat
for
sold
the
Potatoes
in each
also the
of
ending
June
; for
the
13
weeki
Englind u"d
in
weeks
13
tha
ATEDAOi;
Nine
ending
; for the
ending Uarch
30tb, 1890, 1,314,386.
Jane
The
Wdfs
for
Quarters
the
ending September
1,435,678
31it, 1S58,
for the 13 veeki
ending September 30th, 1859, 1,114,191
(14 veeki), 1,783,050

13
sold
OF
30th, 1860.
31tt, 1S59,
^tAt
or Consols, of
of Wheat
QOANTiTT
PRICE
; for the
wtekj
13
30th, 1859, 1,254,682
quarter ending December

Slet, 1B60,
total
IS
nmnber
1,484,837
of
endfaig
for the
31it, 1859
; and
qiurten
HaneCoDEiunptlonwasTespectiTel;, 1,125,165; 1,070,845; 707,367 ; 599,807

653,789; 5S3,8iS; 289,906; and 809,535.
vecks
30th, 1S58,
br
entered
the
tut
1,293,935;
Af/ricultureof
the
From
farming
the
that
not
was
than
that
this
have
improvements
last
the
within
whole
be
now
do
what
for
where
that
the
would
land
The
enclosed.
then
grand
Commutation
leases
is said
the
author's
the
may
security
have
their
in
improvement
prudent
his
and
the
value
is stated
as
which
one
The
if
other
an-
the
of
want
will
the
in
capital
in
partially risked
on
to
that
manent
per-
the
hands
without
of
of
the
fair
the will of
others, but on
no
longer any reason
improvement, there being
is
There
check
grant them
not
county
ascribed
says,
above
respectable yeomanry
security is the very soul
That
should
for he
and
industry."
who
in
cent,
England,
be
depending
not
in
period was
enclosed, with
ever.
made
measure
be
leases
landlords
Init few
has
unlimited
never
and
of
want
parts of
numerous
even
return,
judgment
own
why
which
will
of
great
possession.
man
prospect
other
agriculture
a
of
want
although it appears from

been
more
generally granted
had
they
many
in
at
neighbourhood,
per
in kind
for
the
parish of Wantage,
thirty
removed
in
drawback,
that
in
which
others
has
another
than
progress
some
Act
statement
in Berkshire
immediate
been
removed
was
taking tithes
agriculturalimprovement,
to
be
to
in the
the
talented
the
been
in the
of
system
Tithe
since
has
stood
are
that
at
hamlet
increased
be
obstacle
has
whole
Charlton,
told, by a resident
am
land
part
that
The
antiquated.
arable
exception,viz.
one
"
the
of
fields ; the
common
or
open
much
most
far advanced
very
wnich
of the obstacles
points out many
the
of improvement,
greater part of which
the
most
prominent
present day : among
enclosures,
the
Report
author
way
the
its
compare
extensive
very
many
for
considered
thought extremely
everything
we
may
of that
date
seen
fully
safelysay
we
the
then
was
these
be
more
that
and
when
that
indeed
much
was
; but
and
it will
1809,
time
find
place,
:
in
counties,
to
we
years
farming since
and
revolutionized,
would
past,
taken
twenty
of
system
other
generation
the
that
at
of many
with
state
present
of Berkshire
left for
developed
Report by Mavor,
able
very
Berkshire,
equitableterms
on
to
Poor-rates
are
spoken of
respectable tenants.
in
as
an
1809, from five
increasing burden, varying,
the
to eight shillings in
cases
rising even
pound, and in some
has placed the
Poor-Law
Act of 1834
in
higher. The New
poor
it has made
them
selfdifferent position ; and while
more
a
very
enterprisingand
another
reliant and
which
the
do
county
being
2s,
I shall
have
only
that have
and
independent,
not
and
others
3*. in
lOjrf.in
the
; the
burden
pound
of
average
of poor-rates,
in
the
parts of
some
whole
county
pound.
have
occasion
done
so
taken
the
2*. 4rf. in
exceed
now
the
lessened
has
here
to
to
place,
as
refer
show,
this
to
not
so
Report elsewhere,
much
the facilities afforded
the
and
improvements
for such
improve^
Agriculture of Berkshire.
will
ments;
never
fencotttiêlnent
lamcsiting that
diminishing in
the
that
price; and
possessionoi
in
in
to
adopied t
gnmth of timber.
wiis
quantity of timber
his
no
; that
than
he
contracted, suggests, that when

the
have
nor
public welfare
of
to
woodlands,
other
hands,
should
laws
called
be
preservationand
author^ after
most
perceptibly
Was
nearly doubled
he
debts
strip it of its
often wantonly
to
had
interest of descendants
the
the
effect on
any
is
time
that
it
the control
that
and
in
the
sanction
auxiliaries
as
the
into
come
man
young
neither
that
The
frequentlybegan
the
discharge
to
in
the
kind
every
did
sooner
estate
order
I refer
i^ltad
lating
congratu-
recommendation
one
the
our
without
further
on
been
of
timber
pass
that
brother-farmers
my
has
Report
not, however,
to
conduct
of
should
and
be
prietors
prodelegated
of
enactment
effect what
of
sense
A law therefore," he says,

to restrain
accomplish.
down
arrived
trees
at
not
cutting
perfection,
them
in a suitable
and
situation
in the
to
to compel
plant two
felled
neither
would
of each
be arbitrarynor
room
one
unjust."
that
such
I need
hardly say
fiftyyears ago
opinions may have
held
with
been
has
Since steam-power
some
degree of reason.
shores
immense
the produce of the
forests of
brought to our
Canada
the
which
is
in
and
north,
superior
qualityto our own
for most
has greatly lowered
which
thi^ price
cost
at
a
purposes,
fails to
duty
"
"
proprietorsfrom
of timber
need
we
hardly
dreaded.
"iid
since
; and
AH
be
are
grown
bar
great
apprehensive
be
to
largelyused
been
practicalmen
cannot
com
iron has
of
that
want
pretty well
are
for
he
agreed
that
together to advantage
agriculturalimprovement
the
fanner, therefore, invariably rejoiceswhen
ship4"uilding,
which
much
so
timber
; that
rows
hedge-
; the British
is pat to
axe
work.
Statistics
Rates,
Area,
Population,
of
County
and
Expenses.
Berkshire
ing
is
51"
from
inland
an
19'
square
miles
but
believe
Parliamentary
752
square
208
or,
and
the
the
and
as
are
many
says
miles, greatest
be
to
that
it
an
the
to
of the
most
area
29
of
area
of
countyof the
The
correct
comprehends
acres,
1" 43'
returns
assessments
accounts
to
breadth
comprehends
the
population
the
extend^
an
area
of
according
or,
figures
; these
Arrowsmith's
of England ;
great map
insulated .parts in the county, in the neiglir
arc
there
above
34' 30"
from
consequently481,280
population returns
from
evidently taken
to
to
various
are
irregularform,
; it
according to
There
Gazetteer'
miles,
miles
and, according
1851, 451,040 acres,

rate, 450,358 acres.
county,
of very
lat, and
is 48
length
l(Hig.
; its extreme
circumference
miles, and
734
48' N.
51"
to
W.
county
of
1831^
472,270
acres
Agricultureof Berkshire,
and
Wokingham
Twyford, l)elongingto Wiltshire,
doubt
included*
are
they
in his Report to the Board
of Agriculture,gives three
of
bourhood
I. have
no
Mavor,
different
the
of
accounts
of Berkshire-"
area
Trigonometrical Survey, by Government,

insulated
Report published by
the
from
it at
parts, computes
which
1805,
476,160
the
states
and
acres;
third,
of
be
744
to
area
which,
464,500
order
taken
taken
one
another,
House
square
of
its
taken
Lords
in
miles, equal
Rocque's Map
from
the
including
acres;
the
from
to
shire,
of Berk-
published in 1761, which
gives 438,977 acres.

is divided
Berkshire
into twenty
hundreds, viz., Hormer,
Ock,
Ganfield, Faringdon, Shrivenham,
Wantage,
Kintbury
Faircross,
Moreton,
Reading, Compton,
Eagle, Lamboume,
Charlton, Theale, Sonning, Wargrave,
Baynhurst, Cookham,
four boroughs, viz., Reading,
Bray, and Ripplesmere ; contains
and
Windsor,
WalHngford,
Abingdon ; twelve
market-towns,
Windsor,
viz., Abingdon,
Wallingford,
Reading, Newbury,
Maidenhead,
Wokingham,
Faringdon, Hungerford, East llsley.
Wantage,
Lamboume.
and
There
are
parishes(ofwhich
234
twelve
unions
about
one-third
in
the
in
containing
are
Oxfordshire, Hampshire, and
Wiltshire), viz., Abingdon, 38
ingdon,
parishes ; Bradfield, 29 ; Cookham, 7 ; Easthampsteacl,5 ; Far20
31 ; Hungerford,
18 ; Reading, 3 ;
Newbury,
;
33
28
6
Wallingford,
Wokingham,
; Wantage,
; Windsor,
; and
16.
The annual
value, as assessed to the county-rate, is 681,201/.
for the year
Cost of police-force
1859, at 2j^d.in the pound, was
and
other
16s.
7095Z.
10^. ;
county expenses, at 3^d. in the pound,
10,643/. 15*. 3H
The
in 1841,
populationof Berkshire, according to the returns
in 1851, 170,065, of
which
was
161,759; and
84,927 were
males
and
of
five
increase
in
85,138 females, being an
per cent,
county,
the
ten
The
years.
those
following is
parishes which
other
counties
are
attached
ending Ladyday,
'iê^Kiu^xn
"iir"
but
boundeu
the
river
Dj
p/ Oionr'^nfoi'
"îgATURES
on
the
Thames,
Oxforc
Expended
including
belong
to
Expended
for all puipoMi.
".
".
77,805
101,849
74,888
101,669
Rivers.
AND
north, for
distance
of
nearly
separates it from
Buckingham ; on the
wîch
'"'
Amount
for Belief to Poor.
95,048
" i
P^xrorriAT
"5 iD^^'^
unions
Amount
Poor-Batea.
101,226
1857
1858
9"
the
to
Raised
AmonDt
year
Poor-rates,not
"
from
""*"
the
of
account
an
the
east
Atfricuiture
of Berkshire.
Surrey
by
The
aspect:
is
of 893
abruptly
seems
for
been
feet
hand,
portions are
northern
Horse
that
some
for
part of Wilts
the White
near
bold
neighbourhood
extraordinaryconvulsion
the Thames
through the
Oxfordshire,
and
brious.
salu-
downs,
they reach
Hill, and
the
is
into
mild
very
series of
arc
Streatley,causing
Berkshire
from
pass
by
made
other
the
on
near
which
if
as
had
the
elevated
of those
altitude
scenery
most
most
continuation
very
by Hampshire ; and west by Wiltshire.

healthy, and varies with its altitude and
portionsof the chalk-hills are bleak and
valleys,on
The
ao
souUi
elevated
some
; the
cold
the
on
climate
terminate
beautiful
and
celebrated.
Here
it
of nature
a
passage
of hills which
chain
and
extend
on
through
Uuckingham.
latitudinal positionof Berkshire
The
forward
most
The
this
counties
of
amount
1859,
Aldershot
the
The
32*199
1859
27*65
was
followingmeteoroltîcal account
Michaelmas,
on
was
taken
at
Oxford,
depth of rain
average
in. ; consequentlywe
; for
season
among
the
in Berkshire
might
cannot,
in
an
infer
more
in
in.
for
the
the
on
southern, boundary of the county
year ending Michaelmas, 1859, was

far as
so
agriculture is concerned,
case
it
England in respect of temperature.

rain-fall, as registered at Whitewortham,
county, for the year
The
places
in
for
from
year
ending
northern, and
:
"
of years is
that the
the Tables
a
than
exactly the
series
usuallywet, yet
contrary
was
the
agriculturalpoint of view, be
Agricultureof Berkshire.
called
wet
dry
nor
the
land
on
the
simply
one
because
one
received
the
dry
rain-fisillhas
in
small
been
fallen,
for, although
it may
still have
been
off quickly and
did not
day,
one
if this
state
ran
by far the greater portion

fell in this year
fell during the six months
in
of the rain which
of evaporation
the temperature
which
was
highest, and the power
the
six months
small
fell during
amount
a
great ; whereas
very
in
soil.
the
saturate
the
which
It will
of rain has
large amount
inches
four
in
whole
because
be
temperature
that
seen
lowest
was
the
and
of evaporation
power
small.
from
mas
Michaelgive the meteorological account
to Michaelmas,
considering it most useful for all agricultural
it
mer,
as
satisfactorily
explains why, during the last sumpurposes,
distress
for
the
of
want
water
was
on
experienced
greater
hills and
If
dry parts of the county than for many
past.
years
there
of rain during the autumn
and
is a small
winter
amount
the
alone
it
soil
and
when
the
raises
saturates
springs,
quarters,
have
in
the
and
amount
can
no
summer
spring
ordinary
quarters
that effect ; consequejitly
it may
safelybe inferred that a winter
deficient
in rain-fall will in most
be followed
cases
by a summer
I name
of
will
be
felt
this
in which
want
water
a
materially
:
much
affect agricultural
The
such seasons
increased
as
progress.
portance
imto
application of steam
agriculture gives additional
power
the question of the supply of water
in dry
to
seasons,
the
tanks
construction
of
and
in
high situations.
by
ponds
Instances
the cost
of drawing water
not
to
are
wanting where
threshing, has been equal to onesupply the steam-engine when
of threshing by horse-power.
half of the whole
cost
chosen
I have
Rivers.
enters
The
"
the
to
principal river
at
county
St. John's
of
Berkshire
Bridge,
mile
one
the
Gloucestershire, and
passes
Wallingford, Reading, Henley, Maidenhead,
lade,
in
Kennet
enters
the
Kintbury
Reading, running
and
passes
rises
in
the
Great
Newbury,
25
chalk-hills*
and
and
that
near
Lech-
Abipgdon,
The
Hungerford,
Thames
the
The
passes
of
it
Windsor.
near
into
town,
of
and
Berkshire.
in
miles
falls
Thames
south
towns
Wiltshire,
from
county
is the
near
Lamhourne
Eastbury, East*-
Little
Shefford, Weston, WeKord,

Easton,
garston,
Boxford, Bagnor and Donnington, and falls into the Kennet,
Loddon
rises near
The
Newbury, running about 14 miles.
near
Berkshire
at
Swallowfield, passes
Aldershot, Hants, enters
and
falls
the Thames
Loddon
and
into
Twyfbrd,
near
Bridge
in*
Berkshire.
12
miles
rises
The
Ock
Wargrave, running
near
Horse, passes Wantage, and
Uffington, in the Vale of White
falls into the
20 miles^
Thames
at
Abingdonj running about
There
extends
are
two
from
lines of canal
the
Thames
in the county.
near
Abingdon
The
Wilts
through
and
the
Berkft
Vale
of
AgricuHure of
Horse
White
the
to
border
western
and joins the Kennet

Shrivenham)
Melksham,
being 52
ton, near
Canal
Avon
Wiltshire
from
starts
Berkshire
is
Avon
and
miles
Canal
The
long.
above
beyond
Seaming-
at
Kennet
Newbury,
and
and
enters
Hungerford.
Features
Geological
(enteringWiltshire
Kennet
the
little below
Berkshire.
Agricultural
and
Description.
purely agriculturalcounty, having no mineral

the Bagshot sand,
geological features embrace
productions.
London
and
Plastic
and
the
Clay, the Chalk, the Greensand
the Kimraeridge
Gaolt;
Clay, the Coral-rag and Oxford
Clay,
the
Cainozoic
and
the
M
within
esozoic
included
or
TvTtiary,
or
classified
there
Secondary systems, as
by geologists. Although
a
Its
are
to make
necessary
1st Division.
"
LcNidon
the
of
varieties
many
soil,jet,
than
more
^The
three
Bagshot
Plastic
and
for the
it is not
present purpose,
agriculturaldivisions.
Sand
and
Clay formation,
strong
shown
as
loamy
soils of
the
on
accom-
panjdng
map.
Division.
2nd
Srd
Division.
The
The
"
The
"
the
includes
whole
3.
numbered
numbered
Division^ commencing
\st
county,
Chalk,
Vale,
4, 5, 6,
the
at
extreme
Park
Windsor
of
7 and
8.
of
east
; it forms
the
very
irregularjunction with the Chalk, first taking a direction towards

south
the
of Reading,
and
to
Twyford, thence
occupying a
the
whole
south
side
the
of
In rising
narrow
strip on
county.
and
Staines
between
with
the Ruhnymead,
meet
Windsor, we
surface ; it includes
the Bagshot Sand, which
occupies the upper
Windsor
Park
the
and
extends
Ascot
of
to
south,
on
a
portion
thence
and
and
Heath
to Swallowfield
on
nearly to Wokingham,
the south
side of the county : this sand, however, is shown
cipally
prinBlackwater
in the adjoinRiver
side of the
the other
ing
on
heaths
and
Extensive
of
Hants.
plantations of fircounty
trees
form
where
vegetable
slightdeposit of g^vel
with
sand,
seen
as
the
on
subjoined
Elsq.,of Sandhurst
land
is
of
what
in
the
Lodge, shows
being improved ;
capable of
cnly produced firewood
is
now
afford
is found
has
in
that
so
to
rent
the
some
done
been
to
a
Great
by
R.
which
soil which
at
valleys,
light tillage,
places on the
Windsor
extent
worth
the
surface, but
matter,
Farm
Norfolk
account
this
of
principalfeature
admixed
whilst
The
the
Park.
Gibson,
this
heath-
formerly
least
17. per acre.

2 to 3
of from
trenched,
depth
generallyprevails
through the iron rust which
then applied
3 waggon-loads of chalk
in that locality; about
wtre
the
where
land
to the acre,
was
light,a coating of clay or
and,
In
loam.
some
required to the depth of
places draining was
taken
The
first crop
3 feet.
was
or
turnips,with the applirape
The
land
feet,so
as
was
to
first well
break
to
Agriculture
of
8
of
cation
good
20
averaging
wheat
time
yield
well
and
wheat
wet
also
exhibits
good
grown
promising
some
coming to the clay,

the light sands bum
becomes
com
yellow and does
for the production of
calculated
is
good
is bad
; barley
much
produce as
seems
advantage
in
red
qualityand
oats
grower.
soil is not
the
The
land.
with
the
to
planted,but
bean
well
the
land
with
oats
called
as
the
seasons
; this
of beans
breadth
be
It has
in
more,
of 20/. per acre, which

at a cost
neighbourhood of Wokingham,
in
quickly, and
not
Swedes
grown
considerably
year
year
produced
In
has
good depth of soil before

grateful and productive, but
is
land
the
is
there
where
this
this
and
rye,
the first
;
crop is
is likely to repay.
land
cultivation.
its
of
year
and
clover, oats,
and
acre,
per
fourth
the
only
This
yard-manure.
tons
Berkshire.
strong enough
clover
broad
or
considerable
yields hardly
all
management
proper
grows
than
more
to
half
tions
descrip-
land requires
The
successfullygrown.
to
cleaning, being subject
good
kept
by constant
kind
of couch, as is often the case
to a running grassy
on
a
light
The
soil with a wet
subsoil.
largerholdings in the district have
much
the last nine
been
within
improved, both by laying
years
and
small
fields into
has been
large ones
by draining, which
with
attended
holdings, however, are still
great success
; many
small
and
instances from
of judg^
want
badly cultivated,in some
others
in
from
of
and
lack
few
sufficient capital,
in not
a
ment,
of root-crops
condition
these
from
cases
be
may
in
be
two
wants
combined.
The
grass-land,in general,produces little and that of middling

of it is very
useful, but it is not good
quality,although some
of
its
cold
subsoil.
stock-land, in consequence
which
London
The
cated
the
Clay (on
Bagshot Sand rests)is indiby a heavy tillageand by.brick-yards at the boundary of
the
sand
and
and
Windsor
extends
at Old
clay. It commences
the
of
to
Winkfield, forming as irregulara junction with
parish
Plastic
the
is
shown
again
south
Clay
side
hills
to
out
the
the
elm.
the
as
that
with
does
Wokingham,
Kennet, more
also
at
of the
edge
of the
admixed
county
soil, the
Chalk
the
sand
Reading,
near
less
or
occupying
beneath
London
; this
this
of
and
the
London
and
cap
Clay
the
Clay
on
the
of
the
crops
Plastic
clay
Clay
formation
with varied
shown
in
depths [of sandy flint-gravel,
as
the
neighbourhood of Reading ; it constitutes a happy mixed
from
abraded
matter
soil,having an ample supply of calcareous
the chalk, the
These
below.
next
stratum
clay-soilsare
mostly
and
small
the
characterized
enclosures
of
oak
the
and
by
g^wth
The
and
also
"
heavy
land
oats, and, when

a
in
this
district
drained, heavy
light sandy loam, on a yellow
grows
crops
sand
good
of
wheat,
roots.
subsoil, near
beans,
There
is
Bagshot
(varying
Wallingford Road
Thames
alluvial
in
much
Station,
soil,being
admixture
an
of
Windsor
London
the
of
the
to
the
Railway,
Western
Great
the
on
Old
from
width)
margin
The
requires lengthened description.
and
an
Berkshire.
Agricultureof
10
and
is
Plastic
forming a rich gravelly loam.

flint-gravel,
Clay, Bagshot Sand,
in many
In this valley the land
places is ploughed nearly to the
there is a considerable
it lies low
width
edge of the river ; where
and
which
of meadows
diversityof soil be
the
Thames
from
in
seen
Great
between
subjectto
are
so
Western
Maidenhead
floods.
small
Seldom
can
as
compass
so
great
that which
the
Railway and
valley
have
to
we
Reading : here
tenacious
with
all
the
clays,
lies
of
the
sharp
mediate
inter-
gravels, good loams,

underlies
the
whole
gradations ; the chalk which
proaches
apat
some
points close to the surface, whilst at others
of the
there
is a varied
chalk
depth of gravel. The
presence
beneath
lands
is an
the heavier
important feature, affording,
it
without
with
or
as
does, a simple drainage,
pipes,according
stiffestclays they have
in the
to circumstances
only to bore
;
is a
There
through to the chalk, and all surface water is removed.
interest
field in the parish of Cookham
possessing a special
; it
of com
of very
consists
of Thames
deposit, and grows
crops
and
great bulk, without

The
clay
much
the
Kennet
of the
supply of
any
Valley has a mixed
Plastic
The
seen
soil,composed
Clay formation,
vegetable humus
surface, as
manure.
; in
in the
slopes of
the
some
meadows
of the sand
and
together with
instances
between
flint-graveland
deep peat exists on
Kintbury
and
bury.
New-
by the river Lamboume^

valley formed
stream
by
passes through Hampstead-Norris, Frilsham, Bucklebury, Bradfield,and Tidmarsh, as well as the bottoms
of a superior quality,composed
themselves, are
generally of a
rich gravelly loam.
The
of the hills,are
other valleys,and most
with
soil
of
and
mixed
sand, and are fertile
a
capped
plasticclay
with the clay.
just in proportion to the quantityof sand mixed
The
greater part of the parishes of East Garston, Fawley, FamBoxford,
borough, Shefford,Welford, Chaddleworth, Wickham,
and
Beedon,
Leckhampstead,Brightwaltliam,Peasemore, Catmore,
of
uniform
this
and
are
are
description,
productive. The
very
in
clay is not very tenacious, and, although very wet
rainy
the water
transmits
weather, soon
through to the chalk below, and
the caps
is dry again ; the clay,however, is sufliciently
thick on
of some
of the hills to justifygeologpists
in classingthem
with the
shown
the
London
and
Plastic Clay of the first division,as
on
This
clay is used for making bricks at Beedon, Frilsham
map.
and
Common,
Upper Basildon, "c.
is a deficiencyof sand, as in Lamboume
Where
there
lands,
woodthe soil is cold and less fertile ; nothing improves it so much
and
the
which
AgricuUure of Berkshire.
chalking, which
a";re, by sinking a
of a
up by means
is
generstllydone at a cost of AOs. to 42^. per

shaft through the clay and
drawing the chidk
and
wheel
basket, to be spread on the ground
18 bushels
to the pole, early in the
autumn,
it
and
make
it mix
which
set
in,
pulverise
as
the
at
of 16
rate
before
the
11
or
frosts
with
the
treated
thus,
it
Where
this
readily
the
About
ploughs
bounded
clay,or
by
Heath,
Newbury,
to
in the
soil
and
fip4ree8
tilyof
; where
in
black
in
the
of the
some
on
Basildcm
this
the
with
clay,the
descriptionof
but
ploughed
hazel
thin
mould
flints.
continual
chalk
the
on
downs,
of fibres, with
full
The
latter
the
gradually assumes
the
the
surface
of
admixture
unproductive,
the
surface
ture,
admix-
this
by
cultivated
older
of ê
is
covering
the
to
modified
colour
hazel
As
soil
where
an
most
bringing
mould,
the
below,
is the
quan-
the
rubbly chalk, and
on
ploughing, and
from
good
been
lands
are
at
commencing
running nearly
commons
lying
and
Welford,
for
old
places of
robbly
so
and
sandy vegetable mould,
some
but
no
abrupt the chalk rises completely to

very
the
there
is
newly broken-up down-land
are
but
of
part
is mixed
sand
land
strip of
less
have
heath
of
most
before.
agriculturalpurposes,
grows
and
considerable
a
planted,
they
is used
and
for making
brooms.
birch, which
where
composed
on
Newbury
either
been
it did
the
deeply depositedon
parish
or
little value
approach
hills
the
more
line between
is of
we
in
for
has
land
lighter than
enclosures
trees
it is too
where
after
years
horse
one
soil is very poor and sterile.

The
deep sand is shown
Wickbam
two
prevails,the
clay
and
small,
with
soil.
lands.
The
the
large
downs
Park,
tion
in
that
is
of
to
division,in
land
variety of
lets
at
surface
remains
identical
are
stratifica-
of
with
Druidical
the
Grey
temples
from
which,
with
splendid
soil
valleys,can
good farming,
crops.
As
45^. per
to
acre,
of the
quence
conse-
Thames,
Valley
Valley of the Kennet, from
Otiher valleys,from
from
Strong loamy tahle-lands,
lands
in
Lamhoume
Strong wet
from
hills,from
from
..
8,
35
to 45
80
35
per acre.
"
"
35
28
"
"
38
25
"
"
woodlMids, from
The
including tithes,as
S.
of the
Downs,
at
yield in
will
necessary
great variety in the value.
causes
18".
boast
its fertile
to
under:-"
Id^t .chalk
of
Ashdown
"c.
addition
class of strong lands

favourable
most
seasons
arable
and
seen,
best
the
the
Wiltshire, constituting the
SConehenge, Abury,
This
more
sandstones,
are
be
lying on the
particularlyat
stones,
places,but
many
not
Sarsden
or
Lamboume,
near
Wethers
boulder
27
18
"
"
25
18
"
"
12
7
"
"
12
the
Here
and
farms
in
are
some
by
frequently
an
in the
of
are
large,ranging
cases
cultivated
400
from
1000
to
acres
acres,
but more
by their proprietors,
influential body of tenant-farmers.
intelligentand
They are, generally speaking, well adapted for the breeding of
fairs
or
sheep, which are usually sold at the fortnightlymarkets
held
in the spring, summer,
and
autumn
months, at East Ilsley,
centre
this
and
division,
the
for
are
most
taken
part
the ewes
to
:
grazing
produce early Iambs for
market
fattening,and the rest to be fed for the London
The
Valley towards
valley of the Thames, part of the Kennet
into
districts
the
Reading,
side,
and
are
other
the
suited
for
portion of
the
growth
celebrated
district
this
of white
for
south-east
the
on
; the northern
wheat
red
producing
wheat
and
of
good
high
price
samples
from
the millers
the white
for mixing
with
and
wheats
giving
soils
the
and
The
the gravelly
flour.
on
strength to
barley grown
-chalk hills is generally of a superior quality,and, in dry seasons
like the last,the produce of the strong land
is very
good, but for
the most
planted with oats, producing from 10 to
part they are
western
parts
the
tjuality,
12
sold
are
to
for
planted on the eastern

gathering to supply the
being immediately
Under
the
little of this division

and
sand
descend
we
Gault
and
classed
the
with
in
tillage,and
laid.
"cession,or
and
years,
The
Hill,
that
shows
best
four
with
the
every
greensand
kind
of
lands
in
of
much
where
in
that
plant,but
neighbourhood
than
"
with
instances
some
sample
the
as
is
it is
in
the
Greenline of
The
soil
"
rich,
very
it
be
may
great
white
and
beans
under
crops
which
is
Kent
it much
"
this
this management
resembles
at
is not
Milton
growth
that
requiresno
crop
easy
in succrops
in alternate
the
to
of
without
bulk
produced
this fact
surprisingthat
is
land
peculiarlysuited
character
of Famham
that
tops
of
soil
in
wheat
produce good
to
"
roots
of
the
crop;
the
of
to
a
yet will carry wheat
very
It is generally planted with two
it continues
of
England, particularly
Challow, Wantage-cum-Charlton,
corn-producing
parishes
is but
Upper
is
and
turnips.
there
crops
the
to
of
land
the
escarpment
come
and
chalk, marl,
of
sown
cultivation
west, and follows

5 miles.
of about
breadth
Hendred,
and
markets,
and
of
we
and
east
of
London
Below
"
crop.
the
county,
produce good
not
Vale,
production
beautiful
"comment,
the
runs
lower
the
the
Ardington,
being
into
; which
of the
fit for
and
does
Chalk, occupying
mixture
side
system
Vale.
"
the Lower
a
that
artificial grasses.
^The
Division,
Zrd
chalk, as
very
grown,
Peas
uncertain
ploughed
improved
present
sometimes
are
peas
are
afterwards
command
always
Beans
and
acre.
per
small
extent, being a
a
only
early sort
an
of which
best
quarters
but
are
of
in the
further
cultivated
to
orcliards
parishes
bourne,
This
extent.
greater
with
North
of
localityis
which
13
celebrated
it abounds
for
the very
in
particularly
; more
productive
the
South
and
Moreton, East and West

Hag*
Blewbury, Upton, Harwell, and East and West Hendred.
the cherries
apples^ pears, damsons, and more
particularly
the
to
(although a very uncertain
crop),are very remunerative
sale
at the wholeoccupier, who either sends them by rail to London
retails
them
in
the
out
price,or
neighbourhood.
The
annual
The
including
acre,
As
so
value
with
the
the soil
in others
and
land
this
varies
35".
from
to
50^. per
tithes.
approach
we
mixed
loam,
of
Thames
to
as
of
give
such
find
we
in
gavels
it the character
of
some
rich
cases
gravelly
the
depth as to bring
denomination
of a sharp gravel.
This
description applies to
of the
parishes of Wallingford, Whittenham,
Sutton,
is
the
This
and
forward
trict
dismost
Radley.
rayton, Abingdon,
it under
Krtions
the
in
wheat
harvest
sickle
on
As
the
is
it
Gault
the
of
the
unfrequentlyhappens
not
here
completed
before
and
Greensand.
find
we
the
worth, Faringdon,
with
Kimmeridge
and
Coral-rag which
the
river
Isis
the
fit for
the
we
will
not
replaced by
Clay, which,
the
it,as
Abingdon,
forms
overlies
the Oxford
with
meet
not
venture
sufficiently
gault.
between
yond
Be-
High-
irregular line
very
Clay, and
extends
gravel and
Thames, the northern

boundary of the
described
the
traversing
as
coral-rag till
space
the
various
Oxford
with
meet
clay, we
deposits of
sand, the Kimmeridge
clay occasionally
breaking out :
the soil is
so
to
the
it is
to
to
it
is
corn
proceed northward,
Lower
strip
assign an agricultural character
defined,and is to a certain extent
narrow
the
that
side.
south-western
quit
we
and
county,
county.
we
reach
larger space
The
or
In
centre
diversified
than
of
that
is desirable
this
division
full
descriptionof
it would
fill
here.
is
occupied by
considerable
I shall have
refer to
occasion
to
grass-land which
elsewhere.
In the
neighbourhood of Faringdon the surfacefield
as
farming land, is wonderfully varied ; in one
soil,viewed
be
limestone
and
sand
seen
rock,
burning gravel,
may
; in
of peaty vegetable mould
another
and
stonebrash, with streaks
clay. Again, at Longworth, we find sand, loam, stonebrash, and
calcareous
of
sand
clay, whilst in other
parts there is much
whole
excellent
The
district
light tillage.
produces very
crops
is
355".
of roots
and
from
its
30^.
to
value, including tithes,
com;
of cropping is very
The soil being so various, the course
per acre.
irregular.
the establishThe
ment
benefit that has resulted to agriculturefrom
of the Royal Agricultural Society is universallyacknow-
breadth
of
Agricultureof
14
ledged,
but
tended
has
nothing
Berkshire.
the
improve
to
mare
cultivatiom
publicationof their Journal ; through it the

of farming have
been
brought before the
most
improved modes
practical experiments have been discussed
public, and the most
that the English farmer
of the^present
and
so
particularised,
day
soil than
of the
the
the
hold
left to
the
out
opinions, and
carry
that
his
and
ancestors
neighbours have
done, but
same
system
of the
scientific
information
has the benefit
most
practical and
I
world
these
Of
that the
can
produce.
advantages
safely
may
of Berkshire
have
been
ward
backthat the farmers
by no means
say
in many
in availing themselves;
to such
cases
extent
an
in detail of
of the
best
that to give an
account
systems of
many
this
in
would
carried
be
out
farming
only to repeat what
county
than
If therefore
has already more
once
appeared in the Journal.
it should
be
in the following account
thought that too little
in
is said
state
heads, I may
on
some
explanation that I
I
useless
be
able to
repetition,that
purposely avoid
may
say
those
which
have
hitherto
received
the least
subjects
on
more
is
longer
no
same
attention.
Tillage
Cropping.
and
in the county
of the land
is ver^ irregularly
Although some
I
have obtained, I find that three
cropped, yet, from information
and
that by far the greater porsystems very generally prevail,
tion
is managed
under
of them.
That
one
on
mostly in favour
the
south
Some
The
of
let
year,
Roots.
2nd
year,
Barley
3rd
year.
Grass.
4th
year.
Wheat.
6th
year,
Barley
carry
of the
county
and
Oats.
Oats.
3rd
year,
half Clover, half Beans
4th
year,
Wheat.
5th
year.
Barley.
on
latter
on
the
on
the
course
of the
some
:
stronger
Peas.
which
are
soils which
best
do
"
year,
Roots.
2nd
year.
Barley
3rd
year,
part Grass, part Rape and
year,
Wheat.
4th
lands
or
culated
calnot
adopted generally in the centre

gravels south-easTt of Reading
1st
or
"
Roots.
preference
The
"
year,
4-course
common
or
year,
well.
so
Oats,
5-course
2nd
sheep, the
sheep
or
1st
the
has
former
is
Reading
preferringthe following:
for
is the
south-east
and
Oats.
Turnips,fed
off for Wheat.
Affricukureof
On
northern
the
part of the countj
year,
2nd
year,
3rd
year,
half
4th
year,
Wheat.
of
but
direct,
nearly
Barley or Oats.
Clover, half
the
land
strong
adhere
"
some
Beans.
the
in
to
circumstances
as
15
Roots.
Ist
Much
Berkshire.
of
one
allow
Vale
is
the
cultivated
following
year,
Wheat.
1st
year,
Wheat.
year,
Barley.
2nd
year,
Beans.
3rd
year.
Beans,
3rd
year.
Barley
year,
Beans.
small
seasons
rotations
as
"
2nd
1st
as
portion
Boots.
4th
or
Oats.
The
preparation for, and cultivation

of, the root-crop
of the most
forms
one
important features in modem
agriculture,
be
said
and
before
the
to
is
now
commence
preceding one
may
the wheat-stubbles
are
finallygathered. No sooner
cleared, than
first opportunity is seized
the
the
farmer
to
on
by
put into
the
broadshare
and
the
or
skim-plough,
operation
days of
sunny
be
the
found
in cleansing the
to
autumn
are
great assistants
for the
fallows
succeeding turnip-crop. The wheat-sowing once
are
ploughed, and in most
got through on the farm, the fallows
instances
from
the farmyard
experience has proved that if manure
is to be
applied, its early application is desirable ; the
not
manuring being found
only to assist the
system of winter
the
of
with
the manure
the soil,
thorough incorporation
by
crop
also
facilitate the spring work
much
the
but
farm.
It is,
to
on
rather
the
to
therefore, now
exception than the rule to adhere
of carting out
the
wasteful
method
the old-fashioned
manure
the yard during the spring months.
from
much
of mangold
cultivation
increased
of late
has been
The
in almost
root-growing parish : they best escape that
every
years
fly;" and the last
pest of all root-crops in their early stages, the
Roots.
"
"
mild
few
that
many
have
winters
farmers
them
swedes, feeding
store
them, and
to
in the
to
the
arise
the
season,
been
much
so
them
treated
have
the
on
found
have
land
with
in favour
in the
of
same
sheep
their
manner
without
that, by commencing
keeping,
as
their
attempting
early enough
of the
stomach
the
mangold, so that
early feeding
from
are
to get accustomed
sheep seems
effects
injurious
generally supposed
obviated.
The
present
to
will,
storing mangolds
be
food
must
recognised.
a
essentially spring
understood
well
is now
cultivation
by all farmers
Mangold
Clean
skill
in
have
who
land,
growing rcx)ts.
pretensions to
any
with
of
good farmyard manure,
deep-ploughing, copious dressings
liberal
or
superphosphate of lime, not
a
application of guano
forgetting 4 to 6 cwt. of salt per acre, are requisiteto ensure
however,
be
test
how
far
"
the
necessity of
winter
"
1 6
Some
success.
drill
the
the
on
the
between
two
of
The
the flat surface.
on
loamy
or
choice
of the
soil.
planted
character
heavy
more
or
hand
by
the character
upon
best when
said, succeed
chalks, it is
those
dibbled
being
depends
systems
flat,whilst
do
on
best
ridge.
the
on
; others
ridge
Light gravelsor
the
for the seed
contend
Berkshire
The
portance
imfully alive to the value and
and
fertilisers,
liberallyexpend their capital
farmers
of artificial
of those
purchase
in the
are
which
for their
suited
best
are
various
value
of artificial
is now
well
manures
so
occupations. The
understood
by all agriculturistsof intelligence,that they, with
cultivation
favoured
or
position
very few exceptions (owing to high
the
manufacturer
for
of soil),
ing
dressmanure
as
regularly to
go now
their
for
root-crops,
This
fatting stock.
their
the
of
parts
parish,situate
farmers
at
Oxon
of
rather
or
county
Berks
guano,
one
oilcake
or
the
to
ferent
in dif-
nearly joins my own

largely supplies the neighbouring
which
superphosphate of lime.
form,
cheapest commercial
its
dust
half-inch
to
down-land
pieces are
chalk^range of hills
and
of roots, at the rate

the
farmer
being
But
fineness.
the
and
most
followed
would
in
the
from
of
have
never
use
acres
acid, is
these
of
in this
be
to
of division
extensively on
very
(and consequently
sterile state)have
been
must
adjuncts
which
county,
the
the
results have
in
agriculture
position
their
from
have
into
composed
eflects,
in its
dung-cart
otherwise
converted
and
such
; and
valuable
with
good
certain
more
manure
reached
been
cost
,heir
rule
this county for all descriptions

of from 8 to 16 bushels
the
cost
to
per acre,
20^. to 25^. per quarter, according to their
sulphuric
generally adopted
thousands
that
mitted
is ad-
in
superphosphate of lime, when
dissolved
of bones
from
used
monia,
Am-
artificial fertiliser for
certain
most
while
all corn-crops,
phosphates are proved by the same
in a state
best adapted for the cultivation
ofôots. Bones
from
for
lishment
estab-
manufactories
manure
of
be the
to
com
with
in
experience
from
for
naturally led
has
and
and
Goring,
and
market
demand
bone-mills
several
of
the
to
as
at
able
reason-
remained
in
highly-cultivated
arms.
The
root-crop
has
This
mprovement.
in
such
crop,
cases
consumed
been
the
foundation
by stock
addition, paved
of
all
(usually sheep)
in
the
for the
"eceiving oil-cake or corn
way
that
of these
jTowth of the succeeding corn-crops,
so
commany
that
within
last
the
barren
ten
chalk-hills,
jaratively
years
have
"''''1 hardly produce a turnip larger than
ne,
bean
apple,
highly-cultivated
by the application of judicious fertilisers,
^^^
and com
producing districts.
f""''m
of
G. B. Morland, Esq.,at Chilton, near
he
Harwell,
^nd
lint
v)^"'*h. froTP )iig't-f;""t'"""nqf
good manage"
tO'
"ôii
AffricuUureof Berkshire.
18
Notwithstanding
fall victims
the
to
but, should
all these
they
drilled, the horse-hoe
enough
strong
surfiaice has
the
quickly
as
which
Mangold,
April
first
the
as
farm
the
is
instances
is
permit,
the
plants
is
are
if
used,
the
bring
to
later
plants
the
this
in
early
as
hoed
generally
in
in
put
before
second,
haymaking
for
third
the
harrow
as
tend
con-
been
hoe.
will
sometimes
required
are
the
to
has
that
as
soon
by rain, so
most
weather
and
time,
in
as
have
they
the land
on
broadcast
crusted
turnip-plantsmay
which
work
to
sown
possible to
as
them
put
that
become
with
survive
is
on
enemies
many
the
appliances,
out
the
on
the
hands
they always
case
has
in
been
There
hoeing
summer.
of
much
the
time
about
best
for
diversity
sowing
opinion
Some
land
in
be got
the
swedes.
as
can
as
sow
May
early
the
the
least risk from
ready, ccmt^nding that thus they run
the
soil
is
this
cold
at
fly; but, as the
plants are a
period,
time
the
hardier
the
and
to
hoe,
coming
weeds, growing
long
with
unusual
vigour from the stimulating power of the manure,
want
soon
chcdce
after
over,
them
liable
very
become
to
by mildew,
and,
frost,unless
severe
favour.
Others
in
and
June,
have
I
the
not
less than
June
before
off
fed
it is stored
that
found
52
comes
fit for the
to
in.
from
right,as
turnips
or
The
autumn
weeks
from
in
mnch
tion
observa-
fi'eely
surfeice,is
grow
never
the
is seldom
that
at
first
first week
own
my
is
crop
the
now
the
below
foot
one
not
i,e. about
degrees, which
plants sown
in three
hoe
later,
at
55
proceeding
"
got
are
early, is destroyed by
swedes
temperature,
from
diiSiculties
these
in hoeing, the
expense
is frequentlyattacked
in
necky,
if not
if
best,
and
prefer to sow
think
they are
lowest
till
At
up.
trouble
extra
the
the time
the
time
case
quently
fre-
are
of
sowing, and
haymaking is
not
unusually
the
as
ready for the hands to begin upon so soon
is
In
when
the harvest
most
completed.
seasons,
forward, they receive the second hoeing before reaping commences.
sown
Rape and forward
turnips are
directlybefore or after the
swedes
turnips that are requiredfor winter or spring
; the backward
feeding not until the latter end of June or beginning of July, and
barley,
later,very frequentlyafter a crop of peas, rye, winter
even
are
or
vetches, have
quickest soils,when
the
fallow
naked
tunities
deferred
and
^bi
âs
nnri
taken
been
f.,.
these
the
later
are
of
this work
but
the
is
com
yearly becoming
recommended
been
many
cultivated
hitherto
been
to
mpr'^ssi^TT
"f most
of the
many
kept clean, never

sown
turnips are
harvest,
till the whole
turnips
has
by
n'^^
offer in
; indeed
farmers
at
hoed
out
hazardous
a
extent
as
present is, diat
to
be
swedes
crop,
this
oppor^
obliged
kohl-
This
substitute.
in
on
having
Since
secured.
as
any
of
think
is often
more
farmers
best
county,
it
takes
Agricultureof Berhghire.
mnch
too
of the land ; whether
out
it
cultivate
to
"
barley
oat
of the roots.
cleared
immediately
up
or
necessitywill compel
the
extent, in
greater
natives, reinains*to be seen.

^The
Sarley and Oats,
commences
as
the weather
after the
absence
preparation of
crop
When
sheep,
19
so
will
to
as
of
the
land
soon
as
other
for
the
permit,
receive
us
alter-
the
ceeding
suc-
fields
it is
the
to
are
ploughed
benefit
of
ploughing at the end of February or beginning

before
the
given
barley or oats are sown
; the
fed off later in the spring is mostly sown
land
after once
ing.
ploughOf
late years
earlier than formerly,
barley is put in much
it is found
that a better
drill has
The
as
sample is grown.
the
of
broadcast
the
plan
sowing
nearly superseded
quantityof
;
seed is from
2^ to 3^ bushels of barley per acre, and from 4 to 5
of
bushels
of the land.
oats, according to the condition
the
follows the drill and
Where
seed-barrow
grass-seedsare sown
depositsthe seed in the channels made by its coulters ; if the land
and
firost,
the
does
seeds
put
are
final
is
fine,then
work
not
in
the
it is harrowed
and
quantityof seed
rolled
used
before
the grassclover
and
is,for red
clover 14 lbs. ; sometimes

lbs. per acre
; white
of 6 lbs. white clover, 6 lbs. trefoil,
and ^ a bushel of lye14
cow-grass
a
March
of
mixture
to
16
Some
lighterlands.
people prefer
sowing their grass-seedsafter the barley is up, and merely rolling
them
the
former
in, but in dry seasons
plan is c(msidered
best.^
sainfoin is laid down
When
with the barley or oats, it is drilled
4 bushels
about
of rough seed, or
the opposite way,
60 lbs. of
milled, with 8 lbs. of trefoil per acre.
the
with
scythe or reaping-machine,
Barley is either mown
swath
allowed
in
till
fit
for carting, sometimes
and
to
quiring
relay
The
in
a
plan of fagging oats is much
turning or two.
time
in
labour
and
it
favour, as
carting.
greatlyeconomises
^That portion of the barley and oat field which
has not
Gruss,
been
cumstances
cirwith
as
as
early in the autumn
sown
grass is fallowed
either
for
for
beans
will admit,
or
turnips,or
rape
grass
is used
acre
per
on
the
"
and
The
peas.
farmyards
and
for the
manure
spread
before
part is carted
most
the
mixed
land
is
Beans
ploughed.
bushel
sometimes
are
together 1
peas
The
bushels
of beans
acre.*
greater part of
per
be said
farmers may
to rely entirelyon
hay made
"
from
on
of
the
the
and
3
to
peas
Berkshire
from
artificial
important one, especiallyto the

on
owners
sheep, which depend very much
breeding
Of the layersmostly cultivated,
this resource
for summer-keep.
the broad
red clover
stands
or
first,and produces large crops of
excellent
the
of the best land in the
in
and
some
on
valleys
hay
layers. This
crop,
"
1 consider
of the
land.
"
therefore,is
an
flocks of
of
this Tery
Edftor.
slorenlyfarming,as
it interferes
with
the
proper
02
cleaning
Agriculture
of Berkshire.
20
county
but
the
as
and
eight
field
years,
is not of
one
soils where
out, white
does
not
and
course
half
of
the
of the
for
as
coming
acres
much
lighter soils
from
of
obviated,
where
the
latter
the
four-
system is adopted, one-
beans
and
that
so
:
years
five-course
Italian
and
green
in after
are
ten
is carried
system
red,
not
acre.
peas, the necessity

there
of these farms
or
on
most
are
grown
quantityof meadow.
early feed,
grown
not
is
the
in
once
being planted with
considerable
Trifolium
than
second-named
field
will
the clover
five-course
with
alternated
more
oftener
sowing
is
in
spots where
first-named
the
is
clover
come
once
clover, 3 lbs. white, 3 lbs. trefoil,

per
lbs. red
grow,
On those
on
in twelve
once
those
fill up
to
be relied
stances
in-
in many
oftener than
has
planting
the
Where
years.
mixture
description of soil,the following
land
some
on
uniform
is often found
10
continual
it cannot
clover-sick,
become
in
from
land
for
or
clover
valued
and
choice,
quantities
Cow-grass is also
produces extraordinary crops,
and
other grasses
are
by ; a few
gone
On
the
July and part of August.*
cutting
for
in small
up
cattle.
for cattle,and
food
the
rye-grass
poor
but
in
hills mixed
with
seeds
necessity; for
Rye-grass makes
on
are
rye-grass
these
hills it is
question
when
sown,
hay
hay.
good hay
young
done; consequentlythe quality is
enough, but this is seldom
of ram
it takes.
greatly deteriorated by the first storm
Of all the layers there is none
the
valuable
to the farmer
so
on
chalk
that he
well depend
in
as
sainfoin, and none
can
so
upon
for a
there is much
dry seasons
diversityof opinion as to
crop :
or
no
the
period it should
Report speaks of it
getting
rid
be
as
allowed
to
remain
lastingfor nine
or
by paring and burning, a

farmers
objectionable. I believe most
that only four
conclusion
should
taken
be
crops
that so long as it will
1 ton
of hay
grow
be broken
is that four
not
My impression
up.
in
and
this
borne
out
opinion I am
by
many,
practicalmen,
large
on
farmers
down,
whose
in
and
the
judgment
chalk
district
much
never
per
to
the
still contend
it should
acre
the
of
Most
rely.
keep less
too
one
are
crops
some
then
sidered
con-
come
few
of
now
process
have
;
in his
and
years,
it
of
Mavor
down.
ten
cut
most
of
than
the
sixty
diat if only three

considerably more
; so
taken
and
are
by laying down
breaking up
twenty acres
crops
there
to
are
always sixty acres
twenty every year,
cut, although
the first year it is generally allowed
The
to seed.
advantages of
obvious
land
taking three crops only are
never
gets foul,
; the
in
winter
the
for the last crop, it requires
and, by being manured
for
and
be
treated
the
the same
once
can
ploughing
wheat,
as
other
own
clover-leys. From
experience I can
my
say that, in
acres
Lucerne
'"""*'-""
and
"0
some
Holcus
saccharatns
are
cultivated
require a lengthened notice.
in
gmall
plots,but
not
to
cient
suffi-
Agricultureof Berkshire*
most
it will grow
sacks of wheat
two
per acre
than it will after four ; from the fact of the
seasons,
tliree
in
crops
fall vigour
food
is fresh
The
grasses
die
upon
and
are
the aftermath
clover
quantity to
so
fed
in
When
there
is
considerable
judgment is required to determine

complete the whole in proper time, as
when
cut, great
to
as
quickly damaged
if allowed
rain
by
being
roots
ploughed up, they afford just that

it requires,and, above
all, the
last
coming
after
more
eight or ten years if necessary.

for hay in June
and
beginning
off by sheep. Mowing
commences
sainfoin
seeds,
following,the red
mixed
and
rye-grass
white
begin,
they
again
lay down
are
generallycut
to
July, and
of
when
tiê wheat-plant whicn
to
land
21
to
too
get
the
old
to
is
hay
it
before
is cut
I
rejoiceto
from
spreading
with
it at
the
once
on
exceedingly
months
to
young
on
desirable.
those
hands
the
manure
months, and
rapidly doing
grass-seeds,is
drawing it into heaps in the

the hay is cleared, and
before
the consequent advantages are
of
grass after
for wheat
:
labour
winter
and
autumn
objectionableplan
The
great
the
the
winter, to be put on the

the ground is ploughed
very
practiceof carting-out the
the
yards during
the
away
that
say
is thus
farm
is
Employment
which, under
being deprived
the
equalized,which
given
other
the
in
is
winter
plan,were
often
of the means
of obtaining
discharged, and from
the
of
honest
inmates
became
an
our
living,frequently
gaols and
workhouses.
The
thus is increased
siderably
conquantityof hay grown
the
the
of
least
of
soils
to
extent
at
some
on
light
one;
third. The
ley-groundis ready for the plough at any time after the
in good
be broken
lattermath
is cleared
off,so that it can
up
be
instead of waiting in backward
harvests till hands
can
season,
much
the prejudice of the
to
spared for spreading the manure,
succeeding wheat-crop,and frequentlyto the injuryof the manure
the
in small
land
which
then
lies on
itself,
heaps for several
weeks
together,exposed to the scorching sun of July and August
this practice tends 'to increase
rather
than
And
diminish
lastly,
the
in
yield of
there
and
the
wheat-crop,
not
so
in straw
much
mLure being well

^.nsequence
of the
are
a
fewer
more
even
for corn-crops
lodged
; guano
or
Artificial
nitrate
of
are
manures
mixed
soda
in
with
consequently less
spots, and
sample.
as
mixed
com
as,
the
soil,
tailing-corn,
not
with
much
salt is
used
sionally
occa-
to wheat
spring com,
applied
spring
the farmer
field
but
or
so
invigorate a thin-lookmg or sickly
;
the resources
relies more
of his
farmyard for these crops
upon
than
other
Within, however,
means
on
as
a
general rule.
any
done
the last five or six years
a
by the Great
large trade has been
months
in the
and
to
Western
Horse-Manure
Tottenham)
resides
Company,
at
Slough,
and
the
proprietorof
attends
most
of the
which
markets
(Mr.
in
of Berkshire.
Affriculture
22
the
part
upper
county
the collection
it is carted
those
patronisedby
of
stable-*manure
Paddington,
to
who
farmers
situate
are
within
metropolis,and
the
from
the
whence
from
London,
of
at
has
largely
of
the
tance
dis-
various
line.
the
Something like 10,000
railway stations on
in
this
of Ss. per ton
distributed
at a cost
annually
way,
Reading, delivered
Slough and Reading, or 10". below
the
in
reasonable
reach
easy
been
tons
are
between
free
at
station.
Wheat,
^That
"
first
is
grasses
is
in
now
the
on
season
the
and
acre,
and
poor
soils
the
soils
better
on
favour, the
the
at
seed
latter
on
2 bushels
the best
succeeds
but,
end
of
the
as
drill
generally
are
pressers
Seed-time
the
sometimes
and
ploughed
broadcast
sowing
commences
September
the best
is considered
the
soils is 2^ bushels
; in
poor
some
the
on
October
fortnight in
last
quantity of
the condition
is
which
clod-crushers.
rollers
and
cold
for
universal
silmost
superseded by
wheat-field
to, and
attended
intended
pressed,when
the
of
part
per
less,according
cases
to
land.
of the
are
Chittam,
mostly cultivated
Swan, Talavera, Triimp, and the Rough-chaff Essex ; the three
former
rather
fine in quality but
are
shy yielders,
grow
very
of good qualityand
the
latter are
two
most
productive. The
the
red
in favour
wheats
mas
most
are
Burrell, Ked
Straw, Lamall
of
and
Nursery,
good yielders and
good quality.
been
the
the
has
attention
is
ley-wheat
Immediately
put in,
has
that which
succeed
directed
to
to
^rape, turnips, beans, or
previously manured
having been
require but
peas ; these lands
The
wheat
of white
varieties
"
little labour, and

clear
Christmas.
good
is
deal
in the
spring as soon
to let the
sufficiently
it except
weeding ;
The
of the
the
as
rollers
where
reaping-machine
but
success,
however,
is
not
not
much
so
shall
far
the
"ound
and
in sheaves
run
when
side
wind
-luâths
V'"
north
they
and
dried
has
lost
after
is rolled
the
is then
more
and
run
east
under
greater
and
it
machine
show
in
this
places with
some
which
shocked
south
in
in the
^f^
thin
sheep
till
light hills
have
wind
nothing
it looks
the
as
completed
the
on
and
sun
work
extent
it, as
machinery.' By
rary
wheat
is used
that
to
ntroduced
'^ne
frequently
times
not
land
done
to
plant it is
hoed.
sometimes
'ands
different
at
sown
are
fields, which
the
is
west
in
as
those
head
the
of
of
the
wheat
rows
on
the
lands.
good
the
deserves;
part
considerable
plan,
it is bad
but
in the
defect,
who
have
agricultural
is fagged,
When
on
the
former
the
con-
case,
as
morning, the other the afternoon
sun, and
the
south
harvest
is generally between
and
west
during
the shocks
unsettled
weather
and
in
and
wet
dry quickly,
t?"ke
gets the
r-^t
deal
to
"""ike
them
sprout
but
when
the
shocks
AgncuUure
stand
the
I have
one
of gêen,
mass
found.
the
am
fields
the
placing
cleared
are
the
the
shocks
the
lands
then
drill
given
So
"ur
I have
commences,
the
barley or
to
the
improved plan
oats
do
shift,the
other
and
the
mode
back
the
as
described
this
but
plough
to
was
regard
has
if
much
now
cleaning the stubble
up
clean,
in autumn
skim-plough or
own
experience
my
as
obtained
can
see
preparation for
before
as
the
of
be
soon
following spring,and,
on
could
scarifier.
tillingand
or
not
As
run.
frmn
others,
cropping
the information
which
goes, and
the above
description of the mode
that
is
which
is carried
part in this county ; there is, nevertheless, some

district where
the soil is
stiff and wet, upon
very
18
ear
grown
south, without
and
usual
till the
in
way
the
with
furrows
or
shift the
let it remain
not
brother-farmers
north
the four-"x"urse
under
five-course
stubble,
south
my
the
23
and wind.
side gets all the sun
the north side of the shocks
seen
the
on
succeeding root-crop
under
of
when
in which
way
harvests
surprisedthat
of
necessity
to
the south
opposite way,
frequentlyin wet
Berkshire,
of
be
adhered
circumstances,
of the methods
Where
to.
it is
so
much
impossible
to
out
for the
land
most
in the Vale
which
system
no
weather
depends on
give an exact
tion
descrip-
adopted.
Drainage.
No
subject of late years

more
widely canvassed, both
that to
draining ; so much
so
has
fully discussed and

private,than that of
public
write a long chapter on
one
system
the other would
be
invidious, more
or
particularlyin a county
where
drainage forms so unimportant a feature : for it may safAy
be said that few counties
have
in proportion to their
area
so
Berkshire.
small a surface
Suffice
that
adjunct
it,
as
requiring
therefore,to say that the greater part has already been done on
the most
is in contemplation.
approved system, and that which remains
been
in
more
and
Beginning on the east side of the county, the

with requiringdrainage is that portion in Windsor
between
the alluvial
Sand, including
Royal
Farms
in the
direction
as
the
we
soil
of
Flemish
pass
on
the Thames
Farm,
to
first soil
Park
valley and
described
under
we
which
the
meet
lies
Bagshot
the head
of the
Winkfield, Warfield, and Binfield,
the south
side of the
thence
to
Wokingham,
again find a tract of land of the
county beyond Mortimer, we
London
Plastic Clay formation, which
and
invariably requires
I have
obtained, I find that
draining. From înformationwhich
district
this work
has been
the whole
executed
on
nearly over
that
with
drains
the plan most
is
parallelto
generallyapproved,
the incline, 4 feet deep and 24 feet distant, laid with 2-inch pipes.
The
is
for pipes 24^. per 1000 ; for cutting the drains
and
cost
of
"
"
of Berkshire,
Agriculture
24
6(2.,when the soil is of an uniform

claj^
is
mixed
the
when
9"i.
with
The
lord
landclay
to
gravel.
per pole,
generallydoes the draining, the tenant
paying 5 per cent,
the outlay and
on
carting the tiles.
find
until
We
no
more
draining of any consequence
we
into the
the
of
the
third
where
descend
same
division,
valley
has
been
carried
there is here,
to
out
a
great extent:
system
however,
land
some
that
low
tiles from
the
laying
fall
no
still
can
part of which
small
; such
for the
land,
lies
most
so
part,
at Buscot, which
large estate
grass.
had
for many
been
entirelyneglected and almost left to its
years
has
but
been
fate,
recently
purchased by Mr. Campbell. The
has just commenced
new
owner
draining on a large scale upon
the deep system, and purposes
doing the whole estate ; the result
is
In
undrained,
obtained
be
in
is looked
forward
is about
Report
cold
to
the
on
productive
with
to
of
is
the
interest
more
this
clay, has
parts of the
shall be
that, what
estate
the
as
become
one
steam-plough
When
its cultivation.
for
of Berkshire
farming
sterile
and
division
introduced
be
recorded
be
to
this
another
written, it
this
to
up
of the
have
may
period
was
fertile and
most
county.
Grass-Land.
The
character
and
Grass-Land
the
quantityof
is
importance to require a very lengêned notice.

which
far
think I am
to rely,I do
not
any authority on
estimating it at about one-sixth,or 75,000 acres.
that the farms
Î find
north
the
on
side
one-third
parts of the Vale
to
part from
in grass, other
the central
one-fifth,
the
south
far
are
these
from
days,
reconcile
good,
with
the
On
their
but
every
total
district
appliance at
our
in
wrong
about
one-fourth
one-eighth, and
whole
is
management
from
to
the
Without
county have
one-seventh
one-seventh.
part about
of the
of sufficient
not
these
still
command,
pastures
; and
worse
in
it is difficult
grass-landswith the
attention
and
the arable.
Is it that they are
on
outlay bestowed
of improvement ? or that they
naturallypoor beyond all power
useless
for any purpose
?
Is it not
rather a
are
Certainly not
the
that
breeds
stock
the
of
of
proof
improved
present day are
for
feed
and
the
the produce of
that
too
can
good
they
produce,
to
of well-cultivated
acre
than
neglect
20
of such
acres
to
lere
liable
that
of
to
they
those
arc
lands
would
all that
poorer
neither
which
frequentfloods.
will
feed
maintain
is
more
in
said
cattle
well
condition
poor
written
the
on
being
grass-lands, is there any
the fact of their neglected condition,
I am
valued
wanted
?
nor
speaking
and
bad
are
not
herbage,
produce
such
proof requiredthan
show
our
arable-land
pasture
And, notwithstanding
subject of breaking up
greater
of
There
and
useless
is
much
of
such
land
in
the
FLEMISH
PLAN
OF
FABM
FARM.
BUILDINGS
Ji5 injil JijljiiB!

tJ |riM( tfuBiirt,
27
Affiicalture qfBerktkire.
stock, implements,
buildings,
ornament
an
Mis
to
Royal
arable
and
31.
of
cost
of
reach
I
of
indebted
am
and
regard
roof, with
of
Office
for the
Beedon's
sheds
piggeries,
This
plan
extend
from
cutters
are
current
cool
the
Farm
Flemish
the
and
on
with
yards
of air.
temperature
floor
the
Great
stables.
these
of
to
simple
in
adoption
yards
open
The
in
by raising
thickness
summer
die
of
and
the
of
machines
falls
attention
the
engine-rooms,
the
over
cut
show
exception
winnowing
that
so
will
boiler, and
mill,
placed
bam,
and
of
the
threshing
straw
yards
of
buildings, with
over
the
The
fattening beasts, good
for
yards
R.
accommodations
many
cows,
J.
by
Castle,
plan.
tiles,is worthy
the
of
and
stable,
"c.
of the
the
covered
attached,
is
Windsor
Works,
agricultural buildings.
Among
houses
for
and
breeding
dairy
are
design
the
erection
it within
bring
to
as
accompanying
patent
Royal
the
in
been
His
homesteads
economy
The
at
it had
are
London
deep,
Here
convenient
to
feet
cartage
system.
individuals.
private
and
to
Park.
the
on
plan,
be
240
which
practical ability
great
Esq., architect,
whom
all
such
pipes
of
complete
with
of
Tumbull,
Style
on
acres,
Patkes'
on
shallow
the
Great
of
stiff soil, being
very
exclusive
most
day,
present
drained
displayed
the
of
one
the
has
400
would
belonging
first of those
Consort, in Windsor
containing
is
pasture,
all been
per acre,
drained
previously
Highness
Prince
Farm,
160
It has
Clay.
the
Highness
Flemish
The
speak
whicK
of
machinery
I sLall
county.
any
and
general
the
chaff-room
for
ready
has
roof
the
warmth
been
on
each
chaff
and
use
paid
side
Bridgewater
in
ment
arrange-
granaries, which
lead
and
directly
winter.
in
to
litter
and
portion
of
the
covered
the
tion
ventila-
to
tile
give
secures
free
a
AffricuUureof Berkshire.
28
Clayton and
machinery, consistingof
Shuttleworth
Messrs.
which
put
8-horse
of their
one
whole
the
up
of the
fixed
power
steam-
and
machine,
winnowing
Messrs.
Comes
manufactured
by them ; a
by
;
Messrs.
Turner
cake-breaker
oat-and-beancrusher
by
by
an
; a
litter-cutter
Messrs.
Garrett
Messrs.
root-cutter
a
a
Ashby
by
;
;
a
pulping-machine by Messrs. Bentall.
; and
by Messrs. Gardner
made
A
steam
by
plough and engine of 12-horse
power,
have
also
been
introduced.
Messrs.
Fowler,
recently
of
four-field |system
The
cropping is usually carried out,
is taken
Part
of the
between.
but
occasionally an extra
crop
engines,
works
thrashing
chaff-cutter
is carted
manure
grass-seeds in
the
young
excellent
but
grown,
well
so
in
Hereford
and
the
cattle, which
the
of
breed
and
soil
An
oats
are
being
not
principallyconsumed
are
this
at
blood,
best
The
on
months.
beans
good
barley.
quality of
sheep, the roots
for
adapted
yards by
the
wheat,
remainder
the
winter
and
autumn
inferior
an
and
root-crop,
the
white
of
quality
the
for
out
made
farm
all
are
distinct
the
of
breed
being
If I may
ness
judge. His Royal Highkept at each of the farms.
bids
fair to
not
gain great renown,
only as a grazier,
but as a breeder
of pure
Herefords, Devons, and Short-horns, as
pure
no
or
expense
well known
The
is of
has
been
now
been
replaced by
machinery
The
the
park
there
is
His
to
Farm
500
plough, and
belongs to
prize beasts
at
young
The
same
sheds
and
prove
the
stock, that bid
Flemish
Implements
The
"nly
of the
Home
ar*"
Farm,
p"^ble
or
and
the
implements
and
which
of
acres,
is of
:
ancient
200
these
date, with
buildings
are
that,with
fair to
are
of
30
cows,
bulls,of
some
very
attention,
homestalls.
Devon
; Devon
thatched
nevertheless
and
care
proper
without
modem
and
answer
horses
uniform
same
Shaw
and
in
pure
all ages,
promising
that
steers
expectation.
cropping, manuring, "c., is adopted
of
course
Osborne,
at
grass
produced, even
herd
very superior
can
steam-
being on the south side of

which
Bagshot Sand formation, upon
of
and
is
deposit
gravel,
altogether a
in
blood, and beautiful in symmetry

have
several
already won
prizes;
and
700
of
be
find
we
dale,
Clydes; this has
success
other
part
my
make.
homestall
and
the
on
and
too
the
considerable
convenient,
Here
modem
consists
it
a
All
farm
they are
Smith's
of
great
Royal Highness's
Suffolk
One
with
time
some
of the most
lightertillage. The
bams, open
yards,
very
cross
the
between
Fowler's.
of
one
are
the
to
for
used
Norfolk
under
is
superiordescription.
sent
spared in the selection

requirefurther comment
been
public
horses
of
and
ploughs
the
to
breed
has
c^re
are
every
of
same
breed,
and
as
the
description.
Farm, comprises
770
the
pasture.
That
900
acres,
part which
of which
130'
is
the
near
Agricultureof
is of
Thames
other
is
kind,
and
to be
are
blood
100
many
beautiful
are
seen
mixture
for
of
cows,
much-admired
competed
at
bred
are
fine
cattle,
them
TTie
The
The
horses
both
Royal
the
are
active
and
also
been
has
are
pigs are of
successfully
often
this breed
farm-
Among
have
specimens,being
farm
costly
dairy
first-class breeders, of
pedigree.
and
the
most
short-horn
pure
perfect gem.
breed,
the
on
the
at
purposes.
the different cattle-shows.

are
and
other
dairy
gravel;
of
is of the
of
well-known
Windsor
Clydesdale,and
they
head
and
recently built, is in itself
dairy,
Booth
kept
cows
270
about
of Messrs.
which
the
soil,with
clay. The farmstead

baffles description
; here
almost
the
alluvial
29
the London
on
buildings,
firom
rich
Berkshire,
pure
ful
powerthe
on
of the Royal Agricultural Society.

I have
omitted
prize-list
of the soil,they do not
to
speak of the sheep, as, from the nature
form
flocks
dry
feature
prominent
flock of Cheviot
ewes,
is,however,
breeding
which
kept
are
there
for
in
bought
Farm
other
the
; at
purposes
are
Shaw
the
at
farms
circumstances
as
require.
Not
the
the least
pleasingfeature
who
and
live
boys,
well-arranged house, a
evening for nine months
think
they may
proper
carters
the married
which
the
with
schools
of
year,
themselves
Royal
Farms
of the
single
suitable
very
is
and
privilegefrom
Majesty the Queen,
of, a
Her
which
she has
always manifested
provided most
priate
appro-
subjects,has
poorer
of the
centre
the
comfort
attending regularlyin the

instruction
to give them
any
excluded.
interest
her
and
premises in
Great
schoolmistress, for
and
schoolmaster
avail
not
are
in the
the
in the
and
care
same
welfare
the
for
men
on
schoolmaster
to
with
instruction
the
for
provision made
connected
Park,
with
well-qualified
of the children
the instruction
rality,
Royal domain, and, by her libewith
their
dinners.
they are also clodied and daily supplied
and
It is to be hoped that this bright example will be more
more
I
Here
bound
feel
all
her
to
imitated
subjects.
by
express my
who
of those
thanks
Hood,
the
for
the
the
and
great
next
by
selected
Coleshill
Park.
It
300
arable
and
are
There
on
the
courtesy I received
facilities that
Farms
Royal
The
employed
are
is
Mr.
farm
for
grass.
accommodation
about
The
for
for
me
Earl
is the
700
Hon.
the
inspecting
acres,
dairy of
Radnor's, of
which
nearly
of
of
is
farmstead
a
Colonel
Tait.
Mr.
and
notice
comprises
400
afforded
were
Brebner
from
40
very
cows,
plete.
com-
boxes
sheds for
yards
stock ; also a sheepyard and fatting-shed;
and young
breeding cows
The
machinery, by Clayton and Shuttlepiggeries,stables, "c.
grinding,
worth, for threshing,sacking, and weighing the com,
in
is
sawing, "c.,
respect
every
pulping, bruising,chaff"jutting,
well arranged.
for
fatting,and
stalls for
tying-up, bullocks
and
Agricultureof
30
character
The
of
the
soil is very
the
coral-rag prevails on
the
Cole
for
this
river
considerable
good
the
on
the
Oxford
at
the
TTie
land
the
the
slope
runs
and
Wilts
is
generally
a
sandy
with
stonebmsh,
west
which
Berks
of
on
is
side there
of
base
counties
the
distance.
south-east
Towards
various.
hill,
divides
intermediate
the
;
hill is the
loam
Berkshire,
various,and at the base of

grass-land generally is grazed
slopes are
The
clay.
the
for
in quality: on
is
variable
and
the slopesit
dairy purposes
very
also
and
the
best
is
of the
is dry, healthy,
very productive ; so
well
when
but
there
loams
fields
drained,
are
lying on clay
strong
cold and unproductive.
are
adjoining Buscot which
of
The
cropping generally adopted is the 4-course
system
is
shift,but it
continuallyvaried, as it is found that with high
be grown
otherwise
250 quarters
would
straw
:
feeding too much
of
of oats, 100 quarters of beans, 40 quarters of barley, 25 tons
oil-cake, with
a
good deal of inferior wheat, beans, and peas,
in the
consumed
an
large quantitiesof
on
average,
year;
are,
mangel-wurzel are' grown.

they are frequentlyused
The
cattle
neat
kept, consisting
60
the
from
"c.
morton,
of
There
pigs are
ewes,
to
nearly all parts

all this
With
attention
add
pleased to
agriculturallabourer
rule
to
breeders
head
; 140
are
and
cow
South-
Webb, Northeast, Throg-
Jonas
tegs, 150
have
of
some
herds
the
steers, 40
flock of pure
breeding
and
has
the
the
that
village of. Coleshill

as
on
estate.
wether
gained
this
stock
The
tegs.
much
reputation
have
been
sent
Europe.
of
am
The
the
breed, from
heifers,20
ewe
breed,
agricultural shows
many
200
Coleshill
at
is
of Messrs.
stock
400
the
and
cows
bull calves, bulls, "c.
downs,
well-known
employed
cart-horses
short-horn
pure
other
and
of
17
are
timber-hauling
for
of the
are
Booth
of Messrs.
There
not
has
breeding
well-being
been
rearing of stock,
condition
overlooked
been
by
The
rebuilt
bedrooms
three
and
and
each,
and
his
of
lordship.
cottages,
with
the
40
taining
con-
poles
of a superior"description
ground attached, are
are
; others
farms
still being built as
where
there
required,especially on
I am
told by a friend
is not
sufficient cottage accommodation.
residing in the neighbourhood that his lordship is always ready
of
to
promote
of
and
the
assist
in
For
word.
every
benevolent
work
he
in
the
widest
has
given prizei^
to
not
own
labourers, for the best
tenantry or
other
agricultural operations,
mowing, shearing, drilling,and
A village
and
also for the best pieces of swedes, mangolds, "c.
also
takes
and
These
flower
place every year.
vegetable show
above
to
good cultivation,good work, and,
all,
encouragements
show
of
of
which
fruit,
must
signs
already
good
living,
decency
sense
restricted
increase
and
some
years
past
his
extend
as
time
rolls
on.
am
much
indebted
to
Berkthire.
of
Affricttlture
Esq., his
Moore,
"G. W.
kindly given me.

The
chalk-pit "rm
for
calls
also
especial
31
the
i"x
lordship's agent,
he
information
has
300
rich
generally is a
being a mixture
all
of
kinds
Wheat
year,
4th
hop
old
4-conrse
coold
be
allow
The
season.
Roots
;
stock,
hills
clay
of die
of
5th
This
I have
in
is carted-out
manure
winter,
except
the
is that
the
ensures
that
crops
on
to
part
half
red
Much
of this
provides for a large

being put in in good
the
young
which
is
BERKS"
R.
grass-seeds
required
1
"if
ENOLEFIELD,
will
it
iljl
BCIUJISQS,
the
more
Report
"C
FARM
clover,
of
modification
county.
1st
"
Roots
root-crops.
CnALKPIT
soil
tillage,
5-courEe
one-half
limits
the
recommendation
and
is
half Beans,
year,
with
than
its favour
The
tion
plastic clay formaof
for the producdon
Grass,
year.
best
is the
met
of which
heavier
are
cropping
3rd
acres,
water-meadows.
is suited
system
Englefield House,
546
the
whole
the
Dutch.
in
46
of
is
extent
and
sand
die
system
and
autumn
loam
year.
Oats
or
and
written
of
graTelly
The
2nd
its greatest
qnanti^
and
grain.
;
Its
notice.
subsoil
Barley
year,
one-half
the
chalk
on
of
Esq.,
Benyon,
pasture,
200
arable,
are
H,
of
Bcnow,
ftn.
in
for the
Agricultureof
32
be
will
It
subjoined plan that the buildings

they do not perhaps present to the
the
by
seen
extremely convenient;
and
compact
so
uniform
selection
Berkshire.
an
appearance
others,
some
as
are
eye
but
practicaljudgment has been displayed

useless
without
They afford good
expenditure of money.
any
for a considerable
accommodation
quantityof stock,and facilities
for making
a
great deal of manure
; consequentlythey are
liarly
pecuThere
is stable-room
arable-land
farms.
adapted for large
in
their
houses, with
for 16
The
trodden
for
boxes
is taken
manure
42
beasts;
in
on
above,
is open,
but
down
by the
which
yard,
and
turned
water
elevation
considerable
great
which
provided
I shall
refer
rick-sheds, which
adjoining
an
with
cowhouse,
Here
stead.
farm-
mixed
; it is here
There
also loose
are
young
commodious
into
at
shed
cow-stock.
spacious yard ; piggeries,well

opening into a yard with shed.
wanted
stables
with
a^pond
whole
supplies the
the
from
stall from
each
with
arranged,
to
are
and
open
breeding-styes
be
the
seen
much-
elsewhere.
to
machinery, which is by Messrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth,

for thrashing,grinding,pulpis very superior,and the arrangement
ing,
the
floor
is
bruising, chaffcutting,"c., on
venient.
conupper
very
The
farm
horses
bred
the
are
are
good, they
on
perty,
proand
blood.
About
are
slightlycrossed with the Flemish
cattle
of superior short-horn
head
200
are
kept for dairy and
of
flock
600
to
sheep, fold on the land,and
grazing purposes
; a dry
The
implements are of the
pigs of the improved Berkshire breed.
The
description
;
best
Scotch
carts
has
Smith's
used
are
worked
instead
of
the
and
waggons,
for some
on
time
steam-plough
property
The
results.
attention
which
is
most
satisfactory
being
of
the
the
the
and
estate
to
on
to
other
dwellings
paid
poor
many
with
the
short residence
them, which
improvements connected
has
enabled
his
of Mr.
him
only
Benyon on
property
partiallyto
him
characterises
that
as
one
body of English
out,
among
carry
the farmers
of this country are
of whom
landlords
justlyproud.
Mr.
thank
I have
to
he
has
Benyon for the plan with which
and
for
the
information
furnished
he
has allowed
kindly
me,
me
with
obtain.
to
Homesteads
To
say
the
respects well
most
site of
in
all
In
such
of
many
meet
cases
instances
and
lown
of
homesteads
of
is
far
misfortune
little value
as
it is
a
more
than
chosen,
of
is that
they
stand
impossible
misplaced or
to
the
they
;
correct, but
several
are
too
for, under
cultivate
and
good
are
well
no
from
requirements
the
the
Berkshire
of
is
maintained
them
farming,
advantage ^with
system
N;st
that
Manure.
and
the
in
the
do
they
occupations.
good to pull
nor
the
land
present
to
the
badly-Arrangedfarmstead.
Agricultureof Berkahive.
34
is not
It
of
destitute
supposed
modem
these
from
homesteads
last few
the
within
be
to
years,
of which
the
for
remarks
several
such
of
use
that
the
have
is
country
been
built,
tenanfrfarmer, an
J. C. Garth, Esq.,
the
the property of
seen
on
may
of Haines
Hill, near Twyford, who, in addition to the very compact
and .convenient covered
homestall, with most
perfect machinery,
instance
has
which
he
within
the
erected
last few
for tenaLnts, and

also
have
ford.
be
may
that
at
seen
with
third.
The
cottages
Another
on
Berkshire
here
cannot
is abroad.
built,
this estate
Dunn's, Inlease, near
others, which
of
has
construction
covered
compact
very
spiritof improvement
Although the farmers

ricks,so neatly made and
hands,
own
of similar
homesteads
two
General
many
the
in his
farm
greatlyimproved.
These,
show
the
on
years,
commenced
has
been
farmstead
be
Hungerlarise,
particu-
'
their
justlybe protid of
may
yet I should
beautifullytrimmed,
with,and rick-sheds
adopted instead ;
away
for if there
is one
than another
at 'the
improvement requiredmore
I
farmer
believe
it to be this.
Every practical
present time,
be aware,
ricks sustain
in the summer
of the damage
which
must
and
by being left open
taking rain before they are thatched,
rejoiceto
"
în
of
them
see
and
thatching
work
done
instances
many
too
comes
Imuch
to
incalculable
an
trimming
at
time
is
when
of
The
amount
expense
itself considerable, and
hands
ill be
can
spared
this
for the
often occurs
before
the
Moreover, a change of weather
in
too
completed, and the ricks have to be covered
up, or,
left
take
All
this
obviated
be
would
to
damage.
cases,
many
open
substitution
much-desired
of
the
the
rick-sheds,such as are to
by
I have
be seen
the farm
on
spoken of, belonging to R. Benyon,
is a
In
all
homesteads
there
the
modern
Esq.,of Englefield.
will be
with
bams, but the farmers
great dispositionto do away
entail
loth
and
themselves
the
to
give them
upon
up
very
number
of ricks,until something is
necessity of making an extra
take
their
introduced
Much
said on
be
to
more
place.
may
of rick-sheds,such
afford
for
behalf
the
facilities
ing,
threshas
they
this head
Under
the annual
stacking straw, "c.
saving to
would
be
farmer
the
quite equal to 3 per cent on the outlay,
sustains.
without
reckoning anj^hing for the damage he now
The
only objection I have heard of as at all likely to be raised
is,that they are liable to be infested with rats and
against them
tained,
I do not think, however, that this objectioncan
be mainmice.
who
obviated
be
such
by any one
easily
injury may
as
have
No
can
one
will only take the trouble to seek a remedy.
I
with these vermin.
for his premises being stocked
any excuse
purpose.
is
tadc
may
be
these, if
rats
and
considered
I
use
mice
an
severe
in
my
strictures
expressionwhich I have
and
slovenly people are
on
often
the
preservers
employed,
generally found
of
that
"
to
be
JffrieukurBof
than
about
talk
Some
together.
located
maj
but
iiistaiice, entirely extirpated these

s^vrarmed
35
this riddance
that
saj
accomplish;
to
BwksHtre.
in
having,
from
pests
than
more
situations
which
in
i% easier
"
to
one
where
their"
undertaking
proodmity to
I feel authorised'
to
peculiarly difficult
No
extraordinary means
are
speak decidedly on the subject.
but
with
to
no
simply
keep a tidy rick-yard,
required^
heaps
litter lyii^ about, and
of loiose straw
well
to
or
keep the bams
they
once*
Tendered
water
cleared
out
the. tarie
soon.
as
"
the
as
easilykilled
be
then
an
"
; and
ricks
are
rat
some
To
feared.
that
prove
ground, I
there
threshed.
The-
if afterwards
killed,if the
good cats aare kept, another
each
dressed
the
in
invasion
be
con
of
stock
trifle is
usual
and
way
be
not
objection to placing
no
for
paid
need
rats
can^
com
have^ within the last'four years^ takma down

ten
I found, when
observation
twelve rick-stands,as from
the ricks
in
there
fewer
mice
those
were
threshed,
always
standing cm
the
on
or
were
home
served
in the
harvest
at
there
ontsides
otheiB
in the
gpround than
the
whereas,
of the
rick,and
and
com,
when
put
either
are
This
horses.
few
which
county
is
when
the
on
^for
farmers, who
good many
pieces of pasture land, breed
are
two
cohs
thiS'
means
when
genemlly
are
one
of the
two
stands
on
make
or
are
pre*
their
the
to
escape.
the
have
the
or
three
the
of
colts
yearly,
first two
work
of
out
each
is sold
horses
of
accommodation
For
two
do
to
particularbreed
any
old.
years
reckoned
oldest
brought
are
ground, they get
killed
broken-in
put
mice
Horses^
celebrated
not
The
stands.
on
Farm
is
com
down
years
horse
one
year
by
and
the
But the greater part buy at the local flairs

kept youngs
in the neighbourhood the colts which
are
brought by dealersfront
three
and
the north
then
or
:
by buying in two
every
year
Others
still
are
kept up.
sellingthe oldest horses, efficient teams
colts
from
of
the
35
continue
at
to 45
buying good
practice
three of their best
or
guineas each, and then of making up two
made
for the
London
horses
high prices are
yearly,of which
older
often
this
the
horses
in
worked
case
are
out.
nearly
drays ;
100 acres
of ploughed land are
four horses
About
to every
kept
three to the 100 acres
the lightersoils,
the heavy soils,and
on
on
the threshingschafif^mtting,
where
"c., is done
by steam-power.
well
and
On
the whole
the horses
are
so
chosen, so much
good
is
team
that
the
I may
almost
venture
of the soil
character
lands
they
Suffolk ;
on
are
the
clean
of
is
on
say the character

which
they work
and
heavier
powerful, but not

specimen of which
to
active,
soils
the
now
they
old
seldom
sometimes
are
seen
on
the
shows
lighttillage
crossed
rather
fashioned
horses
of the
less active
with
and
the
more
hairy-legged breed,
in
the
county,
D
although
of Berkshire.
Agriculture
36
of Mayor's
date
the
at
winter
in the
The
horses
months,
and
breed.
vailmg
Report
such
in the
two
pre-
plough
light soils
the
on
summer,
the
in
three
generallydriven
are
been
have
to
seems
One
used.
acre
heaviest,four are sometimes
per team
work
when
is considered
fair
a
fallowing or ploughing leyday's
8 hours,
of
and
tilled
land
ground,
1^ acre
; they generally work
7 o'clock
farmsteads
from
3.
to
are
Some, whose
central,rest
hour
hour
in the middle
of the day, and work
later ;
them
an
an
the
but, on
this
but
does
not
when
answer
Neat
From
is in the
the
has
proportion of grass-land it
daSiriesnor
neither
that
part prevail,the
most
generallythey are sold

bought by the dealers
they obtain
repurchased
for calving.
they are down
or
Durham
rather
in
rising three
when
are
10
calf:
in
naturallybe
The
Here
special notice.
which
of
farmers
rear
dairies
is such
few
as
calves,but
being
; the cow-calves
into the districts from
whence
days
back
send
to
heifers
the
management
about
at
will
a
grazing
very prominent
of
the grass-land
principalpart
Most
described.
often
been
home.
form
; but as the
district,it calls for
Vale
far from
are
Cattle.
in the county
feature
for
small
the
inferred
fields
the
old
instances
some
old, when,
years
cattle
breed, without
the
calves
same
it is
as
termed,
horn
mostly of the shortregard to pedigree; but
are
pure-bred bulls used than formerly ; several of the

landed
bulls, of which
proprietorskeeping first-rate shortrhom
and
neighbours the use : consequentlya
they allow their tenants
is
taking place in the qualityof the
very visible improvement
and
Some
stock.
steers
oxen
are
cow
kept for eating the poor
and
for feeding and
in the
making manure
grass in the summer
there
are
more
winter.
In
upland district, dairies
the
Reading, however,
short-horn
three
cows
have
are
and
Champion's
kept ;
where
or
a
cross
Jersey cows,
for supplying the family with
cross
produce large quantitiesof
between
suffice
this
last year
which
one
few
those
of
teams
oxen
soils which
in favour
or
gave
in very
suited
extensive
to
milk
quite
Calcot,
be
may
and
butter
near
On
seen.
Some
butter.
I have
been
fatteningher
(mostly of
their
form
of
proportion of pasture some

there is but
Uttle,two
or
and
Jersey
short-horn,
lbs.,besides
worked
are
are
400
grazing
of short-horns
considerable
often
W.
breed
good
which
farms
those
Mr.
At
feature.
subordinate
the
Devon
hoofs,but they
told
calf.
breed)
are
not
of
of
A
on
much
use.
Pigs.
Berkshire
most
has
justlyso,
ever
where
been
proper
celebrated
attention
for
has
its breed
of
been
paid
pigs,and
to
their
Agricultureof Berkshire,
^selection
87
animal
but,
as
is
prospect
degenerates so quickly,the greater

is required in saving
for
Most
stock.
ones
Judgment
proper
breed
their own,
let them
the yards and
stubbles as
farmers
run
and
fatten
them
for
afterwards
market
Some
prefer selling
^stores,
in
the
them
out
as
district; others,
stores, particularly
grass
of breeding, buy in at about
old
three
work
instead
months
to
fatten
their yards,and sell out again as strong hogs, or
them
out
;
there
when
Some
few
with
them
no
have
the
improve
sought
Suffolk,Sussex, and
(or rather I should

qualityof this
time,
pa3ring.
misnamed
say
other
pigs by crossing
and
breeds,
them)
although
cross,
Berkshire
the
to
The
be
their
of
the
it may
named
Improved
Berkshire.
successful
appear
; Consequentlythese
kept
them
find
for
(orwill
gentlemen
in constitution,
ficient
dein natural
of an
flesh,and worthy of anything but the name
I
believe
be
which
can
only
justly given to
improved Berkshire,
I
stock.
the pure-bred animal, the offspringof carefullyselected
be thought severe,
but I speak from
experience,as I fell into
may
this error
cessful
Having previouslybeen sucmyself some
years since.
I
in exhibiting
Berkshires, was
tempted to try to
pure
far
succeeded
obtain a
them
and
to
as
so
improve
by crossing,
of the
prize for a boar-pig,called the Improved Berkshire, at one
of the Royal Agricultural Society. I could
"hows
not, however,
the
of
breed
The
this
store
keep up
pigs
quality
by any means.
much
and
more
tender,
were
nursing ; they
required more
lost confattened
the bacon
deficient in lean ; and
siderably
well,but were
more
weight in cooking than that of the pure-bred pig :
I
obliged to clear out, as my expectations were
consequently was
I not
blood.
Had
not
realized^ and begin again with pure
viously
prethe good qualities
of the real Berkshire, I should
known
cannot
iind) that
have
they
have
up
breed
this
satisfied with
been
of animals
deficient
cross.
Sheep.
Sheep-farming forms a very important feature

of flocks kept, viz.
three descriptions
There
are
in this county.
ing-flocks,
^regularbreedgrazing, and
dry
time and
attention,
"
breeding
their management
flocks.
As
and
profitderived
the
farmer's
-flocks
from
for
selling
engages
them
forms
it will
be
and
much
so
a
considerable
desirable
item
in the
speak of each separately,

more
especiallyof the regular breeding-flocks,which
are
of
the
and
with
few
the
most
a
exceptions,
numerous,
are,
very
Down
breed.
There
or
is, however, a
West-country
Hampshire
Sir
flock
the
R.
Southdown
farm
of
at
on
Throgmorton,
pure
balance-sheet,
Buckland,
county.
".e.,
at
and
The
the
two
or
number
commencement
three
of
cross-bred
sheep kept
of
the
year
to
flocks
per
we
acre
in other
is from
find, on
parts of the
1 J to
farm
"
of 500
AffrieuUuraof JSerhshire,
38
aores
of Downs),
(excljisive
about
these
te^s about
bestewos
in
and
kept
cut
for the
in
bave,
and
of
flock
by
tke
,pa^rt; the
most
the
in
out
first:
wether
oil-cake
spring
lambs
the
or
The
are
sixth-tooths,lamb
:their
where
'removed
to
.are
lambs
autumn
there
The
to
May
are
some
or
of
is favourable
keep
ewes
are
require;
ewes
so
that
night
The
drawn
or
sale
some
in
lambs,
to
where
;
folded
"Fe-
of
of
the
field
the
ewes
are
the
on
there
at
downs
others
sell
them
lambs
either
the
other
most
of
or
an
get the
to
assistance, others
them,
end
quality of *thp
the
fold
shear
most
to
are
ferior,
in-
are
of
require a good
the 150 oldest, are
being
ewes,
and
kept better, to get them
taken
-immediately they are
the wool, but
fit
ewes
fallows
on
May
in
the
at
downs
of
are
good enough
are
any
them
on
time,
vetches
and
chaff
beginning
which
are
night
top, and
green
cake, and
some
circumstances
draft
or
the
few
feed
last until the
widiout
stock
the
from
out
comer
hurdles,
and
peas,
the
of
some
into condition
up
the
in
four-tooths,
early part
the
"
winter*barley, and
rye,
generally taken from the
early
to
downs
in
water-meadows), by
no
beginning
them
daily, and
piece of grass, as
or
inferior
grass
soon
fit for
from
:sell them
and
out
August.
about
lambs
the
After
generally, so
with
gâss
out
run
them
long
;
of ibod,
kinds
they require two
vetches
-last,they have a fold
after
the
hay is cleared
they get
the
as
soon
of
some
on
weaned
are
the
inferior
which
grasses
the
likely 'to produce good after-feed,and, when
the
best
Here
lattermath.
finished, they fold on
often
lambs
get
; for in
"supply of food
from
are
shorn
fairs instead
two-tooths, 150
and
forward
run
of June
.driven
often
the
to
lambing-yard at the homestead, where

the
on
as
hay
turnips or-^ mangolds ; as soon
removed
into the field.
The
strong enough they are
the
.feed.
sent
with
learn
seasons,
aod
of
them,
per day,
generally
later
prospect
botli
of
beans
are
the
at
out
thatched
supplied with a few

roots
are
generally made
(where
of
of
preceding
the
"made,
often
the
hay,
of
stock
convenient
soon
The
sale
and
the fairs,or
they
case
down
is, with
food
fed
are
-li^mbs
is
lambing^pen
.bruaryz-a
at
for
side
the
pint
of
some
the
as
or
ewe-flock, consisting of 150

150
..are
tegs
out
reverse.
and
thQy
at
sold
being wintered, according
Swedes
upon
others, living by
latter
market, in which
occasionally, however, in
all of the
drawn
are
themselves
addition, 1 lb. of
are
400
and
ewes
sold
London
160
450
the
sure
case
to
dry
which
check
seasons,
is scanty
such
if
as
till the
till the middle

thrive
it takes
they
of
have
the
them
last
vetches
it is
months
two
have
bfên
too
much
are
that
to
the
recover
been, their
is fit for use, which

August
Upon this the
rape
not
not
are
is not
lambs
checked
39
AgrieuUure of Berkshire.
if they
particularly
before,
the
After
on.
is
The
beginning'
of
"who
also
Mr.
have
long
celebrated
been
Downs
been
Mr.
T.
successful
Fuller,
and
August,
and
flocks
younger
the
sale
ewes
fatten
their
after
their
when
but, when
this
is
for
when
to
to
These,
two-tooth
and
ewes
is too
and
tney
if
another
autumn
London
in
sometimes
and
market
very
in
flock
undlie
fattened, but
considerable
few
spriaag,
is
very
price ;
demaiid
than
more
treat
a
reasonable
cost
not
a
lambs
an
of
rams,
their
description of
they are
lamb),
chased
pur-
about
together ; others
at a
bought
generally adopted,
can
own
are
whiteâced
the
be
those
July and
the regular breedingbought, but they are
to
ewes
the
these
throw
in
to
This
ewes
sheep
years,
their
sacrifice
to
be
put
out
them
wool.
Several
county,
whole.
April
sell
last few
Hants
then
and
years.
cr^ss-bred
sold
they
again
sacrifice
has
to.
"
"e
add
breed
Drgflocks.
of
the
from
aire
lambs
As
"
and
ewes
ewes
send
plan
them,
submitted
be
last few
their
and
now
fattened, and,
(sometimes
Hampshire or WestCompton, near

llsley,has
obliged
county
their
tegs, and
taking
make
Augfust or
of
Lieicester -breed, and
or
fatten
reramnerative
created
of
of
for
draft
or
may
The
store-stock,
as
this
in
are
Some
them
end
witiiin
market
fairs
Gloucester
early.
the
fold
ewes
them.
G^nzing.
been
the
comparatively few.
the
the
for the
favour
have
into
go
the
at
in
them
produce
stock
here
breeders
as
breeder
much
increased
have
off;
are
Breeding^flocks
for Selling or
who
fed
about
ewes
These
out
run
turnip-land,which
next
after
up
to the
to
forward-
extensively purchased from

flocks of Mr.
age,
WantHumfrey, of Oak Ash, near
Hungerford,
Stephen King, of Old Hay ward, near
and
country
clear
September.
well-known
the
and
turned
are
rams
cleared,
wheat, is
with
lambs,
the
behind
the
sainfoin
of
piece
is
rape
planted
be
to
have
sheep
May,
of
thes6
although they
in
bear
instances,
many
in June
and
for the
most
July,
be
to
are
a
are
and
part fat.
found
in
different parts
small
proportion to the
bought in as Iambs
or
sold
in the following
out
Some
farmers
keep
tening
fat-
and
feed ; here the
buying in, as they have room
About
in
favour.
two
are
decidedly
sheep per acre
in
last descriptionsof flocks
most
two
are
seasons
kept
;
varies
number
according as the prospect of keep is good
out
and
cross-breed
of these
but
or
the
bad.
I to recommend
one
place here were
farmers
the
the
flock
in
of
to
other;
preference
description
for
of this county
too
generally are
good judges to suppose
that it is a matter
of fancy
moment
or
a
opinion as to which
which
should
circumstances
no
over
they
they have
keep:
decide
the
I
control
and
believe
most
do,
frequently
ought,
It
would
l"e
out
of
Agricultureof
40
Mucli
question.
has
in
the
on
each,
of
favour
farms
Those
drawback.
its
said
be
may
Berkshire.
best
and
each
also
soils, which
are
uniform
description of land
(upon the natural
mostly of one
considered
be
most
sheep thrive),may
produce of which
of
and
the
and
lambs;
ewes
fattening
adapted for dry-flocks
soils
which
those
the
other
variable,
are
hand,
while, on
very
culated
down-lands
and
downs
with
attached, are
certainly best calhas
for
improved in this
breeding-flocks. Nothing
breed
of
last fiftyyears
the
the
within
much
as
so
county
they so much
sheep and the cultivation of those roots on which
Report, in 1809, he speaks of
subsist,for, at the date of Mavor's
of the most
Ruta
recent
the Swede
introductions,
or
Bag^ as one
native
the
Berkshire
of
Wiltshire
and
and
nots
the homed
sheep
of sheep kept at that period : these are,
the principalbreeds
as
happily,quite extinct.
Machinery.
Agricultural
affords
Nothing
criterion
better
which
by
the
of
judge
to
racter
taking place in a district than the chaIn
this respect Berkshire
is
of the
implements in use.
In
the
in
different
passing through
background.
by no means
almost
in
of
of the most
modem
it,
we
find,
parish,
parts
every
many
The
iron ploughs by Messrs. Howard, Barrett,Hart,
inventions.
Plenty, Haslam, Ball, and others, have entirely superseded the
old wooden
plough. The Cambridge and other improved rollers
much
Iron sjkI link
rows
harare
ones.
preferred to the smooth
man's
Colefavour.
are
getting into
by year
greater
year
and
Bentall's scarifier is acknowleêd by many
as
a
great
improvements
that
are
boon.
Drills
fashioned
Drills
seedlip.
hire, but
The
that
*they have
now
to
And
used
to
be
the farmers
of
most
now
occasionally hear
we
who
carter
different
in
delds
are
heavy
and
parts
number,
not
far
in
kept
prefer keeping
|/eople are
afforded
from
hay,
;utt"^
are
the
and
extreme,
that
it is both
sometimes
ap''
pulpers
"^
portion
mi^ch
of
used
from
the
for
than
gradually
by
where
carts
creasing
inthe
are
improvement.
formerly : most
great
economical
and
sirable
de-
great advantage thus
together good and

oat or
barley straw.
; the
own.
used
patronised
the other
call
general
more
now
are
still
are
how
districts
their
level farms
homestead
persuaded
to cut
hay into chaff,apart
mix
to
by being enabled
with
I believe
particularlyon
the
Chaff-cutters
and
county,
more
too
clumsy
the
of
men,
seeds-
knows
in different
light and well made, and are

waggons
in preference to harvest-carts,
although these
old-
an
the
spoiled all
are
many
in
the
use
for
complain
farmer
that
used
that it is difficult
and
to
much
so
are
latter
are
inferior
Tumipdaily getting
42
possible to
as
near
dp
not
to
mean
fields
the
com
say
Buflicient horses
additional
no
the
that
ever
stable
the
in
that
of
to
an
boy
teams
when
witli
home,
to
two
or
in
stacking
it
convey
extra
wanted.
justifiedin
home
if the
great distance from
I have
this done
often seen
; but
except
expense
he
likelyto
left
were
is
one
no
at
it is
where
yards
grown
elsewhere
required
are
the
drive
teams.
The
in different
four
only
been
parts of the
; in each
of Fowler's
hitherto
has
steam*plough
little used, there
but
Smith's
of
two
county,
have
being
and
two
entire
given
they
satisfaction,
From
the
of
expectation.
great number
every
been
published on the subject,embracing the
reports that have
the
occupiers of every
description of land, the
experience of
of the quantityof work
account
performed, and the proportion of
horses
dispensed witli,it is pretty certain that the steam-plough
in this count)-,
will ere
more
extensivelyused even
long be much
answered
and
small,
which
proportionof strong land, to
the
where
is
instance
if
we
witli
this
compare
it is most
applicable,
otlier districts.
During the last two summers

Mowinff
Reaping Machines,
has been
the mowing-machine
and
extensively used on meadow
farmers
with
results
but
satisfactory
;
pasture land,
very
many
the
them
for
to
upland grasses, more
object
particularlythe clovers,
the ground, so
that it cannot
they leave the crop
as
spread over
raked
into swathe
in such
to prevent
a
as
a
possibly be
laige
way
die
of
leaves
lost
under
the
of
June
being
portion
scorching sun
The
has
and
in several
introduced
been
reaping-machine
July.
and
instances, but
has
so
has
in
with
met
much
"
to
ingenuity of
No
the
however,
had
to
view
to
implement
manufacturer
discretion
and
have
not
that
know
surprising that
the
and
that
of
can
eradicate; but,
been
to
be
cannot
in
as
has
it
it
attributed
ducing
parties intro-
the
times
that
which
success
taxed
so
the
able
requiresconsider-
amount
farmer
result
in order
was
has
the
other
to
let the
discontented
independent of them, it is
altogetherunsatisfactory,
which
been
created
time
only
been
prejudicehas
on
hand,
where
it has
been
ployed
em-
benefiting both parties,it has generally

willing and efficient hands have been found
By using cHie the last three years^ I have been en-
the
view
or
of
successful, and
it
work
ablc"l
this
modem
tliis,
so
as
labour,
the
not
with
of
that
nicety of adjustment in working it ; but these,

the only difficulties which
the reaper
has
with
Where
it has
been
a
purchased solely
trifle in
saving a
an
with
been
overcome.
labourers
attended
other
counties
:
many
in the machines
defects
any
them.
been
not
to
secure
my
without
expense,
which
crops
giving
the
harvest
as
quickly as others, and
employing an
reaping-machine
labourers
the
benefit
extra
cannot
of it where
as
little
There
hand.
cut
with
to
it
certainlyare
advantage ; but by
can
work, they
are
willing
qtiite
to
Berkshire,
Agricultureof
where
cut
it
labourers, and
who
people
which
be
travel
year
and
the
often
faormer
satisfaction
of
independent
about
pay
disposed
enables
himself
to
additional
therefore
am
regular labourers ought to

spend the other half
the
who
earning, and
time
same
half the
one
which
money
the
at
without
cannot,
ooiKeqaently the benefit is mutual.

of a machine
speak very fieiyourably
harvest
his
witib
secure
pleasureto
43
to
his
to
class
to
of
country earning the
have
in
the
very
privilegeof
questionable
manner.
:
far
as
lK)ndon
to
nearer
week
1^. per
than
more
from
5/.
as
65.
service
week,
allowing
and
beer
from
the
under
as
be
and
2/. IO5.
to
rent-free
nation
termi-
shepherds
ceive
re-
6/. of
yearly
"d,
4^. 6^.
the
wages;
cottage
the
at
Zs,
from
approadi
shepheids have
3/. to
from
sidered
con-
II5. ; in
we
and
carters
shepherd-boys
1/. 10s.
is almost
harvest, when
week,
and
plough-boys
wages;
the
8*. per
to
less,and
higher. Carters and

day-labourer with
paid at Michaelmas
wages,
year's
it is rather
county
somewhat
2/. to
from
of
and
Condition.
and
means
part of the
the lower
per
Wages
of the labourer
go, the condition
may
the
satisfactory
weekly pay is iO^. to
;
average
So
and
Labourers'
to
practice of
discontinued, exceptingin the hay-making

men
get three or four quarts of ale, and
of the work
boys two quarts per day. As much
as
possibleis done
in
some
by the piece : reaping Ids. to 125. per acre, more
instances
for lodged
and
3^.
6^.
to
oats
barley
mowing
crops;
4" 6d. ; mowing
3^. to 4^. ; flat-hoeingturnips once
5^.,
grass
4*. to 65. ; threshing
9*.
twice
10s, ; hoeing beans
to
or
peas
lOd.
flail
1*.
Is.
Sd.
to
following
barley by
quarter. The
per
of the earnings of an
labourer, with
account
ordinary married
and
the assistance
of his wife, during the wheat
barley harvest,
"
is from
the
county,
and
labour-book
be
may
on
taken
as
in the
farm
fair average
central
:
district of
'
"
1M9.
Ist quarter, ending March

June
2nd
".
25
24
September
3fd
"
4th
December
"The
6j"f.per
labourers
d.
18
..793
29
..15
31
..
"
15s.
".
..
"
being
the
..
...
6
10
10
40
6i
9
..
2i
week.
week, many
generally paid in money
every
them
the
opportunity of
Friday to give
paying on
the
on
spending their money
Saturday to the best advantage :
others
fortnight Women
a
on
Saturday,and a few only once
pay
months
seldom
in the fields during the winter
are
seen
; but in
ployed.
weeding, hay-making, and harvest-time, they are extensively emfarmers
are
the
of Berkshire.
Agriculture
44
"
dwellings
The
they
in
are
the
/generallythree
attached
longer
no
look
cases
some
the
in most
are
the
upon
them
consider
but
in
they
agriculturallahourers are good where

of the landed
hands
proprietors: these have
with
30
hed-rooms
40
or
poles of ground
of
as
cottages
as
the estate,
on
important appendages,
But
ornament
Landlords
\s. \ier week.

burden
tax
or
and
necessary
great
let at
cases
diere
other
are
and
cottages
parts of the
in various
belonging to different owners
county which
in
of
the
of
and
hovels
name
cases
are
only worthy
yet are
;
many
double
of
the
the
with
tached
a
t
former^
barely any garden atprice
lej:
These
to them.
unfortunately frequently belong to those
social condition
of the agrwho
take no
interest in the moral
or
icultural
labourer ; they are,
however, gradually decreasing in
number
there is good reason
to hope that ere
long
every
year, and
he can
feel a pleasure in
will
be
such
man's
home
as
every
poor
returning to after the toils of the day are over, there to spend his
in a neat
and
leisure hours
tivation
well-keptgarden, for the careful cul-
which
of
there
now
are
in
inducements
many
almost
being very general, which

îve to cottagers prizes for flowers,fruit,vegetables,and the bestdo not
cultivated
prevail so much
gardens. Garden-allotments
still to be
AS
they are
they did ; but adjoining the towns
seen,
the poorer
and
inhabitants.
In the agriculto
are
a
tural
great boon
where
the gardens are
districts
small, allotments, not
very
40
sometimes
let
to the
icxceeding
poles each, are
poor by their
district
"every
wealthier
neisrhbours
clergf
The
at
which
work
moderate
forward
ever
are
every
has
for
There
labouring
"clothingclubs, to which
the
subscriptions of the
classes.
their
contribution
Benefit
excellent
a
small
from
to
at
are
in
the poor contribute

few pence
a
weekly,
wealthier
to
parishionersbeing added
12*.
per
with
management
of the
is
week,
There
of the year.
Societies,from
unconnected
price.
promoting and encouraging

of
its object the improvement
the
without
and
but few
coal
parishes
the end
monthly,
amount
8^.
societies
^horticultural
"
which
the
provided with
in
case
of
poor
are
man,
medical
illness.
also several
by pa3ring
attendance
Where
these
and
are
the
the
public-house they are generally under
and
the
are
clergy,
patronised by
respectable
inhabitants.
Education
has
advanced
with
rapid strides during the last ten

its daily school ; in addition
to
say every
years.
may
established
have
which
where
the
most
clergymen
night schools,
classes
have
the
of
privilege
attending and improving
working
calculated
These
themselves.
much
to produce
are
good, more
the
the
between
of 16 and
men
23,
^rticularly to
young
ages
the
of
from
""ho,
aie
pernicious system
hiring at statute-fairs,
I
'^"ik'*i"t
villagehas
t^nt
age
from
the^"
homes,
and
from
every
one
interested
4"
lodge
them,
to
do
without
in
hovels
and
beds
sleep on
frequently less
comfortable
than those of the cattle they tend.
Thus, unheeded
is if they do not
form
and uncared
vicious
for, the only wonder
and
and
fall
victims
of all kinds.
to vice
depraved habits,
easy
of
evils
the
This is but
from
these
one
resulting
fairs,and
many
there is a prospect of doing away
I rejoiceto see
with them, and
that steps have
taken
that end.
In comparingto
already been
the
with
from
the present
that
our
find,
gaol statistics,
past, we
of crime, and
there is a great diminution
that our
gaols are
in
This
be
attributed
the
to
a
nearly empty.
measure,
may,
of the County Police-force,which
establishment
does
vice,
good sermuch
of
the
it detects,as that
crime which
amount
not
so
by
either
it
is
the
of preventing.
which,
direcdy or indirectly,
means
all these
I have
felt it
From
facts, which
duty to give,
my
that
tihe general condition
infer
of the
labourer
is
many
may
that
look
for
ere
so
long we may
satisfactory
extraordinaryresults,
be
such
I should
create
to
erroneous
an
impression, and
sorry
distinctlystate that I anticipate nothing of the kind until the
of that class immediately above
them
moral
has reached
tone
a
that
bond
of
Where
and
higher standard.
sympathy
friendship
unite the employer and
should
which
does
not
exist, or
employed
find
in
often
small
that
farmers
do
we
not
a
degree,
only
very
scrupleto discharge their labourers when work is scarce, and they
in
can
them
and,
labourers
feel
farmers, they either
strike
the
when
In
things.
employment
my
for
of
introduction
they
higher
for
humble
staff
a
regular
machinery,
feel that
they
take
or
pay
be
found
first is
their
labour
for this
to
of
state
provide constant
labourers, and, by a judicious
of
to
equalise the
to
so
in the
hands
requireextra
to
not
as
that
of course,
in the summer,
of
are
importance to the
matter
Surely remedies
may
opinion, the
market.
dearer
as
summer
work
season
looked
the
on
next,
farm
let
to
machines,
amount
they can
are
perform,
only
but that they are
trusted, treated kindly, helped and respected,in
shall
We
then
proportionas they help and respect themselves.
labourers
the
valued
who
that
find
afforded
our
them
for
ductive
As
of
good
this
is not
they
exist, I feel
and
friends
have
am
be
will
and
dieirs,
be
as
upon
of work
more
that
the
living,and
decent
mere
facilities
the
appreciated and
now
formation
more
pn"-
results.
great courtesy
inspected.
in
bound,
who
have
so
the
on
I have
If
unsuccessful, it
agriculture,but a report of facts as

conclusion, to thank iLose gentlemen
me
kindly and readily furnished
very
on
essay
an
witt information
the
not
improvement,
habits,
industrious
of
will
interest
are
the
for
different
subjectscontained
received
from
all
practicecannot^ compete
will
not
be
from
want
of
those
with
in
it,and
for
farms
science^ and
whose
subject-matter,but
Condition
Tlie MecJumuxU
46
still 1 shall
not
renewed
my
acquaintance
my
made
the
worthy
with
Sail
of
commendation
attempt, through which
an
valuablyinformation,and
much
obtained
have
it
make
part to
regret having
inabilityon
from
of
of
have
the
extended
and
practicalfarmers
of
the Soil favourable for

Professor Taknbr.
the
many
Berkshire.
Moulsford^ WaXLingfordyBerks.
2Sth, 1860.
Fdmmry
"
Condition
Mechanical
The
II.
of
By
of Seed.
Growth
Essay.
Prize
reception
the
for
do
but
seed
be
thus
far
to
Nature, directed
by
His
carried
has
and
shall
harvest
preparation of
laborious
most
duties
skill.
and
the
and
When
land
those
these
has, comparatively speaking, little else
the
commit
to
in the
judgment
greatest
he
accomplished
are
his
seed
of
his
demand
which
soil will find
of the
cultivator
The
will
not
to
the
he
ground, leaving the work
the
secret
completed by
operations of
to
established
who
the
law
that
time
seed-
fail.
having passed through several

stages of growth and
earlier
functions
the
the
devolving upon them, have
performed
for the
last but
most
important duty of life reserved
period of
their greatest perfectionand beauty. This
duty is the formation
with
endowed
of
of seed,
capable
reproducing plants
powers
the
which
seed
has
those
been
formed.
In
to
similar
the
by
of the
have
most
seed
one
interestingexamples possible
we
for the
of the wise
provision made
perpetuation of the various
In
the
of vegetable life lie dorit
of vegetation.
forms
mant
powers
the
conditions
favourable
until aroused
for
their
by
develop*
these
when
the
seed
and
forthwith
are
springs into
present
ment,
and
action
growth. In speaking of vegetable life we
natumlly
it the
with
associate
co-operation of some
mysterious power,
by
the vital energies of the
stimulated
which
action
to
plant are
;
the
cannot
but
fully understand
although we
primary principle
examination
into the changes which
take
if life,yet an
place in
of
seeds
will
much
of
the
is
"ie growth
remove
mystery which
Plants,
'"'ten attached
vheat
as
lor
"y
germ,
the
a
iOTT^^
that
which
the
but
is
of the germ.
small
this
specimen
cicatrix
or
To
of notice
growth
sear
it
familiar
""rlyworthy
-the
to
upon
for
the
true
The
the
pro^vn^fon
end,
ccmsists
seed
; and
skin, but
the
seed
It is
of
particu-
distinct parts
nourishment
stored
the germ
it is
entire
the
of two
the
positionof
of
take
may
examination.
our
seed
we
is indicated
minute
seed;
body
and
It is- always
fywmrabkf0'^ th^^Growth
placed adj"cent
of Seed^
47
the
bulky portion of the .seed, consistingof

with .gluten and
albuminous
starch misced
nuttter, and the whole
i^ enclosed in a coat of dense
vegetable matter.of
seed
consists
in the. development of the
the
The
growth
is known
into a perfect plant, and
as
Su}"germinatim.
germ
of
conditions
the
be
the
first
to
growth
favourable,
posii^
liminary
preof the
coat
lA a softening of the
seed, by which
means
water
gains an entrance, and. having pervaded the mass
causes
it to swell freely. When
the water
the
of
the
seed
reaches
germ
the gluten or albuminous
matter
to it undergoes a chemical
near
change, and we have a very important and powerful body formed
to
known
is
which
diastase.
a"
participatesin
any
this
stase)is
change, we
by its presence
the
not
or
have
in the
seed
simultaneous
be
to
appears
no
with the
thus
formed
germinatiiMi. Upcxi the diastase
of
food
for
the
office
preparing
important
growth
of the
abundant
for the
bulk
in
seed, although
exactly suitable in its constituent elements, is not
until it has
into
we
the
evidence
strike
rootlets
themselves
fix
gemmule
becomes
into
developed
of
presence
in
all
are
protected
growth
for
Egyptian
from
and
and
the
the
3000
between
the
food
in
cellular
the
the
the
tender
As
of the
and,
of
as
and
plant
seeds
are,
the
produce healthy
proportions. When
to
it will
Thus,
and
of
soil,and
growth
agencies
plished
accom-
which
delay.
soon
direction
opposite
leaves
definite
time.
of
into
little
in
these
is
circulation,
sprouting of the
by
be placed, the radicles
warmth
required
ready for use

made
capable
the
in the
grows
stem
long periods of
mummies
may
into
but
control
air,moisture,
germination,
is
the
which
conditions
The
with
there
food
of life
positionthe seed
perpendicularlydown
this is effected,the
of
extension
of the
In whatever
once
seed
so
entrance
been
;
germ
and
quantity
This
germ.
of
by the agency
long as the store
immediate
external
the
thus
ê
of die
the
diastase,
An
the
and
of
prepared,
are
is needed..
have
seed.
at
of
accompanies
matter
and
circulation
the
entering
by means
supplies
necessaxy
seed
in water,
soluble
become
of
first stage
devolves
of
the
in
gterm
proof; but, if
that at least
it exerts
a
controlling
of moistiuê to
The
addition
other
same
portion of
any
the
this
would
for
not
same
produce
efiect,
agent (diarclose
in
the
found
its existand
to
ence
only
proximity
germ,
way
it
is certain
not,
power*
the seed
Whether
retain
its
powers
wheat, preserved
4000
years,
has, after
lapse of time, germinated and produced a large increase.

of growth is entirelydependent
The
preservation of the power
would
excite
those
the seed being kept from
agencies which
upon
for
is
first
essential
moisture
its vital energy
the
germination,
:
that
as
by
it is in
the
consequence
entrance
of water
of the
chemical
that the
seed
action
excited
is aroused
to
in the
action
seed
; and
this
after
seeds
dry
Moisture
alone
is
chemical
cold
land
the
thej
atmospheric air
of
unfavourable
to
excludes
and
enable
to
Stagnant water
germination,
proceed.
to
free
the
if it become
the
necessity of
required to germinate.
of growth, as the
process
not
are
excited,
shows
sufficient for this
not
changes
necessitybe
of
when
requiresa supply
seed
This
renewed.
be
keeping
been
has
growth
of
process
it cannot
checked,
Condition of the Soil
Mechanical
Tim
48
of
access
the
necessary
in the
soil must
it renders
because
air,both
of
which
prejudiciaL
exceptions to this rule are very few : one^ however, may
be found
wateragriculturalseeds in the floatingsweet
amongst
in our
in which
water-meadows,
Jluitans\grown
grass {Glj/ceria
conditions
are
The
immersion
instance
of
growth
the
which
is
as
if
few
very
for
necessary
drive
we
absolutely
case
moisture,
air
For
from
the
remain
air.
there
The
of
it is
earth
for
necessary
seed
which
a
air from
water,
The
possess.
seeds
as
water
same
because
but
of
aquatic
these
have
we
seeds
other
the
out
longer germinate.
deeply in the earth
want
this
extracting its supply
of
but
is
water
In
seed.
the
power
in
for
seeds
reason,
for many
others;
any
which
unaccompanied
from
can
the
by
wells,
for
no
buried
are
because
not
years,
power
of
air
supply
boiling, they
by
raised
"
the
has
they
presence
or
atmospheric
brought
railway cuttings,or ploughed up by a furrow of extra depth,
covered
often
becomes
by a growth of vegetation,the produce of
which
been
dormant
in the soil.
have
seeds
long
is another
essential condition
Warmth
for germination, which,
within
moderate
limits, is rendered
more
rapid by an increase of
be
accompanied by a proportionate
temperature ; but it must
otherwise
it becomes
of
increase
destructive.
The
moisture,
action
chemical
of heat
changes in the seed, but a
promotes
free supply of water
is necessary,
not
only that it may exert a like
also
chemical
because
it enters
influence, but
largely into the
delicate
which
of
the
into
the seed has to
more
body
dry matter
Thus
be transformed.
that
we
see
healthy germination depends
from
the
upon
and
air.
The
combined
action
opinions which
are
light are conflicting. Some

oLrgermination, whilst
it prejudicially.The
although
opinion ;
as
rapid
covered
sufficient
far from
for
the
under
from
the
entertained
consider
others
three
are
agents^
"
^heat, water,
respecting the influence of

that
light retards the process
consider
experiments
conclusive,
that
which
calculated
to
it does
We
to
favourable, its presence
know
throw
as
that, as soon
its leaves, the
out
have
been
favour
the
enabling
the
the
seed
action
ence
influ-
not
growth, aldiough equally perfect,has

action
of light as when
the
seed
the
it.
growth
of
made,
former
not
been
has
been
has
of
plant to decompose
made
light
is
carbonic
50
The
considered
that
muddy
or
same
ploughing
should
An
in
this
of
fallow
should
than
wait
of the
drill the
falls,the
of
between
not
as
managed,
in
that
so
in
weeds,
the
risk
the
the
of
case
sowing
with
trample
to
together
of
drill
the
and
the
and
If
land.
the
has
been
seed-time, I
wet
the
for soils
best
land
land
the
until
furrows,
two
earth
that
untouched
the
last
sowing.
be thrown
can
remain
may
time
advisable, "o
is
soil
ploughed
generally be found
carrying out the sowing,
seed
interstices
pressed, a
cups
soils
The
The
rather
broadcast,
condition
injuringthe
the
its
obstruct
thus
the
the
until
the
so
of. small
condition.
dusty
ridges,and
pasty
stances
circum-
state
will
hesitation
and
of
Clays
it
soil
the
under
soil in
a
the
getting
unless
it for the seed-wheat
in
whilst
the Soil
certaintyof delaying the time of sowing.

character
this strong
are
exceedingly sensitive
absorb
it
from
the air, and
when
They rapidly
land
moisture.
be
from
to
into
these
furrows,
cleaned
no
the
crushed
or
width
the
well
have
keep
the land
been
has
and,
preparing
down
the
it ;
them
that, in
in
thoroughly
rain
in
lands
cover
may
walk
horses
to
broken
class, so
harrows
to
reduce
Narrow
seed-time.
of
better
early preparation of
be accomplished
may
dry state, after which
work
great risk
it is
than
be
not
falls upon
is necessary
should
leave
care
of
rain
when
rather
run
we
named,
lumps
Condition
Mechanical
surface
closed
become
soon
If,whilst the soil is in this

passage.
firm
adhesion
of the
particles takes
in the
formed
the
after
long
in the
soil
other
the
by
ground
horses'
has
feet
of
the
so
as
soft state, it
place.
continue
to
The
hold
The
clay
dry.
is disposed to
the adhesion
formed
by pressure
still remains.
is objectionable to the growth of
If this adhesion
it to be, it ought to be avoided
for
the seed, as I shall show
; and
the sowing of such
this reason
land should
be carried
out as
early
the
the
climate
of
the
district will permit, and
as
greatest care
should
avoid
the
be taken
of
influence
to
injurious
treading the
soil or pressingit by the use
of implements, which
its
cause
may
water
it
soil, which
expanded when
contract
again as it dries, whilst
Few
adhesion.
injury
their
work,
water,
estimate
full
the
of
amount
soils
by the treading of
injury
probably will only
we
supersede this portion of their
be
is sown,
carried
which
an
"
absorbed
present
these
on
when
"estimated
at
can
occasioned
become
horses
on
rightly
by
labour
steam-cultivation.
After
Yo
far
ine
as
the
to
seed
cover
tilth is
avoided.
ivhich,when
^ntATîpfr
seed,
harrowing
for
the
reduction
of
die
should
objectionable; rolling
injuriouseffect of a fine surface
of
case
dry, acts
the
be
only
must
very
The
in
disposition,
ntr
the
the
fr^p
violent
as
crust
")ntrance
rain, to
upon
of the
form
the
surface
out
to
certainly
be
arises
muddy
surface.
atmospheric
This
air
from
its
coating,
cover-
into the
tlve Growth
favourablefor
checks
thereby
soil,and
irregular. In the
by compression, we
it
is
enclosed
clay
well
clods
and; by
nice mould,
into
in
I advise
although
mode
must
field of corn,
finished
and
This
surface.
I would
land
roots
for
"
instance,
The
rather
as
and
fiil management
find
when,
in
an
of
not
fairlyadmit
"m
the
questionwhether
to
crop
of
have
are
terms
the
upon
underdrained
undoubtedly is,
land
the
to
for this
notice
climate
for
otherwise
of
we
early
potatoes^
will
be
dcr
may
parative
necessarilycomfor
a
clay
;
require more
and
circumstances
have
strong clay
or
that
evidence
disputing upon
a
so
dry climate,and
in
adopted
be
of climate
will
will
or
is
are
the influence
comparison.
the
be
work,
furrows
autumn-feed
noticed,
These
wet
autumn-food,
of
of
system
fact, persons
of water
water
have
crop
strong clay in
discrepancy
apparent
than
remain
their
sufficient
it upon
we
this
under
in
do
that
wheat
clays.
much
also
negligent
a
neatlyof general
vetches, cabbage, mangold,
rape,
medium
NoWj
to
finished
land
be
months.
for
produced
character
of medium
often
retain
not
soils
scribe them
the
of
passage
which
upon
than
those
we
lighter
"c.
the
tant
impormust
for .the
soitiJag
allowed
be
down
care
indication
an
may
whether
done
rather
has
which
as
have
the
during the winter

next
preparation
The
it
upon
surface
be
much
very
purpose
upon
should
Fertilisingas
not.
or
look
winter
quickly.
too
implements
clean and
proceed to make
to prevent any
as
lodgment
so
the
the
but
after
the
as
in
mellowed
plant when
left
be
it
be
tolerablyrough
have
land
have
to
rough
supposed to suggest a
preparation ; for 1 admire
of
The
should
waterrgutters,
the
to
on
so
of
that it may
out
its
character
shelter
good
thus
make
be
not
and
good management.
rough ; but, as soon
the laboiirers
season,
left in
die
to
field
finishingthe work
of
be
renders
seed
cannot
necessary
spring,will
get
to
the
that
I
months,
winter
valuable
this not
doing
of
return
caution
surface
and
soil,the
the natural
the
in
seed,
air, and
young
spring^rollingis carried
operationof
taken
the
soil will
of
the
months,
early
and
the
adhesive
is the
51
greater degree, when,
of
of
access
more
seed
good time,
These
state.
the
greater
the
for
in
but
adhesion
an
of
be, the
may
in
get
of the
germination
manner,
stronger and
prepared
sown
same
deprived
The
growth.
ê
the
Seed.
of
nothing
bare
to
fallow
caro^-
thus
we
opinion,
which
say here
is preferable
; I will
only observe
strong clay lands, who
majority
occupiers
live in the drier
fallows
bare
as
against
unnecessary,
argue
the difficulties arisingin the manageclimates of England, where
ment
1
reduced.
much
of such
prefer,however, to
clay soils,are
out
of cropping as it may
take the course
exist,and therefore, withof
further comment,
proceed to notice the preparation wheat
soils
beans.
after an autumn
or
green-crop
upon clay
the
52
these
As
will
land
Condition
Mechanical
The
admit
of
crops
have
much
not
the Sail
of
system of hoeing being carried
weed
the
it when
upon
out, the
has been
crop
be supposed to be in good working condition

removed, but may
;
differ according to the nature
of the
the early operations may
when
the surface
has been
preceding crop, but they again meet
better
die land
be
After beans
for
cleaned.
being skimmed
may
the ground be too hard
burnt ; but, should
and
having the weeds
of the
for this to be readily done, the use
plough will be preferable,
should
be
which
preceded by forking and picking any
have
The
established
itself.
surface
couch-grass that may
and
there,
be
sowing
of
cleared
be
should
will
the
then
(except annuals)
weeds
any
immediate
more
which
preparation
may
wheat-
for
commence.
singft ploughing
enough for getting the land into

carried
out
good order, if summer-tillage has been satisfactorily
The
vetches, rape, and part of the cabbage will be generally
the land, and thus it will often
consumed
happen that the
upon
the surface to become
it will cause
hardened
rain fallingupon
by
this or
other
the treading of the stock ; but if, from
any
cause,
hard
and
is too
the land
incapable of being prepared by one
be given, and, if
ploughing must
ploughing, then a second
sible,
pos10 or 14 days should
between
let
the
to
so
them,
as
elapse
soil regain the necessary
degree of firmness for the seed.
A
whilst
Wheat,
its
for
moisture
it
requires the
germination,
firmly, and
it is for this
it is
desirable
always
sowing.
It is seldom
to
"soils,
secure
vetches
the
ploughing
food
upon
is, to
the
is
secure
When
upon
England
to
the
to
light land,
It
is
disposed
it is
be
to
sown
after
firmness
of
by
land
the
upon
wheat
land.
of
the
the
;
its
an
crops
land
of
dition
con-
of
treading
but,
soils
when
will
of
autumn-crop
soil
requires to
be
generallyobjectionablefor wheat
The
the
before
puffy in
plan in the southern districts,though

frequentlypractised,but then measures
the
do,
one
rally
gene-
land.
the
this
consolidate
root
can
ploughing will
immediately
nfttural cohesion
h"
it
when
difficulty,
dealing with clay
degree of firmness, although after
firmfiêss in the
the
to.
second
is consumed
crop
has
unless
one
great extent, corrected
sufficient
wheat
of
necessary
sometimes
enough,
attended
sown
is
flourish
that,where
avoid
to
air and
supplies of
necessary
cannot
reason
matter
any
the
land
; this
sheep, when
is
green
fully
care-
to
in the north
of
adopted
are
which
autumn-food,
viz.,rape, turnips
be
rally
gene-
light
rape,
the
land
always consumed
turnips are
by
upon
sheep, and the great point, after ploughing 'the land, is to follow
with
before
the
a
land-presser,and give it time to gain firmness
be gained naturally,
is sown
this firmness
wheat
cannot
; when
precede
and
common
on
"
"
and
favotirahle
for
Growth
the
of Seed,
53
"
often turned
sheep are
although
the field
it thoroughly.
tread
This,
be
answering the purpose
exceedingly well, cannot
looked
be admitted
that
as
a
satisfactoryplan ; but it must
upon
firmness.
this
When
no
rolling produces equal
tinues,
condifficulty
notwithstandingthat the press-rollerhas been used, and
time
stale furrow,
given to the land to settle,so as to sow
a
upon
the
lie
better
will
in
often
of
a
remedy
change of the course
cropping, so as to
more
frequentand
upon
sow
which
clover-ley,
upon
desirable
to
is
for wheat
preparation
decidedly the
these
on
light
soils.
There
to be a strong objectionto ley-wheat in some

appears
northern
counties, and, in such
only remedy
cases, the
the
be
to
to
the
sow
land
whilst
is wet,
this
as
it all the
The
great advantages of clover-ley for wheat

which
furrow
which
be
is
will
fail
s"jarcely
can
give
firm
firmness
it
of
required.
turned
when
consists
in
the
it is
can
over
ploughed, to
best
effect
the
inversion
of the
our
object
ploughs
promote
furrow, without
materially breaking it Upon clay soils,and even
strong loamy soils,a careful ploughing of the clover-leyis
upon
firm seed-bed
found
for the wheal,
to produce a sufficiently
cially
espewhen
it is allowed
time
to lie for some
to get settled,
that
so
which
the seed
be
may
skimcoulter
sown
Hie
stale furrow.
upon
use
of
share
or
the
with
plough, as it assists in burying the turf more

the clover is
generally desirable,otherwise
apt to
between
the furrow-slices,
is very
which
objectionable.
land
well-known
gets lighter in its character, the
completely,is
spring up
As
the
in
comes
land-presser
generally made
after two
turned
land
is
wet
seasons.
can
to
of
one
disposed
two
valuable
help.
These
implements are
which, following immediately
pressers,
these
Such
land
be
prepared
be
worked,
again ready
press-drillsadmits
close
often
can
sowing ; but,
day's work
often
for
of
the
after
in
adhesive
has
lie
to
especiallyin
ploughed up quite dry
before
of
a
the
its nature,
be
for the
and
it is
when
sowing clover-ley,
for
pressers
rather
be
to
for immediate
enough
wet
the two
furrow-slices
ploughs, very completely compress
the required solidity. I have freand give the land
quently
over,
excellent
small
drill in confound
it an
a
nexion
plan to use
with
it
with
as
sufficient
breadth
of
a
large drill,it gets too
time
considerable
before
the
of one
of
use
drilling; whereas
the
ground being pressed, sown, and
plough, whereby an early and good
these
rowed
hartime
seed-
is secured.
Another
degree
of
the
it
rain,but
important
present in
moisture
seed
will
wetness
condition
should
be
in
be
sure
the
sown
to
land
at
the
land.
whilst
receive
causes
the
the
time
sowing
Upon clay soils
is as
land
dry as
moisture
the
of
from
of
particles
the
the
is
I
the
sider
con-
possible:
of
fall
soil
to
Condition
Tlic Mechanical
54
of
Soil
the
As
the soils get
together, to the prejudice of the crop.
lighter there is less objection to working them when wet ; in some
in order
the
to give them
indeed, this becomes
necessary,
cases,
of England
that a
It is not often in the south
required firmness.
is
after
time
selected
for
when
rain
comes
on
wet
sowing ; but,
bind
has
work
the
soil
and
quite muddy,
was
I have
commenced,
the
contrary,
wet
than
has
plant
the
yet
disadvantage
no
firmer
proved
other
This,
part.
upon
any
will
often
be
soil,
very injuriousupon
have
Soils which
character.
a
one
same
until
continued
it to be
known
the
on
which
resulted
has
may
another
on
portion
be
die
sown
safe
upon
apparently of the
sufficient
proportion of
that
preserved from
thus
are
grit-intermixed with them
take
which
the
would
of the
soil
place
particles of
the
their
in
in
germination of
that,
stronger land, so
case,
the
is but
little delayed, whilst
the
seed
treading of the land
when
this is
wet, gives it a greater degree of firmness, and
line
which
favourable
of the plant. The
to the stability
appears
sand
or
adhesion
to
those
separate
which
soils
benefited
worked
those
injured from
are
is the
when
which
are
proportionof sand
moist,
by being
the
condition
of the
also
the
soil contains, and
grit which
with
it is mixed
which
this can
at present
clayey matter
; and
be
decided
local
only
safely
experience.
by
The
which
rules
be
the
to
regulate
quantity of seed-wheat
the acre
to
sown
are
simply these : the early sowings require
less seed, whilst
for the later sowings the quantity should
be
increased
climate
the
soil
and
become
gradually
; and, again, as
favourable
the
to
more
sary.
necesgrowth of wheat, less seed becomes
first sowings will take
The
the
5 or 6 pecks of seed
to
or
"
acre,
whereas
land
it will
also
latest will
the
from
7 to
range
called
decide
to
in,
be
lay
to
down
reach
10
pecks
as
to
time
the
definite
any
pecks, and upon

local experiencemust
8
to
up
of
sowing,
which
rule
here
possible
for it is im-
be
can
poor
taken
as
safe
climate
to regulate
guide. That comprehensive word
seems
for
neither the character
of the soil,proximity to the
point ;
individual
the
other
influence,decides
-ea, elevation, nor
any
but
that peculiarknowledge which
renders
local expeîractice,
/erience
alone worthy of confidence.*
"Hie months
of October
embrace
and
November
the sowings
time
extend
but
our
must
we
our
principalwheat-districts,
this
'
If all
luding
ts
winds
under
susceptibility
as
well
practice
""*"'m'
constitutes
of dryness
\f
4Q1
on
as
for
due
could
soils, of
; alternation
of hot
allowance
tlian
be
wetness
days
and
for the
changes of temperature,
birds
possibleinjury from
knowledge rather
)rie
climate
dr^
on
weather, "c., with
summer
ôwer,
mr
really
keen
to
'vposure
'1
that
excess
and
and
experience^ bat
""iej"""n* hp'' Sep** '"'""'i"rlooked"n
^tt
duly
into
taken
aecoant,
in-
soils; prolonged
burst
frosty nights ; sudden
on
heavy
mechflsical
defects
its limited
insects, we
the
result
of
thesoil,
straw-producing
might then base
would
calculadon.
"
not
P. H.
be
P.
suc-
tlie Groioth
favourablefor
middle
the
from
require
storms,
require
also
soils
do
milder
The
the
to
autumn-wheat.
an
upon
district
plant
and
early sowing
which
growth
the
of
end
"f the
Exposed
well-rooted
and
strong
September
of
sowings
the
all
of
West
to
slow
situations,which
withstand
England
as
late
the
winter-
seeding,
from
of
include
to
year
liberal
is
55
Seed.
of
and
other
any
permits
so
cause.
the
sowing
December,
unchecked
the almost
the plant
enables
growth of the winter
then
to get quite forward
enough for making a good start
the spring.
autumn-wheat
of
for
even
in
of
influence
The
for
from
fact, that
each
root, than
also
deficiency,and
in the
for nutriment
of seed
allowance
The
depth
depends
The
soil
the
by
if
the
upon
rich land
the
soil
the
enable
to
land,
as
be
crop
such
closeness
be
1
more
increased
1 inch
seed
be
can
seldom
necessary
is not
2 inches
a
placed
that
in
secured
of
germination
adhesive
or
in
of
seed-wheat
character
and
will
air,
is clear
soil.
to
secure
will
as
that
different
the
of
position which
soils
within
in
for the
moderate
seed-wheat
wheat
be
looked
degree
of
upon
moisture
desirable, because
itself in the
raise
larger
most
these
at
texture
ditions
conone
character
find the depth of
we
loamy soils of medium
inch
superior to any other, but as the soil becomes
lighter
the depth
be
sandy in its nature
advantageously
may
In
less depth than
2 inches.
to 1^ or
a
a
dry season,
Upon
and
up
search
to
; and
up
this
depth.
uniform
about
thrown
make
to
necessary
of
cannot
is accounted
be
thoroughly
more
moisture, warmth,
supply
rapidly promote healthy germination. It
it
seed
; and
poor
of
will
stems
more
plants are
more
the end
quantityof
consequence.
for the
desirable
the
should
seed
on
on
is the
most
upon
carried
be
to
will
soil
so
that
distance
with
not
the
as
sufficient
and
3^
establish
4-inch
its roots
then
The
in the
the
generallyto
their
commence
furrow
to
secure
greater depth than
plant has
its roots
may
of the surface.
or
to
mode
is
of
duties
ing
plough-
clearly wrong,
soil
at
this
depth,
necessarilybe delayed in consequence

germination must
difference in the depth
of this increased
depth. If I make
any
soils of this character, I let the
wheat
of seed
early sown
upon
be sown
be deposited rather
later,
deeper than that which may
the early sowings have
is because
and
reason
plenty of time
my
fiill
their
for making
a
growth, and, therefore, a
depth insures
be
with
this
late
whereas
firmer
cannot
sowings
delay
root,
wheat
will
then
allowed, for the young
gain more
by appearing
variations
in
the ground ; but
these
even
more
quickly above
The
half
either
than
inch
an
'depth should not range more
way.
it
is
the
the
soil
to
sow
at
more
a
becomes,
important
lighter
the
of
the
this
and
favours
considerable
as
stability
plant,
depth,
and
the
Condition
Tlie Mechanical
56
the stronger the

to the surface.
three
The
land,
modes
oftlieSoil
greater the necessity for
the
keeping
near
of
sowing wheat, viz.,dibbling, drilling,and

each
and
their respective merits
advo*
sowing
most
cates*
Dibbling is the system which
perfectly fulfill
ideas of the requirements of vegetable growth ; but diere are
our
the
of its general adoption, from
difficulties in the way
many
labour
of
manual
in
of
the
large amount
required, consequence
the
for
this
action
of
implements made
imperfect
purpose.
Drilling is the process which is most
extensivelyadopted, and i"
economical
of depositingseedmode
decidedly the best and most
its
The
wheat.
constant
more
adoption is.
great preventive to
broadcast, have
the fact
the
by
have
traffic
it often
is
implement
the
over
time
more
hence
the
that, as
land
in
them
given
heavy,
wet
become
to
the
seed
and
seasons,
order
soils
for
ready
that
we
injured
are
these
and
dry
desirable,in
becomes
soils
tender
must
sowing
avoid
may
;
a
The
advantages of
the drill are
very great in the opportunity afforded for hoeing the
die system of horse or hand
land, but when
hoeing is not practised
After
the
benefit
of
the seed
has been
much
is
lost.
of
drilling
it should
be covered
of the hanow,
but the less,
sown
by the use
the
the land
is worked
better, and especiallyupon
strong soils..
The
than
wise,
otherroughness of the surface will be rather desirable
for protecting the wheat-plant during the winter-months.
For sowing spring-wheat the soil need
be
not
brought to a"
for the autumn
firm a condition
as
sowing, but the difference is.
the
to
at
us
once
see
only one of degree, and such as enables
which
for
renders
essential
autumn
cause
sowing.
greater solidity
which
is sown
land
is
When
wheat
not
firm"
sufficiently
upon
late seed-time,
plant fails
the
itself,the
vigorous
hold
roots
in
The
is
wheat
to
The
enabled
are
and
to
which
become
about
the
for
stabilityof
be
need
they
cannot
seed-bed
establish
and
secure
dislodge
for autumnthe
plant during
land-pressers.
preparation of the land in spring
hand,,
in form
frosts
surprise that in
no
to
obtain
firm
the
which
fibrous
more
winter
the other
on
in
manner
the
great necessity then

insure
of winter
seed-bed
this
in
soil from
consequentlythere
anxious
solid
more
broadcast.
weather
severe
action,
the
upon
them.
sow
in the
has
the seed
when
to
spring
we
winter
less
are
our
far less troublesome
in
the
for wheat
After
autumn.
the
is therefore
roots
have
is
ground,
once
opportunity taken for sowing it
ploughed and a favourable
the soil is in dry working-order.
when
in due course,
A second
I assigned
ploughing is seldom
given, for the reasons
when
of
the
portant
Early sowing is imspeaking
autumn-sowing.
rule
for this description of wheat, and
as
a
none^
been
removed
from
than
or
consumed
upon
the
the
land
58
policy
barley
of spring-sowing
dispense with extra
time
and
to
80W
fair condition
the
in
tillageby being
given by a second
very
t)f the
sowing
the
of
time
land
too
in the
is
hurry,
The
crop.
plant,
early and
is
often
as
the
the
lost in the
rapid growth
more
observed
maintain
to
unabated
career
prosperous
thus
time
lessen
to
superior contillagemakes
additional
and
regained by
soon
it is unwise
that
seen
of
ploughing
which
young
of its
vigour
often
much
difference
material
Soil
the
In the
badly-worked soil.
busy
is tempted to sow
farmer
barley quickly
in
soil appears
be
the
to
tillagewhen
I have
; but
of
upon
dition
a
Condition
Mechanical
Tke
the
the
to
up
of harvest.
When
it has
especially after
often
we
are
obliged
possible)the
assistance
ploughed
as
up
is laid
up
fi'ozen,the
been
has
hardened
modify
to
to
of
our
frost.
prepared for barley,

by the treading of sheep,
be
course
object
be after the sheep

may
catch
the frost.
If the soil
to
land
after-working of the
reasonable
provided
cross-ploughing
is taken
care
to
as
so
this
With
early as
as
so
soil
loamy
strong
(if
secure
is
land
the
and
removed,
are
thoroughly
gets
becomes
comparatively easy,
time for
selectingthe proper
in
Hie
most
working the land for the seed.
laborious
difficult preparation for barley is when
and
land
of this
is
in
be
close
to
as
description
condition, so
ploughed up
a
smeared
by the mould-board, and, instead of getting any frost
it afterwards, becomes
hardened
It then
by exposure.
upon
of labour
in the shape of rolling,dragging,
requiresa vast amount
iforsowing,
and
before
it
be reduced
to a fair state
can
ploughing,
and
after all does
afford a satisfactoryseed-bed
for the barley.
not
I do
not
qualityas
this
and
know
any
barley, from
is, however, much
adhesive
being
suffers
which
com
in
sown
evident
is less under
action
frost
enables
The
to
us
in
its
bed
seed
strong and
its mechanical
because
benefit
such
on
grow,
of
land
upon
control.
our
much
so
unfavourable
an
elsewhere, probably
condition
of
of
more
than
nature
kind
derived
from
the
of
fair
soils,barley
malting quality; but, if we do not plough in time for the frosts to

the land, the produce is rarely fit for the maltster, and
act
upon
be only employed
for feeding
can
purposes.
The
best qualities
of barley, as well as
the largest crops, are
in their character, and
produced from soils very free and open
these
indicate
bring
the
when
any
same
the
wheat,
wish
avoid
upon
freedom
is
land
that
firmness
the
of the
to
avoid
the
condition
soil
cause.
wet
which
in
the
; for as
seed-time
this
effect
was
upon
be
seen
endeavour
To
always
in the
to
promote
be
sown
preparatioBfor
to
that
increased
object, so
now,
when
we
every
way
was
conducive
then
our
the
sown.
should
seed
have
we
should
we
is to
crop
soil,the
dry
soil which
which
to
this
land, we
should
in
The
to
use
every
much
as
the
bushels
4
establish
than
sown
excels
bushels
upon
any
crops
all the
brought
that
to
the
has
This
generally
mechanical
of
land
of
well
been
fineness
is
long
for
sowing
alterations
the
If, for
barley
stance,
inand
for
weather
wet
will
early-
desirable
so
of
continuance
to
barley
last
land.
the
time
upon
the
the
from
prepared
which
less
sowings
plant.
times
of
quality as
have
sometimes
arises
condition
has
degree
sowing a
other
best
is from
late
influence
for
the
sown
For
sufficient
in
inferior
of
plants
greater
corn-crops
best, and at
others.
piece
produce
to
as
is
land
used.
the
our
the
are
the
in
after
is
of
upon
sometimes
stronger
sown
quantityof seed
because
seasons
the
the
broad-cast,
soil, and
a
larger
the
of
soils
are
increased,
of
usual
but
acre
themselves, so
in, it
Hie
acre^
per
difference
produced
and
it
Upon
proportion is
very
less
is
per
quantity is
Hie
59
Seed.
sown.
are
laiê
compression
quickly sown, just when
a
receive
to
2 J to
clover-seeds
land
be
can
condition
the
there
thus
breadth
of
of the drill is
very generallypreferred for sowing barley
and
for early sowings on
other mode
light soil is ticularly
;
parit gives an
desirable,because
opportunity for hoeing the
ground before
description of
because
Grouch
the
favourablefor
it,
sets
together and
form
the germination of the seed
to
a
crust, alike unfavourable
and
the subsequent growth of the
plant On another piece of
land
of a similar
character
later,but not
sown
perhaps a month
thus prejudiced by the weather, die seed grows
freely,the plant
continues
the time
of the harvest, and
to flourish up
to
produces
result
culty
the diffiIf this were
a
constant
decidedly better crop.
a
would
easily be overcome
by a later sowing, but next
be reversed
season
possibly the circumstances
; dry weather
may
favour
the rapid growth of the early sowings and
delay the
may
late-sown
barley.
germination and general development of the
the
of
The
month
time
be
stated
of sowing may
including
as
in others
little earlier,and
a
cases
April ; in some
commencing
being prolonged beyond that period.
The
depth for sowing the seed is not subject to the same
more
variations
as
than
in
probable
the
the
wheat
of
case
that
soil
inch
one
y
sufficient
in
all
condition
in
which
soils
the
to
its
secure
land
is
to
run
be
may
considered
healthy germination. The

in
left after the sowing
be
depends upon the time of performing that operation.

well
be
the
land
in
the
early,
barley is put
may
harrowed
and
left without
rolling; but as the later sowings
are
generally accompanied by the clover-seed, these are harrowed
and
rolled
fine
The
surface.
to
a
object in leaving the one
unrolled
is to
from
running together after
prevent the surface
some
measure
When
rain.
most
In
of
the
the
latter
stormy
case
rains
there
of
is
less
April
are
risk
by
this
on
this
account,
time
as
passed,
60
the
and
weather
genial
more
Condition
Mechanical
The
of
May
Soil
the
of
less
gives
for
cause
anxiety.
Oats.
^This
"
fresh-broken
upon
of
energy
the
that this
so
of
the
has
circumstance
which
is desirable
else
or
The
natural
that of
barley,
of penetrain its powers

tion.
the
influence
upon
paration
pre-
great
roots
greater than
wheat
; when
after
clover-ley.
or
grass
is much
oat
resembles
rather
either
usually sown
turf
of
root
plant
Hiis
is
grain
oats
be
to
are
after
sown
roots,
the
given
before
mellow
of frost,
surface
under
to become
sowing.
There
is scarcelyany difference between
preparing grass or ley for
chief
modification
earlier
the
ploughing in proportion
being
oats,
the
of
the
An
old
turf.
must
to
turf,which
necessarily
toughness
December
have
be
later
should
than
broken
not
tough,
;
got very
up
three
old
would
to be
whilst a two
not
or
clover-ley
require
year
be admitted
that early ploughing of
ploughed so early. It must
the
is
ground
the turf is in
usually ploughed
'once,
the action
no
the
as
time
and
tageous,
respects advanmany
rotted by the action of the
and
objectionable,
way
in
becomes
vegetable matter
to
weather.
In
used,
so
that
found
often
favour
to
as
solid
has
been
the
aid
turned
of the
have
seed
for
oats
During
"
of
lightand
free
fair
I have
this
surface
the
for
and
been
time
the seedcertain
to
light mould
for
which
for the
root
must
will
wheat
plant,with a surface
germination of the seed.
be distinguishedfrom
the
contend
after
it has
once
growth.
known
it
Nothing
instances
portionsof fields have been

unusual
an
(by no means
in which
the
winter
for
in
firm
requires a
suits
conversely, as
a
turf
without
or
almost
nice
the
during
in at
are
hunting-districtswhen
a
large number
death),that all vestige of the wheat-plant has been destroyed,
the
such portionshas
on
yet at the following harvest
crop
the oat
stand
could
not
against,for,
superior. This
very
whilst
oat
rooting of
the
fearfullytrodden
the
produced
with
left until
are
have
may
After
it.
be
may
frosts
interval
and
its character
land
with
circumstance
of
in
of
hardness
a
beneath
spaces
fairlyestablished,either
penetration for
firmness
made
so
the
furrow
the
for
land will then

desirable
seed-bed
; such
present the most
soil well charged with vegetable matter, firm beneath,
a
yet easy
This
the
that
turf,so
hollow
and
over
crumbled
the
of the
be
it is
and
service
of
also
is
land-presser
land-presser,the ground
comes.
the
the
complete laying
bearing with no
more
should
the skim-coulter
for oats
up
the
entire
covering of the grass
turf
ploughing
the
a
oat
than
rule
there
clover-leybecomes
In the north
too
rank
flourish
cannot
better
general
strong turf.
soil,it
is
of
in
hard
soil.
ploughed down
; and,
nothing preferable to the
turf
England
for wheat,
where
the
oat
the turf
comes
even
in
as
the Growth
favourablefor
the substitute
barley
; and
I do
will
; the
oat
which
the
this is
be
should
broken
be
not
^ the
The
the
midland
in
sown
March.
more
which
to
seed
favour
the
as
of soil
requires
of the
exposure
favours
cultivated
this result
the
the
at
unfavouraUe
quite
solidityof
time,
same
to
The
great
a
very
practiceis
sown
the
mination
ger-
of
tint to
bulk
is
they
it
becomes
follow
much
root-crop or
of frost,
the blade, but, if the land
a
influence
the
A laigar
materially injurethe crop.
other
is
sown
grain
broad-cast,
any
earlier seed-time
an
turf,
upon
when
of
some
general feeling in favour

certainly altering in that
objection is
bluish
not
than
oats
February, and in
January, but the great
as
early,than
sow
condition,will
chieflybecause
happens that
corn-crop
condition
an
To
no
in
are
frequentlygives
proportion of
and
is
the
oats
fallow.
is in fair
land.
newly
artificial
well
as
and, if the
which
be
early
as
and
When
necessary
bastard
is
or
moderately moist,but the surface

sowing until it is in dry working
commences
There
early sowing,
of
of its roots,
surface
oats
districts
direction.
such
turf
just that
turf
seed.
of
sowing
presents
for
adhesive
and
of the
up
of moisture
degree
it close
render
old
an
wheat
whilst
down
turf,would, if the
the
rich
generallyproduced by
ploughed
same
and
and
clover-leys
light tillageof die
the turf should
order
turf
old
either
exceptions, there
break
and
requirements
frost and
to
include
these
is because
reason
meets
soil
with
penetrate
light covering,
rare
very
from
oat
here
not
think,
in which
are
displace the
can
ploughed up.
but
grass-turf,
which
cases
61
of Seed.
thus
can
be secured.
It often
well
it is not
when
ground will harrow
dry
in
and
the
with
wet
districts,
drilling;
enough
uncertainty of
for
drill
the
involves
frequently
a
spring weather, waiting
siderable
conthe
for
loss
where
the
Upon
very
for
of
time,
in
drill would
land
which
and
is
After
the
seed
some
much
is
seed
even
respects be preferable.
which
would
is sown,
the
otherwise
land
thoroughly. The
if the ground
circumstances;
the
broad-cast
sown
foul, and especiallyon old grass-land,it is

thus secure
the seed, as we
an
opportunity
important to drill
destroying the weeds,
the crop.
thus
should
materiallyinjure
be well harrowed
of the roller
depends
on
ploughed late
in a favourable
and
is not
condition, the roller will be employed
but this will precede the sowing.
it to a fine tilth,
As
to reduce
of early sowings), the
a
general rule (and especiallyin the case
smooth
rolled
down
after
is
better
the seed is deposited,
not
ground
the
left rough
from
but
should
harrow.
This
be
roughness
will be attended
with a double
advantage ; for it will protect the
plant from the severityof the cold winds, and, by the time these
are
ready for rolling,these rough portions
past and the oats are
of the soil will be nicely mellowed,
that the crop will then be
so
so
as
much
to
cover
use
has
been
improved
the
by
some
chief
protectionto
itself to
the
The
spot
variable
seed will
character
in the
vary
of the
according to
seed-oat
in
quantity
requirements^
great
As
sown.
local
the
measure
longer and less plump than

inferior seed weighs less,and
numbers
sample of close and sound seed. Thus,
pecks to three bushels, according to
reason,
bushel, than
from
use
others
sowing,
This
acre.
produce
Peas,
"
rotation
upon
remains
land
the
the arrival
this
of
sowing
the
stronger
class
grown.
The
and
pea
it is
requires a
and
ii^rowth,
hence
time
pring,
case
peas may
:ultivated
herefore
The
drag
soil,fine
be
aition of the
can
be
be
in
when
sown
no
means
in the
autumn
is to
before
in
which
free
one
be
with
commences
the
of
year, after
applied) is spread
In this
it
state
by
do
the
not
are
loose soil
this
the
in
character
that
rendered
need
not
of
use
the
too
to
be
brought to the
seed-bed
preferable. The
as
texture, loose
it is dry, so
and
free ; the
not
to
chiefly
for their
ploughed
in
wîch
the seed
should
be
sown
the
surface, in
best
deeply-worked
as
it ifi
free
cultivator
thus
described
frequently
so
for its successful
suited
and
seed
wellshould
prejudicethe
con-
land.
1'"T"fli at
of
be
winter.
peas
and
which
is
manure
will
therefore
or
by
scarcely be
soils
the
unless
to
which
on
clover-ley,
unirequentlyused.
young
(if any
soils of
upon
land
improved
are
the seed-time
of
soils,upon
The
vhich
but
land
of
cultivated.
""cond
the
to
spring. If the
interval
has
close
become
and
adhesive, it
ploughing in the spring, immediately before
seed ; but this only becomes
in the
necessary
another
growth,
the
of
farm-yard manure
and ploughed
during
rather
generallyapproved
land
receives
the
surface
until
of
yield of corn.
practised as part
seldom
is
some
tendency
great
the
time
of seed-oats
is
the
favours
peas
and
purpose,
cultivation
of
the
the
of
partiallyfailed,is
system
which
seeding
the
entirelytraced
there
and
whilst
considered
they must
will
preparation
necessarilyvary in detail
A corn-stubble
is more
preceding crop.
rally
gene-
for this
plant has
cleaning
however,
is wet,
of crops,
be
less to
The
to
selected
The
thick
five bushels
to
cannot,
climate
the
crop.
the
according
the
four
straw,
The
cultivation
catch
^m
on
regular
any
as
put
difference
; for when
cause
to
ten
plains
ex-
degenerates
good, seed ;
oat
character, so it becomes
for this
the
being left rough from the harrow.

must
always be buried deeply, say two
plant a better opportunity for securing
the
gives
the difference
in
Upon
is
of
instead
quantityof
the
this
I have
known. the greater portion
crop.
oflF the ground, "simply from
blown
the field
the seed
this
for
inches,
but
land
such
by the pressure.
roughness of the surface
as
the
Upon
well
as
sands
blowing
of oats
crop
having been rolled
of
soil
fresh
of
our
Condition of tlie Soil
Mechanical
The
62
will vary
from
two
favourablefor
three
Growth
the
Seed,
of
63
tiitie of
indiesi,according^ to the
of
iBOwing and the nature
the land ; the earliest
sowings and the lightestlands having the
the
seed depositedat
greater depth. Drilling is,beyond question,
of depositing the seed
the best mode
of cultivation
to allow
so
as
the rows
The
between
during growth.
plan of double rows, nine
to
inches
ten
or
apart, widi
interval
an
of
18
20
or
inches
between
of the greater facilityfor cleaning the

them, is
the peas gain from
the neighland and the greater support which
bouring
is the usual
Three
bushels of seed to the acre
row.
tity
quanin February
The
early sowings may be commenced
sown.
advisable
and
dry
upon
of March,
Beans,
be
light soils,and
which
by
the
time
as
qualitieswhich
do
In this last respect, beans
of the land
firm condition
a
and
necessary,
are
exceptional
the attainment
different
districts
taken
as
The
land,
and
is
will
the
has
arrived.
offers
adhesive
requires, as
to the plant.
wheat
which
that
of
should
allow
land
be
; the
some
in
; for
suitable
in
up
to
practice
of
detail, but
deeply
state
it lies
the
reserve
kind
the
should
manure
prefer to
in
directed
generally adopted,
cleaned
this
The
soil.
much
most
ploughed
winter
But
is
the
is
adopted
of
varies
necessarily
stubble
possible for the
it
materiallyfrom
treatment
condition
same
illustrative
circumstances
the
the
cases
the
of
following system
be
not
which
land
such
differ
and
strong
in each
be equally
to
case
appears
accordpreparation for this crop is regulated ingly.
almost
a
corn-stubble, and
always sown
upon
our
Beans
even
end
or
up to the middle
all be in the ground.
should
requires a soil of
crop
much
for the supplies of food
mechanical
in
continued
seed
This
"
character,
for the
because
autumn
then
as
be
laid
and
until
and
of
may
management.
well
as
spread upon
as
rough as
the
seed-time
until
manure
the
it
can
state
early in the spring, and then
applied in a well-rotted
plough it in ; but this does not suit the crop as well as the
K
earlier use
already described, especially on true bean-land.
the dung is ploughed in before winter, the land has time to become
for sowing, whilst
the manure
before the time
settled
sufficiently
for the plant
below
becoming too consolidated
prevents it from
to make
a
vigorous growth.
best
the
in a deep but strong soil, and
flourishes
bean
The
well
of its root
are
adapted for extending
penetrating powers
the
into
and
through a firm soil; hence
great importance of
the
posited.
settled
before
is desoil
well
seed
the
cultivatefd
being
This
is secured
by the early ploughing of the land,
makes
it free
and
of the
surface
whilst
the
easily
exposure
and
to
worked
secures
light covering for the seed, open
a
is
the
land
When
the influences
of air and
heat.
not
prepared
be
before
winter,
furrow-slice
we
bqing
often
find
broken.
the
Four
seed
ploughed
bushels
is
an
in
average
without
the
allowance
Mechanical
The
64
drill,and tlie beans
for the
of seed
from
inches
The
Condition
the
are
thus
deposited about
is
general
advantages :
earlier sowing
the seed
dibbling
of
quite as
it has many
of the
drill,and
employment
of
the
these
seed),is the
saving
(besides
winter
this
of
of
kind
from
or
bean
crop
by hand
ground the
or
the
roller
prepares
This
may
hoe
hold
The
time
be
upon
of
March,
but,
followed
by
20
as
an
; but
serviceable,as
an
early commencement
advantageously followed
the
in
which
the
by
tance
dis-
consider
When
seed,
above
blossoming.
the
have
is
the
the
of
use
This
the soil and
of the
the beans
intervals,when
land
the
the
well
are
it consolidates
for
fore
be-
widths
intervals.
the beans
after
is
which
working
at
rows
inch
24
or
of
one
hand-labour
the
if
harrow
by
bean
stirrers
and
firm
prefer double
the
as
up
various
at
is
rows
either
the
drilled
and
of
from
much
we
especiallyimportant
be
to
a
ought)
(as we
fallow-crop.
is required but
to
cover
nothing more
is sown,
seed
are
the
between
width
the
dibbled
inches, but I
8 inches, with
27
to
of
it
ploughed
admit
often
suffer
would
land
strong
will
ground
when
Beans
the
upon
such
; for
drill.
make
to
us
three
surface.
practice
it enables
Soil
the
of
horse-
sufficiently
beneath
them.
immediately
extends
throughout February and
sowing beans
will
far as
climate
allow, an early preparation,
will
early sowing,
produce the most
satisfactory
results.
In
the
aimed
at.
The
ploughing
September, and
middle
of
settle.
The
as
It
that
due
have
be
in the
prejudiced
the
growth.
the
beans
of the
firm
be
allowed
drilled
as
been
for
the
near
taken
soil,and
minds
objects should
same
should
land
month
has
care
of firmness
want
extended
should
seed
possible,after
IS
winter
of
growth
finished
by the
grround to
the
middle
of October
get the gûnd
to
be
firm.
late
of
seed-bed
sowing of winter-beans,
against their more
many
is as
important for the
it to be for the wheat

stabilityof the bean as we have seen
crop,
but this point is frequentlyoverlooked.
In sowing this variety
wider
intervals
of bean, the
for
the
are
eventually necessary
of horse-hoeing.
purpose
Grass
reason
Seeds,
"
Under
this head
These
grasses.
weak
in
their
proportionately
natural
and
Clover
and
artificial
and
seeds
powers
they
require the
A
for
larger
growth.
and
germination
"
depth
of
care
condition
to
are
of
include
may
small
growth
their
secure
of soil which
in
both
size,
which
; for
healthy
may
be
mination.
ger-
suitable
to their
really destructive
have
been
which
experiments
reported* on the
seeds
that I
are
so
satisfactoryand conclusive
more
Some
and
greater
we
Morton's
vigorous
seeds
is
'Encyclopedia of Agriculture/
vol. i. p. 999.
Mechanical
The
66
Condition
Soil
of the
the
covered,
ungermination of seeds wliich are
because
cannot
we
regulate the supply of moisture ;
that
the
still we
see
depth of the covering has an important
of the plant, and
thickness
the
influence
must
on
shape our proceedings
the
variations
in
This
the
success
accordingly.
explains
different modes
of preparing for grass-seeds.
attendant
upon
the
with
these
seeds
As
are
a
usually sown
early
corn-crop,
without
is
of
the
carried
on
ground
regard to
preparation
rely
cannot
we
special requirements. They
their
after
the
well
harrowed
plan
is
the
also
been
be
ground
will
then
great
when
is well
If
surface
the
should
first be
rolled
be
sown
the
case
be
must
after the
is
of
to
injury
May ;
secure
soil has
seed
at
; after
this
be
particlesof
the
soil
slightcovering
a
of the
clover-plant
has received
extra
tillage,
the
for
seed
thus
sown
tilth,
of
in
over,
the
surface
seed
free
be
too
be
may
and
pressure
working and
be
use
then
and
sown
slightlyrough,
of
the
rough
of the
foot,
rolled
then
if necessary,
careful
light harrowing
very
the
previous
surface
is judged to
rolled lightly,harrowed
sown.
grass-seeds
ground ; the soil
less disposition to
the
in
the
benefit
all crusted
the
of
seed-
for the
better
will
of the
to
greater thickness
without
are
this
their
rolled, the
growth
the
between
The
readilybeneath
seeds
to
If the
is then
rooted
there
$ink
to
far
be
barley-land which
brought to a fine
immediate
growth.
Should
crumble
to
and
prejudicialto
is well
corn
given
down.
show
condition
soil.
the
been
sowing,
and
sprout
loose
into
deeply
depth.
for
placed
late
being exposed
April and beginning
in too
settled, and
upon
been
thus
of
of
has
soon,
condition
explainsthe
sown
has
and
they
too
rule, it will
seeds
proper
measure
case
then
then
very
the
small
the
beyond
be
become
these
allow
the
land
the
loss,a cross-rolling
being sufhcient
This
extra
rolling,however, in case
sown.
after
sown
and
diately
imme-
sown
much
general
end
sometimes
are
ground
in
fine
very
without
when
As
be
the
to
rain, might
corn.
the
above
sown
it
cover
may
*n
unless
but,
cold
much
the
objectionable,because
worked
may
as
in
nights at the
because
the ground is
from
seed
sinking too
the
to
is
com
leaves
tender
by
upon
for
this
and
roller
the
in
so
seed
:
but
treatment,
again rolled
is generally
always be
covering the seeds, but it must

ône whilst the
ground is dry and works
freely. Another
great
is the shelter
is up,
gained by sowing after the com
advantage
and
protection given to the seeds and also to the young
plants.
A moderate
of
beneath
firmness
the
soil
the
in
seed
is
degree
the roots
Tiot objectionable,as
are
powerful in piercing the soil,
is usually possessed by land
"^nd a sufficient degree of freedom
with
'^""^n
springKiom.
best
7\i
means
tt-T'
^"/
for
Sb'^^.^^'îrio'is
as
i"
the
practiceof
different
favourahlefor
districts in
condition
and
soil
for
and
naturally strong
luxuriant
are
crops
fineness
is that
enables
the
than
the
Upon
soils
cultivation
condition
of
the
plants to gather nourishment

growth. By ploughing the stronger class of
winter, and
by active tillage in the spring of the
conditions
adhesive
and
soils
of food
brought into a proper

so
that, instead
difficulty,
before
of
winter,
spring-feed upon
been
consumed,
for
prepare
the land
days
and
left
make
moved
in
land, in
and
desirable
this
The
land
condition,
growth, which
in the sowing of
the
if for
Respecting
a
preparation for
being
in such
that
so
will
the
be
to
expectation that
ploughings will
turnip-crop. It is by no means
as
with
preparation having
the
seeds
destroyed
and
of the
of
soils
less
be
grow
after
menced
coma
crop
it has
sufficient
prove
or
of
when
any
the
to
for
uncommon
is harrowed
cases
the
these
much
to
fourteen
sown,
before
extension
condition
found
make
soils
lighterclass
two
or
prepared
in advance.
the
of
it is often
the
one
the
be
to
soil which
least,changed,
at
for the
The
mechanical
are
are
manure
year,
tenacious
the
time,
adapted
moisture.
and
thus
for
are
tilth is secured, well
in search
roots
and
secured,
are
of many
qualities
deep
which
and
their
necessary
deep
on
of the
roots
the
great point still to be secured
in the
looseness
to
as
is far less calculated
turnip, which
swede.
; but
67
still all agree

flourish
crops
crops,
adhesive, by good
grown
and
the
of Seed.
These
especiallythe
land
strong
for these
attained.
be
to
soils,and
free
land
preparing
of
the Growth
eighteen
down
weeds
fine
may
surface
is
turnip-seed.
cleanness
of
these
the
land
there
and
its friable condition
will
be
scarcely any
of the
land
regards the moisture
.whilst
there
will
be
observable:
considerable
some
diversity
soils
their
endeavour
cultivators
others
to
as
as
dry
possible,
get
the moisture
in
regulate their "proceedings so as best to preserve
of
mentioned
in
the soil.
the practicejust
Thus,
working the
for a time, so that the seeds
land fine and leaving it undisturbed
as
difierence
of
opinion
; but
crops,
as
would
plough the land up and let it
sprout, some
may
for the receptionof the seed, whilst
others
will be equally
of weeds
dry
it farther than
particularnot to move
by hairowing the surface,
for fear of drying it.
It is not
only in this particularinstance that there is such
diately
contradictorypractice,but it pervades all the preparation immeI
of
have
had
fair
the
share
the
seed.
a
sowing
preceding
of experience in the
growth of turnips and swedes, and have
always found the dry seed-bed to be decidedly preferable. The
difficult of explanation. When
is not
seed is deposited in
cause
and there is a moderate
soil which
has been
a
properly cultivated
hot
weather
degree of moisture, it speedily germinates. The
time
have
this
which
accustomed
to
at
causes
a
rapid
we
are
F
Condition
Ttue Mechanical
68
growth, and
results
good
of its moisture
that
time
critical
thus
has
far been
this
probably by
has
the
supplies to
the
when
the
uninjured, waiting
until
it gets it
liberal allowance
seed
the
carry
The
is
seed
for
is
crop
there
attack
The
is
is
case
soil
there
does
not
do
come,
they
quite sufficient
through its first stages of growth, until

The
as
delay is immaterial
strong root.
to
it has
well
leaf and
most
it
:
dry
to
begin
germinate
generally afford a tolerably
and
in June
when
of water
the
at
mastery.
in
much
so
falls the
an
apparently
decrease
rain
deposited
rain,
rains
of
surface
soil of
the
plant
unless
lost ; or if the tumip-beetle should

commence
but
little hope of the plant gaining the
very
lies
the
productive
robbed
time
of its existence, and
different
above
plant quickly appears
young
which
warmth
the
but
the
Soil
the
of
regards
of
the
If
seed
the
safety
regards
crop.
does
of dry weather, its existence
germinate during those intervals
is reallydependent
a
timelysupply of rain ; but so long as
upon
entertained
fear need
be
for the
no
growth has not commenced
portance
of greater imDryness at the time of sowing becomes
crop.
land
and
the
more
as
easily
gets lighter in its nature
dried
the
heat
of
the
by
sun.
of
seed
The
varies from
2 to 6 lbs.,
to the acre
sown
quantity
of failure
One
according to circumstances.
frequent cause
very
is mixed
This
is easily
seed, of which
only a portion jvill grow.
detected
of
seeds
in
number
When
a
by growing a given
pan.
seed
is of good quality,an
allowance
of 4 lbs. per
is
the
acre
rough
time,
but
ample,
the
but
plant
of
seed
plant
wet
in its
poor
germinate
much
good
The
The
at
is
manure
After
leave
the
general be avoided.
of
the
sowing
inch
very
beneath
better
unless
the
we
safety of the
chance
it is
will
seed
often
very
not
all
does
as
tumip-sowing,
time, as
getting
is
a
very
and
if
desirable,
layer
of
earth
important
seed
has
land
in
There
,
than
without
the
surface
this
is shallow
causing any
unnecessary
cient
is suffionce
harrowing
sown,
in
order, but rolling should
proper
is a greater varietyof opinion as to the
other
Early sowing,
root-crop.
any
growth
swedes
far
when
tumip-beetle render dibbling quite unsafe.

when
satisfactorily
deposited about half or
most
safe
for
drills for
is
manure
of the
the
best
our
an
quantity
evident
patience
reason
sowing
implement
applied at the same
and
three-quarters of
time
in the
which
of seed.
best
of
seed
for this
second
is the
for
and
that
risks
the
decrease
becomes
probable
than
time,
one
as
ravages
seed
grows
to
this
tumip-beetle,because,
the
escape
it is more
the
enough
delay.
render
and
economy,
arrangement
between
early days
that
large an outlay
dependent upon
supply of good seed gives a
drill
artificial
I consider
indeed,
liberal
season,
the
is
to
The
the
as
excessive
runs
very
how
some
so
not
consider
for
not
been
favourable for
is fevourable
which
the
might
Growth
Seed,
of
essential
for
Q^
districts^
Thus, from early in May to the
of July,swedes
middle
are
being sown
according to local opinions.
this
of
is
the
the
The
swedes
principal cause
mildew, which
if their growth experiences a sudden
suffer from
check;
but,
their influence
whilst local peculiaritiesdo exist and
exert
upon
of sowing, yet I am
bound
the time
to
say that as the system of
cultivation is improved and the land is more
thoroughly worked, the
earlier date with
far greater safety.
at an
sowings may be made
^This root
is better adapted fw
Mamgold'WurzeL
strong soils
and
of growth through a
than the swede,
greater powers
possesses
is
"
altogether unsuited
say,
"
some
others.
to
"
retentive
soil than
bilityof soil,which
not
for
necessary
this reason
mangold
modes
of
which
would
preparing
except
of
not
for this
in
very
preparation
do
for
crop.
The
for the
necessary
case
course
root-crops.
our
were
in this
a
of
any
any
The
looseness
turnip and
reduced
answers
other
one
very
root
is
and
fria-.
swede,
are
degree,
and
well
There
complete
for
are
the
two
autumn
dung is ploughed in and the land ridgedbefore

seed
winter, whilst the other leaves the application
up for the
the
and
land
of the
of
the
be
in
finished
to
manure
tillage
of these plans has its respectiveadvantages.
the spring. Each
the
The
mechanical
conditi"m
autumn
preparation influences
the
land
the
of
surface
of the
land
the
winter
to
by exposing
it
is
crumbled
into
fine
loose
and
a
frosts,whereby
seed-bed,
beneath
the
firom
whilst the manure
soil
becoming too
prevents
consolidated, with the additional
advantage that you are
ready
in
land
shall be in
that the
to
ensure
sow
good time, and can
for
the
be
other
seed
when
condition
even
ground cannot
good
has
the winter
The
touched.
surface-soil,which
brought into
its character, unless
such
it is
good order, generally retains
and
the
worked
glazes
surface,
implement which smears
by some
This
but this must
be
avoided.
autumn
preparation is
carefully
seasons
easilycompleted in unfavourable
by dibbling the seed by
If the spring weather
culty
is unpropitious, there is great diffihand.
in then completing the necessary
preparationsfor sowing in
in
and
securing a nice fine covering ios
especially
good season,
the seed, which
is not
because
the less essential,
at a later stage
the
luxuriate
in a
roots
cannot
as
always be
strong soil,such
On
such
soils this is
brought to a fine tilth by spring culture.
often a gât
difficulty.
The
Early sowing is of great importance for this crop.
of
middle
usual
of April to
the
is from
the
middle
season
late sowings.
not
to
trust
May, and for the heavy crops we must
The
of
seed
the
be
promoted by steeping it in
growth
may
will
soften
for a few
it is planted. This
before
hours
water
the skin and
render
rapid. After this has
germination more
preparation,so
that
the
The
70
done, it
been
half
from
roller
seed
the
over
is
be
by
until
kept moist
lightly covered
by fine
it to
land, upon which

secured, when
waiting for
and
for each
best
are
grown
mode
the
land
When
have
be
to
they
will
be
the
brought
within
these
we
in
be
to
loose
very
and
be
can
cessfully
suc-
The
best
they require
during their growth.
root-crop,
as
taken
be
must
to
ploughed (if possible
Thus
the
labour
in
the
limits
for
that
require,viz., a
securing
deep and
surface
; when
this
completed
the
moderate
have
we
stiff for carrots.
winter.
that
consider
may
of
case
it late.
land, and
weeds
crops
fine
a
soil,with
obtained
best
particular care
corn-crop
cleaned
in the autumn,
and
of soil which
condition
another
from
free
very
too
are
is after
also)before
subsoiled
spring
flourishes
well
land
the
kept
follow
the
made
the
sowing
deeply-cultivated soil is necessary

they differ in the soils for which
they
soils which
cultivatingthem
of
of
soil is
early sowing
an
have
parsnip prefers stronger

on
the
roots, but
The
carrot
the
mode
best
drill would
the
"
adapted.
soil
friable
to
unless
sown,
enables
it often
Parsnips,
of these
soil
hand-dibble, especially in
strong
Carrots
The
done.
the
of
means
be
is
seed
placed in the
the
depth of
to run
a
light
it be
It is usual
inch.
an
after the
surface
allow
to
the Soil.
of
be
of
three-quarters
to
moist
too
should
then
soil, and
Condition
Mechanical
has
roughly-cult
thobeen
necessary
preparation.
should
the
early in April, and
parsnips
for
the
in
seeds
March
be
must
early
producing heavy crops
;
The
of the
in
sown
good time.
parsnip and carrot
progress
favoured
be much
by mixing the seed with some
damp sand
may
it
is
it
and
few
before
be
shallow
in
to
out
a
laying
days
sown,
Carrots
other
sown
this
When
room.
warm
be
is
the
done,
not
carrot-seeds
they cling together so much

hands, followed
by the admixture
of ashes
to the
acre, is probably
preparation,because
rubbing
between
much
three
as
the
bushels
for
its
distribution
the
land.
need
good
of
the
as
best
this
on
favouring
be very
precaution is taken, the seed can
easilydrilled,and this
is by far the more
of sowing both these
frequentmode
crops ; but
and
prefer sowing both carrots
parsnipsby hand, especially
many
after germination has been
encouraged. It is a very good plan to
mix
with
the seed, so as to indicate
its position for the
some
corn
early guidance of the horse-hoe.
in drills,
from
The
seed is usually sown
12 to 18 inches apart;
and
thick plant.
about
6 lbs. of seed
gives a sufficiently
per acre
means
It should
not
surface.
harrowed,
be buried
When
if
will
be better
but,
if the
the
more
sowing
has
com
been
to roll the
land
be
at
than
is
of
three-quarters
completed, the
land
with
seed,
mixed
ground,
so
all adhesive,
as
a
not
the
to
an
When
inch
should
but
from
be
the
lightly
otherwise
destroythe drill-marks
light harrowing
is
it
;
preferable
the Growth
favourablefor
Cole.
71
of Seed.
^The
general requirements of this crop are

of the turnip, and
need
similar
be repeated ; but
to those
I
not
former
add
that
the peculiar characteristics
remarks
to
of
may
soils
which
of
favourable
for
our
are
some
growth of rape, but not
their composition rather
of turnips, arise from
from
their
than
The
mechanical
condition.
in each
is
case
preparation necessary
of sowing extends
the same
from
April to September,
; but the time
the
succession
of
food
be required.
which
according to
may
The
of
varies
much
the
with
growth
climate, richness
rapidity
of cultivation
method
of the land, and
; but the sowings in April
will
and
May
generally be ready for feeding in August and
in
sometimes
July, whilst the August and September sowings
in for spring use.
As the principal demand
for
is in
come
rape
and
is Jime
September and October, the corresponding seed-time
will often
the growth
render
July ; still the influence of climate
necessitate
and
earlier
From
2 to 4 quarts of
an
slower,
sowing.
seed
will be necessary,
acre
according to the suitabilityof
per
the
soil and
the
to increase
climate, care
being always taken
Rape
or
allowance
"
of seed
circumstances
as
The
Spring-feed.
crops
(with one exception, which
requirea similar preparation to
"
of the
in
and
the
seed, however
varied
unfavourable.
become
which
given
to
They
are
sown
the
upon
the
influence
corn-stubble,
tion
recep-
they are
of the soil
this character
specialdegnêeadapted, and however

succession
of food
the
required may
crop.
for the
the land
soils for which
be the
may
this
purpose
subsequentlynotice)all
I shall
be
for
usually sown
are
choice
of
the class of
and
generally dry and free in their

nature.
growth upon strong soils is exceptional,and never
the com
After
is
be recommended
to
except in dry climates.
should
the
cut
immediately commence,
cleaning of the surface
be deeply ploughed,
this is done, the land should
as
and, as soon
the
for
succeeding root-crop as well as for
(for we have to prepare
lain
it has
few
"he present one) ; after
a
days the sowing of
take place. Nothing further,besides
the earliest spring-feedmay
rolling,will be required before the seed is sown, for these soils
for their
soils selected
growtii are
Their
difiicult
not
for
spring-food,and
sowing
next
usual
vetches
sowing
rather
are
acre,
also
nourishment
more
either
may
likely
the
to
of
land, and,
the
or
and
oats
than
manure,
if so, the
or
for
as
crops
It is rally
geneThe
acre.
and
winter-oats
by
spring-crops.
selected
receive
to
else
or
broadcast
for
be
rve
earliest
sowing.
4 bushels
preparationwill
same
sown
advisable
land
from
the
the
of
one
first
vetches,
is 1 bushel
always
stronger
of
rate
and
rye
these
allowance
per
is
the
be
For
mixed.
vetches
The
will
at
is
the
forms
usually
broadcast,
sown
Rye
cultivation.
of
are
the
For
the
be
necessary.
drill
these
rye,
and
they require
roller will
of
3 bushels
be
thick
crops
they
more
necessary.
The
at
will
sowings
end
to
the
middle
of
October,
ready for
rolling will
be
growth of
the
drag,
material
with
as
the
sowing
seed,
which
In
after
this
and
these
the
soil
very
soil,
the
to
cases
is
not
the
of
use
do
they
as
not
for
necessary
desirable, after the
pressure
ground is too
vetches.
will
they
seeds.
is
is also
It
about
sown
not
this is not
; with
rye
time
should
be
selected
loose
dry
land
the
should
so
for
left harrowed
be
rolled.
not
Clover
French
liar from
ful
mixed
some
the
when
the
as
mould,
seeds.
give
to
well
thrive
fine
these
mixture
any
continued
be
may
; but
advisable, especially when
found
a
without
and
September,
Vetches
October.
of
quickly
as
be
with
covered
and
use
of the Soil^ Sfc.

in
commenced
be
intervals
the
Condition
Mechanical
The
72
the
culture,
It is
clean
stiff.
tolerably
enough to
"
excessive
growth.
should
If
is
this
seed,
after
sown
stubble
corn-crop,
and,
upon
it will
success-^
its
for
which
land
is
soil
produce
is
all that
be
to
seems
pecu^
its
harrowed
this
is somewhat
required for
selected
be
twice
and
plant
soil
of
firmness
usually
the
cover
^TTiis
Trifolium.
or
requisite
slovenlymode
a
light rolling.
appear
may
it is decidedly the
the
best
of farming ; but
plan, for, when
stubble
the land
is pared and
cleaned, and especiallyif it should
will
thrive
As
be ploughed, the trifolium
well.
not
so
regards
of the stubble, provided a clean stubble
be chosen^
the appearance
doubt
need
be entertained
that successful
no
practice will justify
from
in the spring the stubble
appears
discharge of neglect, when
every
amidst
the luxuriant
About
growth of the clover.
This
except
20 lbs.
sown
the
to
will
broadcast
When
acre.
moderate
harrowing,
much
of
and
I have
thus
it will
a
thin
to
found
be
has
the
soil
roller
must
run
down
into
plant
noticed
will
loosened
been
soil
deeply
of the
successful
ne,
germination
I have
'?ut
it
climate
will
ninor
points
jretend
^ble
ios
be
obtaining
say
; but, from
x"nsider
that
the
So
exceptions
a
which
successful
conditions
rather
CoUege^ Birmmgham,
firom
are
these
will
the
I do
be
our
the
have
allowed
in
practice ;
soil
rules
and
in
greatest im-
not, therefore^
invari"Lbiyappli-
experience,I have
most
of
with
general
still of
growth.
the
mination,
ger-
mechanical
peculiaritiesof
named
extended
they represent
as
local
each
connected
limits
my
chief variations
far
the
that
oanagement.
OênkS
circumstances
show
management,
that
to
to
remarked
occasion
of
other
of seed.
endeavoured
must
K)rtance
land,
the
and
for
consequence.
special requirements of
principal agricultural crops, so far as regards the
condition
by
wise
other-
sowing,
too
seed
than
more
the
precede
the
the
be
quantity of
sufficient
the
be
successful
reason
systems
to
of
"
June
gallonsof milk
100
19."
being weighed
taken
when
June
20.
increase
an
of 12
per
of 16
milk
"
of
salt
apparatus 95 lbs. of cheese,
eight days
after
making
famished
the
following
showing
"
an
per cent.**
likewise
J.
of his
apparatus 100 lbs. of

after
days
eight
making
showing
in Keevil's
made
out
Singleton has
experience, in a
Mr.
Keevil's
in
of salt
cent.
July 2." 90 gallons of

taken
being weighed when
"
increase
made
100
"
89} lbs. of cheese,
making.
after
eightdays
gallons of milk
cheese,being weighed when taken out
**
in the usual manner
made
of salt
out
Dairy^ractice.
in
Impro'Vements
Recent
74
letter
addressed
St. Michael's
"
Wyi-e,
on
maker
the
to
"
Garstang,Lancashire,
near
October
"
account
28, 1856.
Having had Keevil's

patent cheese-making apparatus on
agreed upon, I now, in accordance with my promise, hand you
particularsof our experiments. To prove what wete the r^ advantages of the
made
the cheese
alternatelyin the patent
apparatus (as you suggested),we
machine
one
day and in our old utensils the other, measuring every day's milk,
and weighing the cheese when
taken out of salt.
During my experiments we
Keevil's
have made
of
milk
in
848
gallons
apparatus, producing 1039 lbs.
up
of cheese, and by our
method
former
632 gallons of milk, making 734| lbs. of
cheese
increase of 6i lbs. on each 100 gallons of milk ; and
thus showing an
I feel bound
that
the increase was
to state
gained against the most strenuous
I
make
old
think
efforts
to
our
(and
laudable)
productive.
way
prove the most
in a dairy of thirtycows
Besides
in the summer
the increase of weight, which
''Gentlemen,
"
trial for the time
"
would
season
amount
to
about
35
lbs. per
week, worth
the whole
of
19^., I consider
there
is
in quality on
improvement
cwt., or
quantity
J"?.per lb.,amounting on the total week's make of say 460 lbs.,to the further
of about 9". 6(i.,making together 28". 6"i, per week
in value on
increase
sum
the produce of thirty cows.
is also a great saving of time effected and
There
much
dirty and slopping work entirely avoided, as well as the necessity for
skilled labour.
employing much
an
"
I am,
Gentlemen,
fully2". 6c?. per
truly,
yours
"
**
Messrs,
It
and
Oriffiths
would
has
from
the
appear
considerable
a
effected
cutting department
frame,
^s
valuable
hitherto
means
is
ârt
is
which
sharp
off in the
the
c"nd
"he
The
"ny
knives
about
of
other
of the
form
use
the
is
an
the
Keevil's
curd,
of
inch
The
a
by
; for while
caseine
to
volving
re-
apart,
curd
the
one
and
bruised
literally
fat and
of white
of
apparatus
consists
breaking
imperfectlyperformed
entirely obviated
by the
^hich, passing gently through
'
this
dairy practice.
The
much
causes
carried
and
in
particular,which
thin
very
that
reports
advance
it in
improvement.
use
above
broken,
insufficiently
'humed,
^*ed
of
filled with
in
Singleton.
John
Co,^
be
These
sepaevils
whey.
revolving knives,
divide
it in
such
clean
regular and perfect separationof

clear.
it ought, quite thin and
comes
as
whey, which
away,
be used in
revolving knives, or breaker, however, wnich
may
the principal improvements
in Keevil's
tub, constitute
appa-
"^tuft
even
manner
th**
T"'
as
"c"?iT"iy
to
ensure
o"(l
filte^^ngfd'*n"""^'^'*"^**
'^f it
"
the
one
for
Beeent
the
separating,
former
on
other
and
is
in
of
up
can
in
placed
minute
pieces, preparatory
is
heated
will
raise
should
placed
on
of
portion
brought
the
which
the
lish
Eng-
it
excepted),
inferred
that
also
be
may
the
lity
qua-
improved.
improved
technically
process,
termed
slip-
due
is
to
scalding,
Mr.
Joseph
Harding,
tol,
BrisMarksbury,
near
and
The
the
introduction
of
nse
(Fig,
the
others.
some
1)
whey
the
for
off
of
syphon
drawing
the
curd,
the
the
of
the
by
the
of
palm
the
allowed
mass
almost
the
white
any
is
mass
meter,
thermo-
of
the
granular
hand.
The
settle.
In
tator
agia
which
short
from
separating
experiment,
and
as
the
is
when
process,
the
is
Cheddar
for
degree
proper
elastic
the
motion
slowly
force,
By
in
as
of
entirely separated
stage
by
used
mass
in
or
more
to
mechanical
last
which
the
by
certain
into
prevent
to
acquire
the
When
agitator
curd
ofT
water.
whey,
board
knives),
first
drawn
ponrtng
is kept
piece
the
broken
to
the
traction
con-
action
boiling
again
mass
the
determined
is
is
determined
as
cheese-vat.*
force
(Stilton
cheese
This
as
mechanical
highest-priced
is
the
or
whey
over-heated.
bottom,
until
curd,
when
the
in
the
pressure
in
up
more
way
than
and
required
or
is made
this
of
indicated
grasped
falls to
without
whey,
curd
the
revolving
until
or
withdrawn,
curd
employed
the
from
it is returned
"
natural
hour
of
During
being
is
its being
on
is then
the
of
temperature,
proper
is continued
motion
with
c"msistency,
time
from
thirty minutes,
or
feeling,
of
is
where
chemical
cx"ntaimiig
coasist
may
face
of
introduction
rapid
be
not
curd
the
the
an
curd
the
to
the
twenty
the
the
100".
to
agitator (which
an
boiler
much
as
"
with
of
and
about
quantity
to
temperature
which
whey
Ian,
its
In
the
provements.
im-
mode,
counties
by
under
other
by
more
effected
curd,
heated,
being
140^,
to
the
coagulum,
pan
Uiis
is
is
whey.
neated
While
of
advance
an
scientific
neighbouring
Uie
This
be
may
"
superseded
now
separated by
and
made.
the
and
are
be
precipitation
applied
breaking
into
whey
cheese
Cheddar
beat
they
75
Dairy-practice.
off,the whey
drawing
but
in Somersetshire
practised
of
for
methods,
The
in
Improvemeta*
not
the
whey
in
obtained,
is the
Reccjit
76
late
"has
of
This
in
implement
diameter, one
21
inches.
about
feet
to
the
off and
on
tub
without
is
is
merits
of
the
disturbing
the
upon
I may
iron,
the
the
are
the
of
whey
it acts
off the
drawing
bottom
the
of
notice
year
with
hot
inside
in
that
is
not
of
air, is
being put
of
is immersed
and
ease
When
opposite
the
the
in
without
the
flows
which
whey,
is
top
order.
tub
is
the
greatest
of the
of
the
to
is
tub
curd.
least
from
tub, so that the fat floating

but
settles down
removed,
curd.*
also
last
out
curd
surface
the
off
the
on
off
of
spigot in the bottom
the whey remaining about
this invention
to
near
The
admits
the
other
tub
wiregauze
stop-cock
good working
side
the
the
for
filter-end
with
off
is in
syphon
drain
to
The
trouble.
draws
little raised.
withdrawn,
on
it
and
brass
clasp,that
nearly exhausted,
then
point
of
least
the
when
The
the
of
made
inch
one
long
large enough
are
apparatus.
tube,
inches
shorter
means
which
whey,
convenience
syphon
by
iron
leg, while
longer. The
syphon,
for
gas-cock,
drawing
small
Keevil's
of
white
18
filter
the
of
the
whey
that
to
the
being
deep.
Dainj-practice,
bent
dimensions
of
affixed
the
leg
end
which
in
of
the
is fixed
in
filteringpart
consists
These
to
tached
the
superseded
two
applied
ImprovemeiUs
at
whey
sides
cold
bottom
suggestion.
my
double
or
greatly-improvedcoagulating-tub,brought
water
is
and
for
made
It
is
for
bottom,
regulating
to
convex
of
constructed
the
the
purpose
of
the
ing
holdThe
temperature.
facilitate
white
discharge
of
is an
spigot-hole; there
opening at the
between, for receiving the water, and a stoptop
cock
space
the
for
tub
bottom
The
is
its
at
set
or
crane
discharge.
iron
three
frame
with
10 or 12 inches
on
an
high.
legs about
The
one
special advantage of this utensil, which
enced
experievery
will
which
it
dairy manager
appreciate, is the control
the
the
milk
and
curd.
of
gives over
maid
Every dairytemperature
the
knows
from
the
difficulties
cooling of the
experienced
milk
when
coagulation is not effected with the first application
of rennet
will
recognise the advantage of being able to
; and
reduce
the temperature
when
of the evening's milk
put into the
tub
in sultry weather
cold water,
with
by fillingthe space
or,
the other hand, to raise it in the morning by the application
on
of hot water.
the
the
milk
is set with the rennet
Again, when
through
into the
vacuum
checks
cool
mass
which
less
will
the
radiation
quickly,whilst
surround
the
of
heat, and, therefore, makes
by pouring
mass
with
warm
only be maintained,
to
invention, therefore,enables
us
carry
temperature
This
can
not
syiôn, designed and introduced

Glasgow, price 7s.
60, St. George's Road,
by
in
the
little hot
vapour,
but
out
may
an
the
the
water,
original
be raised.
This
important prin-
author* is made
by James
Lyoo,
Recent
in
cifde
the
instead
manu"cture
of
the
until
range,
of
cheese-press
power
tub,"
the
the
time
gradnally
of
ingenious
temperature,
of
raised
its affinity for
the
the
setting
to
higher
and
whey
construction'[and
sided
sub-
great
Rg.'S.
warm
for
wateiîpes
and
the
viz., that
nected
con-
with
the
lost
77'
Dairypraetice.
from
be
has
(fig. 2)
stove
fall
should
curd
bottom
in
cheese,
to
rennet,
the
the
to
of
allowed
bein^
with
milk
Improvements
ing
heat-
cheese-roonr,
cheese
turner,
registered
Strutt,
John
by
Derby,
per,
near
also
be
cent
impTDvements,
noticed
iD'
Bel-
of
Esq.,
|
'
may
re-
as
The
and
next,
the
most
tions
inven-
of recent
advancing
for
dairy
for
lati
regn
condition
milk
when
the
with
the
rennet
and
for
the
tuning
set
at
the
of
the
ascer-
progress
so
stage
it
which
cannot,
either
with
mmneter
to
necessary
it will
be
subordinate
The
year
to
the
being
but
when
found
to,
acetometer
by
the
writer,
usefulness
of
of
art
the
question
who,
such
in
a
this
is
all
of
its chemical
two
test,
was
invented
publications,
and
was
the
at
is evident
be
kind,
that
was
milk
that
ther-
thought
once
is farther
the
every
conducted
results.
cheesemaking
by
it
nniform
temperature
regulated
in
with
temperature
the
that
and
of
or
fermentation,
developed,
are
instrument
the
regulate
lactic
of
products
the
perform
to
moment
proper
precision
dairymaid
the
process
an
chemical
the
at
certain
without
enable
to
as
operations
Cheesemaking
of
the
is
acidificatitm,
subsequent
b^
of
it
commencement
process,
an
testing
ng
mical
of
is
practice,
acetometer
and
haps
peresting
inter-
advanced,
ought
to
be
condition.
and
drew
first
introduced
public
to
last
attention
recognise
and
Recent
78
the
point out
Improvements
of
importance
in
Dairy-practice.
is added,
the
milk
state
or
acidity,under which
alkalinity
qualityand quantity of the cheese.
the
when
the
rennet
and
the
making
equal utility; for
butter
as
acidity is
it is
degree
which
to
attained
and
lower,
vice
condition
chemical
the
to
on
of
be
equivalent to
an
regulated by the
ought to
When
the cream
has
developed.
should
be
acidity the temperature
portionally
pro-
of
high degree
foimd
be
respects
some
the
be
is
former
the
in
of
which
coagulated, has
will
acetometer
latter
the
of temperature,
increase
the
of
condition
influence
the
of
In
chemical
the
regulating
It is because
versa.
of
the
cream
recognised,
not
was
influence
the
of
that
no
from
obtained
ever
trustworthy results were
ments
experichurning.
construction
A short
of this
description of the principle and
it intelligible. Simplicity and
will suffice to render
acetometer
solution
of
being the properties aimed
at, a saturated
accuracy
alkali
lime-water
is the
made
be
can
adopted. This
by any
dairymaid, and has this additional
advantage, that its gravity is
variations
in
the
tions
calculalittle affected
no
by
temperature
; since
uniform
or
in
reference
or
and
age.
The
applied by
full up
graduated
to
tested, the
any
of
100
the
is
into
of
tube,
up
to
cream
Thus
one
The
is
much
to
the
be
tube
latter
of the
the
introduction
earliest attempts
be
may
manufacture
In
this
of
to
regarded
as
of butter
instrument
practice with
marking a new
and
with
connexion
chemical
unite
framed
science
in
era
is among
in the
The
can
glasses
6". 6d.
be
for
made
the
at
Fulton's
dairy, and
the
cheese.
for the
reference
the
historyof
the
last noticed,
improvement
register of observations, was
by the writer,
introduced, and has, during the last two
years,
several
dairies
in the
Where
this
kingdom.
each
cheese
is impressed with
characters
made
and
wire, indicating the month
day of the month
the
to
that, by turning
entry in the table; so
capacity,
same
the
measure-glass amongst
milk, whey, or
its acidity,as indicated
will neutralise
as
by litmus-paper.
the tube
poured from
part of lime-water
represents
every
of
acidity.*
per cent,
poured
about
measure
whey
mark, and
as
of
years
or
the
of lime-water
hended
compre-
certain
of the
milk
the
is filled
solution
stock
of
jar, containing
and
When
parts.
measure-glass
filled with
be
may
twelve
test
intelligent
girl
given mark,
into
required,this
are
consist
instruments
when
tables
to
any
future
acetometer
time
were
to
made
the
by
lately
in
been
table,
use
record
is
of wood
or
in
used,
brass
corresponding
the
to
register,
conditions
Mr.
Twaddle,
under
price
Recent
which
each
only
not
aid
Improvements
cheese
for
private convenience
the
collection
the
value
of the
statistical
of
79
Dairy-practice.
The
prepared.
was
in
of
such
owner,
information
register,
also
but
as
an
of
practical and
scientific
not
enlarged upon.
Rennet, acidity,
which
the
and
the
are
changes which
temperature
agents
govern
milk
of the
the
dairymaid, yet little
undergoes in the hands
different
of the effect which
is known
degrees and proportions
and
the
of these agents exert
on
quantity
qualityof the produce.
and
observation
be no
Without
experiment there can
progress,
of little service
unless
the
be
tions
condibut
even
experiments can
which
under
made
are
correctly and carefully
they were
unreasonable
recorded.
of
Is it,therefore,
to
hope that the use
of elicitingnew
this table will not only be a means
facts calculated
of cheese, but also of exciting
manufacture
to improve the
of those
who
entrusted
are
an
intelligentinterest in the minds
to
interest,need
with
the
be
work
The
foregoing, with
specialnotice, complete
known
to
the
the
to
sum
there
of this
then, by
up,
and
inventions
would
the
writer, who
advancement
To
discoveries
be, taking
few
them
which
hardly call for a

improvements in dairy practice
others
list of
time
much
devoted
has
were
in
attention
industry.
recapitulation.If the
of
way
and
of rural
interestingbranch
all
the
in
operation in
of the
order
recent
dairy,
one
process
"
sides
coagulating-tub (Fig. 3, p. 80), with double
for
the
and bottom, and
regulating
intervening space
temperature.
knives
The
4,
Secondly.
revolving
(Fig.
p. 80), placed in a
horizontal.
half perpendicular, the other
frame
; the one
instead
of mechanical
of chemical
means
use
Thirdly. The
force for the separation of the whey.
instead of sharp or cutting
with round
Fourthly. The curd-mill),
in the cheese
is gained.
teeth ; by which
change a closer texture
referred
to.
Fifthly. The
cheese-presses
hot-water
The
stove
or
Sixthly.
pipes,for supplying heat in
First.
The
the cheese-room.
Seventhly. The
Eighthly.
referred
or
cream,
The
to, viz.
and
acetometer
a
an
Lastly. There
found
registeredcheese-turning machine.
thermometer
and
the
other
for
chemical
curd
adapted
for
rennet.
filtering
apparatus
is the register table, a copy
as
of
instruments
well
which
as
milk
will
be
annexed.
show
a
improvements, which
great
former
the
of
advance
times, perhaps the
on
dairy practice
and
most
inquiry
important of all is the spirit of emulation
which
has
through the efforts of the press,
recently awakened
and
of
the
rendered
which, if
dairy,
good service to its brother
Independently
of
these
judiciously
Recent
Improvements
in
Dairy-jrracttce.
SpBOimN
Tabu
tob
thx
Beqibtei
82
IV.
Recent
"
world
agricultural
is not
manifest
more
the manufacture
is in
has
branch
national
made
local
or
largely pervaded the

diuring the last twenty-five or thirty years
than
in the jHodueticxi of com
it
and
meat
cheese
of butter and
though the latter
; and
derived
not
Practice.
Improvements in Dairy
Harding.
By Joseph
spiritof improvement
The
which
much
as
has
so
benefit
agricultural societies
both
great
progress
its products. To the
to
as
attainment
the
the
from
as
the
of
it has
yet
former,
quantityand
of this
assistance
the
qualityof
object nearly
well-
every
his
contributed
intelligentdairy-farmer has
part.
I
In detailing these improvements
be
expected
not,
perhaps,
may
into all the dairy districts of England, and
to particularise
to go
has
of them
in
taken
each
which
improvement
place
;
every
Somersetshire
of
as
a
a
milking
dairy
experience,
man,
my
75
will
of from
enable
70
to
to
me
own
speak firom
cows,
my
and
the
practicalknowledge as to
improvements, in all
personal
their
own
details, in the dairy practice of my
county, more
and
informed
the
especiallyin
manufacture
of cheese.
I have of other
believe, however, from the knowledge which
such
as
Gloucester, Wilts, Leicester,Derby, and
dairy districts,
himself
to
Cheshire, that any disinterested
taking upon
person
I
write
to
this
is
the
much
not
county
noted
for
of
is termed
London
the
Cheddar
"
market
excepted,
which
has
been
set
and
at
See
at
is
cheese,"
Agricultural
Royal
It is
Somerset.
had
but
both
to
Britain.
which
higher price
fair
lated
calcu-
district better
its butter
cheese, due regard being

is not
surpassed in Great
making
quality,it
the
than
England
county
what
subject could not fix on a

the
requirements of the
answer
of
Society
for
the
upon
is
than
as
true
that
district
quantity and
Here
is
made
always quoted
any
other
in
(Stilton
exaiuple
example). Here, too,
impRrreinent ^
maehiaery, utestils,aad
mode
of manufacture, which
hsts given a stimulus
not
.onlyto all
the surrounding districts,
but even
Scotland.*
to
But my
is not
business
mudi
to
so
eulogise the dairy practice
and
to detail,in a
simple
produce of this or any other district,
as
and
have
tended
intelligibleraaRnear, any improvements which
the
increase
these
of
the
to
products,
quantity,improve
quality
pamphlet
best
Joamal
and
to
most
of tii^
an
the
time
same
Association
taral
the
the
in
not
xeduce
to
-various
remoneratiTe
teOraad
West
"f
labour
of manufacture.
Hie Ayntare Agricvl"tke Depntatioii sent

)rjr
dlMriots mi EDgland, to ascertain
cheAse-qftakiiig
metlMd
'Of ehee0e4nakivi|;^
wa
reprinted in the
England Socie^, i867.
bj
jniblisbed
"ie
the
ReGsnt
Increase
In
order
show
to
different
at
records
periods ;
exist which
present
our
only
course,
iasm
which
30
years
cows,
110
arable
than
the
being
90
for
acres
stock
young
have
have
more
with
"bw
soil.*
It
could
be
the
summer,
20
other
would
acres
land
half
acies
left for
be
this
at
was
kept
give (allowing 3
araUe
would
airaUe,
fallow,2 wheat,
feillow again ;
cows
in
The
of fair
stocked
suitable
and
cows,
land
single
district
of the
twice, then
the greater part, if not all,the

of this descriptionw^]dd
iarm
part of the
to
been
received
A
The
stock),besides
that would
horses.
and
from
years.
tsJce a
been
the
up
maintain
30
former
no
contrast
acres
mown
again,
occasionally
on
grown
the pasture-land no
on
winter4ceep ;
impossible
to
in this county,
of pasture and
40 of
would
would
derived
as
of
given
amount
knowle4ge,
my
^Miapt is
specimen
5 clover
for
cow)
per
the
be
probably
course
one-half
mown
fair
(to ke^
3 beans, 4 wheat
barley being
thought that
can
acres
ago,
of
that
of 150
farm
'6 heifers
or
The
horses.
into
some
we
-considered
be
best
with
therefor^ which
its aggrâte
information
Elngland, it will
average
quality,divided
would,
this
produce
may
it is situated.
which
the
to
-of any
dairy produce
know
to
necessary
ibut as,
iumish
in
district
dairy
any
be
Quantity.
in the
increase
-an
district,fit would
in
83
PraOice.
in Dairy
Inipravements
time
manure.
50
keep
now
be
in
it
equal
-The
cows.
arable
larger
roots, com
grass
the
the
of
being grown only on
decay
grass plant, which, instead
of being mown
would
admit df beii^
be grazed by the cows,
and
stocked
a
fortnightearlier in spring than the meadow-grass : the
with roots, meal, oil-cake,
would
be cut ioto chaff and mixed
straw
or
other
some
substitute
make
to
and
in
nutriment
to
chieflygrown
by artificial manures,
a
by dry sheep, so that a isi^nsiderportion
able
""i:dd foe ipared for the paslusepart of the y"rd manure
of
lai^L
Although I have spdcen above #nly of an increase
The
iiay.
20
would
be
of them
fed
roots
and
oows,
kiôw
off
farms
some
on
which
the eztxa
number
is
even
larger.
Where
of the
increase
an
the
in
land
the
nearly
be
*
number
an
is
to
stock
carry
is considemble.
land
replacing them
expensive mode
so
much
sell the
and
to
is not
much
as
soim
in
of
on
as
cows
with
case
in the
tbe^springof the
it -would
feed
looking
autumn,
This
but
be if it could
cows.
as
increase
will
farmers
increasingdairy produce
datiy-fanns as
as
here,
'even
year.
large
laige
be
cannot
Yet
possiUe, the
Some
kept
their
all
Clover
ftdby
of
is made
forward
to
wholly pasture, as is the

dairy-farms in this county, there
produce as is stated above.
the farm
number
seems
where
be
safely
Practice.
large quantityof milk the grass is of far

value than the hay.
more
Others, again, have adopted the plan of preserving a few acres
of aftermath
(afterbeing fed once) till the spring ; the young
the
shelter which
the old affords,and
up by
grass is thus drawn
land
tte
'
Impr'cn)ement8in Dairy
Recent
84
produces
consequently comes
This
is valuable
feed
both
milk.
Among
largest
amount
makes
both
much
and
butter
The
clean
to
rear
for the
the
building
has
cow
not
as
the
although
have
nor
with
all
the
have
in
success
reader
this
chief
; but
county,
being increased,
Under
have
this head,
cheese,
because
the
is
led
within
of
artificial
so
or
all
lands,
change^
extent
an
this,nearly
useless,
and
atmosphere
a
helping hand,
and
from
shorter
become
of small
be
we
hills which
cattle.
and
and
winter.
the
of
some
sheep
Some
importance
to
of
the
through a whole
district,as
I
the
these, believe,are
dairy produce of this county
out
great, and
to
the
25
years,
Labour
in the
first of
the
butter,I
reduction
of
of
cent.
Manufacture.
in
"
churning
of
mode
labour,
agitation,and
and
making,^
in the
as
only
"
that the
state
may
the
processes
very
process
per
either
great
simple
object,namely,
two
the
the wide
better
manures
arable
such
to
in the
a
lent
has
to
few
speaking
accomplish
Churning is a simple
to
of
secure
has
summer
carried
effect
not
improvements are
the utensils employed,
of
to
not
of
earlier
as
Besides
our
made
seem
when
Reduction
that
half-starved
may
which
causes
fresh
much
produce, inasland during
effects of
the
pasture, but
Nature
is
few
the
feels
longer
large
formerly only fed a
these
improvements
in
off the
drained, and
so
cheese
quantityof
casual
of
stock
in Cheshire.
up,
consequence
the
up
and
accommodation
increase
introduction
been
healthy.
more
an
earlier,so
the
as
have
heifers
brings
man
consequentlygrows
mow
The
on
grubbed
hedgerows
dryer and
field is clean
for the
keep' the
grass
to
used
lands
wet
field,the
every
farm.
yards
likewise
pasture
been
such
of
great assistance, especiallyfor the
us
the
in
that the
to
to
us
aftergrass.
the
and
The
us
of
yield
realises
Leicestershire,^nd
is a loamy soil,not
farm
His
it
is
that
so
generallyin a growing
He
and young
keeps only cows
so
little tended
enables
rendered
Bones
of houses
a
it thus
the
who
do..
round.
next
months.
spring, and
on
droppings,
enabled
it has
winter
feed
the
their
on
cows
The
increases
by day
farmer
lives
of the
round
in the
up
and
first feed
the
otherwise
cows
the
cow,
cneese.
have
cows
following them
has
profit per
by drought or wet,
throughout the summer.
state
the
acquaintance
my
of
it would
the
for
affected
stock.
than
turning out
consumption of hay
the
lessens
earlier
feed
to
are
"
case
required
working.
whether
"^
it be
Recent
accomplished
Improvements
in
85
Practice.
Dairy
vertical,a longitudinal,or a rotatory motion,

same
notwithstanding the many
; and
attempted
in
the
construction
of
the
utensil
improvements
employed, there
is not
for general purposes,
an3rthingsuperiorto, or that is likelyto
the
old barrel-chum.
In it,either a large or^
small
supersede,
of
that
of
the
and
best
be
quantity butter,
produced.
quality,
may
As to the working the butter
which
is generallyperformed
the objectis the
extraction
of all the buttermilk.
by the hand
small
Some
wooden
others
use
spades,
envelope their
persons
hands
in a cloth, but nothing of this kind
late
be termed
can
a
The
in the
consists
improvement."
greatest step in advance
by
effect Is the
the
"
"
^'
fact
that
has
enabled
observation
in
the
into
60"
churn
in the
half
will
the
be
In
frothy
Until
60"
to
that
and
weather
to
thrown
be
if
at
will
be
cream
and
lower
be
put
less than
not
temperature
it
require heating during

It will
both
"
"
come
the
cases
date,
recent
get the
butter
hours,
utterlyuseless
and
it
soon'
too
will be
butter
was
; the
churned
entirelyovercome.
has taught us
Experience,moreover,
culty
diffi-
process
known
have
after
not
the
This
all.
now
allowed
to
removed
from
other
if the
several
as
to
good time, that is, from

properly worked, will produce
temperature.
away
thermometer
in
and
oily; in
the
temperature
summer
churned
comparatively
that
in
churned
be
of
the
for
is found
churning,
unfrequently occupied
produce to
is
difficulty
rule
If It be
If above
in cold
introduction
fortyminutes, and,
long
too
inferior.
it will
butter.
process.
will be
and
at
to
good
55"
from
winter,
hour
an
lay down
churning. It
to
us
maintained
the
and
till it becomes
stand
it,the
If the
hand,
butter
before
will
be
not
the
while
taken
although,
sour
or
made
thus
be
cream
stale
that
milk
If milk
the
good
cream
on
is sweet,
be
is
the
the
the butter
without
it becomes
kept
sour,
being materiallyaffected.
The
In
of butter-making varies In different countries.
process
the
Scotland, Ireland, and Wales
milk, and, when
they chum
this is done
properly,I believe that the butter,for delicacy of
be surpassed.
flavour, cannot
In the making
of cheese
has
much
a
greater Improvement
been
of its having received
tion
atteneffected,in consequence
more
than
butter-making, cheese being the staple commodity of
cream
the
may
district,and,
farmer.
For
many
with
the best cheese

no
until
be
small
well
when
degree, accomplished.
was
it
was
taken
turned
our
"
"
this time
remunerative
more
past It has been

years
the least possible
labour^
week, at the least,may be

a
cheese, that is,from
the cheese
made,
from
said
the
to
Within
time
press
in the
press
the
object to produce
objectwe have, in
own
recollection,a
occupied in making
the milk
was
coagulated till
to the cheese-room.
During
twice every day, and had salt
have
the
my
been
an
to
'
Improvementsin Dairy Practice,
Recent
86
hand
I have
known^ in atwice
thus turned
a^day, giving
dairy of 50 cows, 52 cheeses
the
labour
of unnecessary
to
amount
vast
dairy-woman and
a
of things exists to
This state
for cloths to the farmer.
expense
of our
this day in some
largestcheesemaking districts.
of a rude
The
description.
machinery and utensils,too, were
raised
either
The
stone
a
were
large
by a screw, or a box
presses
and
filled with
two
some
heavy material
suspended between
raised- by ropes
and pulleys. I
or
upright posts and lowered
incredible
that
it
almost
should
have
there
should exist
thought
a
cheesemaking district in England that had not partaken of the
universal
improvement in the cheese-press,had I not learnt a
the other
A
friend
of mine
lesson
was
travellingin a
day.
in which
dis*
were
railway carriage in Lancashire
somej farmers
onssing the merits of an improved cheese-presslatelyintroduced
rubbed
into
it
over
their
by
the
district, when
said, I do
stone-press again."
^^
The
utensils
however
broken
large
have
stiff in
until
were
what
the cheese
they
was
or
from
were
was
four
term
hand,
now
six
so
the
of the
into
the
the
proper
"
be
was
months
thin cheese.
washed
were
was
work
grown
duced
intro-
and
scraped
generally the
old,although they
not
In
instances
many
kept until the following spring. The

unsystematic and irregular,without
unequal quality
vat,
laborious
cheeses
whey,
with
tub
finger-joints
were
After
to
out
put
whose
consequence.
should
we
manufacture
even
when
to
cheese-room, they had
they became
marketable, which
case
an
the
and
wood,
be ladled
to
its riority,
supein a
money
of
much
out
of
made
curd,
pieces by
dairy-women
lay
the
to
before
seen
and
The
bowl.
small
into
that
had
large the quantity,
convinced
them,
I shall
think
generally
were
wooden
heavy
of
one
not
morning.
every
to be
process
regard
of
to
of
was
temperature ; consequentlythe cheese
bad
fix"m causes
unknown
some
good, some
"
to the
the state of things when

dairy-women. This was
ment
improveutensils
and
be
studied.
It is
machinery
began to
just,however, to state that,with regard to the cheese-tub,a few
wealthy and enterprising men
thought it desirable to substitute
in
lieu
this general movement
of
wood
copper
many
years before
took place. These
made
tubs were
rough and at a great expense,
of them
costing from 40/. to 60/. apiece,according to the
many
number
of cows
kept.
About
thirty years ago the first improved cheese-presswas
exhibited
in Wells
market^ in this county, and, though extremely
I think that
be
a
simple, proved to
step in the right direction.
been
it in its inoosnplete shape more
awarded
to
prizes have
iian once
by the Royal and other Agriciiltai"lSocieties;. The
in the
of
^princijde
fbrm*
The
its ccmstmction
subyeot was
was
that of the lev"r in its
simplest
immediately takeniqi byitl" meohanio
Becent
of the
Improvements in Dairy
Practice.
87
who
neighbourhood,
gradually improved upon the cheeseuntil

the
model
in general use
It
was
now
produced.
press
of
and
consists
screw
a
lever, the former
working in a brass
and
fulcrum
for
the
the
socket,
latter,by which
serving as a
the
to
produced and regulated by a weight attached
pressure,
When
the
opposite end of the lever, is conveyed to the cheese.
lever
is
reversed
the
drawn,
screw
drops on to a pin, the pressure is withthe cheese
and
is
This
be
removed.
decidedly the
may
for the
best implement
that
It
has yet been
invented.
purpose
is manufactured
in large numbers
by the best agriculturalimplement
makers
in this and
the adjoining counties.
this time
About
and
sometimes
brass, began to be
copper,
used
more
frequentlyfor making cheese-tubs, but, being too
and
expensive for general use, tin was
successfullysubstituted
continues
the
It
be
time.
to
costs
oneemployed to
present
third the price of
will
last
and
for
twenty or thirtyyears.
copper,
All the other
utensils
of the dairy which
were
formerly of wood,
such
made
of tin, which
bowls, pails,iScc, are
now
a
as
saves
*
The
vessels
made
soldered
strainer
and
in brushes.
expense
some
facilitate
draining
bottom
made
of
fine
flat at
was
into
the
in
improved
cases
cheese-tub, which
to
convex
is
tap
in
are
; the
material
is
of labour
amount
vast
off the
the
of
shape
the
well
as
bottom,
A
whey.
in
as
is
now
large brass
of
tub, inside
which
wire, or other material, to

small
from
whey
particlesof
escaping. The
prevent
floor
the
from
this
is
flowing
conveyed in a pipe lesidingfrom
tap
it
whence
of the dairy to a tank
cistern
in the piggery, from
or
the dairy, a
is pumped
That
for use.
the milkers
enter
not
may
the milk is
tin receiver
is placed outside
the house, into which
by a conduit, at each end
poured and conveyed to the cheese-tub
the yard from
is a strainer
of which
to
prevent any filth from
a
passing into
gauze,
curd
It is
cheese-tub.
the
all
practical cheesemakers,
and
fine strainer
in
curd.
well
is necessary
If the
cheese
be
strainer
or
drawn
be
to
as
inside
placed
as
valuable
instrument,
invented
by
Cheshire,
and
is
outlet
in
brass,
the
a
Mr.
for
receiver,
the
which
order
the
many
exceedingly
whey from the
an
separate the
to
made,
where
itself is the
curd
To
the
best
has
of the
floats
"
on
See
the
obviate
Garsty Hill,
out
tub
; to
surface
and
new
of the
illnstnition*p. 92.
other
is made
fits
of which
the
Crewe,
near
It
patent.
end
one
this,
Separator, has just been
of
taken
telescopic tube,
bottom
Whey
McAdam,
he
is
there
strainer.
called
Robert
which
theorists, that
with
large bulk of whey to

curd, it will flow through the tap with
particlesof curd, if something is
carry away
filterer ; but
the
off from
great force, so
not
notion
mistaken
end
whey,
on
of
inside
is screwed
which
enters
under-surface,
perforated brass
its
the
tube
the
to
into
sinking
brass
each
tap
other
the
at
40s. ; it is the best

the
it takes
whey from
about
costs
seen,
as
free
from
disturbed
curd,
and
the
the
of
mass
the
to
on
down
conveyed
the
tub,
separator
it
curd
tubes
have
surface, where
the
its passage
whey
by
curd-breaker
generally in use
the
of
bottom
the
prevents
thus
is
and
This
whey subsides.
I
thing of the kind
the
as
Practice.
Dairy
in
Improvements
Recent
88
ever
is most
from
being
outlet
breaking up the coagulated

the revolving-breaker.
or
mass
with
bent
The
former
is made
of wood
in the shape of a shovel
a
handle
( gî^r
) ; through the lower end of the handle, at right
angles to it,9 or 10 brass rods are inserted, extending about 6 in.
each
end
either
secured
at
side, and
on
by a strip of wood
of
revolver
of rods
inches
in length. The
is made
14
about
The
the
is either
for
shovel-breaker
"
iron,
in
set
is made
revolve
to
of the
The
vats, which
made
of
the
for
for
axis
by
tub,
handle
at
it
where
the
outside
chum.
formerly
were
like
staves
of the
inside
the
to
vertical
upon
of a
that
like
tub
fitted
framework
In
cask.
of turned
made
not
few
wood,
tin
instances
are
now
is
ployed
em-
I scarcely think
it will
into
but
come
purpose,
thick
The
has
cheeses.
stave-vat
our
recently
general use
side
of the
been
to
at one
at the
improved by being made
open
the
joints between
staves, corresponding to opposite joints across
the
the top and
bottom
wide
to allow
; the opening is sufficiently
of the cheese
when
liberated
the
for
from
reversed
vat
being easily
the
To accomplish this,there are
four projectingscrewpurpose.
each
holes : one
end
of the
severed
iron
at
two
hoops which
encircle
the
vat
the
is
vat,
closed,
the
at
one
of
two
top
these
and
the
at
one
When
bottom.
oppositeeach
will be
screw-holes
screw-bolt
is inserted
which
a
through them
keeps
the vat
to
together ; by loosening these bolts the vat is enabled
expand and the cheese is easilyliberated.*
An
for cheese-making
invented
by Mr.
apparatus has been
and
other
tricts,
disin that
Keevil, of Wiltshire, and is in use
some
Cheddar
which, though not applicable to the Somerset
or
mode
of making, is, I believe,of service in making the Wiltshire
other,
cheese.
runs
the
thus
It
consists
strip of gauze
whey to escape
of
similar
altered
to
the
alteringthe
Instead
of
pressing the
vat
curd
tin
wire,
used,
has
and
to
the
rod
to
principle of
into
which
in the
inches
tap
at
above
a
the
down
flat
in
the
side
bottom.
weights
a
perforated
illustratioD,
p.
92.
mass
A
but
to
allows
which
breaker
Mr.
knife-shapedpiece
breaking the
there
of which
width,
described,
were
tub,
See
or
brass
revolver
round
tub,
that
of
is
Keevil
of
iron,
cutting.
of
put for the purpose
circular
piece of tin is
90
Improvements in Dairy Practice*
Recent
press,
cheese-room.
The
some
method
The
cheeses
cloths
the
of
It is then
which
made
are
are
from
into
14
to
in
it
the
inches
twice
only
changed.
has
the
ness,
thick-
the
in
in the cheese-room
to
in
the
and
vat
it is taken
turned
keeping the cheese
with
put
days, after
are
They
more.
even
is when
that
three
it remains
where
mixed
and
added
lbs.
56
1 lb. to
proportion of
and
salt is
which
after
curd-mill,
press,
also been
improved^
At
time
one
and
damp- temperature,
getting ripe,and a fine
in
We
obtained.
the
the
70^, as
faster,acquires
so
which
cheese-room,
that
is
may
richer
thick
our
months
case
them
introduce
now
be
mellow
kept
; and
at
we
cheeses
temperature
that
cheese
cut
the
be
can
often
are
press
of from
find
flavour, and
the
over
much
sold
the
low
a
long
readily
not
was
from
once
in
then
was
flavour
at
tiiem
keep
to
cheese
the
but
even
time
it desirable
thought
we
50^
to
to
ripens
sooner
at
coimter
three
though a few years since the

have
sized cheese
would
to
same
required eight or nine mondis
degpreeof ripeness.
acquire the same
the
has
make
of whey
This
diminished
system of making
Where
butter.
made
make
we
one
we
now
pound per cow,
less ; the
and
sometimes
one
seven
pound for every
cows,
that we
think
often
it worth
do
the
not
quantity is so reduced
risk of impsurting sourness
the
to
cheese, but turn, tjie whey off
tell
Some
that we
lose a great deal
to the
pig-tank.
us
persons
of valuable
food
in our
whey, as proved by the bacon fatted from
is fatted
it. When
bacon
from
be
tibe
whey alone this must
the
but
from
cheese
well
made
and
a
whey
carefully
case;
would
six
fatten
in
months.
not
a
pig
To
the cheese
of London, who
consumers
prefer an adulterated
food to that which
I have
is
to announce
an
improvement
pure,
in" the annatto
with which
the
cheeaemakers
to colour
they compel
the cheese.
The improvement
is not in the smell,,which
remains
is it in the taste
that is as filthy
as
unpleasant as ever
; neither
old,
sometimes
less ;
even
"
as
ever
it consists
but
state, instead
I have
of
cake,
have
in
original labour
this
result
gOf
the
of
at
^
of
knowledge
perfecticuL
lould
than
by studying, as
state
the
aak
of
us
that
far
we
in
annatto
get
now
the
trouble
liquid
of
rubbing outL
principalimprovements in dairy
send* into the market
to
a
superior
saves
quantity 25
more
nipulations which
some
the
enabled
article,increased
"
which
enumerated
now
practice that
in this
per
half.
as
our
cent,
at
Although
observation
reduction
we
have
and
of the
attained
eiqperience
through the various stages and' ma""

it undergoes,, and
have
acquuod,. so' far^
what
we
are
doing, we haafe- not yet arrived
curd
iict understood.
Cheesemahing^ as a- mcitof,
""
dosen;
which
queafcicms,
suggest. tfaamselviBfti at.
various
the
Recent
Ifnprwevnjmts in Ddity
stages
of
the
and
process,
91
Practice.
which
cannot
be
now
answered.
We
have
guidance
of
are,
into
which
this
in
should
leave
and
wide
delicious
to
preserve
ripen in the
not
always certain
is
of
absence
Liebig
anj
other
down
for
which
with
ohemiata
we
tell
weather),
thunder
not
are
that
us
yet provided.
the
latter
this
the
of
acid,
when
the
cautiously lest
doubt, our
precaution
act
we
there
of
other
are
the
these
milk,
we
if
remedy,
which
acid
in
no
present, that
what
show
will
when
to
try
ooBe
an
easily
test
Another
over
seek
this
only
quantity
this
been
the hmk
and
rennet,
the
as
of
amount
among
mended
recom-
of which
testa$. however,
is
are
practicalldairywoman,
simple, by tihich she can
mometer
she am
by the therpresent, as
eiTectiycf and'
tlfarafmount
deawifcratum
UB"ta4he
of mndi
Satmment
ascerttab'the
the
past,.1 Have
these
souring
to
exact
measuring
of
But
instrument, then,
the
methods,
None
Dublin.
be
late
instromant
years
chemical
two
or
by Dr. Cameroo|.of
to
sufficiently
sinqjjib
wants
for several
chemists
no
60"
litmus-paper, but
an
and,
being generally
introduce
without
acid
65"
the
as
too
The
us
to
have
we
as
be
exist.
to
which
of
opticians and
as
it would
until
presence
Whilst
a"
rching for such
present
who
at
is
success.
low
time, besides
the
sour,
promote
is
of
formation
atmosphere
with
which
process
also
are
Believing
the
cheese
the
atmosphere
known
the
the
its
amount
sour.
promotes
of
heat
know
may
It is true,
we
quantity.
indicates
the
one
heat
make
besides
were
is
increased
an
becomes
frequentlyattended
existence
such
any
want
we
is
control
their
of
that
should
we
when
even
until
milk
temperature
agents
have
unaware
acid
the
when
generated,
knowing,
true, and
be
to
the
neutralize
is
in
milk,
pristine state, possesses

a
quantity of'sugai^which, in the
towards
Alkalies
decomposition, produces lactic acid.
present which
our
and
(especiallyin
instrument
and:
laid
practical experience
their
successful
application. But
and
unexplored field is before us,
the cow,
is of
from
Milk, as taken
The
flavour.
object of the cheesethat flavour
throughout the process,
cheese
the
accomplishment of
; but
enter.
and
be
it to
design
the
should
we
peculiarlyrich
maker
observation
strict
enough.
not
of rules
body
for
requisite:
course,
is
valuable
though
this
now
of acid
degree
is
of heat.
chemical
knowledge
offthe
tion
constitu-
R
likely
whey throughout the process.
efforts
unaided
the
carried
be
this investigation should
out
by
such
but
cultural
w^fAtaaaiflfeaaiBat, as the Royal Agri;
any practicalman
tained,
Society of England couidl render, this object could be atof the
curdâoad
is not
that
of
and
ought
to
the
be) upon
result
would
be
that
cheese
could
be
made
(as it
principlesscientific and, consequently,unerring.
Jieceat
3-lUu
The
above
other
mill,
press
principal
6
vats
The
autumn.
Mallet,
for
and
cost
is the
only
utensils
summer
press
about
olim
re
use,
made
was
9^.
lodi
one
Practice.
Dairy
in
ImprovemaUs
le
in
I have
^cheese-
6 smaller
tub,
ones
by Stokes,
for
use
of
72
cows
milk-coolers,
for
Dean,
the
near
the
curd-
spring
and
Shipton-
93
V.
On
"
Varieties
Compositionof two
Cattle-Cabbage.By Dr.
tlie
There
two
are
which
crops
than
deserve
winter
the
mild
winter
therefore,
should
the
be
as
planted
time.
one
Kohl-rabi, the
is
in
that
common,
the
young
which
case
plantsare
other
they are
planted
not
they get over-ripe

autumn
rainy and warm
or
be spoiled. If Kohl-rabi
or
cabbages,
food
for cows
winter
or
sheep, they
to
out
of
vated
extensivelyculti-
more
one
this
in
in, and
sets
intended
are
at
certain
are
not
out
put.
at
are
and
Voelcker.
be
to
Kohl-Rali
of
Augustus
they
present
Cattle-cabbage. Both crops have
not
injured by frost,provided that
out
too
early in the spring, in
before
too
should
nor
soon,
When
the
proper
intervals
has
seed
the
whole
been
be
crop
and
the
sown
plants set
cabbages
young
of
field
it is in
as
is
food
secured
kept
up
regular succession
as
easily in the
supply of
periods of
at
especiallystands
where
As
to
any
the
lambing
and
become
food
green
it
; and
themselves
season
the
nutritious
very
when
year
other
even
sheep-breeders
the
lambing
turnips, because
the
stood
tops
and
least
at
white
surpasses
I
with
which
gprown
the bulbs
deteriorated
so
hard
to
as
in
come
for
still I
food,
having
instead
of
reserved
of white
one
sprouts of Kohl-rabi, unlike
those
Kohl-rabi
The
nutritious.
at
sprout abundantly
regret
season,
week's
turnips,and is
am
acquainted/
unfit
or
not
field for
In
remarkably well.
in gardens for the table,
grown
be
may
should
will
that
Kohl-rabi
of
management
proper
believe
it far
lambs
for
kind
frost
until it has
good
food
the
varietyis
small
considered
it is not
With
may
time,
scarce.
Germany,
equal
be
of
be
garden, and
vegetable
food
Kohl-rabi
frost.
Kohl-rabi
or
wholesome
and
at
out
is a
turnip, are
very
readers
of
this
Journal
most
are
belongs, as
plant
aware,
leaves
Its
in
resemble
tribe.
the
to
consequently
taste,
cabbage
those
of the cabbage much
composition, and nutritive properties,
of
the
white
which
than
more
of the
those
latter
turnip,which
are
and
watery
more
far less nutritious.

much
the
my
of
Kohl-rabi,
I shall
composition of
the
mean
Kohl-rabi
this
crop.
steward
to
last
may
The
at
time
be
the
of
bulbs
and
the
opportunitylast season
plants for analysis; but
season
time
same
large
direct
of
number
attention
my
it is
as
of
taining
ob-
bulbs
to
the
varieties
of
leaves.
the
Colonel
year,
this
examine
to
no
of Kohl-rabi
leaves
intention
In
I had
regret that
interest
some
to
those
who
formed
was
a
successful
decidedly
two
who
kindly supplied to
were
North,
has
subjoined analysisof
me
intend
by
grower
favourable
to
Mr.
grow
Innes,
of Kohlrabi
opinionof
94
On
its
practicalfeeding
known
seedsmen
to
varieties
Compositionof two
the
analysed by me
and
Purple-top
Green-top
the
as
varieties
The
value.
of
are
rabi.
Kohl-
of Green-top and Pur^jle-topKohl-Rabi,

Ccmtposition
a.
General
Composition,
l*uTple*top.
Green-top.
86-020
Water
89-002
..
Substances
soluble
Substances
insoluble
9*2601
in water
Dry
Porple*top.
89*002
86-020
Water
-227
-177
2*056
2*006
6-007
4-486
Oil
"Soluble
prot"incompounds
Sugar, gum, .and pectin
flnsolubleproteincompoimd
Digestiblefibre and insoluble
compounds
Woody fibre (cellulose)
mineral
Insoluble
'970
-919
'300
-269
2*993
1-896
1-230
1-106
in water
soluble
..
..
..
pectinous\
/
*197
matters
*Oontainhig nitrogen
tContttningaiitrogen
Total
It must
'
100-000
*321
'329
*043
-046
".
nitrogen
-377
of ash
-864
1-056
l-'167
from
inferred
be
not
-ISO
100*000
Percentage
matter
10*998
Composition,
Detailed
Greoiotop.
Salts
Dry
100-000
lOO'OOO
b.
588\
3*410/
13*98
4-720)
in water
7*
matter
the
preceding analytical results
is necessarily more
the
purple-top Kohl-rabi
watery than
diose
observations
bulbs
only apply to
green-top variety. My
I had
A
termination
which
series of deof
an
examining.
opportunity
of water
of each
of bulbs
in a
larger number
have
Icind probably would
proved that the apparent siqpexiority
dental
of the green-top variety is not
real, but due
entiiclyto the accithe root
of a
smaller
occurrence
xn
proportion of water
for analysis.
submitted
which
to me
was
It is well
J^Bown
that the pioportion of water
roots -drawn
ui
close
from
the same
"eld and
proximity :to" each "lher
growing in
that
All
iries much.
ciciilar
less
.of the
specimen
watery
^nd
ao
purjple-top.
T\he following
/"f K"hi-r"I"'
i"
that
"
can
be
said, therefore, is, that
gseen-ti^
,4oabt
also
more
variety which
analysed
jiutritiouji than
gives the composition

^êrfieetly
dry state
table
of these
the
tibat of
two
parwas
the
vajrietics
of CatOe-CiMage.
KoiiURM4md
Compositionof KoKURdbi,
dried af ^2"
95
-P.
Qreen-iop.
1-623
Oil
"Soluble
protein compounds
and pectin
Sus;ar, gum,
Salts
soluble
in water
flnsoluble proteincompounds
Digestible fibre and insoluble pectinousi
f
'compoimds
fibre (cellulose)
Woody
Paiple-top.
1-609
14*706
18'239
42*968
40'789
6*938
8*356
2*145
-2*445
..
..
gi
.aaq
-i
7.000
'
Insoluble
mineral
matters
^Containing nitrogen
tCoDtaining nitrogen
Total
comparison
swedes, mangolds,
is much
1*263
99*996
99*996
^*353
..
..
..
2*918
*d43
..
*d90
2*696
3*309
of ash
8-347
9-619
the
of
preceding
tmnips, shows
and
nutritious
more
10*056
1*409
nitrogen
Percentage
A
8*798
than
white
results
with
the
analyses
of
that
Kohl-rabi
theoretically
and
turnips,
ixiUyequal,if not
These
mangolds.
remarks, however, I
remind
the reader, apply only to the
I
would
specimens which
of
had
Future
an
opportunity
examining.
examinations, and,
above
all,practicalfeeding experiments,are required to estahlish
fully the comparative feeding value of Kohl-rabi.
I
remark
with respect to the Kohl-rabi, that it is an
cellent
exmay
it produces much
for milch-cows, inasmuch
food
and
as
such
milk
The
has
made
of
butter
milk.
a
pleasant taste,
good
that
flavour
characterizes
butter
unlike
the
disagreeable
altogether
swedes
superior,to
made
the
from
and
milk
of
fed
cows
Compositionof
upon
turnips.
Cattle-
Cabbaffe.
analyses of field-cabb^^ have been

having seen "ny one that could be
published.
that by .Dr. Anderson
of
with
the exception
relied
published
on,
in
the
Tmnsactions.
It
few
Highland ^Soeieîs
a
years
ago
fiill analysis of
a
appeared to me, therefore, desirable to make
in
The
this useful crop.
specimen examined
laboratorywas
my
the
the
farm
attached
to
on
Royal Agricultural College,
grown
leaves
A
trial
that the outside
showed
Cirencester.
preliminary
As
yet
much
contained
examined
were
two
complete
many
recollect
I do not
not
parts
of the
The
of both
heart
the
wkh
leas
water
than
the
inner, lor which
separately. The whole cabbage

one
caodsdag of the oater gveen
the
paler iBBer
leaves
followiiigtabular results r^resent

parts of the cabbage :
"
attached
the
was
reason
divided
both
into
loaves, tkeother
to
it-
generalcompotition
96
Compositionof
the
On
and
Kohl-Rabi
Cattle-Cabbcu/e.
Compositionof Cabbage-leaves(outsidegreen leaves).

83-72
Water
Dry
16-28
matter
100-00
Dry
The
of
consisted
matter
"
Matter
Dry
per Gent.
1-65
compounds
Non-nitrogenous matter
"Protein
Mineral
10*19
82*10
13*38
7*71
1-25
matter
100*00
16-28
"Containing nitrogen
Compositionof Heart
General
1*63
*26
and
In
Inner
Leaves,
Natoml
State.
Dry.
89-42
Water
Soluble
organic
Soluble
mineral
18*60
6-20
matter
6*89
-73
matter
Insoluble
organic matter
Insoluble
mineral
33*36
3*53
1*15
*12
matter
100-00
100-00
It will
6 per
In
inner
the
together
212"
at
F.
the
the
table
next
leaves
dried
than
less water
cent,
tbe
that
observed
be
of
composition
both
in the
natural
the
state
Heart
and
Inner
Leaves
In Natural
Water
Oil
State.
proteincompounds
fibre,"c
Sugar, digestible
mineral
..
..
-75
1*19
11-24
7*01
66-25
'73
6-89
'31
..
fibre
2*93
1-14
mineral
matter
'12
1-17
100-00
"Containing mtrogen
fContaining nitrogen
ind
contain
protein compound
whole,
iw**d^"
am
T"osse""
inclined
nearly
100-00
1-79
-19
'47
-05
the
about
same
il.
10-77
"
Cabbages
Dry.
..
matter
flnsoluble proteincompounds
Insoluble
when
and
"
-08
"Soluble
Woody
and
heart
of Cabbage.
89*42
Soluble
nearly
:"
Compositionof
Detailed
heart
detailed
is stated
leaves contain
gêen
and
inner leaves.
outer
proportionsof
water,
sugar,
the
On
good swedes.
think, weight for weight, cabbages
as
are
found
in
to
the
same
nutritive
value.
and
98
On
Compositionand
the
Detailed
Nutritive
Propertiesof
C"mipo"iti4m.
In Natural
Water
Dry.
State.
90*78
^Soluble
Gum,
Soluble
mineral
and
free acid
2*21
woody fibre
Insoluble
mineral
28*96
'56
6*17
'76
6*25
4*53
49*22
matter
tinsoluble proteincompounds
Crude
6*67
'61
proteinoomponnds
mucilage, a little sugar,
,.
'55
matter
5*71
100-00
100*00
^Containing mtrogen
tContaining nittogeu
I" die
distillation of
mangold-spirit
by Leplay'sprocess, does
unaltered, and
time.
The
second
fit for
sample
1*92
food
the
had
quantityof
The
mangolds.
residual
taste, and, when

into
readily enter
not
1*07
*12
considentble
sliced
the
to
sulphuricacid is added
pulp consequentlyhas a decidedly acid
remains
'09
^.
for
obtained
fermentation,
considerable
but
length
following componlion :
a
oi
"
Composition
of Second Bampk of Mangold^ptdp,
/xenerd
In
Natural
Water
state.
Dry.
91*84
Soluble
organic matter
Soluble
mineral
Insoluble
organic
matter
Insoluble
mineral
matter
32*07
2*61
*38
matter
4*75
57*58
4*70
*47
5*60
"
100-00
Detailed
100-00
Composition.
In Hatoral
Dqr.
State.
91*84
Water
"Soluble
little sugar,
mucilage, a
Gum,
Soluble
mineral
tinsoluble
and
free acid
matter
Insoluble
1*98
24*81
-88
4*75
8*50
*69
proteincompounds
3*99
fibre
Woody
7*87
'64
protein compounds
mineral
48*97
-48
matter
5*60
^
100-00
"Containingnitrogen
".
..
..
..
tContaining nitrogen
The
second
sample
does
vater, but
the first
irom
presented
of a heap
to
the
rather
of
the
materially
-09
1*26
'11
1*36
of
more
per cent
differ in composition
greyie^-whitecolour, and
sm"ce
The
portions
an
uninviting appearance.
sure
pulp turned almost black on lengthened expoBoth
samples
had
air.
Notwithstanding
acid taste
otherwise
not
about
contains
thus
lOOKX)
of the
the
somewhat
pulp, pigs
from
and
disagreeableappearance
the first ate it up greedilywhen
Manffotd-Pulp (theBefuse of Beet-root Distilleries).99

it
given
was
sheep
them
to
first would
at
touch
not
ciover-chaff
with
with
unmixed
it ;
other
any
Cows
food.
and
mixii^ the pulp, however,

objectto it,and by deg^reesseeaied
did
on
not
(hey
the
for
to acquire a liking
mess.
I shall presentlygive an
of some
account
feeding experiments
instituted
with
view to ascertainingpractically(he comparative
a
value
of
the pulp and of fiesh mangold-wurzel.
But
fattening
entertain
as
opinicms respectingthe
very erroneous
many
persons
relative
value
different
'
cm^stituents
and
particular
purposes,
adaptation to
interestingto
of
as
be
their
and
food,
it may
all
at
events
the
changes whidi mangolds undergo

I shall briefly
of distillation,
endeavour
to describe
process
shall
We
best
this
matter
paring
changes.
comprehend
by comthe compositionof the pulp with
that of the mangold-root
Two
it is made.
which
golds,
specimens of yellow-^lobe mantime
found
in
contain
to
some
analysed by me
ago, were
in (he
these
from
100
the
of
parts
to
most
trace
"
Yellow
Compositionof
Glebe
Mangolds.
L
2.
87*440
Water
Sugar, gum,
Soluble
soluble
and
mineral
pectin compounds
7'408
1'35("
compounds
compounds
flnsolublealbuminous
fibre and
Cellular
insoluble
pectinous
com-i
pounds (crude fibre)

Insoluble mineral
7*538
..
matters
albuminouB
^Soluble
88-450
"952
'956
'887
'144
*104
o.-qq
ôbd
i.qor
'113
matters
*074
100-000
^Containing nkrogen
tCootainiug nitrogen
Total
nitrogen
iWS
100-000
-153
'142
*aS8
-01)
-176
'159
comparison of these analyses with the preceding analytical

the compositionof pulp, will show
results,representing
of water
in the pulp is increased
1. Tliat the proportion
nearly
A
"
3J
per
cent
2. That
the
sugar
has
entirelydisappeared
almost
in
the
pulp ;
3. That
lai^r
4. That
pulp, it
the
the
in the
proportion of
pulp than in the
notwithstanding
contains
more
crude
root
the
woody
fibre is very
much
itself ;
larger
albuminous
or
amount
of
water
matter
flesh-producing
in
the
than
mangold-roots ;
5. That
than
6.
the
That
the
pulp
roots
contain
more
soluble
albuminous
mineral
matters
matters
; and
the
in the
proportionof
roots
than
soluble
in the
is
more
pulp.
H
siderable
con-
100
On
In
short,all
the
than
fibre,are
than
with
the
which
the
the
in
is
if
the
than
of
Composition
Two
hands
of
as
pulp
state
the
two
would
I
of water.
amount
be
have,
mangold-roots
the
in
subjoined Table the

represent the composition
placed
state, and
with
those which
of dried
the
strikinglythe changes
as
composition
in
in its natural
pulp
distiller's
same
itself.
root
water
the
out
the
in
in the
more
of
bring
the
contained
both
of
cent,
comparison
not
Propertiesof
mangolds, more
cially
espesparingly present in the pulp
matters, especiallycrude
woody
pulp
per
experience
specimens
two
in the
does
root
therefore,calculated
in a perfectlydry
results
side by side
of the
the insoluble
the
root,
fresh
more
nearly 3J
mangolds
case
much
are
abundant
there
constituents
soluble
; and
root
more
Since
the
sugar,
in the
Nutritive
Compositionand
the
pulp.
Specimensof Mangold-vmrzel and Ptdp,

dried
212^
at
Maogolds,
F.
Orange
Globe.
l^lIp.
1.
and
Sugar, giira,
compounds
Soluble
soluble
pectin)
mineral
10*79
matter
..
"Soluble
albuminous
and
fibre
insoluble
tipous compounds
mineral
Insoluble
..
compounds
compounds
flnsolublealbuminous
Cellular
ro.og
7*62
1*14
pec-1
J
(crudefibre)
oQ.r-j
*^
*90
matters
..
100-00
100-00
Total
Equal
*
to
..
....
nitrogen
protein compounds
There
is
scarcely any
100-00
100-00
1*22
1*23
1*07
1*26
-18
'14
1*32
1*36
1*40
1*37
2*39
2*62
8*7u
8*57
14*92
16*37
sugar
included
in these
nombers.
The
preceding figuressuggest the following observations :

the
1. In
of dryness mangold-wurzel
state
same
contains
times
much
and
soluble pectinous compounds
as
2J
sugar,
gum,
"
the
as
pulp.
The
proportion of these
212" Fahr., and
at
soluble
in the
organic matters
two
analysed by me, is 62*12 per
the
dried
In
'jent.
pulp the average of the two samples is only
is thus
There
^4*4.
difference
of 37*9, or
in
a
38
cent,
per
ound
numbers, in favour of the mangolds.
the other
2. On
hand, in the same
state of dryness, the pulp
the quantity of albuminous
contains
nearly double
compounds
average
roots, dried
^hat
is found
in the root.
The
1
"nr"
proportionof albuminous
average
mgolds is 8*66 ; in the pulp it is 15*64
r"f 7
r^^
r*ont
^n round
numbers,
compounds
"
thus
in favour
in the
leaving a
pulp.
dry
differ-
of the
Mangold-Pulp {the Refuse of Beet-root Distilleries).101

3.
Mangolds
with
Fahr.
; the
of pulp, 49*09.
of crude
cent
per
which
will
the
no
me
value
the
than
fibre
We
pulp,
they
of
the
of
the
and
pulp
less
are
30
differences
Minor
of the
composition
consideration
in the
difference
pulp.
for
dried
mangolds
determinations
thus
have
of the
the
in
immaterial
in the two
fibre
of
mean
left unnoticed,
be
of the
careful
in
observed
crude,
fibre
in favour
fibre
be
itself may
root
themselves
and
feeding
crude
is 18'92
specimens
less
of water.
of
amount
average
212"
two
much
equal proportion
an
The
at
contain
striking in
comparative
substances.
two
consideration
of
just pointed
differences
the
and
roots
composition
pulp
:
great difficulty
1. That, weight for weight, pulp similar
to
cannot
feeding value
possiblyhave the same
of
will
enable
with
decide
to
us
in
out
"
that
analysed by
good mangold-
as
wurzels.
2. That
pulp, however, is
high feeding properties.
To
such
that the pulp examined

by
prove
value
the
I
need
to
good mangolds,
found
were
the
pulp.
mangolds
to
contain
In
materials
The
contains
pulp
by
of
is 12*05.
me
lbs. of
as
substance
dry
only
cent
so
not
state
which
tive
nutri-
the
latter
mat
much
water
is
sufficient
nutritious
matter
ton
of
than
matter
to
settle the
of
ton
as
in
the
in
exists
as
two
golds.
mangolds
man-
therefore
mangolds
On
numbers.
in round
sesses
pos-
equal in
dry
more
dry
is
me
alone
is
percentage
average
270
of
ton
examined
nearly 3^*per
containing
difference
this
pulp,
or
question,whether
material
refuse
in
the
the
two
water
hand,
mean
in
of
is
which
leaves
solid
of
8*69
matter
91*31,
specimens
pulp
100 parts of pulp. A ton of pulp accordingly contains
194^ lbs.
thus 76 J lbs.
of solid matter.
there
In 1 ton of mangolds
were
of
solid
than
one-third
more
more
feedingfeeding-matter,or more
in
of
therefore
than
1
Unless
the
ton
dry matters
pulp.
matter,
the
which
greatly superior in feeding propulp are
compose
perties,
have
the pulp
decided
a
mangolds must
advantage over
I analysed.
which
the
other
It is
not
difficult
just pointed
sugar,
than
out
and
gum,
dry
of
root
we
to
that
soluble
have
the
prove
that
this is
not
the
38
cent,
per
latter indeed
more
of
I have
case.
contain
2^ times
mangolds
In
pectinous compounds.
pulp. The
whether
question much
in the
the
pulp have
in the
determinations
these
as
much
the
fectly
persubstances
hardly contains any sugar ;

I
stances
and
the soluble
non-nitrogenised subsame
practical feeding value as
in the
the
other
and
soluble
non-nitrogenised substances
sugar
itself.
root
However, leaving the questionas to the comparative
value
of the soluble
of the pulp and of
non-nitrogenised matters
102
On
CovnposUionand
the
Nutritive
Properties of
38 per cent, of fat"

all events
have
at
mangolds undecided, we
in Havomr
of the
tening and
readily-digestiblematerials
very
be placed the 7 per cent, albuminous
But againstthis must
roots.
the pulp
the
of crude
and
30 per cent,
fibre,which
compounds^
contains
to
appear
than
more
resolve itself
comparing
have
that
assumed
question,therefore, would
The
roots.
simply
this
to
Is 7 percent
of albuminous
of crude
as
pulp-fibre,as valuable
per cent,
But it is not reallyquite so simple ; for,in
?
of sugar
the
crude
cent
per
30
and
C(Hnpounds,
38
the
fibre of
both
the
have
root
the
wi"that
of the
pulp,
which
feeding value;
same
we
in the
reality. Of the crude fibre contained
fibre
than
is
mangold, a
portion
woody indigestible
in that
of the
insoluble
pounds^
pulp ; for it includes
pectinous* comof sulphuric acid, employed in
the acticm
which, under
into sugar,
and
thus
beet-root
distilleries,
are
readily transformed
soluble
inrendered
fibre
after
the
The
of
soluble.
the pulp,
deducting
attached
albuminous
which
remain
to
it,
compounds
almost
consists
Weight for weight,
entirely of woody fibre.
than the
valuable
therefore,the crude fibre of mangolds is more
fibre of
crude
of
the
the
But
fibre
crude
even
pulp.
supposing
the pulp to be equally nutritious
fibre of the root,
with
the crude
is not
the
in
case
much
the
not
am
nitrogenous
latter
cent,
fibre
less convinced
matters
will go farther
of albuminous
found
already seen
than
in the
meet
It is for the^
pulp.
that
former
; and
mangold
quantityof
the
38 per
of soluble
cent
for this reason,
flesh-forming
that
I consider
because
"
in its natural
requirementsof
reasons
We
this
or
mangolds
less
their
root-crops ; and
swedes
or
have
stances
sub-
nutritious
more
shall
our
per
of
system.
actual
in
important constituent
judge of the qualityof
the
more
albuminous
animal
the
we
contains
state
far these
how
presently see
I
however
out
are
by
experience.
may
combat
in this place the opinion, which
to
appears
generally entertained
by French
writers, that little
value is to be ascribed
and
to sugar,
that,chiefly"m
the
be
considered
nutritious
be
to
pulp may
as
of
In
the
is by
roots.
wei^t
opinion
my
sugar
borne
'
n(m*
in
(consistingchieflyof sugar) contained
in producing butcher's-meat
than the 7
compounds, together with 30 per cent
that the
sufficient
to
than
nnaller
those
mangolds
speculations
be
permitted
be
to
pretty
feeding
no
or
this account^
as
far
an
the
farmers
by
the
equal
most
who
more
be satisfied that
they possess,
may
'ustinctively
they rely on a trustworthy test
I shall now
describe
the experiments which
I instituted with a
of testingpraeticalli/
the relative feeding value
of mangold
-aCw
jâd of pulp^ the latter being the refuse
in which
of a distillery
lay'ssystem was
adopted,
kte"
divided
Before the
into twa
ight Cotf wold sheep were
"r
sweet
taste
which
ManffaU'Pulp {theRefuse of
Beet-root
JDutiUeriee). 108
experiment began, one lot was

kept for 10 dajs upon
mangoldthe
second
lot was
wurzel, clover-hay,and a little linseed-cake
;
fed for the same
period upon
mangold-palp^ cloyer-haj,and a
little linseed-cake.
This
the
to
preliminary trial
their
sheep gpradually
accurately weighed.
weighed"
After
diet.
The
sheep
days
I., fed
^leepNal
124
.rf.a
ff
mm
..
""
"m
""
146
137
"
"
in Lot
weight
II.,fed
No.
558
"
mangolds, weighed
upon
153
134
170
136
"
"
"
"
"
Total
weight
experiment began
of May, when
oh
distilleryhaving stopped
its
on
the
The
10th
first
lot received
and
the
as
pulp
lot received
the
clover-hay
sliced
mixing
limited
At
linseed-cake
The
"
March,
could
day
1 lb. of
cake,
1 lb. of
and
felt inclined
as
of
were
fed
the
to
hay
got
sliced
three
pulp
with
^Lot. I. mixed
fed
were
with
pulp,
at
second
and
clover-
mangolds as
a
day.
sKced
the
times
with
mixed
pulp.
with
At
2 lbs. of
lbs. of
1
Lot
5 o'clock
up
sliced
sheep,
per
eat
lbs. of
The
II. got sliced

mangolds and
lot received
each
12
o'clock
sheep
clover-chaff
obtained, the
of linseed-cake
much
lots
terminated
and
be
linseed-cake,4
again
I. with 2 lbs. of clover-hay mixed
with
2 lbs. of clover-hay mixed
roots.
; Lot
11. with
chaff.
of
pulp
operations.
Lot
morning
22nd
allowance
Both
consume.
in
"
more
sheep
same
per day
the
with
as
first,
clover-hay chaff; Lot

crushed
no
the
hay chaff
sheep could
7 o'clock
as
693
the
per
lb. of
clover-hay chaff, or
much
"
lbs.
"
The
pulp,
Total
Sheep
were
lbs.
"
sheep
sheep
with
JLOX
"
Tlie
accustom
to
the
Lot
in
made
was
ten
lb. of
II. with
in the
pulp
ing
even-
; Lot
In
mangolds.
and
roots,
cake, a
were
used, in order to insure
quantity
pulp
the entire consumption of the hay and
cake ; caare, however, was
taken
to keep the
feeding-troughs constantly suppUed with pulp
and
selves
sliced roots
respectively,so that the sheep could help themmuch
at all times
to as
pulp and roots as they liked. The
of course
given to the sheep were
palp and mangold which were
weighed.
The
consumed
during the
following quantitiesof food were
whole
experimental period of 7 weeks :
Lot I., 4 sheep fed upon
196 lbs. of clover-lu^
pulp,consumed
c^
and
roots
"
104
chdfi^49
Propertiesof Mangold-Pulp,
Nutritive
Compositionand
lbs. of linseed-cake, 34
cwts.
2 qrs. 21 lbs. of
mangold-
pulp.
II., 4 sheep
clover-hay chafF, 49
fed
Lot
of
upon
lbs. of
mangolds, consumed
linseed-cake, 33 cwts.
196
1
lbs. of
qr. 19
lbs.
mangolds.
It will
1 cwt.
30
that the
observed
be
lbs.
than
pulp
more
in the
sheep
the
quantityof
first lot consumed

roots
Each
eaten
by
the
the
12th
weighed on
sheep was
sheep in the
and
of
The
26th
10th.
May
weight of each
April,
April,
sheep at these periods, and their final increase,is given in the
subjoined Table:
lot.
second
of
"
Table
and
showing the Weight of each Sheepin lbs, at beginningof Experiment

times of Experimentalperiod,and Final Increase,
at different
Lot.
"
Lot
It appears
30^ lbs. more
Four
I.
thus
II.
Sheep fed
Four
"
upon
Sheep fed
Mangoid-^tdp.
upon
Mangolds.
mangold gained
sheep fed upon
fed
4
weight
pulp, although
sheep
upon
the
latter consumed
of pulp.
One
of the
1 cwt
30 lbs. more
"heep in the first lot, it will be noticed, lost 3 lbs. in weight
is due
the
%is
affected with
to
scouring
sheep having been
liter
it had
that
in
been
the
than
fed
for
some
the
time
pulp.
upon
this disorder.
The
pulp, which
It ought thereproduce
given with a good deal of dry food.
These
experiments, though deficient in some
respects, I think
I have
"till confirm
the
theoretical opinion to which
sufficiently
^-"n
of mangold-wurzel.
ed
he
apnlvsis of the pulp and
^\
acid, is
very
'ore always to be
LS
apt
to
106
On
impressions^though natural, are
These
It will
be
the
of
one
experiments
many
sions
Propertiesof Sails.
C/iemical
the
the
founded
not
obfects of this communication

fallacyupon which these' erroneous
fact.
on
show
by
impress
to
based.
are
If soluble
matters
fertilizing"
into
contact
brought
completelyinsoluble
rendered
were
indeed
be
soil, it would
of soluble
the use
difficult to understand
manuring matters, or to
of cultivation,
doubt
the policy of resortingto mechanical
means
effect
which
have
ing
of renderthe
such
as
subsoiling,stirring,"c.,
when
mineral
soluble
But
state.
does
much
are
it has
effective than
indeed
granted
with
stated
the
Many
that
than
teach
us
insoluble
an
that such
in
materials
same
fertilisers
insoluble
aa
that
high authority,
insoluble
of
simple
being
people,on
with
c(Hitact
quite insoluUe
told
that
plants
soil,
the
from
It is here
sokition.
become
matters
in
since soluble
their food
taking up
of
power
that soluble
soil.
by
rendered
are
form
other
some
for
the
the soil in
condition
been
fertilizingmatters
have
plants must
in
daily experience
not
more
the
contained
matters
partiallysoluble
or
with
soil
taken
in contact
do
not
take
the soil in the state

from
of simple solution,assume
up their food
that they take it up in a solid form.
intention
It is n"H
to expound in this place Baron
LieWg's
my
views
the
assimilation
of the
by plants from the

soiL The changes which
witk
matters
fertilizing
undergo in contact
soil are, as we
and
little understood, and the
so
know, so numerous
combinations
in
which
food
is taken
mineral
precise
up by plants
that
it
be
little
would
hazardous
to propound
so
known,
extremely
o" mineral
in detail a new
theory respecting the assimilation
food
Liebig, therefore,wisely refrained from
by plants. Baron
on
eipressing his
which
mamier
contented
perly
respecting
the
views
this
on
food
derived
subject in
generally distinguishes his

himself
with
absorption of
indicating
mineral
that
clear
and
writings,and
that
matters
our
precise
very
present
by plants
are
pro^
views
not
quite correct.
Professor
researches
Way's and my own
certainlyhave shown
that manuring
in contact
with
soil undergo remarkable
matters
that
changes, and fullyjustifythe statement
plants do not take
food
add
in the simple state
of solution in which
we
up mineral
of
soil
in
in
the
the
but
t to
shape
totallydifferent
manure,
"
WAtes
of combination.
of retaining srinble
Again, if sandy soils had not the power
be difficult to comprehend how, not^'RTtilizing
matters, it would
the
or' longof
occurrence
rithslanding
heavy thunderstorms
even
f^ntinuing rains, the effects of superphosphate or gnanov.or
in
the
increased
are
seen
*"lphi^ of amiBoma,
clearly
prodnee
"a^êd
or
3uch
^^^^^
bv
*ê
aid of these
Oh
The
is
quantitj of
water
sufficient
amjdj
FrvferHes of SoOs.
nmiung
completely
to
throi:^
the
dissolve
the
there"E^ quite a"reet
If it were,
matters.
in
tke Chemical
the
soil
107
sock
times,
manuring^
at
soluUe
that
soils
sandy
had
of
d^p^ê
absorbing soluble manuring
power
be
removed
would
matters,
they
by the rain into the subsoil,
could
neighbouring^ diteh, "" drain, and
scarcely produce any
efiect upon
vegetation*
kinds of manure
Experience teaches us that the same
produce
not
very
any
different
practicalresults
that
composition
mitted
the
that this cirettmstance^
and
variations
the
in the
upon
different
of di"rent
no
soilsw
It
ttoila varies
doubt,
accounts
to
be
nuist
ccmaideraMy,
for
extent
some
practicalresults.
There
apparently similar soils^that

are, however, many
soils in which
the analysis shows
like quantitiesof the
say,
adr
is
to
same
cimstituentSysuch as potash, soda, lime, magnesia, phosphoric^

silicdc acid, and
all the elements
sulphuric and
present in the
in
of
ashes
the
kind
o"
which,
same
notwithstanding,
pladnts^
This
to
manure
produces a different practicalresult.
appears
that
the analysis of soils^
to indicate
me
as
usually performed bydoes
afford
in
all
sufficient
not
chemists,
a
cases
g^de to estimate
their agriculturalcapabilities,
the kind of manore
to point out
nor
is particularlywell adapted tot the special
which
which
we
crop
detailed
wish to raise.
"ven
a
smalysis of a soil gives only the
of
the
but genemlly without
difierent
soil-constituents^
proportions
the states oi combinatiott
in which
reference
to
they exist in the
soil ; and is altogether silent on the property possessed by all soilsy
in a higher or
lower
degree, of' e^cting stnking and important
in
the
the
which
axe
changes
manurii^ matters
placed upon
land.
That
by
this prc^rty
and
me
likewise
been
the
others
belongs
who
shown
to
have
that
aome
of
ing
composition
manures
It is,therefore,rea^nable
to
every
soil has been
investigated this
soils
much
possess
the
recent^
aia\^cL
power
of
shown
It has
modify*
than
others^
thoroughly
the agriculturalcapalulities
comiect
of smls
their
with
in a great measure
of retaining certain
power
with
matters
fertilizing
avidity,and (d modifying others iua most
interestingand unexpected manner.
It is hardly
dwell
the
to
importance of an
upon
necessary
accurate
knowledge of the inherent
capacity of soils to work up,
combinations
into new
to speak, the crude
so
matters
fertilizing
;
allow the free percolation of other
be
îtmay
less needful
to
substances, and to provide for a constant
supply of food which
is neither
insoluble
soluble
to
so
so
as
injure the produce, nor
more
"
"
as
to
The
remain
inactive.
investigationof the exact

themselves
properties manifest
circumstances
demands
our
under
serious
which
and
these
imme*
108
On
diate
attention.
field
of research, and
We
until
this
subject
truly scientific
Useful
clear
from
heart
hope
It must,
nature
material
all
progress^
manures
investigated in
extent
some
of
economy
fertile
and
direct
application.
assuredly follow fix"m the sure

as
recognition of scientific principles,
as
love
deeply
blishment
esta-
good
in
engraven
man.
increase
the
and
the
be
primary objectof
knowledge
our
materials
which
upon
theory in
to
the
wide
any
independently of
therefore, ever
to
furnish
soils and
of
Soils.
of
make
to
principleof Christian
the
of
threshold
the
been
manner,
and
to
has
Propertiesof
on
cannot
applicationswill
works
of
stand
practical cultivation
in the
the
Chemical
the
which
from
rational
theories
of
scientific
principlescan
be
can
built
student
every
facts,and
be
thus
deduced,
Perhaps
no
if it
absolutely true ; nevertheless
of every
fulfil the chief purpose
good theory, that is,the arrangement
of existing scientific facts in a comprehensive form, and
their preservation as
inheritance
to
common
mankind, and so
a
of our
leads to an
extension
knowledge of material things, no
erroneous
theory, however
subsequent researches
may
prove it to
be,
be
can
No
physical science
called
is
vain.
the curious and

carefullyexamined
mysterious
will hastily
properties of soils in relation to manuring matters
nutrition
the
of
our
propound a new
theory on
plants whilst
of
observation
and
facts
chemical
fis as limited,
our
as
range
the
is
Such
as
now
imperfectlyascertained,
case.
presumption
the author.
would, in the end, only bring discredit upon
The
facts and
which
the proofs upon
description of chemical
is
hard
and
uninitiated.
they rest
necessarilya
dry subject to the
one
who
has
It is nevertheless
like
that
accounts
of
in a Journal
to
great consequence
preserve
Agricultural Society faithful
great national
of
our
of
in
ever
agriculturalchemistry, howto the practical
they may
appear
original researches
uninteresting and abstruse
man.
The
deals
present commimication
facts,
chieflywith chemical
but nevertheless
remote
having a more
important bearing upon
I
it
the first instalwish
ment
to be regarded as
practicalagriculture.
of a series of similar
which
will
researches,
probably occupy
for the rest
of
I
however
be permitted to
me
life,
long
my
may
retain
energies and zeal for the promotion of ag^cultural
my
progress.
First
Series
of
Experiments
Caustic
The
object
was
which
I had
in
simply
view
to
given quantity of
on
Absorption
the
Ammonia.
in
"
institutingthis
ascertain
different
the
soils
of
first series of
quantity of
of
known
periments
ex-
ammonia
composition
On
from
removed
with
the
of
was
23*24
in
The
from
solution
soils
:
the
compare
similar
in
used
strength
caustic
of
as
(N U3) in
1000
grains of liquid.
employed in these and
prepared
with
those
other
on
tained
ob-
soils.
subsequent experiments
before
that
109
ammonia
results
experiments
the
of ammonia
the
used,
*332
gallon, or
all
contained
and
grains
of
following experiments
"
1.
2.
calcareous
clay.
fertile loam, containing
proportion with the clay
3. The
4.
5.
soils
preferredto
were
on
in
equal
it rests.
which
of
others
for
experimental purposes
chemical
widely differingphysical and

afford
of
good examples fof some
They
and
important
First
of British
varieties
Experiment, on
in
used
soil
parts:
little lime, mixed
of their
account
The
subsoil
and
surface
subsoil
a
taining
heavy clay field, conscarcely any sand.
A
sterile
organic matter,
sandy soil, containing much
lime.
and
scarcely any
Pasture
dance
land, being a vegetable mould
containing abunand
fair proportion of sand
of organic matter
a
and
clay.
These
on
observers
same
grains
ammonia
were
to
ammonia
Propertiesof Soils,
solution
water, and
other
by
The
Chemical
weak
distilled
the
the
first
the
perties.
proquent
fre-
more
soils.
Calcareous
Clay.
experiment contained,
in
100
"
1*51
Moistnre
..
Organic
Oxides
and
matter
of iron and
Carbonate
11*08
of combination
water
14*25
alumina
10*82
of lime
'71
of lime
Sulphate
Magnesia
Potash
(in acid solution)
Soda (in acid solution)
Phosphoric acid
Insoluble
silicates and
sand
*51
*32
*05
"10
(chieflyclay)
60*65
100*00
Submitted
to
mechanical
analysis it yielded :
1*51
Moisture
Organic
"
matter
Carbonate
and
water
of combination
11*08
10*82
of lime
52*06
Clay
^d
24*53
100*00
3000
grains
of
this soil
were
shaken
up
in
glass-stoppered
110
irlth
bottle
14,000
coarse
then
After
subside.
left to
ammonia
of
grains
the
in
for three
standing
drawn
slightlytinged with yellow.

2000
grains of this clear liquidwere
It
solution
standard
neutralise
solution
retained
ammonia
the
of
acid
test
before
in
required
was
with
contact
soil could
the
limiid
soil nad
carefullyneutralised
of known
strength.
then
sulphuric acid
much
ammonia
the
of
amount
how
known
being
of
In the
liquidcould
liquid was
the
and
the
to
the
days
bottom,
greater part of the
This
off in a perfectlyclear
condition.
all settled
with
solution, containing
imperial gcdlon.
repeatedlyshaken, and die
grains of eaostic ammonia

of the dajthe bottle was
23*24
be
Properties of Soils.
tlie Chemical
On
to
soil,the
culated
readily cal-
be
:"
Ammonia.
Grains.
BeSbie
with
ôodtact
soil the
the
solution
contained
in
grains
1000
'332
Aft"r contact
*135
^
Difference
""
14,000 graiMs
from
grains
thus
were
removed
solution, consequently 2*758
of
grains
removed
In
ammonia
grains of
*197
of
".
...
each
from
grains
solution
*197
""
and
of
1000
ammonia
retained
were
3000
in
of soil.
experiment accordingly
this
'9193
grains
1000
ammonia.
of
preciselythe
of
grains
repetitionof
results.
The
soil
the
sorbed
ab-
same
clear
same
experiment gave
liquid
the
it
off
soil
occurred
to
being slightly yellow,
me
poured
the
that
(humus acids) in the soil possibly
organic matter
might have neutralised a small portion o^ the free ammonia
ammoniacal
of the
liquid employed in the experiment. As
test-acid
the
neutralised
order
liquidwith
with
that
the
in
collected
be
organic
by the latter
the
soil,the
previously
pioportion of
be
stated
rather too
high.
may
I
distilled
of Ae
some
yellowsupposition,
potash, in
caustic
all chance
distillate
was
measured
of ammonia
amount
when
ammonia
any
of
acids
verify this
constructed
over
the
by
to
coloured
so
indicate
retained
ammonia
In
cannot
of
an
of
traces
apparatus
potash being
entirelyavoided.
quantity of
distilled
acid
over,
of
which
The
known
was
carried
distillate
strength,
was
and
carefullydetermined.
1000
"Proceeding in this manner,
grains of liquid,after contact
Before
*143 of ammonia.
with soil
contact
'ûh
soil,contained
*332
i"moved
contained
t
grains. Consequently '189 were
of
from
1000
2*646
removed
grains
were
rom
liquid,or
every
whole
he
quantityof liquid employed
etained by 3000
*882
-*f
grains
%f^
of
f^nftmnnin,
in
the
experiment, and
soil,or 1000 grains of soil absorbed

the amount
taking into account
neutralised
by ihe organic acids of the soil,
grains
ammonia.
of
Not
1000
of
grains
Oa
the Cbemieal
of the
latter,as
The
amnKmia.
grains
is '0373
neutralised
the
difiGênce
delicacy of the
Second
Equal parts of
is
soil
surface
less sand
method
employed
friable
sandy loam
clay.
more
subsoil
subsoil
; the
con-
good proof
togedier. The
is stifier^
taining
con-
its subsoil
gave
Sorfaoe'ôlL
jSubaoIl.
7616
65-16
18-09
41-79
Sand
of
experiments.
mixed
were
grains
SoU,
Loamy
"f^.
*882
it neverthdess
affords
these
this soil and
analysisof
1000
in
but
Fertile
gsains
and
quantity of ammonia
time
same
and
and
the
small,
Experiment^ on
mechanical
The
is very
the
at
*9193
graias
contained
matters
surface
*9193
between
Ill
SoUs.
absorbed
seen,
represents
organic
and
supposition,
my
of the
difiference
the
This
soil.
firms
have
we
grains,and
by
Propertiesof
"
".
Clay
Lime, magneda,
Organic
"c
matter
1*37
^7
4-38
2*59
100-00
10000
Submitted
were
found
contain
to
the
analysis,
chemical
detailed
to
100
in
parts :
"
aaiMoa
SnrfKO-soa
Organic
and
matter
water
of oombinatioci
4*88
2*59
2*15
6-89
3-15
7-16
".
Alumina
Oxide
of iron
lime
-77
-26
Magneria
-13
1*22
PotMh
'49
-88
Soda
-13
-28
-12
-19
trace.
iiaoe.
Phosphoric acid
Chlorine
Snlphoric acid
..
silicate and
Insoluble
Consistingof
'06
-02
'31
1*79
OaAonicacid
80^
88*31
sand
..
..
"
Silicic add
Alumina
85*11
^2^
286
14K
*85
Lime
"
""
""
""
""
""
Magnesia
'50
'23
Potash
-25
1-77
*09
Soda
"-
""
*"
""
""
-"
"
grains
Containing nitrogen
Equal to ammonia
this
grains of
3500
which
subsoil
lOO'OO
nsa
-09
'220
'11
mixed
were
with
14,000
ings
solution, and, after repeatedshakthree
to settle for
days,
well-stopperedbottle, allowed
of the
in
soil and
*xl
""
100"X)
by
subsoil
soil and
above
time
the
ammonia
liquid became
perfectlyclear.
4
The
greater
On
112
portionof
the clear
contained
in
the
Chemical
the
Soils.
Propertiesof
solution
then
was
it determined
in
the
off,and
drawn
the
precisely
ammonia
manner
same
as
in
preceding experiment.
Ammonia.
Oralns.
Before
1000
After
soil
with
contact
the
contained
solution
in
-332
grains
*115
contact
Difference
Thus
that
'217
in
see
the
grains, in
liquid after
1000
grains of
or
grains
soil
2*814
liquid,
1000
liquid. Accordingly
with
contact
of
1000
liquid,and
of
of
amount
grains
be
to
the
from
monia
am*
131
whole
"804
absorbed
tained
re-
therefore
soil
found
was
soil
each
from
217
removed
grains were
grains of liquid,or 3*038 grains from the whole
grains of soil. 1000
by 3500
grains
the
absorbed
distillation
*868 of ammonia.
By
we
grains
of ammonia.
Third
The
mechanical
the
furnished
Experiment,on StiffClay
chemical
and
following
analysisof
results
Land.
the soil and
"
Mechanical
Analysis.
Subsoil.
Moisture
Sarfiioe
9*46
Organic
and
matter
of combination
water
its subsoil
4*80
4*87
.
soil.
3-91
Sand
9-26
10*97
Lime
1-12
2-19
75-29
78-13
100-00
100-00
Clay.
Chemical
Analysis.
SnbeoIL
Moisture
Organic
and
matter
of combination
water
of iron
Oxides
Phosphoric
and
acid
Sulphate
Magnesia
of lime
Alkalies
and
4.87
4'80
17*38
7*85
-06
"04
1-02
2*08
-13
'15
-92)
.ô
Insoluble
loss
"45)
siliceous matter
(chieflyclay)
65*71
80*85
..
100*00
Equal parts
of soil and
of the mixture
âins
and
"olnfifii^
loll.
391
alumina
of lime
Carbonate
Snxfaoe
9*46
treated
subsoil
shaken
as
before
up
were
with
100-00
together,and 3500
14,000 grains of ammonia
mentioned
mixed
"
Ammonia.
Oralns.
jefore
1000
After
contact
grains
'contact
with
soil
the
solution
contained
in
-332
'143
"189
114
On
of the
ammonia
in the
soil.
The
amount
in
Propertiesof
neutralised
become
the
coloured
with
first distilled
the
and
the
in the
with
contact
made
be
if
brown-coloured
alkalimetrical
ammonia
the
liquid
Whenever
process.
determined
be
ammonia
same
after
will
which
matters
yellow or brown, it should be

potash, in a properly-constructed apparatus,
caustic
free
organic
the
by
by
distinctlycoloured
is
solution
Thus
the
manner
Soils.
solution
ammonia
greater will be the error

of ammonia
is determined
direct
the
has
deeper
soil, the
Chemical
the
solution
in
which
distillate.
the
yielded
to
1000
isation,
sandy soil,according to the direct process of neutralin one
1*076 grains of ammonia
1*136
experiment, and
ammonia
of
second
adfter
distillation
in
with
a
experiment,
grains
found
in
caustic
contain
1000
to
grains of liquid
potash was
*119
before
grains of ammonia
; consequently, subtracting as
removed
from
'332 grains, '213 grains are
"119 from
1000
every
from
the
of
whole
2*982
solution.
grains
liquid,or
grains
grains of
this
AnunoQla.
Grains.
In
second
1000
distillation
grains of liquidwere
Before
with
contact
"
found
to contain
soil the solution
'Ill
contained
*332
..
..
"221
Therefore
1000
'221
grains
of
of
grains
liquid,or
ammonia
3*094
removed
were
grains
from
from
whole
the
every
quantity.
AmmonUL
According to the first distillation :

grains of soil absorbed
According to the second distillation
1000
"
1000
The
The
-352
:
"
'884
mean
of the two
direct detenninations
mean
of ttietwo
determinations
is
1*101
..
by
..
distillation
is
*868
Difference
An
amounting
absorbed
by the
error,
had
liquid with
the
to
one
quarter
soil,would
determination
caustic
'233
not
mechanical
analysis of
Moisture
Organic
Lime
the
whole
therefore
been
made
of
have
after
the
been
monia
am-
mitted
com-
the
distilling
potash.
Fifth Experiment, on
'^he
of
Pasture
this soil
Land,
yielded
the
following
2*42
matter
11*70
1*64
Clay
48*39
Sand
85*96
100*00
re-
the Chemical
On
Submitted
chemical
to
of Soils.
Properties
analysisit yielded :
"
Moisture
2*420
Organic
Oxides
ll'TOO
matter
of iron
Carbonate
alumina
and
11*860
of lime
1*240
.*
..
of lime
Sulphate
Phosphoric add
Chloride
Potash
-306
'080
of sodium
(solublein
Soluble
*112
acid)
4090
..
..
Insoluble
'910
"
silica
siliceous matters
67*530
100-248
grains of this
14,000 grains of
3500
-with
in every
"lucted
experiments
soil
shaken
were
ammonia
respect
same
maimer
stoppered be
solution,and
the
in
in
up
the
operation
in the
as
:"
Before
preci
AmmoniiL
Qntra.
with
contact
soil
1000
of
grains
solution
contained
After
"
*332
ccntact
soil 1000
with
grainscontained
".
-071
..
"261
'261
grains apparently were

Thus,
of
grains
liquid,or 3*654 gprainsfrom the whole
côrdingly1000 grains of soil would have absorbed
But in realitythe amount
of ammonia
ammonia.
this soil is not so large.
A glance at the foregoing composition of the
This
it is rich in vegetable matter.
fullyaccounts
which
colour
brown
with
removed
the
determining the
by distillation :
obtained
thus
ammonia.
with
contact
soil 1000
every
solution,
1*044
gra
absorb
soil shows
for the
assumed
after
"
coi
distil
to
ncHêssary
The
following n
"
Before
After
solution
It became
land.
pasture
liquidbefore
was
ammonia
the
from
Ammonia.
Ontns.
grainsof liquidcontained
contact
"
"
-332
*188
"
'144
Therefore
1000
'144
grains
grains, or
the
by
grains
of
from
the
grains of
soil
2 '01 6
1000
soil.
ammonia
removed
were
"whole
from
solution,
accordingly
and
absorbed
only
of ammonia.
preceding experiments the following quantitiesof

thus absorbed
were
by 1000 gprainsof
In the
monia
takei
"
AmmonUL
Grains.
1. Calcareous
2. Fertile
3.
Heavy
4. Sterile
5.
Pasture
soil
loamy
soil and
-882
clay subsoil
-804
..
clay soil
'754
sandy
"868
land
soil
'576
I
116
Oa
is
It
of
worthy
ammonia
much
as
tlie C/iemical
that
notice
ammonia
is
soil absorbed
sandy
clay,and
rather
even
as
than
more
of
proving that the property

it
that
to clay soils,but
confined
not
sterile
the
the calcareous
heavy clay soil,thus
the
Soils.
Propertiesof
absorbing
by
is shared
soils.
light sandy
that sandy soils do not possess

generally assumed
ammonia
the preceding experiof retaining any
the power
ments
; but
this
is
that
founded
show
not
unmistakably
on
opinion
matters'were
If soluble
indeed
fact
washed
manuring
very readily
it
is
certain
of
of
nitrate
out
soils,
top-dressing with
sandy
soluble
in nine
and
other
soda, or sulphate of ammonia
manures,
would
little
of
them
effect upon
out
no
or
cases
produce
ten,
;
for these top-dressings
of
the
at
a
are
usually applied
period
year
and
when
is
afforded
rain falls in abundance,
facility
every
It has
for
been
too
of
removal
the
teaches
ever,
possess
ascribed
power
it is
Although
useful
could
by
doubt
no
the
Experience, howr
able
particularlyvalu-
matters.
top-dressings
such
soils,which
sandy
on
that
us
soluble
th^se
be
not
many
case
are
the
if these
case
solely to
persons
diat heavy rains
did
clay
wash
not
soils.
into
the
in
a
clay soils possess
substances
than
retaining fertilizing
higher degree
power
need
nevertheless
the
soils,
we
sandy
not, on
approach of a
heavy thunderstorm, be apprehensive that all the sulphate of
ammonia
which
been
have
or
applied to some
light
guano
may
land
few
will
washed
be
sandy
only a
days ago,
entirely
away.
that the soil taken
be noticed
from
the pasture,
Again it may
which
abounds
in vegetable matter, absorbed
least ammonia.
the
difference
The
of this
question naturally arisesÎs the cause
due
the
of
other
to
organic matter, or to any
liarity
pecupresence
drains
manuring
in
at
soil?
but
think
quantity of organic
retention
needed
I
of
direct
may
pasture
these
I
it
or
attention
land'
iij"
.11
^^^c
"ould
TT"*"*if
v^
rinrii,
"
refute
the
to
that
soil
this
this
answer
presence
be unfavourable
may
extended
and
supposition.
well-known
question
of
the
large
the
to
experiments
In the
fact, that
are
time
mean
old
certain
on
produce little effect,whereas

in a rethe
markable
produce of grass
old
soil
of
from
taken
specimens
manures
In
which
)astures, upon
I find a
effect,
....
in
to
generally increase
manner.
liJs
possible
Future
ammoniacal
manures
hP*
unable
am
acids
ammonia.
confirm
to
that
of
this
present,
and
matters,
the
all
ammoniacal
have
manures
little
or
no
of organic matter.
It is justpossible
large excess
of
retention
of organic matter
the
excess
prevents
by the soil ; but I have no opinion at present as to the
in which
ode
also notice
the
vas
^
mf
f'^
this
is effected,
speciallythat
same-
heavy
"Tpe^""enta^
the soil
day
in the
employed
soil
which
pT^'Txwf**g, and
Mr.
with
third
Mechi
rr*"pect
to
On
which.
vol.
have
of this
XX.
published
some
Journal.
For
in
which,
manure,
"168
the
soil
the
would
grains
large quantity
were
remained
in
used
great number
have
clay
his
in
absorbed
the
been
the
expected
that
this small
of soil.
Mechi's
soil
of
absorbed
thus
the
1*81
only
by 20,000 grains of soil,and

with
three days' contact
grains
of
rate
Notwithstanding
only
small
grains of
1*55 grains
In this
it
liquid after
experiment 1000
grain of ammonia.
quantity
the
at
soil, and
liquid manure,
tilizing
ferin
ammonia
being only
grains
Mr.
in
of
I.,
liquid
chemical
of
absorbed
then
1000
to
of
ammonia
ammonia
latter
absorption even
of ammonia
quantity of
in
experiments
experiments I
only 3*36 grains

might certainly have
It
imperial gallon.
20,000 grains of
ammonia,
to
Part
filtration
the
addition
117
Propertiesof Soik.
contained
matters,
of
Cliemical
the
'0905
of
experiment, I express the opinion that

soil
a
passed through Mr. Mechi's
strcmger
would
have
parted with a much
larger proportionof ammonia
in this experiment
The
than
proof of this is now
given. In
the former
only
experiment 1000 grains of this clay soil removed
of a grain of ammonia
from
'0905
dilute
ammoniacal
a
Very
In my
remarks
this
on
solution
in
liquid;
soil
same
of
the
ammonia
about
from
times
eight
stronger
quantity
same
much,
as
or
*754
soluticxi,containing 23*24
of
the
grains
grains
"
gallon.
per
It must
the
the
experiment
present
absorbed
of ammonia
ammonia
of
however,
be
remembered,
in
I employed
whereas
that
former
experiments highly complex U(}uids,in my present
my
The
trials simple solutions
caustic
used.
of
an^monia
were
quantityof
ho
doubt
the
ammonia
is, therefore,
beyond
stronger
series
of
Second
in
depend
ammonia
doubt
than
which
whether
from
op
solution
weaker
which
Absorption
solution
about
of
in
ammonia
twice
as
much
must
of
capable
absorbing
In
preceding experiment
order
is
must
which
under
conditions
the
ammonia
Ammonia
A
on
conclusive.
more
experiments,
is
liquid. The
in the
quite
not
Series
degree
some
is present
soil
satisfymyself
to
really removed
from
or
not, I instituted
brieflydescribe.
Experiments
with
seccmd
stronger
Solutions.
distilled
ammonia
water
as
was
that
prepared,
used
in
the
taining
con-
first
contJiined
exactly,this stronger solution
speak more
ammonia
in
47*11
grains of ammonia
per gallon,or *673 grains of
1000
grains of liquid.
solution
clear ammoniacal
The
having been poured off the soil
as
possible in each of the five experiments of
completely as was
the first series,the liquid remaining with
the soils in the bottles
series.
To
118
the Chemical
On
the
and
weighed,
was
14,000 grains
of ammonia
well
of
clear.
The
solutions
then
was
left in
the
off in
in
contained
soils from
state.
of
remainder
the
of
series
first
the
liquid
became
ammonia
making three or four

a
perfectly clear
for
drawn
day, the
three days it
After
subside.
to
ammonia
of
amount
"
first
the
during
sufficient
quantity
determinations
times
allowed
afterwards
being
this
stronger
of
several
agitated
in
solution, containing '673 grains

bottle
the
added, and
now
liquid,were
the
in 1000
calculation
by
case
contained
ammonia
of
amount
in each
liquid ascertained
Propertiesof Soils,
the
experiments
being known, and likewise the quantityof ammonia

in the liquid after
stronger solution,the ammonia
the soil determined
the
from
proportion absorbed
in the
added
with
contact
the
stronger
ammoniacal
liquid.
The
same
plan was adopted in
experiment the same
quantity of
all five
in eack
experiments, and
ammonia
solution
used.
was
Experiment (^Calcareous
Sotf).
First
Ammonia.
Grains.
Quantity
of
ammonia,
left in bottle
in
"
1400
"
"
*732
9422
grains of fresh liquid
..
10-154
mixed
grains of
1000
liquidcontained
*531
grains of
ammonia^
Ammonia.
Grabu.
After
soil the solution
with
contact
Before
with
contact
contained
in 1000
grains '431
soil it contained
*531
"100
Consequently'100
1*9120
liquid,or
experiment, and
1000
grains of
addition
to
with
ment
The
'882
soil in the
soil thus
grains
weaker
total
grains were
grains from
taken
up by
each
from
entire solution
the
3000
grainsof
employed in the
1000
grains of soil.
'6373
grains of ammonia,
absorbed
in the
absorbed
ammonia
1st
in
Experi*
solution.
quantity of
two
of
removed
thus
experiments
Second
taken
ammonia
by
up
amounts
to
1000
grains of
grains.
1'5193
Loamy
Experiment (Fertile
the
Sod).
Ammonia.
Grains.
Quantity
of ammonia
added
,,
'437
left in bottle
in fresh
9'422
solution
..
..
,,
9-869
uOOO
grains of
mixed
solution
contained
'554
grains
of
am-
"'"nia.
After
'10
cop*âct
7rrain"
with
the soil the
fherpfnr** '14^
gT^
ins
solution
were
contained
removed
in 1000
from
every
grains
100(^
tlie Chemical
On
Propertiesof Soils,
119
2*5632
or
gprainsof liquid,
grains from the entire solution used in
absorbed
the experiment, and
grains of soil ; or 1000
by 3500
of
in addition
of
soil
absorbed
'7323
ammoniaj
to
grains
grains
in
the
ammonia
absorbed
1st
thus
of
"804
Experiment,
grains
in both
trials.
giving a total of 1*5363 grains of ammonia
Third Experiment (Heavy
Clay SoxT).
Ammonia,
Grains.
Quantity
left in bottle
of ammonia
added
,,
'846
in fresh solution
..
..
,,
9*442
10-288
1000
grainsof
After
contact
mixed
contained
solution
..
with
'515
..
..
grains of solution
soil 1000
contained
*450
*065
Therefore
'065
liquid,or
1*294
3500
grains were
grains from
removed
the
from
every
1000
solution, and
entire
grains of soil.
Or
in the
in both
in the 2nd
Experiment
*3697
'7543
1'1240
Experiments
Experiment {Sterile
Sandy Soil),
Ammonia.
Grains.
left in bottle
of ammonia
'414
in fresh solution
added
9'442
..
..
,,
,,
by
..
1st Experiment
Fourth
Quantity
of
Ammoniiu
Grains.
absorbed
grains thus
1000
And
grains
absorbed
9'856
For
1000
with
after contact
And
solution
grainsof mixed
there
'662
was
*43I
soil
"131
Thus
'131
removed
grains were
solution,or 2*290 grains from

3500
grains of soil.
from
the entire
1000
every
solution,and
grains
taken
up
jUnmonUu
QraloB.
1000
And
Or
absorbed
grainsof soil,therefore,
in 1st Experiment
in both
in 2nd
Experiment
'654
'868
1*522
Experiments
Fifth Experiment (PastureLand),

Ammonia*
Grains.
Quantity
added
in fresh solution
,,
,,
*926
left in bottle
of ammonia
9*422
..
..
10-348
1000
grains of mixed
And
^ter
contact
solution contained
with
the soil
'^6
'370
"176
of
by
120
On
"!76
Therefore
removed
grains were
grains from
liquidof 3*331
^he experiment and
Propertiesof Soils.
Chemical
the
grains
of
in
grains of soil.
3500
by
1000
every
quantity of liquidused
entire
the
absorbed
from
AmBumia.
QrainB.
grainsof this soil thus

having taken up in
1000
After
in both
Or
Thus
ammonia
into
from
contact
from
It is
by
brought
variable
quantity
the
ammonia
weaker
absorbed
experiments is almost identical in

Thus
less in the remaining one.
absorbed
by 1000 grains of soil was
the
first series
solution, the
ammonia
1000
by
removed
ammonia
considerably in
five soils varied

with
experiments
quantityof
quantityof
they were
proportionof
the
whilst
that
these
of
solution.
singular
each
of
considerable
the stronger solution with which

certain
after having taken
a
up
weaker
1*5217
..
the soils absorbed
case
..
,.
soil absorbed
grainsof
'9467
'576
the 1st Experiment
experiments 1000
in each
Experiment
in the 2nd
absorhed
grains
the
four
of
the
total
in the
of
soil in
soils,and
of the
both
little
but
of
amount
case
total
ammonia
"
Ammenla.
Grains.
1. Calcareous
Fertile loamy
2.
soil
1*5363
5. Pasture
1*5217
that
seen
the
ammonia
more
the
1*5220
land
soil from
in
total
the
quantity
together is nearly identical

1
have
(humic
with
shown
it
to
was
appears
fixed
acids
passed
deep yellow
'
of
Experiment
ammonia
with
that absorbed
soil
contained
In
colour.
the
than
absorbed
by
in the soil
in the
the
2nd
soluble
was
ammonia
combination
the
other
Experiment
first,
two
soils.
of
with
little coloured.
but
little ammonia
Experiment, because
the
in
organic matter
united
organic matter
1st Experiment, impart*
liquid
1st
uniting with
the
much
that, comparatively speaking,
in this soil
the
in
this
solution in the
solution
thus
2nd
pasture absorbed
permanent
portion of
into
"^'on, produced
"I
this
that
ammonia
stronger
It
that
acids),and
ammonia
ing
....
..
1*1240
that
so
1*5193
3. Clay soil
4. Sterile sandy soil
It will be
much
soil
the
the
weaker
organic
solu-
insoluble
before
compounds
large a proportion
'" the other
soils containing much
less organic matter.
he organic acids
of the pasture soil were
apparently removed
^f* 1st Experiment, and
thereby the soil acquired inc^reased
ammonia,
could
formed
be
in. the
absorbing ammonia
Experiment.
of
^â
''rÂ
Series
Third
"
"
fti.-..,ii fl"o
"
"
of
^-if
as
the stronger solution
from
used
in
Experiments.
"
precediiêxperiments
'
.."H~
"
soil in
'"iiQ'
*"-
iK*^-"'
show
-por'^
that soils,
distinctly
immo"'*"
^'"om
strong
122
tlie Cliemical
On
2,
Propertiesof
Experiment
"
Soils.
with Solution No.
2.
Ammonia.
Grains.
Before
soil the solution
with
contact
contained
2*128
..
..
After
1*006
contact
",
,"
....
1120
grains of ammonia
1000
grains absorbed
1*120
Therefore
grains of soil,or
3.
Experiment
"
absorbed
were
'64
grains
voith Solution No.
1750
by
of ammonia.
3.
Ammonia.
Grains.
Before
soil the solution
with
contact
contained
1*232
..
..
After
'777
contact
,,
....
,,
"456
Thus
grains of ammonia
1000
grains absorbed
'455
soil,or
4.
Before
*26
grains of
Experimentwith
"
1750
by
grains of
ammonia.
Solution No,
soil the solution
with
contact
After
absorbed
were
4.
contained
*616
..
..
'441
contact
,,
....
"
"175
'175
were
grains of ammonia
of soil,or 1000
According to the strength of the
grains of soil thus absorbed in
Therefore
absorbed
*100
by
grains of
different
1750
grains
ammonia.
solutions
1000
"
Ammonia.
Grains.
No.
No.
No.
-26
No.
-10
1*32
-64
..
Not
only
absorbs
is the absolute
from
quantityof
ammoniacal
an
..
solution
employed is stronger; but very dilute

less exhausted
by it than stronger ones.
Thus,
one-half
whilst
in the
the
of
in the 3rd
f^bout
n
Experiment
place I
next
made
nuch
ammonia
from
Yiore
as
it will
stronger
from
in
^g
soxution
p,v
"v"
,"
the
as
solution
relatively
are
round
numbers,
solutions
sorbed,
ab-
was
one-third,and in the 4th only

retained
was
by the soil.
additional
experiments for the
this soil,after having taken up as
weaker
a
solution,would take up
one.
Experiment
lixo
the
this soil
about
some
ascertainingwhether
#ux|iioseof
larger
solutions
experiments, in
contained
of the ammonia
one-fourth
the
first
two
ammonia
which
ammonia
left in the bottle from
possible. *hr
5.
Experiment No.
liquid remaining
was
the
with
drawn
soil
was
the Chemical
On
ascertained
by weighing, the
grains of solution
7000
and
ammonia
Propertiesof
Soils.
of ammonia
amount
No.
123
in it
1, containing
calculated,
grains of
4*438
added.
The
quantityof liquidleft
contained
'298
in the
bottle
2070
was
grains, and
the fresh
of
grains
ammonia,
quantityof stronger
added
solution
7000
grains,containing 4*438 grains.
The
total solution weighed 9070
grains, and contained 4*736
of
1000
ammonia;
grains
grains of this solution, therefore,
'522 grains of ammonia.
contained
After
standing for four
off and
the
drawn
as
days, the liquid was
streng^ determined
This
solution
contained
before.
*320 grains of ammonia.
Ammonia.
Grains.
Before
After
with
contact
soil 1000
grains of solution
contained
'522
*320
contact
,,
,,
""
i"
"202
Thus
'202
grains
grains)consequently 1*83214
which
(1750 grains),
soil
the
removed
were
whole
the
From
solution.
of
ammonia
gprainsof
solution
removed
were
had
from
(weighing
up
9070
by the
grains from
retained
and
taken
already
1000
every
1*120
solution.
weaker
Ammonia.
Gralna.
1000
grainsofsoil therefore
And
had
absorbed
in the 2nd
1*047
Experiment
previouslyabsorbed
*640
1*687
Or
1000
of soil absorbed
grains
both
from
solutions
1*687
grain?
of ammonia.
In
similar
the
manner
following experiments
made
were
"
,^
6.
Experiment
There
added
was
No.
3, 5000
in
ammonia
grains
1000
of
of the
the contents
to
No.
of solution
bottle used
in
2, containing
Experiment
grains
'304
liquid.
AmmooU.
Qralns.
Beforie contact
soil 1000
with
grainsof
the mixed
solutions)
contained
After
contact
with
soil 1000
grainsof
the solution
contained
.23.7
'127
"110
Therefore
-110
liquid,or
'836
grains
grains
were
from
removed
entire
grains of
by 1750
grains from the
1000
every
solution, and retained
from
already taken up *455

in 2nd
1000
solution.
weaker
grains of soil therefore absorbed
from
Experiment -477 grains,in addition to *260 grains absorbed
'737 grairisof amboth
solutions
monia
the weaker
solution, or from
grains
of
were
soil,which
removed
had
and
retained
by
1000
grains of
soil.
124
On
Propertiesof Soih.
Chemical
the
Experiment
7.
No.
Experiment
7000
drawn
off as
grains
thoroughly as possible;
ammonia
in
1000
of
'176
No.
grains
3, containing
after repeated shakings the
then
added, and
were
left to settle for four days.
left in
solution
The
the
bottle
from
was
solution
of
of
liquid^
whole
wa9
Ammonia.
Grains.
Before
grainsof
soil 1000
with
contact
the mixed
solutions
"i
After
.-
contained
with
contact
grains of the solution contained
soil 1000
"096
"051
removed
from
were
grains of ammonia
every
the
from
whole
solution,
gprains of liquid, or '480 grains
had
retained
already taken up
by 1750 grains of soil,which
the weaker
solution.
from
grains of ammonia
Therefore
1000
and
*175
'051
Ammonia.
Qraliu.
grainsof
1000
absorbed
soil thus
from
the weakest
solution
*100
the stronger solution
From
'274
"374
Or
in both
by
1000
experiments
grains of soil.
Thus
all
in
the stronger
the
weaker
solutions
grains
the
of soil
was
and
retained
removed
was
frofn the weaker,
and
was
total
in
of
amount
from
retained
by
from
the
quantitypreviouslyabsorbed
the
Thus
removed
ammonia
more
than
to
solution.
1000
by
grains were
much
cases
addition
soil in
'374
ammonia
absorbed
"
Ammonia.
Qralns.
Experiment
No.
No.
-737
No.
-374
1'687
,,
It will
be
soil removed
The
same
No.
1,
and
observed
that
1*32
grains
solution,taken
left in
contact
in
Experiment
of ammonia
in
the
with
same
from
No.
the
1,
strongest
quantity as
soil which
had
1000
in
grains
of
solution.
Experiment
already
absorbed
additional
removed
an
grains of ammonia,
quantity of 1*047
grains, or altogether 1*687 grains.
It dius
not
only that the strength of the soluticm
appears
which
of ammoifia
be retained
influences the amount
can
by the
that
the quantity of liquid which
is passed
soil,but likewise
affect
the
is
soil
soil
will
a
proportion which
through a
capable
of abstracting from
solution.
a
given
From
to
a
liquid it appears
larffequantityof an ammoniacal
"64
the C/iemuxd
On
that
likely
me
than
ammonia
definite
from
Propertiesof
smaller
of
quantity
Soih.
soil
of
amount
125
will
remove
liquid
of
more
the
same
strength.
I
have
not,
These
are
with
calculate
ammonia
to
soil, as
exact
conditions
soils
long
as
are
which
than
concentrated
instance
from
brought into intimate

heavy clay soils,and
employed,
it has
doubt,
no
them, are not

sufficientlysoluble
other
no
than
to
reason
a
the
be
with
soluticms
no
of
case
solutions
almost
in
in
solution
were
These
facts
obtained
in
solutions
of
incontestablythat
prove
;
more
the
pounds
com-
tion
descrip-
every
brought into contact

has
been
entirely insoluble, as
supposed, but
in water
benefit
the
to
growing crops, which
with
have
in
must
soil
of
solution.
in
kind
ammoniacai
soil,when
of
Even
ammoniacai
produceil
are
from
soil.
the
ammonia
from
removed
results which
also
they
absorbing
all
and, lastly,that
remained
same
that
ammonia
dilute
very
the
of
more
with
shown
been
power
entirely
different
only explain
experimenting upon
different strength,but
in
loss
of
Experiments.
solution
invariably
not
the
weaker
when
the
which,
contact
ammonia
cannot
we
in contact
Retention
absorbed
ammonia
the
was
soils
the
tion.
direc-
itself.
preceding experiments
experimented upon possess
all
that
are
this
Ammonia
"
this
subject
the
fully acquainted with
most
interestingchemical
manures
not
the
further, that
we
we
under
Series.
Fifth
In
ammoniacai
of soils manifests
property
in
experiments
many
urgently needed, for it is clear

degree of certainty the amount
any
which
with
made
yet,
as
soluble
take
suppose
are
food
up
the
from
soil
in
any
state.
of soils to
absorb
Notwithstanding the power
ammonia, this
fixed
is not
by the soil so completely or
fertilizingconstituent
avail
of
The
to the
no
permanently as to be
growing plsmt
and
also
exists
that
rains
long-continued
possibility
heavy
may
wash
out
absorbed
more
by
completely
less
or
ammonia
invariable
the
Hence
soils.
the
previously
of
presence
ammonia
in
spring waters.
An
important question is naturally
propertiesof soils. It is this :" Is the
.
greater, and
ammonia
yield it again
In order
a
Fifth
to
to
Series
Retention
describe.
water
facilitate
of
if
so
to
what
solution
of
Experiments, which,
Experiments,"
I shall
the
of
than
soils
the
curious
retain
to
tendency
to
soil ?
this
under
now
these
by
power
extent,
passed through
the
started
question I
the
instituted
title- of
endeavour
"
monia
Am-
brieflyto
On
126
The
1st
Experiment.
water
"
solution
strong
its
prepared,and
was
imperial gallon
1000
grains 2*777 grains. J

well-stoppered bottle, and
of the above
strength were
days. The- clear

strength determined
soil
that
as
ammonia
pure
The
the
ployed
em-
in
tilled
dis-
ammonia,
or
placed
was
ammonia
bottle
whole
drawn
usual
the
of
grains
added.
then
of
(1750 grains)
7000
the
in
of
strength
grains
liquid was
three
its
same
194*39
lb.
and
repeatedly shaken,
were
the
accurately determined.
contained
An
in
Soils,
Series.
Fourth
in the
Propertiesof
experiments was
these
in
soil used
Chemical
the
left
tion
solu-
and
off and
contents
subside
to
for
and
weighed,
way.
AmmoDJla.
Grains.
Before
with
contact
the
soil 1000
grains
solution)
of the
"
After
--^
..j'^'''
contained
2*112
contact
..
"665
Thus
'665
grains
grains of
solution,or
of
solution
ammonia
4*655
grains
every
from
removed
were
grains)and
employed (7000
from
removed
were
retained
the
1000
whole
1750
grains of
soil.
2*66 grains of
1000
grains of soil consequently absorbed
The
off weighed 4916
ammonia.
quantityof liquiddrawn
grains,
10*382
contained
and
grains of ammonia.
The
in
residue
of distilled
water
off, weighed,
grains of
The
the
will
grains
upon
of water,
whether
show
the
; after
its
and
liquidwere
of liquid
amount
7000
the bottle
or
ammonia
shaken
the
found
left
to
in
its
the
retained
contain
the
7000
liquid
as
*510
bottle
with
up
clear
days
strength determined
and
not
next
was
three
by
was
before.
grains of
before
the
by
of water
the soil from
1000
ammonia.
addition
strength,being known,
addition
grains
drawn
this
of
result
has had
any effect
ammoniacal
strong
solution.
Had
the
effect of the water
simply resulted
in the dilution
of the
could not be poured off from

the soil in
ammonia-solution, which
have
clear
its
would
been
'484
a
strength
monia
state,
grains of amin every
but
it
1000
*510
of
was
ammonia,
gprains;
grains
of
ammonia
removed
*026
were
grains
consequently
by every
of
the
'236
1000
whole
or
grains
grains
liquid,
by
quantity of
îquidemployed in the experiment, from 4*655 grains of ammonia
r"reviouslyabsorbed
by J lb. of soil.
added
2nd Experiment. 7000
to
were
grains of distilled water
the
bottle
from
and
in the
*he residue
preceding experiment,
clear
liauid
the
vfter three
drawn
ofl^ weighed, and
was
days
1000
determined.
'192
the p*r-"n^
grains of liquid contained
"
TTpi,
^f *Vii"
second
addition
of water
had
not
acted
upon
the
tlie Chemical
On
absorbed
ammonia
1000
soil
liquid would
of
grains
the
by
the
grains of
3rd
soil retained
"
ammonia
1000
with
aside
put
of
grains
the ammonia
washed
once
with
7000
extracted
liquidwould
;
by every
soil,after
the
the
added
were
this third
by
have
to
tion
addi-
contained
*044
consequently '067 grains

grains, or
having
grains of
extracted
'61
been
of
grains by
washed
1000
twice
This
no
time
the
clear
its
strong^ determined.
Had
grains of ammonia.
soil
it
would
3rd
in the
addition
have
tained
con-
liquid
contained
extracted
been
Experiment.
of 7000
tilled
grains of dis'040
grains of
the
from
'012
grains ; therefore
grains of liquid,or
1000
every
that
'028
contained
by
of
ammonia
periment
Exand
grains ; accordingly *059

1000
of liquid,or
'622
g^rains
it
will
be
quantity,
observed,
that extracted
fresh
3rd
1000
liquid.
a
from
again added,
were
the
in
grains
Elad
have
and
from
every
After
bottle
After
*096
by
with
"
water,
water
months.
ammonia
entire
Experiment.
ammonia.
distilled
extracted
been
the
of
left in
residue
off, weighed,
identical
extracted
water
Experiment, and treated

*111 grains of
liquidcontained
been
liquid contained
were
is almost
'120
soil
it
grains were
grains by the
solution.
Experiment. After a fresh addition

1000
water
grains of liquid contained
ammonia
no
have
contained
extracted
were
of 7000
tilled
grains of dis'029
grains of ammonia.
1000
been
had
extracted
grains of liquid
'023 grains of am'006 grains ; therefore
monia
1000
'193
grains,or
by every
grains by
"
If
would
every
grains
2nd
grams
for two
drawn
was
grains by
6th
been
ammonia
1000
liquid,from
1000
"
of ammonia
entire
of
water.
'037
would
had
extracted
ammonia
hth
by
of distilled
the
of
of *111
Experiment, ^To
7000
grains
liquid
having
clear
of
grains
instead
liquidfrom
the bottle
1000
no
were
whole
4/A
no
grains
If
ammonia,
before
the whole
from
1000
water,
ammonia
the
*121
extracted
grains
left in bottle
ammonia.
of
preceding experiment,
contained
were
after
7000
Experiment.
before.
of
the
127
water.
the residue
as
in
have
consequently'071 of ammonia
of liquid,or
*642 grains by
which
Propertiesof Soils.
the entire
1th
quantityof liquid.
Experiment. 7000 grains of
seventh
time,
added
Experiment,and
'031
they would
grains of
grains, or
Let
distilled
"
us
to
treated
grains
have
then
these successive
left in
before.
1000
as
'005
grains
the
from
up
the
washings
no
grains
extracted
were
add
Had
of ammonia.
contained
ammonia
'228
the residue
from
[water
grains
ammonia
of
the
of
soil
by
the
6th
tained
liquid con-
been
ammonia];
extracted
thus
every
'026
1000^
entire
liquid.
quantitiesof ammonia
with
for the
were,
the bottle from
water:
"
removed
by
128
On
grains of ammofnia
from
J lb. of soil.
'2651
Thus
of
Propertiesof Soils.
Chemical
the
water
from
ammoniacal
strong
This
4*655
by
2*004
obtain
as
quantity
all the
soil,after
the
the
grains
i. e. the
of
ammonia,
grains
By deducting
successive
out
washings, with 7000
by seven
we
of
absorbed
of
ammonia.
washed
amount
grains of
ammonia
with
washings
soil
quantity of
solution
2*651
by 49,000 grains
remored
were
which
each,
water
retained
was
water.
originally absorbed
by the soil
thus again removed
was
by washing with water.
the power
thus distinctlythat
It appears
amof soils to remove
much
than
their
solutions
is very
maiiia from
greater
property of
yielding it again to water.
Indeed
much
than that
even
a
larger quantity of water
very
falls annually
which
fields in the
our
shape of rain is
upon
monia,
incapable of washing out of the soil such a proportion of amMore
half
than
as
In
the
be
can
incorporated
the
with
ammonia
of
any
it in the
experiments
before
in
account
shape
us
of natural
the
weight
twenty-eight
passed through the soil was

weight of the soil, and yet little more
ammonia
of
absorbed
by the latter
immense
by
rain
are
the
which
At
the
.cnders
\bsorbed
was
time
same
soluble
by
nature
of
was
such
the
ammonia
some
soil.
The
which
best
may
was
large as the
half the quantity
extracted
by this
excessive
washings
that each
it is well to remember
manures.
which
water
times
than
quantities
artificial
as
need
therefore
not
likely to occur
; we
absorbed
by the soil we cultivate will be
rain-storms
to
heavy
anything like the
removed
in my
experiments.
most
it
water.
In
or
the
to
fear
not
the ammonia
by
of
amount
relation
have
removed
extent
shower
been
that
in
of rain
previously
presented
if
fertilizingmatters,
plants
an
injurious effect upon
great abundance,
-heir growth, or, at
an
unhealthy development
rate, favour
any
)f one
of another.
part of the vegetable organism at the expense
and
rank
Thus wheat
or
on
a
barley grown
dung-heap becomes
,.f""inc
a
produce any
great size,but will hardly flower,ami never
This
for by the fact that farm-yard manure
is accounted
îc.i*.
''î^foin*
*/vrnuch
soluble
fa
to be beneficial
manuring matters
in
I,-
It***,.
exercise
'"v"*iopip""n+o^
tb'
'"*op"
which
we
cultivate.
130
On
It will be
that
noticed
the
absorbed
Chemical
the
the
Properties of
proportions
different
five
soils
iSoiis,
ammonia
of
which
solution
from
a
by
of
this
salt
in
'80
79
grains
ammoniac, containing
gallon, vary considerably.
little ammonia
of the sandy soil very
In the
case
This
is
rather
absorbed.
singular, since the same
absorbed
on
a
being brought
good deal of ammonia
with
solution
dilute
thus
We
that
see
Seventh
soil may
quantities,and
fixing ammonia
of free
from
Series.
solution
imperial
an
indeed
was
soil
sandy
into
of
in
ammonia
of
power
salt,such as
Ammonia
of
Sulphate
OF
the
Absorption
"
free
absorb
ammoniacal
an
sal-
contact
ammonia.
have
not
yet
are
of
able
consider-
separating
and
sal-ammoniac.
from
Solution
Ammonia.
of
sulphate of ammonia
was
prepared, containing
77*70
grains of sulphate of ammonia
gallon,or 20'16
imperial
per
1000
contained
grains of ammonia.
grains of liquid therefore
'288 grains of ammonia.
used
soil was
in this as
The
in
same
the
Series
of
In
3500
each case
preceding
Experiments.
grains
of soil were
in a well-stoppered bottle with
shaken
14,000
up
of the
these
above
In
grains of the solution
strength.
ments
experi"
again
Here
the
soil
sandy
absorbed
but
little ammonia.
very
other
wanting in this
something or
soil which
exercising a decomposing influence
prevents it from
similar
that manifested
salts
ammoniacal
to
by the four
upon
and
that farmyard
informed
I ?im
soils.
other
manure,
guano,
the
fertilizers of recognized value, produce little eflFect upon
other
growing on this sterile sandy soil.
crops
There
thus
seems
Series.
Eighth
Retention
"
the
Fifth
from
have
of
free,
it was
with
which
-'^lerably
strong solution
-""in yielded small
quantitiesof ammonia
"f distilled
T"-
that
shown
to
soil
from
ammonia
into
brought
contact,
repeated washings
water.
appeared
f"
Solution
Ammonia.
of
experiments I
certain
quantity of
Series
absorbed
which
Ammonia
of
Sulphate
OF
In
be
to
wo'^ld
be
to
me
obtained
n^^ntit^
desirable
on
*f ammonia
to
washing
from
ascertain
a
p
whether
soil which
solution
had
of
similar
absorbed
sulphate
of
this
To
which
end, I prepared
contained-
^'696
the
and
in
bottle
three
for
rest
grains
ammonia
grains)of calcareous
stoppered
with
of
the
gallon, or
liquid. ^ lb.
of
Series
First
this
clear
the
in
grains
in
grains of
contained
sulphate of ammonia,
ammonia
soil used
7000
of
1000
after which
days,
ammonia
solution
131
Soils.
of
Properties
188*720
of
grains
(1750
a
tlie C/iemical
On
"
mixed
was
solution,then
liquidwas
in it determined
left
drawn
at
off,
distillatioa
by
in
"
AmmontaL
Gniitt.
Before
After
with
contact
soil 1000
solution
grainsof
contained
2*696
..
2*000
contact
"
"
"
"696
Therefore
'696
ammonia
grains ,of liquid,or
1000
whole
this
of
comparison
absorbed
urom
that -much
The
liquidwas
which
that
days
could
grains of
7000
the
mcmia
ammonia
washed
was
by
the
from
five times
7000
amount
; sifter three
the
dnd
am-
usual
in the
way.
absorbed
had
soil which
sulphate
of
one.
by weight;
weighed,
strong solution
with
soil from
the
added
next
off and
grains
ammonia
by
ascertained
were
the
ments,
preceding experi-
and
possible,
as
distillation
this manner,
Proceeding in
grains of
water
of
the weaker
from
removed
drawn
liquidwas
it determined
in
as
1000
is removed
than
much
be
not
distilled
pure
clear
off
the
every
from
amount
in
ammonia
solution
drawn
the
ammonia
more
stronger ammoniacal
with
result
sulphate of
shows
the
removed
grains were
soil ;
of
1750
by
grains
grains of ammonia.
2*784
absorbed
from
removed
were
4*872
retained
solution, and
of soil thus
of
of
grains
each
grains of water
4*872
of ammonia
time
"
AmmoDla.
Tlie
first washing removed
The
second
The
third
'278
""
.*
""
*633
,,
,,
,,
,,
*813
The
fourth
The
fifth
-416
,,
,,
,,
,,
*242
2-382
35,000 grains of
of
ammonia
ammonia.
ammonia
At
which
grains, or very
place.
water,
the
from
the
or
J gallon,thus
had
soil,which
conclusion
remained
nearly half
of the
J lb.
in
the
2*382
removed
absorbed
4*872
experiment
the
of
soil
grains
grains of
quantityof
amounted
quantitywhich
to
it absorbed
2*490
in the
first
These
Retention
results
are
with
conformable
Experiments, where
solution
those
of
obtained
free
ammonia
employed.
K
in
the
was
132
On
Series.
Ninth
Retention
"
that
in
employed
gallon,
grains of
together,and
mixed
were
the
soil ascertained
experiments
the
was
same
as
Series.
the
211*40
contained
grains
of
1000
of
monia
am-
liquid. J.lbi
of this
of ammonia
amount
The
in
grains
of sal-ammoniac
solution
before.
as
Solution
Ammonium.
of
3*02
or
7000
of soil and
from
of
Third
the
in
Ammonia
of
of sal-ammoniac
solution
The
Soils.
series
this
in
soil used
Propertiesof
Chloride
OF
The
Chemical
the
absorbed
strengtb,
by the
quantity of soil absorbed
whole
in
1000 grains thus sepaexperiment 5*60 grains of ammonia.

rated
from
of sal-ammoniac.
the solution
3*20 grains of ammonia
which
that the amount
of ammonia
observe
Here
a
again we
of ammoniacal
solutions
soil is capable of removing from
salts
it is brought
depends upon the strength of the liquidwith which
this
into
contact.
The
and
soil
washed
next
was
proportionof
the
before
as
7000
with
times
four
ammonia
grains of
washing
each
in
removed
water,
mined
deter-
Ammonu.
"
OnlM.
removed
washing
The
first
The
second
The
third
The
fourth
*409
'646
,,
,,
-811
,,
,,
-499
,,
,,
2*365
28,000 grainsof water

from
^ lb. of soil,which
from
ammonia
of
thus
washing with a considerable

3*235
grains of ammonia,
Thus,
from
whether
of
solution
in
much
each
has
of
power
its inclination
greater than
hardly necessary
experiments with
through the soil in
of the
matters
soil to
to
the
the
ammoniacal
..ontains
largerquantityof mineral
ture
is
water
filtered
^"*; ammoniacal
i"".^ters
"his
."nat
of
the
subject,
lv"
i^ser
through
salts have
soil
and
soluble.
an
"*'l ^fyir"
account
fu^^T*
the
.
acid
lime
alone
salts
solutions
of
to
is very
water.
in
the
tion
absorp-
of the
salt passes
other
mineral
or
is retained.
passes
filtered
than
soil.
through a
through it,
is the
It would
I may
case
thus
when
appear
rendering the mineral

the
details
of experiments on
their
bearing on agriculture,
property
But
are
matters
the
retained
ammonia
that
liquid which
^'^H when
a
of
reader
the
ammonia
the watery
that
retain
with
combination
grains
After
the soil thus
yield it again
to
remind
salts of ammonia
soil,whilst
liotice,however,
certain
5*60
absorbed
grains.
ammonia, or ammonia
or
sal-ammoniac, water
quantity of ammonia.
ammonia
out
ammonia
sal-ammoniac.
free
absorbed
the
It is
of
of 5*60
instead
sulphate of
case
place
gprainsof
quantityof water,
it will wash
passed through
But
soil
first
solution
strong
2*365
removed
in the
of
x)mmunication.
ttie Cliemical
On
In
'
conclusion,
points
he
which
the
have
133
interesting
prominent and practically
in
the
preceding pages
developed
may
more
been
in the
brieflystated
Propertiesof Soils.
following
Summary.
All
1.
the
ammonia
2. The
soils
experimented
from
its solution
soil
sandy
have
upon
the
of
power
ing
absorb-
in water.
absorbed
ammonia
much
as
the
as
clay
soil.
The
3.
retain
ôrganicmatter,
does
matter
not
4. The
in
their
less
in
occur
differences
of
power
and
land,
pasture
probably
ammonia
than
soils rich
other
many
soils in lyhich
in
organic
excess.
between
sandy, calcareous, and

is not
absorbing ammonia,
clay soils,
great
so
is generally
as
believed.
Ammonia
5.
is
however
weak
whether
weak
quantityof
of
it
On
be.
may
In
ammonia
fixing completely the
the
ammonia
is
to
the
the
say,
exhausted
than
7. Soils
absorb
8.
from
soil
which
weak
9. All
removed
10.
a
the
soil,the
A
soil when
it than
12.
13.
lime
other
or
of
of
mineral
water.
pure
ammonia
take
more
up
ammonia
first
in
poor
ammonia
it will
as
ammonia
when
solution.
ammonia,
but
likewise
of ammoniacal
sal-ammoniac
the
mineral
with
more
others
quantityof
free
of ammoniacal
case
passed
thoroughly
stronger ammoniacal
solutions
absorb
; that
is
more
than
much
is absorbed, and
larger proportion
Soils
Ammoniacal
fresh
absorbed
only
alone
with
is the
Not
contact
ammonia
dilute
solutions
up
with
as
quantity from solutions

or
passing sulphate of ammonia
in combination
11.
absorbed
certain
In
more
solutions.
in stronger
has
soils not
brought
(humic acids)at
soluticms
weak
solution, takes
i^ is brought into
are
the
is absorbed
of ammonia
matter
subsequentlythey
them
to
has
solution
which
solutions
organic
from
But
certain
ones.
much
less ammonia
ammonia,
it is
the weaker
ammonia
stronger solution
stronger
containing
vegetable matter.
if it is presented
solution,
soils absorbed
the
all
from
quantity of
weaker
But, relatively,
it.
of
which
with
ammonia
than
stronger
absolute
soil is larger when
by a
through
solution
passing a
preceding experiments
from
its
from
of soil, a
kind
strong, through any
invariably passes through. No soil
or
power
into contact
6.
removed
completely
never
acids
pass
salts.
through
through
matters.
salts
dissolved
is
matter
are
filtered
in
through
weaker
than
stronger
of
ammonium.
chloride
from
and
sulphate of ammonia
likewise
the
but
only
strength^
is brought into
solution
which
the
quantity
contact
with
of
a
the
soil.
134
Whittlesea
Drainage of
influence
appears
to
capable
of
In
14.
is
instance
ammonia,
of free
which
or
absorbed
ammoniacal
from
salts,so completely
washing
from
water
prevent
soils from
by
out
preciable
ap-
ammonia.
proportion of ammonia, however, which

in proportion to that
several washings, is small
in the
latter is
the
is removed
The
15.
the
ammonia
the
permanently fixed, as to
quantitiesof the
or
ammonia
of
amount
retaining.
no
solutions
the
Mere.
retained
by
soil.
The
16.
of
power
ammonia^
17". In
fear
need
practice no
of rain
will
heavy showers
years
ammoniacal
top-dressings,such
similar
and
guano,
barley, and
other
the
hand,
in
may
be
ammonia
quantitiesof
ammoniacal
with
much
remove
as
which
manures,
to redissolve
that
entertained
be
offree
of
chloride
or
in
it.
ordinary
ammonia
from
sulphate of ammonia,
soot^
for
wheat,
used
are
farmers
by
oats.
On
18.
solutions
from
of sulphateof ammonia
of water
greater than the power
is thiis
ammonium^
ammonia
solutions
from
or
soils to absorb
rainy
appreciable
seasons,
from
the
in
even
manures,
very
removed
land
case
of stiff
Merc.
By
top-dressed
clay soils,
Moyal AgriculturalCollege^Cirencester^
June,
VIII.
At
The
"
bearing
more
Some
or
of
taken
^t
"-ôunt
and
Hiate
not
^reat addition
insf*-
be
ft
of
systems
years
of
nature
the
draining and cultivating

general improvement, as
with
in
the
of
the
the
marvellous
cultivation
offered
*p/jfv|^ of
as
an
illustration
strides
of
what
to
the
in
f\nf
details
giving
of
this
V"lrkt.tir""rQUt
scientific
accoimt,
^TO**"
or
alluded
manner,
would
they
short
be
appro*
although no
practicalagriculture
it will
^^"*
notices
subjectswhich
the
oi
the
general and comprehensive

Mere
draining of Whittlesea
and
it
is
uninteresting;
hoped
in
the
of
views
have
and
ably written,
most
scientific
late
Fens.
Upper Country.
suggested that, as a sequel to
rather
or
of
appeared^
call the
been
treated
i^ve
been
present
made
would
above,
and
of the
of their
been
has
have
Wells.
independent works, notices

subject of the large tract of
as
large question
in hand
going hand
or
have
"''nman
ân
notices
past and
contrasted
or
W.
have
there
years
the
Level
Great
of the
and
them,
as
these
of the
recent
directly on
the
comprehensive
Fens,
that
less
known
country
within
in this Journal
articles
as
Whittlesea
Drainage of
intervals
various
either
1860.
'***iP
that
yet be
considered
of
of J^lfi'l*'?'^
(Mie
Whittlesea
Drainage of
largest inland
of its
the
into
bed
of
Fens
the
well
as
reclamation
for the
attention
be
has
well
as
conversion
in
place
country.
not
been
the
directed
of
pages
the
to
shortly,that
observe
its
operations
peat-bog which
the
of
of
the
of
as
the
to
135
the
of
fairljclaim
it may
Fens
of the
Level
thriving farms,
on
whose
those
and
water,
Mere, may
agriculturaljournal of
chief
To
of
the
surrounded
the
site of
carried
being
now
sheets
Mere.
subject
Great
the
the
^that is to
try
great district of low counsay,
the
and
to
Cambridgeshire
extending
"
Ely in
Witham
in Lincolnshire, containing in round
numbers
thing
somelike
750,000 acres, comprehends and is nearly synterminous
Bedford
with the so-called
Level, a name
given to a vast
in the reign ctf Charles
IL was
of fen-country, which
tract
placed
of
of reclamation
the control
for purposes
and
drainage under
the Earl
certain
individuals, forming a corporate body, of which
beginning
of Bedford
At
three
chairman.
the
was
later
near
Bedford
this
period
levels, which
smaller
Level
respectivelythe
bear
Levels; and
North, Middle, and South
of
it now
in
we
happily speak
advertising phraseology, that well-known
Level
it
into
Middle
the
tense
past
that,
"
lake
fresh-water
the
of
names
in
was
the
"
Mere
subdivided
became
in
tlesea
Whit-
situated.
was
Northern
Railway
arriving from the south by the Great
the
miles
of
within
five
at a point
Peterborough,
chimney of the
maintains
the
drainage of the Mere
now
steam-engine, which
and
surrounding district,is plainly visible three miles off toward
the east.
The
comer
steam-engine is placed at the easternmost
in
the
extended
thence
of the Mere, which
shape of a
formerly
the
blunted
side
the
north, to
convex
being towards
crescent,
On
within
half
mile
of
the
spot
the
suppose
we
traveller
to
be
passing.
Of
the
mind
ing
possible
excursions
frozen
over
side.
presented
from
the
districts
or
at
the
the
than
1000
had
been
submersion
Fens
are
individuals
Mere,
time
when
ordinary
acres.
music
whole
the
played,
large
fair.
and
Mere
the
of
jubilee by
of
with
and
The
putting
country
the
best
their
on
being
scene
skaters
"
tens,"
pat-
claims
of
the
locally named, decided
to skating superiority.
1600
its ancient
state, comprised
acres,
works
for its draining were
the
menced
com-
water-acreage
the
diminished
had
shores
though
slightest rise
which,
the
assembled,
Around
formed,
upon
in
as
bands
call to
may
either
boat^
few
Mere,
occasions
of
appearance
skates
Whittlesea
but
erected,
were
all the
all parts of the

as
held
always
were
Stalls
The
intentions.
not
paper
to the
Cambridge
from
skating
or
this
of
readers
margin
often
of
the
dry,
water
to
of
little
more
siltydeposit
was
in
liable
the
to
Mere.
136
Drainage of
Whittlesea
Mere,
from
50 to
varied
in breadth
Beyond this margin of silt,which
it gprew, there
reeds
500 yards, and was
valuable from the excellent
the level
the south
and
extended, especially towards
west, where
of the surrounding land
of
was
lowest, a large tract
peat-moss,
free
from
was
water
which, though generally
during summer,
sides the
in winter.
the north
and
On
east
constantly flooded
deed
level of the surrounding land was
higher" suflScientlyhigh incultivated
aid
of
be
to
windmills, and, approaching
by the
the
the
for either
borders
of
to
more
nearly
Mere, left less room
the inner circle of siltyreed-shoal,or for the outer
circle of peatmoss.
In addition
and
the
to
there
the
different
times
attention
by
the
at
the
Nene,
Ouse, by
the
as
it
bounds
natural
John
the
on
outlet
which
south.
for the
At
of
waters
present
first
sight the
Mere, but
the
too
was
of the
In
notice
Mere
time
some
having
latter
Bill
Whittlesea
for
freshes
1839
for
far from
in
in
the
scheme
landowners
to
was
enable
the
drain
that
in
abandoned,
Middle
should
as
to
combine
is effected,
the
reasons
were
sufficient
notice
to
perhaps, seem
charge
point of dis-
now
the
liable
intention
the
to
The
consequence
of
brought
fresh
riding
over-
made
the
with
in
powers
the
remained
Nene
scheme
the
the
proposed
behalf
of
liament
Par-
around
design
Parliament
wishes
of
that
tion
applica-
of the
the
draining
the
When
forward.
to
to
and
in
applicationto
deference
who
apply
to
lands
of
owners
Level,
of
the
on
appeared
there
be
draining
Level
Nene
district.
in
be
would
an
been
withdrawn
enlargement
so
of
to
Parliament
Act,
upland
given
abeyance,
the
was
floods.*
to
in the
for the
Level
was
and
sea,
meanwhile
notified, but
was
or
the
of
state
drainage
it may
which
be
against its selection,among
which
that,besides moral difficulties,
then, as
the outfall at Wisbeach,
with
to be connected
for
considerable
Middle
the
any
which
suggested
attracted
the
in
on
reached
of this
feature
bounds
land
or
more
included
been
ever
Rennie
chief
land,
waste
had
had
none
The
time.
and
water
schemes
which
river
north,
the
various
draining this district,but

One
maturity.
by Sir
adjoining
naturally be
would
reed*shoals,
the
Mere,
low
much
was
peat-bog,
less under
cultivation,which
scheme
for the draining of
bordered.
they
At
in the
contained
area
an
Level
existing
of
the
many
rally,
geneMiddle
Mere
and
*
taken
of
would
Thig
not
be
incomplete if the opportunity were
paper
with
individual
whom
of one
the scheme
for the drainage of
recording the name
all
the Mere
the carrying out
originated,and upon whom
subsequently devolyed
will
of
Elton
The
the works
John
of improvement.
of
Mr.
Laurance
name
long
be remembered
in connexion
not
only with the draining of Whittlesea Mere, but
he has taken
in the Fenst in wluch
also with
other public and private works
many
an
active part.
Drainage of Whittle"ea
138
the
by
tion
easy,
Middle
the
and
Level
at the
the
of
moment
contradit
apparent
condition
relative
contrasting the
by
the
explanation of
The
works.
new
is
Mere.
the.Mei
of
main
drains
bein
the bottom
of the
Mei
completed, and at a later period when
time
for some
ol
had
the adjoining land
been
dry. The
For
of navigation a minimal
this :
of things was
state
purposes
maintained
throughout the Level
was
height of 10 feet of water
and
"
that
is to
Ouse
at
of
tie Mere
the
Mere.
feet
all
which
from
gauge
calculations
the
Level
Middle
in the
water
low-water-mark
the
above
Bridge,
Lynn
of die
height
10
say,
tl
tl
to
The
taken.
are
in
as
bottoi
3 fo
being 7 feet above the gauge, there remained
the
When
Marshland
Ci
its ordinary depth of water.
as
great
was
opened, and die connecting dykes up to the Mere deepene"
reduced
5 feet on
the
tl
to
water
throughout the Level was
the
from
feet
therefore
fall
of
2
bottom
a
"
giving
gauge,
This
the
by
accordingly
waters
itself
hours
four
for
there
was
behind
water
the
days
river.
rush
any
diminished,
the
create
to
free
cutting through
or
passage
many
exterior
the
into
quite sufficient
was
new
continued
stream
At
no
or
torrent, but
time
tl:
an
discharg
first twent
the
as
of
bank,
to
the
after
less and
became
current
flow
the
weight "
rapic
less
until at the end

of three weeks
with
difl
was
a
sluggish stream
through the shoals to the place oi exit. Fo
culty maintained
wind
tunately a favourable
prevailed,and assisted materially i
the
existe
over
propelling the water
higher ground which
the point of discharge and
the low places in the middl
between
of the lake where
the water
lingered the longest
Mere
then was
of the
doub
This outpouring of the contents
less so far a natural
the
winter-level
rose
drainage, but
frequent]
the gauge,
for the surrounding bant
that but
to 10 feet on
so
the
old
3 feet of
would
water
soon
returned
have
to
its accustome
place.
The
sunk
present
from
being
feet 6 inches
the proper
6
inches
] jjj
it will
111
as
the
Long
the
the
bed
up
in
datum
(the
at
before
the
of the
at
ga.uge
be
the
the
lower
run
than
fall obtained
that
the
Mere
hs
Lynn)
to
it is
Mere
last moments
pools of water
large crowds
of
about
had
of
venerable
wit
1 fo(
tli
as
; and
gauge
for navigation,an
feet
6 inches
Estuary
by the Norfolk
to
hopeless to expect ever
the surrounding land.
and
last
Mere
the
on
eve
work
obtai
disappearedfrom
fipom
people
rounding neighbourhood, and even

many
the Fens, had
assembled.
Some
perhaps
sent
bed
The
"
5 feet 6 inches
to
summer
readily seen
drainage for
of
is this
above
corresponding level
additional
be
natural
things
this,as the least depth that is consistent

be taken, leaving
cultivation of soil,2 feet must
in wint^
cannot
with
7 feet
; from
is held
water
of
state
distant
from
from
all the
friend
desire
whose
o
sui
parts
to
be
"
pn
fortune
JVhittlesea Mere.
Drainage cf
reduced
now
were
of
love
the
to
stewed
lowest
ebb
others
139
whom
with
perhaps
eels
the
sentiment, from
preponderated oyer
of their taste.
a
Of
ready
gratification
prospect
hundreds
ît would
be
the
no
to
exaggeration probably
say
had
who
thousands
assembled, nine out of ten came
provided
the
of
and
abundant
"
"
and
witih sacks
of
baskets
to
wherever
fish, which,
carry oS their share

the eye
turned, were
Some
ever-decreasingwater.
and
gathering the
carts,
for sale to Birmingham
them
their
fish
expectation,no
ascertained
So
attached
labour
or
to
soles
the
to
move
vigorous jack
the
; and
the
ton
it
undue
an
lead
floundering in the
speculatorsbrought
weight, despatched
that
was
Contrary
even
with
matter
of
seize
anxiety to
to
the
taken;
was
to
largest
boards
extreme
livelyeel
irrecoverable
an
number
vast
Manchester.
mud^
shoe,
to
sure
was
the
by
and
was
of
about
fish
great size
very
of 22 lbs.
tenacious
and
deep
pike
was
of
ambitious
more
of the
downfall,
ungainly position. It is impossible to

singular scene, suid as the fading lightof a bloodimagine a more
multitudes
fell on
of figures scattered
in all
the vast
red sunset
directions
the dreary waste
of slimy ooze, it left on
the mind
over
of
of
is
left by
th6
the same
sort
supernatural as
impression
ambitious
of Martin's
some
pictures.
the many
of 1851
the model
novelties in the exhibition
Among
well-known
of the now
Appold Pump attracted the attention of
of the draining of Whittlesea
the promoters
Mere, and after some
the subjectwith
and
Messrs.
Easton
on
encouraging conferences
or
to
set-fast
it
Amos,
in
some
was
determined
the
drainage
December
in the
same
to
of
erect
at
district;
the
year,
one
spot suitable
and
by
engine
25-horse
the
taining
for mainmiddle
and
of
Appold
an
would
calculated that
It was
ready for use.
pump
a
nd
of
6-foot
minute
with
course
more
lift,
16,000 gallons a
a
it
decreased.
Nor was
in proportion as the height of the lift was
test.
long before this calculation was
put to an unexpectedly severe
The
of
the
after
the
summer
actively
engine was
completion
unbroken
of
mud
into
in
the
thing
someemployed
shaping
expanse
^roads
like
made
were
an
Dykes
agricultural tract.
boundaries
of
in
farms
and
marked
out
cases
some
arranged,
farms
the
for letting the
terms
actuallyagreed
embryo
npon"
Everything looked
promising for the future well-being of the
in
the water
new-born
district,when, on the 12th of November,
rivers
the
outer
pressing
being swollen
by heavy rains, and
unable
to
against the newly-formed banks with a force they were
pump
lift
the
were
"
"
withstand,
Mere
breach
was
least calamitous
weak
and
in
few
Whittlesea
hours
itself
again.
Disheartening as was
was
made,
point
was;
moment
this
untoward
that
it could
it necessitated
the
at
event, it showed
where
occurred
"
have
testing
"
to
the
utmost
the
the
the
140
Whittlesea
Drainage of
powers
fidence
It
of the
engine
and
being
felt that
it
was
of 2 feet 6
acres
inches,and
depth
20,000 gallons a minute, it would
pumping to clear off that amount
to
correct,
.
in
and
tainlynot
The
little
Jirma^
having
terra
banks
actively
from
that
twenty-three days
sant
inces-
pump
calculation proved
the land, but
cer-
weeks
again everywhere visible.

repaired and fortified,the
was
been
water
raise
This
three
with
could
if the
take
again
of
work
preparing for the cultivation of the soil, was

The
dyke, leading
completion of the main
and
reclamation,
than
more
covered
were
perfect con-
situation.
of the
master
was
that 1000
reckoned
in
it resulted
and
pump,
Mere,
resumed.
high land, not very far from the present

Holme
Station,3^ miles long, and averaging 30 feet in width,
of
arduous
nature
was
an
undertaking, owing to the treacherous
miles
of its
the bed of the Mere, through which, for nearly two
continued
to
length, it passed. Frequent slips occurred, and
main
the
occur
dyke a
long after its first completion. From
number
smaller
the
of
silty
off,passed through
dykes branched
bed of the Mere, penetrated into the surrounding bog, and
tapping
be
it in all directions,brought a never-ending flow of water
to
the
discharged by
engine.
The
the
effect of this
Mere
of the
bed
in
point
fissures,deep
network
was
and
of drains
covered
soon
wide,
so
innumerable
with
it
make
to
as
quickly visible.
was
The
and
cracks
of
matter
small
no
difficulty
along
surrounding bog
the principaleffect was
the speedy consolidation
of its crust, which,
in those places which
by the end of the first summer
afforded,even
liad been
long impassable,as safe and firm a footing for a man,
it now
does throughout almost
its whole
for a horse.
extent
as
walk
to
It
was
such
of the
shod
with
reduce
to
easy matter
seed as' should
no
receive
surface
making
boards,
if indeed
in the
surface,while
the
be
it
Mere-land
the
first
sown
impossible
the
wide
to
horses
use
did
fissures
The
into
state
adhesive
; the
when
even
not
to
tion
condi-
render
therefore
it
had
area
dangerous
experiment
the
to be prepared by hand"
were
over
largestpart lightharrows
first drawn
and
the harrows
the seed
then sown,
was
by hand
try the
to
whole
"
used
second
65. per
or
"ost
and
25^.
-acks, that
which
at
rears
length
Coleseed
-".j
new
vhat better
hv'^vA
KpH-r"*
by
no
in its
than
niK
the
raw
"V'*
an
5^.
average
got rid of these obstinate

four
cultivation
of three
or
When
the first crops taken.
wettest
state,the latter did some-
were
and
former,
ir
at
about
them.
Italian ryeg^ss
was
the
of
cost
the
depth were
subsequentoperations
such
all the
means
until
obliterated
and
land
with
at
forked
or
Of
acre.
per
time,
dug
were
process,
first crop,
continued
third
parts
3O5.
to
this
even
attending the
"cars,
Other
acre.
from
of
sometimes
but
as
^"oplotmo*'
the
soil
dried
"'^'^-"hoals
the
and
coleseed
adjoining
fHiittlesea Mere.
Drainage of
of it
skirt-land, good crops

third
the
year,
value
were
in
grown
of which
on
was
an
respectively.
per acre
rich alluvial
The
soil,thickly studded
impregnated with
(;^ppings, available
the
oats, and
blue
the
of
fields
of the
bed
the
generouslyto
them
the
unproductive tract, as has

matter
a
imposed, and it was
readiest and
20s, and
40a
however
reed-shoals, yielded
south
arduous
the
and
so
task
large
south-west
tract
sides*
said, a heavy tax had

deep interest to devise the
bringing it into a remunerative
of
effectual way
most
and
While
com.
the
and
on
second
with
yellow
this
On
been
average
improvement, the more

profitablecultivation
into
bringing
peat-landsurrounding
of
Mere,
of
hand
of
remained
for
once
place over
same
uncovered
the
matter,
at
the
even
shells,and largely
after these
preliminary
was,
the production of wheat
and
of 1851
autumn
was
curling
of 1853
autumn
was
blowing
wind, which, in the

of the lake, in the
water
the
in
animal
141
been
of
condition.
To
and
surface,
civilize the
to
rate
shown
some
paid
been
found
The
Fens
as
the
land,
the
on
their
undoubtedly
but
operation,and
capitalin
it would
have
unpromising
an
not
would
tenants
no
such
depth
lation.
specu-
at
with
it out
great, and the expense

is a highly remunerative
different
of
is of
and
gault
as
does
course
munerative
to
In the
case
exceeded,
surface
the
the
being
not
certain
attempt
district
average
15
about
bog
certain
soil
than
more
we
depth
of
and
at
been
bed
4/.
seven
to
the land
being
5/. per
feet the
is
case
an
ordinary
eight years, there
it would
be
unre-
raisingit
considering,this point is
which
the gault lies below
above-named
means
the
of
process
method
Mere,
far
the
fore
is therelizing
of ferti-
in
covering
portablerailway from
It consists
adopted.
of
it
acre,
ing
coat-
or
which
to
10
or
from
consequentlyanother
conveyed by
points in the old
the
are
The
feet
at
derived
depth beyond
peat-tract has
with
; but
from
at
coating
in the trenches
men
advantage
than
the process
inapplicablehere,
the
or
more
last
5 feet the
the
and
process
benefit to be
not
of the
; at
ease,
receive
to
operationdepends entirely on
the
of
trenches
narrow
is about
field which
in the
expense
it is found
which
throw
from
It is excavated
surface.
the
it,and
the
have
helped at any
and
possiblymight
country,
appearance
age-taxes
above
and
the drainof
margin
receiptsover
sink
regular intervals
can
different
in-
of improving the black

ordinary method
peaty soil of the
is to give it a coating of the underlying gault,but the practical
it lies
of the gault is limited
use
by the depth at which
beneath
of
the
bum
broken-up peat-soilsome
oats, would
and
farming
to
and
pare
of the
payable
have
fields,to
the
from
coleseed
of
crops
have
obtain
to
into
district
the
subdivide
where
it
can
either
be
142
.Drainage of
fV/iittlesea Mere,
is a positive
the taking it away
injury,or where
spared without
and
advantage by increasing materially the capacity of the main
execution
of
Indeed
the
the
works
in
other dykesw
determining
with
connected
the portablerailway,the enlargement of the main
almost
drain
as
communicating with the engine was
important a
the
consideration
as
fertilizing bog.
subsidence
of the level of th"
the
to
Owing
very considerable
of their
drains
had
district*
the
original
generally lost much
where
it
in
the
main
o:
drain,
passed through some
depth ; and
of the Mere, the water
land in the old bed
the lowest
constantlj
from
in dry weather
supplied even
th^ neighbouring bog, and ii
weather
from
die uplands as well, would, if not kept dowi
wet
less speedily up to and
aboyi
or
by frequentpumping, rise more
The
the
level
of the adjoining fields.
depth and consequen
capacity of the main drain being far too small, the engê, whei
than
three
little more
to work, ia
set
two
or
hours, completely
while
continuous
exhausts
the water
from
the
supply in any bu
;
again in a few hours' time full t
dry weather, it becomes
very
started
the
has
be
and
to
again on its Sisi
overflowing,
engine
phfipanlabour.
of steam
is a ver;
This
constant
getting up and lettingdown
uneconomical
and
a
remedy, or, at any rate, a mitigation
system,
suggested itself in the idea of greatly increasing the capacity o
the main
drain
its lower
towards
white
end, which
{nmishing b
of
the
and
of
the
Mere
soil
of th
means
railway a large supply
of peat between, underlies
th
gault, which, with a thin stratum
siltybed of the Mere, would create for the water
descending fror
the
distant
more
portion of
it
the
be
tract
to
be
drained^
kind
might
en
up
joying the lengthened intervals of repose thus afforded,should b
to its duties.
again summoned
combination
The
of advantages offered by thus improving th
main
drain
and
as
described, the rich material exca
utilising,
vated
from
it were
so
palpable, that in no long time the idea wa
reservoir, where
acted
It
stored
till the
engine, after
upon.
at
was
first proposed
siderable
to
carry
to the
the
work
out
on
very cor
the
engin
relief in working
scale,with a view
the
main
certain!
drain, and this would
gained by
enlarged
have
been
desirable object,but considerations,
a
partlyof a peci]
with
the
and
niary nature
partly connected
difficultyof dealin
with
land
of
a
suddenly requiring cultivation,detei
large tract
be
to
of piles, which
has
been
t
gauged by means
lowest
of the
driven
in three
draining were
places i
the bog into the underlying bed of gault, and were
then cut off level with the su
sevenillv
isLce.
this summer
The
measured
were
4*9, 5'
tops of Uie pileswhen
of more
than 9 inches a yet
and
6*1 feet above
the surface ; showing a subsidence
since the draining has been completed.
In the same
period,as has been said,tl
*
the
bed
The
extent
of this subsidence
of the
commencement
of the Mere
has
been
lowered
3*6.
WhitHesea
Drainage of
mined
adoption of
the
Mere.
143
the
enable
plan on such a scale as would
works, such as building,road-making, and the like,to precede, if
the so-called
of the bog.
dry warping
necessary,
embraced
The
2^ miles of rail,a stationary
original scheme
steam-engine of 25 horse-power, wire-rope proportioned to the
for the whole
length of railway, 200 trucks, "c. ; the estimate
and
all
for
but
5000/.
plant
contingencybeing
every
of acres
covered
with soil 6
to be
Taking 1500 as the number
it
calculated
inches
that the cost per acre
would
amount
deep, was
"
"
14/.
to
this
from
4s.;
that
sum
the
For
be
to
deducted
sell for
plant would
at
siderable
incon-
the
expiration of
the
operation 1^ mile of iioa railway, 1000 yards

flanged rails,50 trucks,and 10 horses, are the
of the
plant employed, the cost of the whole
smaller
the
portablewooden
principal items
amounting to about
of
favourable
weather,
of 4 inches
depth
what
4
at
was
it
allowing 200
altogether.
acres
Statement
From
Dry-
of
Forming
more
No,
as
It is found
that with
and
can
half
of the
cost
work
be
in
calculation, made
this
Wells, Esq.,
William
acre
12/.
was
In
Cost
Computed
an
; and
6c/.*
17*.
1500/.
actual
the
inches
14/.
"
have
work.
the
to
would
at that
obtained
only
to
per
from
be
done
Acre,
the
with
the
Trucks
Iron-works
Ponies, "c., horse

Trucks, rails,"c.
3
No
was
over
of
property
Certified Accounts,
8,
19
d.
or
270
JB.
acres
d.
s.
22
16
16
39
18
142
..
it
acreage
126
Carriage
that
deep
present Plant,
showed
Fen, the
and
".
roads
Statement
time,
Holme
on
Audited
the
to
September last,as
5(/.,and at 6 inches
calculation,however, the
Warping,
force, in
covered
\s.
Kails, tracks, "c.
From
this
339
18
214
10
Rails, tracks, horses, "c.
Kails,"c
Kiuls,"c
Estimated
to he
mile
required :
portable railway
more
"
2 horses
Trucks
estimated
Deduct
one
-fourth
Net
cost
yalue
only
of
plant
of
plant
at
completion,
}
700
Estimated
144
WkUtlesea
Drainage of
which
to
whereas
expense,
so
spread the
far larger
far
270 ;
at
only taken
included, and the
might have been
of the
plant is concerned, proportion*
of
cost
extent
the
as
Mere.
cost
plant
the
was
ately reduced.
The
average
It is
miles.
If
is about
distance
hoped
that
conveyed is about
of plant, which
increase
soil is
the
which
to
small
very
made, will,by affordinga

of nearly an
work, admit
be
to
of the
economical
more
more
acre
ment
arrange-
week
per
being
covered.*
Many
as
questions,bearing
remimerative
result
inch
of
of
work,
For
instance:
as
materially the
Estimated
acreage
Estimated
acreage
of this
success
receive
only
can
experience.
soil increases
the
upon
cost
full
their
every
of the
undertaking
in the
answer
half-
additional
it is all
work,
warped
to be warped
70
200
270
If
an
embrace
estimate
the
Fen,
brought in the
as
compared
been
ndeed
trices, it may
be
^ns
"
lis. per
at 58, "d,
The
Portable
"Permanent
reduced
of actual
with
the
that
yard,
following items
under
now
at the
coarse
stated
price of
he
made
were
whole
the
of the
of
cost
to
working,
its amount
statement.
As
above
first
whereas
comprehensive
rate
length
the
last
plant and
of
was
labour
flanged wood-railway per yard,

iron-railway per yard, 35. 9d,
scheme,
which
an
designed
different items
would
be
instance
moderate
very
of reduction
in
portable railwav was

purchased at
nimished
and
by Messrs. Venettc
may
from
be
usefhl
4s. to
"
5". 8"f.
Vncks, each, from 5/. 10s. to 6/. 10s.

Horses, each, about 25/.
^bour, excavating, filling,
spreading, per cubic yard, firom 2id,
"ubic
^'""o
yards
to
c^-^r
1 acre
ditto
to
have
inches
deep"=
807.
inches
deep
538.
to
3d,
146
peat before
the
intervals
of
at
ditches
soil is laid
2
which
chains,
surround
at
this end, drains
To
it
on
great
as
depth
division,
each
Mere.
Whittlesea
Drainage of
the
as
rather
or
must
be
cut
water
in
the
each
future
field,
permit, ^being,on ah average, about 3J feet

The^drains are
known
in many
well
districts,
easily formed, in a manner
by
the
of
from
the
of
the
draw
one
leaving, at
bottom, a
spade
depth
shoulder
which
the
excavated
turf
is
or
ledge, upon
laid, thus
for the water
it a channel
of the bog
covering and leaving below
be more
factory
satisto percolate into and
discharge by. -Nothing can
than
the effect that this rude
subsoil-draining produces
without
character
which
the
of
the
precaution any
bog,
upon
with
the
saturated
to
bog
attempt
peat-water would
warp
upon
will
be
"
be
not
districts circumstanced
large
many
have
comparatively little success.

of place here to suggest
out
with
attended
It may
describing,where
been
perhaps on
scale,might
if
larger,and
adopted.
method
one
we
of
fertilization,
proportionatelyless costly
on
so,
of the
Some
be
in immedi"te
similar
be
may
less like the
or
more
there
that
soil in Ireland
richest
is
of
bog, and although

districts
without
of such
carefully taking
examining the case
the
value
of
fuel
into account
the
and
weighing many
peat for
it would
be impossibleto form
other circumstances
an
opinion
the
of
scheme
such
to
to
as
a
applying
them, yet
practicability
there does
the
to be a sufficient similaritybetween
certainlyseem
that
the
two
to
cases
an
suggestion
tion
Irish-Bog-Reclamajustify
with
juxtaposition
large tracts
"
"
"
"
Company
It
must
be
be
of
formed.
rehiarked, that, in
here
the assistance
forthwith
of
company
the
less
operations,
recent
more
speculativecharacter
than
been
in short,of
called in ;
has
suggested above
one,
sanctioned
associations,
which, as companies
by Parliament,
unreasonable
both
facilities
no
afford,on
pecuniary and
terms,
engineering, without
which, in many
instances,improvements^
the
one
"
those
the
even
It has
obvious
most
with
been
of Mr.
Drainage
the able
large extent
of
'***rtain extent
in
the
Inclosure
a
the
cost
of
advantage
engineer
the
to
the
profit to
the
from
careful
have
been
the
""a "
)ut
,-ior
are
company
of between
addition
an
in
-koî
justiceto
them
"ftrri#"#1 rkiif
it must
-ir*
the
carrying
one-eighth
out
"V"""
be
and
carried
increases
on
to
aet-off may
be
large
organised system
of
all,their power
supervision,account-keeping, and, above

supplying experienced and trustworthy foremen.
hich
vision
super-
of
their
if
"tT
out
England
warping, turf-
the
carried
West
"
company
work, yet
derived
the
under
and
be
not
Company," that
of road-making
the
course
the
could
desirable,
assistance
TTiompson,
and
draining, and
and
although
reckoned
and
work
The
may
be
one-ninth
remembered
wh^''^
âr?''^ "c**.le,
terms
on
calculated
of *the cost
that, if the work
*bey
were
much
Dratnctge of
in
of, the
favour
have
would
Having
when
the
the
assumed
time, when
entertained
this paper,
ending
change as
the
subjecthas
the
before
5000
Although
Appold pump,
yet
state
of cultivation
by being
drainage, it
proposed, to
of Whittlesea
it
draining
seems
it
effected,
been
what
observe
to
the
regards
district.
the
the. entire
to
definite
scheme
any
up
realization
of the most
of
complete
on
charges
fortunes
possibilityof
shape
a
147
cost
less.
brieflyti:êd the
the time
their
proportion of
been
Mere,
Whiitlesea
the
as
about
inasmuch
have
the
present
sahguine views
be interesting,
may
been
the
the
power
influence
feel
from
to
of
productive
acres
has
Mere,
first to
result
of
reclaimed
exercised
2000
acres
by
in
were
long before, and now

only benefit incidentally
and
e"Bcient
a
well-regulated
system of
the
of the
be
comparison
purpose
preper, for
taken
into
will
confine
ourselves
3000
the
to
covered
acres,
fore
hereto-
with
water, reed-shoals,or sedge.

the Mere, the
reed
Although the fish from
the bog, were
and the sedge from
doubtless, in
value,
and
employed,
inconsiderable
no
be difficult
probably
the contrasted
Of
Mere
-of labour
give
accurate
an
of these
mention
its environs
and
more
amount
to
now
the
especiallyin die
will
enable
the
3000
and
old reed-iôals.
case
of
estimate
of their worth
would
; and
of the
Mereproducts
appreciatesufficiently
sole
reader
some
the reeds,
collection,it
to
one-half
about
acres
day,
of
district.
of the
produce
the
their
shoals,
in their
the
as
the
from
These
consists
have
the
of
bed
of
the
years yielded
of
cultivation.
Of the
regular
system
crops,
has
of
been
acres
remaining 1500
peat-soil,a small portion
die
the
and
remainder
covered
soil
from
with
Mere,
ha^,
already
by breast-ploughing and levelling,been brought into a state partially
ferent
already,yield indifproductive, for it will, as mentioned
abundant
under
of
crops
condition
to
estimation
of the
and
coleseed
receive
the
and
oats, and
fast
as
warp
of the
produce
depended
be
for^some
now
at
it
as
first 1500
but
any
that
can
be
acres
of
is
now
laid
on.
rate
is
in
The
comparatively
the
remaining 1500
on,
be somewhat
value of the warped land is
must
vague,' for the true
not yet established, and
a miich
largerproportionwill be in grass.
will
however
The
be
calculations
considered, it is
following,
easy
hoped,
to
give
to
produce
of
the food
it will
the
600
acres
of
500
acres
of oat"
district
100
is
worth, both
and
at 4 qrs. per acre

at 6 qrs. per acre
=
wheat
acres
01
acres
of mangold
mangold
1150
"
^/w\
beasts
x.
at
beast
=
2400
3000
in
:
qrs.
at 40".
k.
..
qrs. at 20s
in
year
4,800
3,000
450
400
j-x*
P^"^^P**^1^-^**^
*.
and
"^
"
3Z. increase of value

it
value
money-
the
what
approximate representation of
yield'for maii
^ !^!!!^r^^
coleseed
1
150
fair
8,650
L
in
200
of wheat
acres
200
acres
of oats
1000
acres
of grass
31 qrs. per
at
5 qrs.
at
acre
per acre
beasts
1000
at
at
1^
1,400
1,000
qrs. at 405
20"
of value
increase
at SL
sheep
1000
700
I 100
lOOacresofgreencrops)
Mere.
fVhittlesea
Drainage of
148
in
300
year
1,000
ditto
..
"
3,700
8,650
The
of food
amount
follows
of the
value
Total
produce
for
of 3000
horses
and
man
12,350
acres
calculated
be
may
an
"
1 lb. flour at 1 lb. per day per year for 3329

Wheat, 3100 qrs.
persons.
2
bush,
Oats, 4000 qrs.
per week
per year for 307 horses.
Bran, 155 tons.
i lb. per day per year for 382 persons.
Beasts, 250 tons at 20 stone
1400
Sheep,
This
the
posed
have
non-imposition
the
scale,
left
of
accomplishment
reckoned
be
must
as
It
works
a
amount
anc
im
tax
better
and
well-paid employment
never-failingand substantial interest
th"
on
however
on
the
for
the
small
satisfaction
the
of
constant
well
in
health,
of
con
as
th(
respect
is
alone
No.
the bed
Organic
Oxides
of
1.
underlying
Whittlesea
the
Upper
(sent by
Mere
and
matter
of iron
and
water
Stratum
Mr.
of combination
of Peaty take\
Wells).
Phosphoric
Sulphate of
acid
*..
9*61
..
13*58
1*61
soda
and
Insoluble
..
1*04
lime
Magnesia
Potash
F.
*42
of lime
Carbonate
at 213""
6*23
".
alumina
..
siliceous
1*53
matter
66*08
100*00
sheep
to
to
lbs. flour ;
393
lbs. per bush. =
36 stone
per qaarte""
in
lbs.
of
lbs.
and
a
3
at
20
8
weieh
60 stone
to produce
year ; and
yrs* old,
in a year.
5
lbs.
of
stone
and
14
2
at
stone
old,
to
produce
weigh 10
yrs.
Takine
beast
capitalexpended.
Dried
Penshurst,
of Clay,
-Composition
from
trui
proper.
success,
changed aspect
district,as
templating
of
the
condition
neighbouring poor, both
improved
Leafy
land
the
by
maj
is
for
profit; and
the
Bed
which
of the
value
corresponding
Mere
Whittlesea
of the
profitside
results
distric
the exe"
works, without
could
its neighbourhood
equallj
iti
12^.
and
3rf.
acre,t
an
averages
tax
have
would
let-able
Act,
and
This
drained.
been
But
Mere
of the
disagreeably affected
is
persons.
character.
similar
the
for 306
power
shows
state
a
between
the
of which
cution
of
Middle-Level
the
under
producing
present
operations
of the
cost
the
enterprises
balance-sheet
the
} lb. per day per year
its
in
and
encourage
that
stone
between
comparison
in its former
well
at 5
tons
wheat
at
63
Whittlesea
Drainage of
Composition of Clay, No.
in the bed
of
Mere.
2, underlyingthe Second
Whittlesea
Mere
149
Stratum
(sentby
Mr,
of Brown
Wells).
Moisture
..
Organic
2*52
"
and
matter
Feat
of combination
water
4*70
.,
Oxides
of iron and
alumina
10*68
Phosphoric acid
Sulphate of lime
'IS
'25
Carbonate
of lime
Carbonate
of
Potash
and
Insoluble
2*12
1'32
siliceous
matter
66*51
lAght Substance
of Whittlesea
the bed
Moisture
(peaty marl\ the Upper

(sent by Mr, Wells).
Mere
(peat)
matter
and
of iron
Carbonate
of
17*34
alumina
1*01
acid
Phosphoric
Stratum
9*31
Organic
Oxides
magnesia
soda
White
Composition of
11*74
'03
of lime
64*77
Aagnesia
*30
Sulphate
of lime
Insoluble
siliceous
1'87
(sand)
matter
5*37
100*00
AuausTus
Boyal Agricuttund CoUege, Cirencester

June
The
results
the
of
memoranda
the
Of
unworthy
examining
not
interestingday spent
Wells, Mr. Laurance,
Mr.
Captain
to
information
management
be
may
in
an
with
company
late steward
1860,
22,
following
on
given
to
me
Mr.
his
Mere
Wells
scientific research
or
Yoelckbb,
of
record
the
as
Mere, in
Cole,
Mr.
agent, and
farm.
all
relates
that
derived
was
other
general
to
Mr.
from
Wells
or
well
Cole, on
hand, was
qualifiedto
sênt.
but
also
of
the
and
not
details,
nature
to
farming
only
speak,
its surrounding fen,
and
value of the old products of the Mere
his
father
hired
and
had
been
which
himself up to the time at
by
his
which
the
It
the
of reclamation
work
appeared
that
the
the
fishery had
200
about
30/.
Mere
produced annually
acre
8
the
; the
years,
1200
average
a-year
which
sedge
produced
and
or
value
1300
of
been
of
acres
1000
grew
about
acres
about
commenced.
reed-bed
bundles
outside
of
reckoned
2^. per
which
reed,
the reed-bed
1000
fen
of
bundles,
held
acre
with
for
to
the
the
the
fringed
worth
was
worth
worth
be
cut
5/.
once
per
in
1/. per acre

Mere
had
joint
purposes
;
an
of
sedge-cutting and
With
these
rough pasturage.
products may be contrasted
the
followingestimate
150
of crops
now
the
on
grown
adjacentreed-bed
Mere.
Wkittlesea
Drainage of
bed
of the
Mere^
or
the sitie of the
on
"
Wheat
..
to
to'8
acre,
q^rs.per
..
"
*'..
Oats
..
..
..
..
"
..
".
Beans
about
3
"
Barley not grown.

.40 tons.
Mangold
...
....
...
....
...
...
^.
Clover
7to8
.
...
the
under
some
of the
estate
The
poorer
the
work
easily.traced
eye
be
may
of
"
to
the
further
carried
out
to
limits
the
nearly
in inverse
the
with
On
peat in the several

site
the
vigorous
and
the
prospect
This
acre.
com
its
of
Xhe
the
area
fields
of
date
our
graduated very
or
clay mixed
was
quantity of
by fhe altered
A
beyond.
the
before
silt
had
growth
; the
ensued
the
; on.
wheat
was
inferior lands
3
to
crop being reduced
skirted
the Mere, derived
land, which
benefit
rounding
sur-
the fields of
rusty appearance
; whilst
to be
losing half their plant of wheat,
qualityappeared
worst
with
had
this
done
harm
no
in
rank
even
it the
"
the
fields.
Mere
the
of
the
holding,
proceeds.
of
it had
injury
proportion to
of
amount
for
straw
land, except
attached
the
of
growing in
appearance
cropslate spring-frosthad'
occurred
week
a
visit ;
the
was
testified
of
supply
been
the
farm
as
enormous,
; the
improvement
out
each
of
requirements of
had-
fen
10
to
was
grown
stacks
the
the
of
which
as
straw
tons.
two-thirds
about
of
excess
of the
arrangement
an
of
number
in
was
Mere
bulk
\ the
size and
manure
where
the
of
com
the
by
site
2 tons.
to
cwt.
....
Carrots
On
10
1 ton
..
...
Potatoes
or
sacks
per
of
its powers
its
surface
on
from
the silt which
was
producing com
deposited
floods
its
value
by
depended on the amount
; and, consequently,
Its produce has always been
of that deposit.
variable from the
injuriousinfluences exercised on it both by drought and fix"8t
farmers
Some
of drainage has been
conceive
that the work
of
very
questionablebenefit
now
laid
there
is
ample
Vom
^^
dressing
late frosts,as
but
""
^1
"ne
'I
^*-
of
with
to
regret
inferior
moisture,
YK.A
clay
well
which
and
was
only
augment
dressing might be
he
Mere, and laid on
doping that,before
to
TkiT^
oiif,
'f'ho
land
of this
it used
satisfaction
more
back
than
dry
more
to
in
looking
may
that
as
be.
However
forward
obviate
state
to
the
to
this may
the time when
mischief
which
than
uncertain
be,^
an
arises
lookby drought,
things which, at the best, produced
caused
of
It is
because
description,
results,under
which
in
the
excess
eflfects of
heat,
palliativeagainst
evil arising from
The
frost
clay for
provided,for a large tract, from the bed
by a railway ; whilst there are grounds
the good effects of this aj^licationhad
the
the
-peat
mVfcooi'
in
11
Kr-'e
become
sufficiently
of fVJîtties^Mere.
I)rainfljge
compressed
directly from
It is to
admit
to
second
dressing of clay being
raised
beneath.*
of
tract
of
\bl
fen
situated
jbeyond the
reach
the former
of
the Mere
remote
than the lands
floods, and, therefore,more
last mentioned, that the clay is now
being applied by railway.
Antecedent
this work, some
to
to
attempts at cultivation seem
from
have
made
been
to
repeatedly
the very
make
however,
a
have
not
good
deal
be
must
inequalities
felt of
the.
to
and
grasses
the clay, or
The
the
as,
unclayed
Such
ôrts,
stances,
circum-
any
surface
of the
rough
1 to
feet,and
the
of roots
mass
the
under
toots, before
the
efforts
utmost
which
season.
from
of
tory
unsatisfac-
most
his
saw
the
to
been
return
away,
done
extent
sedgy
enoii^h to receive
deserves
anjTthing which
he
favourable
thrown
been
wdi
ha,ve
must
inadequate
in
even
full of
a
task
enterprise, when
by
met
would
peat
of
man
the
; but
covered
surface
is level
is broken
up into
with
it
of soil for admixture
name
following groands may be assigned

nused
directlyfrom below the fen.
for
the
that
belief
fen,
the
clay
will
mately
ulti-
be
Around
the
subsided
has
date
sur"ce
site of
the
Mere
which
the
Analysis No.
It may
attributed
of
of
rate
drawn
was
about
off, there
clay.
As
Mr.
inches
in
blue
the
bed
of
subsidence
there
the
does
are
now
admit
of
only
about
upper
feet
consist
of
3), and
the
2 lower
feet of
has
6
or
of peat
in all
feet
since
easy
feet of soil
with
silt combined
the
above
(as
peat
some
blue
that
extent.
explanation, for
an
so
much
as
this surfeioe
shown,
already compressed to that

in the same
period sunk
has
Mere
not
year,
bed
was
Wells
feet
on
the
clay, of
shown
in
compressed peat.
the Mere
bed must
that this subflidence
be
a
on
startlingassertion
chiefly to the underlying peat having been compressed from a thickness
feet to that of 2 ftet ; but any
other explanation of the phenomena
would
seem
over
the
words, this bed of peat has been
over
This
inches.
the water
above
the
at
in other
or
The
6
when
Mere,
feet in thickness
22
as
At the period whan

with
be attended
even
greater difficulties than this.
of some
sudden
elevation
formation of the peat began (probably in consequence
which
it extended
from
of the district), the surface
of the area
the
over
must,
the range
of the case, have
been
nature
nearly level, just below or just above
of the Mere
of the water-leveL
When
water
began to stand in pools, the nucleus
elevated
would
in a depressed rather than an
be formed
portion of this area.
It can
then hardly be supposed that the clay surface under the Mere
is,or ever was,
probably
the
"
higher
the
than
surrounding
in the
to
know
how
stands
now
this and
apart from
If the
surface
If
ult
the
of
other
of the
would
clay be level
shrink
not
peat.
greatly
within
now
It would
feet po9t driven

through
the present level of me
inquiries,
we
such
blue
1 6 feet of
below
is above
ground)
yet at this spot it is
And
t"^ of the 22
the
much
feet out
fen.
it is sunk
sorfkce, although elsewhere
state our
case
may
and incompressible:
dried
when
the
(which
peat
Mere
bed.
But
brieflyas follows
than
(say more
feet of
be interesting
inehes
:"
in the
oj feet):
Of
the
be
must
and
thus
subsidence
due
to
of
obtain
should
we
of peat in 9
the
when
years,
subsequently exposed
Hie
thickness
area
nine
to
years
drying
would
be
at
as
of 22
maximum
to
the
the
peat
fh"m
estimate
of
previously been
fall influence
in
all to 3 feet 6
thickness
the
amount
thoroughly
of
powerful
of
of
inches),3 feet
feet to
rate
the
maximum
as
depth of the clay if the

the
proportionately nearer
bed
Mere
to
the
has
been
surface.
soil
; whilst
were
on
feet;
compressibility
saturated
with
water,
draining apparatus.
feet of peat seems

to be a maximum
thickness
over
above
be reduced
indicated, these 22 feet would
the
influences
of
it has
and
bed (amounting
Mere
reduction
the
to
able
consider9
feet in
thoroughly exposed
other
spots the clay
152
Mere.
Drainage of Whiitlesea
io
is nearly as folpreliminary work
ws
First,the surface is pared, burnt, and partiallylevel led^
:
of
1/. 5^.
at
a
Next, the ashes are
spread,
cost, per
acre,
the
is^
of
Cole-seed
and
the field breast-ploughed, at
1/.
rate
of feed, worth
which
then sown,
gives a small amount
perhaps
it
the
between
but
in the autumn
65. per acre
springs up solely
;
of the
interstices
long slices cut by the breast-plough, the sod
till the
unbroken
itself remaining tough and
next
spring, when,
the
still
bear
land
is
unable
the
to
horses,
as
long strips are
land is then
The
the
of
10*.
at
chopped by hand,
cost, per acre,
and
drains
Shallow
cut
are
again dug and levelled for 1/. 5*.
laid with
turf,44 yards apart, at a cost, per acre, of 5*. ; and the
land
is then considered
ready for the warp of clay.
The
order
and
this
of
cost
"
Oats
work
are
the
of
timothy
the
sown
of
30*. per
about
adopted
the
to
Continued
and
from
probable
bed
of
or
be
to
of the
cause
of
consists
variation.
reservoir
future
and
be
this,can
determined.
and
had
warp
in which
streaks
the
Of
to
the
been
the
pointed
soil excavated
of
depth
is
years,
wheat, oats, potatoes,
respective advocates.
which
layer, on
the
of
3 feet
succession
in 1859, showed
groiyn
if not
A
little consideration
defective.
oats
weak,
the
or
remains
return
after
which,
course,
under
fields, now
the
out
their
of
layer
fair
for
stands
advantage, yet
oats
the
of
progress
the
give
oats
The
acre.
pasturage,
spread,
plant was
The
which
the
as
with
and
admit,
grass,
best
have
mangold,
The
the
far
as
warp
clovers.
and
pasturage
worth
will
season
grass
the
upon
12
feet, the
silt and
of peat,,
siltypeat, the 2 next
mass
was.
only the lowest 7 feet of blue clay. The whole
alike put into the trucks, and spread evenly, so that the land which
chanced
receive
to
a
dressing of silty-peatlost by the lesser
specificgravity as well as by the inferior quality of that material.
Our
did
time
not
permit us to examine,
as
they deserved,
either the complete modern
homesteads
the
site of
erected
on
upper
and
the
Mere,
or
the
excellent
roads
formed
to
with
them
connect
the
the
high land, for which, as no materials are to be found
on
"spot naturallyadapted for road-making, a- large supply of ballast
is provided by burning the clay with peat.
devoted
The
to the
evening was
investigationof the strata next
oelow
the
Tt has
he
Mere
)elow
'
been
stated
consisted
the
which
feet, to
the
'ug down,
-^hich
of the
bottom
in
bottom
our
brought
"^ttoJmîtT
i"
reservoir
that
above
silt,the
of
blue
clay
of the
in
3 upper
2 feet
been
of
feet
of
^"**lysip N**
depth
this
the
black
to
Some
1*
of
common
excavated
further
bottom
of excavation.
course
reservoir.
new
presence,
the
them
to
oxa"^^n"*d
has
to
the
next
"
in
now
stout
o"
peat,
depth
of"
workmen
of 6 feet 6
stratum,
bed
of
inches,,
which.
It is,however,
"
in
Proper Officeof Straw
Ttie
154
is not
Straw
straw.
up
cattle.
"
merely
The
twice
is
of
using
shall
straw
turn
now
is not
in
to
anxious
1/, per
at
farm
more
sake
of
than
tread
"
to
for soaking
bed
dry
ton
(in
will
buy
some
of
fiftytons
getting rid
surely founded
it, are
of
necessitate
which
in
of
state
common
more
50/.
straw
calculation
it,is a misthis by withholding
error,
the
ordinary requirements
tide most
to be
important,
what
where
things,
of
the
of
excess
first
any
sell
permission to
too
covenants
any
be
much), fiftytons
as
for the
straw
and
value
market
worth
on
guano,
trod into dung."
of
worth
dung
its
Taking
neighbourhoods it
for
to
case
it is,as
medium
litter,
a
;
of the farm-yard, making
solids
liquidsand
the
in any
mistake
Farm.
an
farm
because
examining
appears
of straw, viz., as litter. All
indispensable, of the uses
A
the larger animals
sort
dry, and
require litter of some
warm,
their
As an
soft bed
is quite indispensable for
comfort.
dient
expetwelve
for saving straw, 1 once
three-year-old oxen
on
put
The
cruel
found
it
boards
and
to
experiment
a
fatten,
very
of them
refiised
of
animals
in
distress
state
one
were
a
always
;
remained
and
to lie down,
standing four days, until the muscles
A comfortable
the unnatural
tension.
of the thigh swelled
from
all right again, and
the spaces
between
set
soon
as
layer of straw
allowed
the moisture
into a drain, a great sathe
boards
to pass
ving
the
most
of
A
in
litter
wish
the
to
effected.!
was
occasionallyleads
straw
save
yards, always resulting,however,

of
head
every
In
stock.
of
to
in
fact,
sparing
the
the
immediate
of
best
for the want

unremitting attention,will not compensate
bed.
Frequent supplies oi' dry litter in sheds
Those
accustomed
who
are
are
absolutely necessary.
The
which
above
1st,
oases.
conoliuions
although
it contains
strictlycorrect,
dang, yet the
not
are
be
straw
not
or
at
carbon
least not
as
of
use
comfort
dis-
food,
of
and
fortable
com-
and
to
yards
a
well
applicable in
well
the
as
it
all
minerals
exert
a special influence
for
a
light sandy
inadequate substitute
guano
very
before us, 50 tons of straw
be taken
Moreover, in the case
must
farmyard-manure.
On
to
of tons
of inferior manure.
farms
where
a
good
represent a large number
is economically fed, it must
head
of stock
be quite an
exceptional case if there be
the land is strong and the climate
moist,
any superfluityof straw
; because, where
that a great bulk of straw
will
be grown,
there will generally be a conper acre
"aderable admixture
of pasture
the
land is light and
wijth the arable land : when
^'^
climate
almost
dry, and the fkrm
exclusively arable, the yield of straw will
considerable
be great, and
a
portion of it will be required as a substitute fbr
stock.
A good farmer
does
not
""y in feeding the
generallv find that he has
certain circumthan
he
straw
to
"-re
turn
can
good account, although, under
he
think
it
better
sell
to
and
a
replace it by purouces,
portion,
may
economy
nave
soils.
on
positivevalue
On
such
as
and
manure,
soils
is
'^
vv
'^'tfed manure."
The
.viceable
nere
P. H. P.
matting
cocoa-nut
straw
by other
farmers
)oth dear
and
used
by Mr.
who,
scarce.
as
in
Hors"ll
his
in
case,
It would
are
his
cow-stalls
situated
in
be
may
found
neighbourhoods
be used
not, *"'*'^-'ver,
to
the
same
TAe
stocked
fartiiryardare
attention
over
by
dung ?
This
to
of
space
advantage
With
regard
in
litter,as
the
the
amount
25
litter
inches
is
to
be
soaked
to
^tcodden'
into
washed
never
in-*
the
to
subject of
erection
on
covered
It would
the
on
considerable
quitting the
be
advantsêsderived
various
them
seen
and
"urm,
own
my
shjeds covering
The
yards.
thrive
great
one
well
as
in
on
year,
evaporation,there
will
remain
many
costing nearly Id. per ton if carted

straw,
In covered
yards the dung is concentrated
and
cartage
that
"
costly item
The
quantityof
kind
of
depends
given to the
of food
the secretion
In
stock
of
ordinary
urine,
rest
in
This
1st.
stable, whose
the
being
and
cows
Turnips
litter is needed
and
litter,300
June
to
stock.
opea
weather
the
on
course
and
years,
require,as
Sept. 1st
kept in
required to keep
straw
state,
and
yards
; and
in
food
green
fortable
com-
also
the
on
increase
in
proportion.
yards, with sheds, 50 head
open
of
tons
straw
in
nine
of
from
months,
to be
tea horses
supposes
litter is thrown
daily into the yards ;
reckoning
fattening cattle.
The
of
amount
straw
"
is reduced
"
minimum.
the
the
to
me
for
mile.*
spread
by rain, and then
straw,
finally
live stock, I have
tons.
nearly
it
carrying with
making due allowance
absorbed
tons
by the
it is
mars
yard 50 ft. by 40 ft.,

to.. 25,967. gallons,weighing
.amounts
annum,
rain
During heavy
a
off,
large quantity runs
the
soluble
of
the
after
but
manure
portions
;
per
quarter of
on
all.
and
well supplied with
to the
yards, open
sun,
best-appointed stalls,boxes, or covered yards.
less valuable, and
used, the manure
wastefiilly
the
116
be
yard, to
layer, and
of cartage greater.
in
quantityof rain falling'
The
of
use
proper
expatiateon
to
sheltered
But
depends
these
observe, however, that

arrangements
; I may
is the savinTgiil'strftW i^hich
they effect
these
warm,
of
any
direction,
my
besides
cattle-boxes.
yard,
166
important.
of
subject to
present
of
a.
led
straw
spare
under
another
Farm.
"
questionbrings
desire
at
of
fresh
up
different
Is it the
^'
sur"ce
wet
covered
from
aaked,
be
on
entirely success
omission
; the
is one
o" the most
bed
may
the
how
aware
details
to
comfortable
It
Proper Officeof Strau"
Thia
cost
of ^d. per
to
men
to
fill 36
and
5 horses
drag
to
drive
at
the
estimated
carts
on
(a
trace-horse
to the
heap)
f.
d.
being employed
at 2s. 6i"/.
..12
..
heap
d,
8,
20
d.
12
12
20
20
=
36
"
..18
20
"
tons
load
the
2 lads
man
is thus
ton
"
^,
7d,
nearly.
"
H.
E.
Proper Officeof
Tlie
156
daily per
used
head
is 48
an
excellent
It is stated
in
twice
as
much
in
used
Farm.
is
as
required
the
head
ox,
tons
of
1 ton
12
in the
used
are
dung,
cwt,
which
8 cwts.
tons
the
from
an
the
ox,
tity
quan-
find, after
of which
litter.*
yards, which
covered
litter
to
with
agrees
clopedia
Cy-
derived
are
About
six
24 lbs. per
occasionallytreated
are
stable-tank.
the
from
dose
and
Morton's
required
of
each
in
in
manure,
per day are

feet.
This
square
boxes,
own
my
fatting,8
months'
from
100
containing
box
on
paper
lbs. of straw
that 20
to
on
shelter.
under
in
lbs.,or
Straw
head
Fifty
six months
of
beast,
fattened
in
covered
yards,
will
in
produce
"
Tons.
Voided
the animals
by
(24
Litter
.
325
."
lbs. per head
daily)
..
nearly
100
..
425
425
of
tons
The
in open
stock
same
into the
plough
fit to
dung,
yards
ground
produce
will
at
"
325
by the animals
Voided
Litter
(48
200
daily)
lbs.
once.
Water
525
525
of
tons
mixture,
is exclusive
six
In
the
of
of
saved
straw
the
litter
as
when
the
cattle will
The
being
of
straw
be
the
make
mouths.
shows
quite
out
at
given
up
the
as
an
article
of
the
6 tons.
exact
will
be
be soaked
so
would
P.
P.
H.
weight
of
some
as
As
the
off; but
if eight such yards

of
exposed during 6 months
by
464
tons
of water.
they
"
have
far
are
I could
as
116
20
as
cannot
tons
needed
average
^H. ".
other,
in
Bingley
sixe,
same
Mr.
rather
or
anticipatedfrom
two-thirds
dung
if
Street,or
the
get
can
straw
horse-boxes, of the
much
about
left in
runs
Baker
his
I should
hours.
contribute
water
lie is covered.
if
straw
corroborates
averaged quite as
horse
"
decrease
beef!
and
butter
Mr.
at
Food.
at
from
takes
he
yards,
worth,
stint,nevertheless, chews
medallist
many
horse
portion evaporates
50 feet by 40
feet, and
dung
covered
animals
quantityof
statement
one
small
as
the
to
that
me
These
which
no
lihis
observing, that the proper

comfortable
bed, and to
conditions
can
only be
on
certain
The
and
the
tons
into
bed
pampered
during
work
case,
t The
100
is,to provide
knows
informs
in
Lawes
the
and
Lawes
Mr.
tons
eat
calf,who
pen,
cattle,in
of
therefore
of the stock.
excrements
Straw
his
head
fermented,
water.
per ton, to convert

part of the subjectby
this
of straw
fully secured
it.
50
is
and
heap
estimate, 35s.
I conclude
All
to
great weight of
fatting of
Horsfall's
use
carted
months
amount
absorb
be
to
the
horse
ascertain, the supply
lbs. per day ; and if this

much
the ox
as
to
as
easilybe estimated,
per
for 50
"U
annum
head
rain-"U, the
of
525
on
as
stock, and
tons
yard
if
of dung
The
Hall, astonishes wondering

portion of his bed.
is this
Nor
in his
Rural
^'
dotted
beautiful
Rides,"
the
about
southern
where
of
satisfied
duly
sign of
every
Tlie yards
of the smaller
economical
contrivance.
of
the
The
farmers,
display
an
That
kinds
of
this
more
substances,
considerably
and
fat,than turnips. A ton of
than
of
ton
they will
But
thrive,tand
if cattle
as
nutrition
only
not
must
fed
they
that
flesh producing
and
which
the
on
of
straw
furnish
food
more
latter alone
stock will
store
exist,but
in vain.
contains
straw
circumstances, retain their condition.

to
comparative value, but it proves
any
and
neatness
studied
of those
are
former
the
on
modem
by
pervades them,
well-being of stock, and
more
roots.
bam
comfort
show
paper
the muscle
of
and
heat
yet be
is put forth, and

the cud, showing
yet imtouched
as
look
to
rather
contains
are
the
at
interestingpicture of
analyses appended
various
flail may
turns
to chew
is of the first consequence

to the
"
Tables
of Nutrition"
which
will be
without
enjoyment.*
and
innovation,
which
.the shed
retiring
often
eat
things. Any one who

by Cobbett
the sound
to
content
to
counties, celebrated
heard, will find the fattingcattle standing by

it
door, disposing of each choice handful
as
when
157
picturesquelittle homesteads
and
country,
Farm.
by condescending
condition
abnormal
an
will visit those
citizens
on
barely,under
nothing
proves
This
that
the
exist
must
elements
in
of
available
an
form.
An
fed
ox
elements
oil-cake
on
of nutrition
But
form.
some
other
straw
of
ox
alone
would
it does
form
could
and, indeed,
be
not
should
we
shortly die,
presented to him
follow
not
that
oil-cake
because
in
in
his
food,
the
able
avail-
an
presented in
applies to
digested. The same

be led to conclude, from
bulk
requiringso much
employed to supply that
an
be
would
be
not
that
the fact
might
straw
need.
which
the stomach,
to distend
cheap
and
it in just such
we
proportions as we find, by
ought to use
it
be
can
profitablyused, as a substitute for other
experience,
main
and
food.
There
in our
elements
two
are
more
expensive
Straw
is
with
article
the
bestpicture belongs to the poetry of agricultare. No doubt
lock
of straw, which
doubtless
is of great
delights in an occasional
service, directly to digestion,and indirectlyto nutrition ; but he likes it as the
*
fed
This
beast
lîtizendoes his plain-boiled potato v"ith his steak, or

oatmeal
cake, or single saucerfull of porridge with
plainly,further
does
nor
form
is
he
in
t Surely
in
loose
most
of the
season.
"
alone
not
way,
probably
straw
he does
P.
?
H.
overrate
not
the
form
of
of nutrition.
The
hint
consumed
in the
northern
as
the
straw
on
tourist
But
to
**
our
mainstay
of
the
most
be
comfort"
his
author
a
which
thin
shows
dietary,
available
follows
F.
this
ever
Farmers, talking
put to the proof?
fittingbeasts on turnips alone, but this was
yards ; so that they spoke taking no accotmt
of which, as
an
in addition, the value
auxiliary,is sufl5P. II. F.
previous page.
When
was
have
of
boasted
may
effected in well-littered
indicated
cie:it!y
straw
natural
consider
to
general purposes
for the
word
that
on,
seem
the
cream.
"
15S
calculation
TJie
cost
of
value
another:
other
elements
more
in the
that
are
appropriatethe
There
a
are
of roots
will
cause
be
with
to
ox
an
gain
should
the
such
do
to
the
of 2 cwt.
roots
of 1 cwt.
of roots
And
20 lbs. of straw
It
is
saving
not
feed
to
scarce,
meal.
bean
of
instead
the
If 20
thrive
fast
as
to
extent
some
the
by using
at II. per
ton
"
..
4}c?. \
2ld. /
nearly
""
store
have
found
on
them
do
the
when
even
20
about
""
"
c^k
thei
'*"
".
".
2|
better
of
roots
and
lbs. of straw
supply
Cattle
head
former.
""
s=
for stoi
and
straw
of die
of roots, then
cattle
meal,
lbs. of
2 cwt.
as
ca
constituents.
straw
use
word
animal
26^ per cent, nearly.

where
plan in grazing districts,
of
common
that
form
Gain
is
tn other
valuable
at Is. 6d, per ton
Cost
fed, therefore, s
manure,
roots.
feeder
Cost
This
be
costlyarticles
portion of the more
is as
food
this
general use, in
way,
in combination
cattle
into
some
its most
Perhaps
who
farmers
for
substitute
Cattle
of its /most
maximum
few
of beef
produced. There
manure.
although nitrogenous an
worth
gpomething as manure,
they are worl
shape of meat.
possible goes
should
be given in
food
Farm.
But
the
of
little as
as
the
food, and value
on
ai
8 lbs.
'
straw, with roo

did
roots
not
excee
on
wintered
and
straw
on
me
day.
J cwt. per
per
hide
with
bound
become
coats.
staring
only
The
economical, pis
cheapest,though not probably the most
whole
cattle is to give them
of feeding store
to
roots, and
p
and
into
in
the
cut
them,
fact,
racks, making
straw, uncut,
pn
The
this
is
their
food.
the
to
own
objection
plan
dang(
pare
of choking an animal
by a small root, or a portion of one, stickir
"
**
in the
roots
are
than
There
throat.
and
hard.
fed
in this
small
turnips and
Store
animals
is great risk
of such
an
accident
when
tl
Mangold, being soft and usuallylarg"

Swedes, may be given with comparative safet
way
will
do
well,
and
perhaps
as
wc
of the
mo:
prepared food, probably in consequence
mastication
of
when
taken
food
and
perfect
deglutition
slowly.
of the
It was
of
that tl
flail
one
thrashing by
advantages
wante
straw
came
daily from the barn into the racks as it was
Under
the present system it will generally be found
coi
more
into chaff at a leisu:
venient to cut a portion of the straw
stack
It is quite indispensab
time, and store it away for future use.
it
in
free
from
for
to store
a
unless
kept perfect]
place
damp,
wil
it will disorder
the
"aten
and
be
will
sweet
not
stock,
as
on
relish.
A
cheap and excellent

asphalte;and imless the
floor for
site is
chaff house
is made
particularlydry,
the
wil
interii
Tlie
should
walls
four
or
by
cost
steam
expense,
circumstances
been
will
"pans"
to
covering part
Under
ton
much
quite as
the
of
it
the
effected.*
be
may
by
cut
favourable
most
that
find
three
driven
it
renders
steaming straw
a
large apparatus
bushels, weighing 1625
lbs.,in
250
steam
1"9
machine
machinery,
2^. per
trial
On
with
time.
same
saving of
suggested
wholesome.
the
at
Famu
material, reaching
it costs
power,
is driven
It has
on
a.
And
is 65. per ton.
other
unless
gear
Straw
coating of the same

the ground.
from
into chaff
of cutting straw
have
feet
The
horse
Proper Officeof
that
more
with
a
two
day,
at
This
of 7^. 6rf. per ton.
be sufficient for
quantity would
head
of cattle,supposing each
18 lbs. daily. The
to receive
6ost
90
of
expense
steaming
the
as
in
proportion
The
waste
steam
If it
quantityof
process
engine
to
ton
cut
greater in proportion,
be
cannot
reduced
steamed.
straw
much
is very
reduced, when
be
can
employed.
into
straw
chaff, and
it, then
steam
to
much
attendance
it may
preparation is warranted
ton
of
cost
when
fixed
6^. per
cost
7*. 6rf. per

the
this
of
of
quantityis
and
smaller
the
expense
fuel
of
cost
to
smaller
well
by
additional
doubted
be
the
an
value
the
whether
of the
article
prepared.
Straw
its 40
with
but
digestible.
of
cent
per
And
fibre
woody
know
we
of
no
is, at
the
available
best,
method
anything
for
to do
Steaming does not appear
I
and
to
believe, the
palatable ;
obtained
derived
much
from
be
less
at
advantages
steaming may
with
pulped roots.
cost, by fermentation
from
10 lbs. to
eat
to
Fatting cattle can
readily be induced
cake
their
with
it
14 lbs. of straw-chaff
or
com.
by mixing
kind
of
will
chaff
cattle
Either
when
eat
fatting or store
any
this
converting
fibre
much
for
it except
mixed
and
fermented
Details
of cost
of
into
food.
make
with
it
pulped
My
roots.
cows
are
"
"
man
man
to
men
to
supply him
straighten the hay
man
to
remove
man
to
drive
to
s.
d.
10
to feed
.
of
use
cent,
work
to
or
straw
or
straw
to chaff-house
..018
..
..020
..
and
once
to machine
..
two
at
the stack
..
chaff-cutter
from
by tarns,
25/. if used
on
..018
.
horses
for ditto
horses
For
chaff
bring hay
1 horse
the pre-
chaff-KmttiDg:
at
..020
..
time
..
horse-gear (10
a-week)
.
per
.
"13
day the cost is 5s. 9df. per ton : it would, however, be a long
day's work to out that quantity into short chaff fit for feeding cattle with a 2-hor8e
chaff is most
in use,
for short
be made
If allowance
days in winter, when
gear.
is
not
too
which
sometimes
ton
an
6s.
high
and
for the
interruptions
per
occur,
If 4 tons
estimate.
cut
are
"
H.
E.
in
Tlie
160
time
sent
method
found
I have
and
daily of
18 lbs. each
eating
Farm.
cliafi*prepared
straw
in
difficulty
no
inducing
this
bj
them
to
eat
not
touch, by grinding
they would
of
the heap
pulped roots and chaff.
otherwise
rape-cake,which
on
mixing it into
With
regard to the value of different sorts of straw, any kind
is better
than
other
in good condition
kind
all
saved
at
any
If at all injured, it should
be condemned
for litter ;
damaged.
the
should
be
best
The
but
it
given to stock.
none
nearer
when
less
the
wholesome
and
cut,
approaches to ripeness
and
it small
it is.
nutritious
Cattle
both
prefer oat-straw,
excellent
are
the
Bean
On
and
ewes
haulm
is
barley-straw with clover

is eagerly eaten
haulm
in the
months.
for the
saved
Pea
fodder.
serviceable
is very
winter
and
or
racks
of horses
sheep-farms
and
it, and
by sheep,
store-cattle
handAil
every
in
in
should
be
flock.
store
frequentlyexposed
long in the field,but if

and
cut
carefullysaved
too
it should
in
good condition,
will eat it from
For although cattle and horses
racks
a
during the winter months, they will waste
portion. On dairyis
bean-straw
farms
and may
be
especially useful for the cows,
with
made
pulped roots.
palatableby fermenting
It is an
interesting fact that well-fed
cattle, kept in open
than
straw
odier
during the winter months
yards, will eat more
the
under
shelter
cattle
of a roof.
The
careful
warm
kept
carted
chaff.
into
that
in, knowing
sets
with
cattle-house,
in
that
at
that
the
in
by
Each
house
showing
difference
14
ate
cattle
required by
It
warmth.
ascertain
the
kind
exposed
to
quantity of
not
follow
require
are
other
straw,
that
proportions, on
in
for
it would
warm
and
in
respect
they
18 lbs.
would
daily;
food,
other
kind
breed
the
are
of
articles
frequently
the
animal,
by
straw,
animals
of
are
perature
tem-
much
be
may
and
carbonaceous
and
with
When
mixed
age
alike
as
regarded.
dis-
maintaining animal
of experiments
to
course
connexion
be
of artificial warmth.
with
used
in
others
less
of straw
long
will
same
given
condition
circumstances.
it
cold
fed
the
weather
quantity of
of the
was
compared
hay
of experiments of this
affected
by the age and
of food
and
value
flavour
was
fourth
as
results
They
unlike.
by
would
its value
The
the
lot
lbs.,and
nearly
kept in
when
fact indicates
This
food.
of
cattle
chaff
cold
fattened
oxen,
by
six
the
the
compared
much
as
until
its bitter
season
consumed
and
roots,
Those
eat.
bean-straw
adjoining yard.
an
and
corn
of
the present winter

straw-chaff
eaten
During
hay and
breed
stock
his
saves
manager
of
be
but
be
removing
considerable
right to give them
a
little hay, in their
food ; but it does
the
right to give
same
quantity and
the
cattle
to
warm
house.
We
have
Proper Officeqf Straw
The
162
Farm.
BoussiKCbkiTLT.
By
Mye-straw.
on
Kitrogenized
Non-nitrogenized, soluble
1'52
37*10
insoluble
Ditto
..
..
39-75
..
Mineral
2-93
18-70
Water
100-00
Clover-Jiai/,
10*29
Nitrogenous
Non-nitrogenous
,
62*63
Mineral
6*08
Water
21*00
..
..
..
""
100*00
White
Tumips^Swedes^ Mangolds (by Voblckeb),
White
Nitrogenous
Non-nitrogenous
Ash
..
..
".
..
Swedes.
Turnips.
Carrots.
CarroU.
Mangolds.
1-143
1*443
1*48
1*81
7*799
8-474
11-61
11*19
'628
*628
Water
and
-81
89*460
90*430
-96
86*10
86*04
..
I
100*000
100-.000.
100-00
100-00
Gosfidd,Hoisted.
From
the
chemical
as
analysis,^
large
"
some
scientific
feeding
and
manuring
of other
straw-chaiF
of
with
richer
on
value
of
writers
profitheld
promiiSes of ditect
combination
based
men,
contradictorystatements
straw, and
this subject, the
on
the
the
both
to
almost
the
from
of
conflictingopinions
out
by
food
in
of others
that however
feeding, contrasted with the assertions
be
the
value
of
for
theoretic
true
straw
high may
feeding,
for the
of
still it will not answer
to buy rich food
mixing
purpose
with satisfaction to the practicalgood
with straw-chafl^ we
turn
cattle
"
sense
author
of the
The
highest
of the present
service
which
Essay.
be
present rendered
to agriculture
practicalman
who, informing his
inind, and
shaping his observations
by the light of scientific
will
address
himself
methodically to put things to
speculation,
his own
the proof under
weighing,
eye ; testing,measuring, and
for the influence
not
estimating results,yet making due allowance
exercise on
which
the average result
pared
comas
disturbing causes
is, perhaps, that
with
short
In
leans
him
the
picked
this
sense
who
is
moment
author
our
little to
not
the
at
of the
maximum
and
can
effect
which
can
be
produced
at
some
of time.
seems
to
old-fashioned
unwilling
to
be
and
trulypractical,
side,that
test
and
is
the
try well
if he
safe side
recommended
for
The
If
novelties.
writers, they
view
estimates
His
differ
may
others
results,when
of average
those
to
are
Farm.
from
found
be
perhaps
on
square
163
of
other
with
recent
a
sober
rashly generalizing from
exceptional cases.
These
otkr
for the
as
boxes
may
in
or
be
standard
may
for the
standard
with
of
made
be
great
all
under
yards,
service
composition
which
which
means
covered
of
valuable
as
at
full
us
which
manure
fully
conclusions
gives
indeed,
in
are
pages
other
the
suggestions they
Our
they arrive.
author,
the
of
amount
estimating
of feeding
a
given course
in
in
and
for
value
which
respect
aiding us to
of farm-yard
qualitiesof
such
his
arrive
lations
calcuat
manure,
manure
"
a
a
must
and
But
boxes
covered
ultimately be compared and measured.
the
hitherto
the
and
ever,
hownot
rule.
When,
exception
yards are
he comes
the
to
most
point which
materially affects the
when
the
majorityof farmers, how ^r this problem is modified
the
litter
cattle are
when
is
fed in open
thrown
yards, or even
from 'Stalls into such
to
out
yards, our author does not venture
he
clench
his
has, however, at my
suggestion,,
statement;
he
his
in
which
calculates
to
original Essay,
appended a note
add
of water
464 tons
ta
approximately that the rainfall would
it is supposed to fall.
the 525 tons
which
of manure
on
This estimate
flow
is,however, subjectto deductions ; 1st,for overfrom
the yards, and, 2ndly, from
the effects of evaporation..
It must, however, be borne
in mind
that the assumed
dimensions
the
of
yards are very small, such as are not often found except in
overflow
from
with
modern
connexion
is
buildings, where waste
old-fashioned,
carefullyguarded against. If the buildings were
much
the area
of the yards would
larger,and the
probably be
add
the roof would
considerably to the direct
drippings from
increased
of an
would
rainfall ; these two
supply of water
sources
little
is known
for the overflow.
Very
as
probably compensate
from
bed
of
the
of
a
to the amount
evaporationarising
straw,
surface
the
which
is
of
as
but,
exposedcomparativelydry ;
top
is but
sheltered,the loss of moisture
small, and the situation
this cause
is probably not
from
great, especially during the
months.
calculation
Mr.
Evershed's
winter
it stands,
as
Taking
litter would, in
of
without
abatement, 200 tons
yards,
open
sidering,
Confurnish 989, or, in round
numbers, 1000 tons of manure.
for
of
that
rainfall
the
he
calculates
amount
therefore,
best
moderate
as
area
seem
adapted to
yards only of such
reckoned
be
that, in the
improved modem
practice,it may
is
to be carted
larger old-fashioned
yards, the weight of manure
will be confirmed
doubled
by
by the rainfall.* This conclusion
.
The
number
result
of
will
be
the
same
if
we
allow
yards, and, consequently, fewer
head
for
the
of a smaller
employment
kept for a longerperiod.
of stock
The
164
Proper Officeof
regarding the subject from

commonly
quantityof manure
a
of
farm
on
reckoned
Farm,
point
another
If
size.
given
Straw
of view
on
made
the
of
for
ready
as
be
reference
that
use
either
on
the
to
when
old-fashioned
covenants
they prescribed
requirements of
of the rotation,
the quantitiesof dung to be applied in the course
when
the
of practicalmen
estimates
the
on
they theorized
or
be
to
applied to each crop, it will
quantity of manure
proper
that,
appear
liberal
allowance
that
straw
being
grown
per acre,
least to supply the amount
made
be
must
amount
for
the
increased
bulk
of
four-fold
at
of
dung required.
that
byegone estimates, I will only note
of
his
Mr. Morton, in
recent
article, vol. xix.
Journal, p. 464,
Whitfield
the
labour
horse
of
farm, speaks
speaking
performed on
where
120
carted
of dung
of 1200
of corn
tons
acres
only
being
would
This
are
give 10 tons of dung as the produce of
grown.
of
assumed
straw
one
acre
above, to
; or, supposing the litter,as
But
not
refer
to
contribute
one-fifth
otherwise
an
of
alike,
corn
"
therefore, that
I may
the
doubles
nearly
of
than
yield
average
spring
to
the
bulk,
litter,we
as
2 tons
bulk
of
litter
the
It
composition
is
jnuch
noteworthy
diminish
alter
as
latter
so
200
whilst
and
the
the
round
and
autumn
on
think,
rainfall
liquid
numbers,
tons
the
on
"
"
"
"
,,
"
of 1 ton
that
covered
yards
of
manure.
by using
quantityof
proportions of
litter furnishes
the
case
that
manure
sumed
con-
result
10
"
the
acre
for this
high average.
in open
yards the
the excrements,
:
very
that
in
require
the
to
be
rainfall
in
the
cwt.
"
the
should
all to
at
straw
no
straw
assuredly a
safely infer
solid, representing 6
and
of
and
of
other
solid, would
be
provide
the
hand
doubled
than
of
amount
to
attain
farm
its constituent
less
litter would
which
manure
do
we
elements
the
this
so
duce
proin
of the
one-fourth
for 850
not
can
this
bulk,
of manure
tons
liquid
excrements,
result, and
the
water
rain-
removed.
It may
be
be
commonly
other
demands
made
are
system,
is
as
grown
fodder
or
interestingto
which
have
can
been
consider
furnish
200
satisfied.
what
tons
The
the size
of straw
of
for
following
farm
must
after
litter,
calculations
the
four-course
mainly for a light land farm, under
such
soils that a great breadth
of straw
it is chieflyon
the worth
and certainlyfor such
of straw, whether
as
these soils 200
litter,has a special importance. On
result as
yards filled the whole year round would, of course,
give the same
modification will be made
Practically,
eight used only during six months.
some
of economising buildings,if not labour; but, theoretically
for the sake
îX is easiest
the
author's
these
calculations
to carry
on
out
originalhypothesis.
Foar
Proper Officeof
The
of
acres
for
straw
would
corn
litter;
if
nor,
whole
tbe
be
probably
on
required
165
Farm,
furnish
to
strike
to
attempt
we
will
Straw
these
200
an
of
tons
for
average
kingdom,
proportions
chsmged.
to
wheat-straw, Stephens, vol. i. 1991, cites 1 ton
7 cwt
Arthur
of
as
Young's estimate, no account
being taken
weaker
the
then
He
soils.
authorities, giving
quotes Scotch
For
much
be
first,as
1 ton
1 ton
and
cwt
their
76
; and
lbs. per
imperial acre
results
the
as
concludes
of
experience
own
by expressing
opinion
is
for
Scotland.
too
high an average
per imperial acre
Mr.
of his
latest
the
used
forces
Morton, in one
on
papers
in agriculture,has estimated
of a good wheat-crop, tied
acre
an
in sheaves, at 5000
be
well-considered
to
lbs., which
seems
a
and
Now
estimate.
if
of
this
there
be
of grain 8 sacks,
just
18
the
alone
would
st.
each,
weighing
corn
or
weigh, 18 cwts.
2000
lbs. nearly, leaving 3000
lbs. as the weight of the straw, or
result
nearly 1 ton 7 cwt
coinciding exactly with that of
; a
that
his
1 ton
Arthur
Young.*
With
respect
them
place
the
bulk
of wheat-straw
Stephens's estimates
three-fourths, respectively,of
and
18 cwt
or
20^ cwt.
acre,
oat-straw,
two-diirds
about
at
and
barley
to
and
grown
per
respectively.
We
than
therefore, safely assume
may,
and
of wheat
10
come
of
10
for
number
soil
the
shape
10
such
horses
40
as
beasts
we
an
will
for
be
an
much
as
result
it would
as
author
our
"
adequate
are
contemplating :
easy-working
light
consume
average
horses, the
on
of
sources
be
not
on
the
chaft':
cut
land
corn.
of litter.
would
this
arable
required
be
fodder
and
of
acre
of
acres
other
the
that
besides
horses
beasts
of
of
cart-horses, consuming
probably
if
but
"
tons
one
yield more
not
200
from
consideration
tlie extent
would
250
or
straw-stack
have
we
speaks
13
the
straw,
that
average^
spring-corn together will
the
to
upon
First
of
cwt.
now
demand
of
acre
one
2 tons
tlie
on
the
be
13
in
straw
for
same
horses
37
and
beasts.
I
find
young
of cut
horses
and
It
is
clearly stated
this, though important

view
of
to
as
might
"haulm"
be
made
at
for
from
of
allowance
considerably
not
my
moderate
first
in
whether
reaped
itself,does
not
so
other
straw
purposes,
to
meet
farm
a
15
mares
affect
has
not
are
the
lbs.,
an
demands.
on
intended, hut
object
now
in
ample supply
greater deduction
these
the
hay, by
consequence
sheaves
immediately
if the
because
in
mown
sumed,
con-
was
ished,
occasionally dimin-
be
eaten
or
of
older
some
would
straw
more
sight appear,
storing roots and
the total supply of
hay
there
allowance
lbs. per day, and

by
and
barley-chaflF.
wheat-straw
the
cart-stables
in
that
and
corn
10
In winter
inquiry
upon
besides
will
have
Proper Office
of
The
166
other
hand, the short

considerably to the
the
chaff, whether
cut
of the
bulk
during
10
of
the
horses,
into
taken
been
butes
contri-
and
spares
in the
account
14
in
cwt.
10
a-piece of chaff daily

of 30 days (240 days), they would
consume
I
therefore
that they consume
calculate
all.
the
the
of
in
cut
course
as
a-piece
year
8 months
1 ton
least
at
barley-thrashing
the
subsistence
have
it may
not.
or
crop,
consumed
horses
10
say
tons
stuflFfrom
Farm.
on
barley
if
Now
Straw
of straw
lbs.
chaff.
Nejtt, in
the
of
fed, in ihose parts

is
than
less
large, not
when
cow-stock,
England where
of
case
1 ton
economically
proportionof arable land
the
head
per
these
should
of straw
little
are
assigned
be
live
will
to
having
upon
of
straw.
steers
consume
or
a-day
Growing
nearly
cake
3
4
with
or
com
heifers, moderately supplied
(say or
lbs.)
without
would
half
and
this
consume
hay,
probably
roots,
tity
quanauthor
of straw.
Our
speaks of 14 and 18 lbs. of hall hay
under
half straw
in
chaff as consumed
or
by fattingoxen
cover,
with
Mr.
HorsfalFs
be
to
cows
yards.
supplied
appear
open
besides
bean-straw
about
10 lbs. of wheat
oat
straw
or
per day,
and
from
10 lbs. to 12 lbs. of hay.
like premises I conclude
From
these
and
that cattle will, on
with
the average,
eat
advantage 10 lbs. per day of straw-chaff for
8 months, or 240
in the year.
days ; or 1 ton 1 cwt
say
The
will be profitably
straw
question further arises, how much
consumed
a
feeding flock is kept on 400 acres
by sheep where
to
them
food
as
; for
40
of
not,
Stock
of
The
distinct
ewes
combs
me
of
score
; the
lambs
The
besides.
I had
about
of
chaff, when
cut
would,
of
of
of straw-chaff
and
the
at
80
tons.
amount
120
cut
1 sack
day,
the
as
ate
ewes
the
that
which
old
ate
fatting
straw-
ewe
chaff
with
by sheep
temperature,
I shall
lbs.
also
in
their
varies
content
100
cake
very
much
myself
days,
100
days,
the
lb.
would
ewes
such
or
lb.
gets
hog-
upwards
considerable
; but
6 lbs.
nearly J
ate
consumed
a-day
of
Besides
malt-
nearly |
or
100
over
probably
" lb. per day
5000
eat
wethers
of straw.
tons
hoggets,
rate,
lbs.
continued
be, 8
may
180
of
meal
of
stone
6 bushels
ewe
eaten
1859.
March,
that
allowance,
nearly
had
perusal
dietary of my
of
with
paper
Club
in
the
but
the
end
of chaff
and
forward,
book,
the
at
5 fans
Farmer's
represented approximately
each, or 36 lbs. ; so
a-piece. Such an
require,as
eating
excellent
question ;
own
my
lambs
and
went
fan
in
Bond's
Central
this
to
note,
ewes
then
were
the
answer
to
Mr.
to
before
(read
Farming
of 13
reference
hasty
any
led
paper
this
flock
on
find
1858),
lbs.
arable
I do
on
cow
else
as
with
the
the
amount
weather
by assertingthat
The
of straw
tons

be
may
economically
sheep feeding, on a farm

breeding flock is kept
Thus
shall
we
used
'
Farm.
acres
winter, for
land, where a
arable
of 50
167
the
during
of
the fodder
requirefor
horses
whether
400
of
on
head
of
beasts, at least
or
large stocky
.50
For
For
sheep
storing roots, when wheat is reaped, waste from
of stacks, "c., say
thatching,making foundation
"
5
^
Total
straw
the
fully
or
excess
be
expected
63
200
over
tons.
which
tons
of
tons
200
of
acres
jHroduce.
which
note,
prompted it,is intended
than
conclusive
to be suggestive rather
are
; for throughout we
only opening, not deciding, the important questionof the proper
farm
of straw
on
a
a fitting
subject for deliberate discussion
use
c("m
woerage
This
can
like
the
to
statements
"
in
some
future
numbers
The
article
before
chemical
on
relative
white
straw,
among
the
The
values
with
in combination
desiderata
of
scientific debate
limits:
(say)hay
broad
very
wheat,
barley, and
district
The
from
to
vary
5 to
about
oat
the
of
per
albuminous
per
following
cent.,
Two
Some
at
will
readers
the
at
from
Farmer's
for
be accounted
is
to
Club,
of
per
per
from
23
or,
ceqitmay
small
taken
frtnn
to
tain
con-
substance.
others
be
more
write,
taken
quantity
of
per
of the
Professor
or
even
cent
of
Nesbitt
1 per
cent,
water, tbis
"
"
may
usual
perhaps
stacking:
of wheat
of an
t Stephens, when
imperial acre
estimating the straw
crop
3000
lbs., speaks of 40 lbs. (1*33) per cent, of gluten, a low estimate ; whilst
fat
oil or
100 lbs. (or 25 per cent), a high estimate.
itfsignsto
want
as
oil,
cent
cent,
to 30
seems
others
as
be
that
ash
whole
cent,
recently
2 per
by early catting or
lb. per
that
that
giTes
in
straw
be
most
to
stock
mineral
the
albumen,
half
is
seems
of
ui^
of
besides
recollect
exceptional analysis
an
of
and
There
district
together may
less than
tween
e:"dst be-
variety which
;* the
one-fifth
consist
to
matter.
variously stated
If
or
remain
to
appears
the
cent
two
state
some
estimate, t
mean
the
in well-harvested
water
14
about
remainder
for
nutritious
most
to
soil
and
amount
10
; that
of each
straw
The
7 per cent
nearly 20 per cent, or
stated
bean
These
roots.
distinction
permanent
or
C(Higenial
most
palatable and
and
ing
determin-
whether
straw^
agriculture.
to lie chieflywithin
seems
the climate
to
than
cake
of
purpose
"
No
Of
the
and
by calculations
appeal to weU"-
it
can
for
the
of
dispose
to
for fodder
neither
instituted
of
profess
not
of straw
analysis;
experiments,
conducted
the
does
us
question of the value
scientific
based
JoumaL
of the
at
he
The
168
the
was
utmost
differences,therefore,
above
the
But
have
we
matter, and
conflict of
the
it is about
be
in
found
lie within
wheat-straw
of
cent,
of this
carbonaceous
opinion really takes place.

it is urged that the chief part
side
On
one
is woody
fibre, of little value, only one-tenth
in water, or
soluble
capable of being digested ;
side, that
sugar,
immediate
is
as
half of these
about
substances
in
and
of
digestion
capable
gfum,
for the supply of the
use
organs
and
required,besides
further
being
that
matter
the
of this matter
the
exist
limits.
narrow
nearly 80 per
feeding value
of
residue
could
of oil that
extent
Farm,
on
thereof
on
the form
being
the
other
of
starch,
assimilation,and
of respirationas
available
for the
of
far
formation
of fat
It would
be
the theories,
in
water
and
stomach
such
and
that
as
be
of
may
to
process.
Practical
cart
for the
the
of
long
men
stored
horses
This
gentle heating.
whether
by the bruising
together with the
grow
admixture
with
of water
But
however
straw
or
chaff when
the
truly
some
capable
unseen
re-arrange
may
of
of
for
the
ftirther,
which
weeds
thrashing,
by
or
clover
however
of fat and
hesitate
just as
we
oil ; whilst
that
cut
however
we
the
roots
or
well
as
before
the
straw
fly
should
of
food
of
the
learning
this
with
food
straw
of
nutrition,yet
that
they admit
by
obetlient
particles of
as
hither
wish
with
hopeful they
be
may
practical men,
mixed
tissues
cooking
manner,
of other kinds
digestion
the
of
rude
process
"c., actually do
themselves
already,
and
to
it underwent
carried
grass
the
unexplained
affirm
so
digestion part
must
men
hydrogen,
formation
straw
digestive
chaff
that
quantitiesof green
themselves
process
scientific
oxygen,
they
the
with
the
straw
often
or
food
on
the
now
in
barley
of
It may
gastricjuices, and
use,
process
of the clover
assist nature,, by, in some

the
admixture
however
even
aid
have
to
before
to
may
kinds
influence
is
small
within.
process
these
of
assist
cut.
in
be
may
liked
time
some
other
the
processes,
far, may
too
acid
within
chemical
carried
condimental
ago
economy,
to these
digestive
some
simple
whether
some
if not
development
a
state
soluble
analogous
moreover,
exercise
extent
results
than
substances
animal
the
fermentation,
way
admixture
conduce
some
animal
efficacious
more
carbonaceous
in
to
be
converted
into
may
the
animal
fat,within
economy.
are
produce
difficultyeven
starch
into
these
the
prepare
that the
which
juices
that
the
of
to
agents
be
may
alkaline,
considerable
these
rendering
there
or
of
chemical
Certain
of
according
either
or
sugar,
task
may
and
them
thither, and
to do, for the
however
other
be
decidedly
food
is
that
further
viceable
ser-
The
170
called
Pusey
Mr.
the
then
The
virtue
of it
qualitiesand
account.
no
And
In
yet
like
have
in the
stood
may
first objection may
into
converted
even
have
bitters
and
On
flock
is
dried
food,
the
stover,
observations
No
if
of
as
perhaps
acids
many
has
stalks
it
the
of
converted
at
once
partially
however, only
the barn-door
at
furnished
is
crop
into
ing
breed-
been
which,
ewes,
when-
and
scarce
being
so
yet
second
the
are
smaller
little
but
of
unpleasantness
use
straw
the
also
it almost
stimulants.
bean
and
its
manure.
manner
roots
for
as
great bulk
like
for
of bean-straw
and
into
where
leaves
manner,
for winter
horses
way
much
as
think
as
and
the
of
be
number,
overcome,
stover
are
structure
converted
winter
this
in
been
extract
dairy purposes),
heating
the analysis took
far recognised,
so
rape-cake
auxiliary,in
an
clay farms,
kept, the value
recognised as
the
pick over
but
be
few
gome
of
toughness
manner,
flavour
the
the
among
in nice fresh
drill
to
waste
the
under
of
which
food
for
farmers, myself
some
sinful
its merits
to
consequence
properties of
taste,
pungent
able
(unlessit
chieflyin
perhaps
that,examined
been
never
linseed-cake
of
Farm.
analysis,it was
equal to linseed,
for feeding, in its constituents.
use
has
out
as
that
and
in
on
the fact
to
chemical
of
only oil-cake
practical man
out
that
attention
heads
recognised
Straw
Proper Officeof
is
to
cart
consumed
as
manure.
this
subject,however
incomplete, especially
estimates
to the
as
guard against exaggerated
on
would
they
into flesh and
notice
convertibilityof straw
fat,can
pass without
the feeding experiments of Mr.
Horsfall.
That
with
his
gentleman has undoubtedly had great success
in
which
straw
stall-feeding,on a system
plays a very important
he
and
has
rendered
ture,
undoubtedly
great service to agriculpart ;
the
in which
he has been
at
by the public-spiritedmanner
the
results
of his valuable
pains to communicate
experience to
the world
at large.
His
three distinguishableand
two
or
practice combines
liar
pecufeatures
1st. His
to
1 have
When
is
food
of heat
and
"
chieflysteamed
discretion
sound
the
exercised,
left in the
be
the
known
became
tried,the animals
through them, probably
as
the
to
mixture
at
steaming
amoimt
feeding
of
want
may
both
process
the food
restless,and
from
much
and
due
depend
on
of moisture
time.
imperfectly
passed too quickly
be
to
precaution
in
these
respects.
Again,
straw
are
the
chief
He
various,
uncertain
remains
uses
used
the materials
merit
by him
generally
and
to
of the
wheat-straw
which,
result
;
or
to
under
the
blended
the
denomination
together;
combination
of
so
that
of
which,
it
is due.
and,
again,
the
husks
of
the oat
(not
The
oat-flight,but
Straw
Proper Officeof
the
husk
refuse
or
on
of fine
171
JFarm.
oatmeal) ; and, thirdly,
bean-straw.
conjecture,I
from
Speaking
and
an
which
element
for
has
been
is much
the
The
system
cannot
more
that
more
would
we
straw,
as
or,
Jind
these
2240rf.
of 40
T"^
If
we
the
they
40
all
We
farmer
more
profit
the
at
he
anxious
must
should
beef
be
be assigned
may
30
hypothesis that it contains
value
of
worth
Id. per
give
of 2240
the
us
56*.
"c.,
sugar,
lb.
^^
contain
starch,
gum,
per
starch,"c., -f^X
of gum,
of direct
producing
hitherto prevailed.
-/^^
lbs. of
value
following
ton;
2240d.
starchy
224c;?.
4 x
the
in
or,
ton.
prepared
in straw
phosphates
are
the
to
increase.
of
lb. would
3 X224d.
drawing
inspection, or,
cent
then
nearly per
at
are
are
per
cent,
per
on
bear
not
the
per
production
be
to
the
that statements
have
take
would
Id.
=
'^5*-
which
substances
at
is
methods
only
of straw
ton
which
case
for
such
being
results,we
valued
shall not
demur
when
quite as highly as
other form.
in. any
dwell
shall
the improbabilityof any
not
upon
it is sold as
the
price at which
buying potash at
found
practical
article
an
commerce.
We
shall
content
bore
in the
On
the
of
most
we
leaved
tribe
at
rather
may
as
nearly
at
inquirewhy
scientific writers
valuing nitrogen at 6d. per lb.,the

palmy days of the nitrogen theory.
manure,
grasses
to
pause
hand, if
other
animal,
shape
hardly
with
now
the
need
maximum,
that
"c.,
economical
how, in theory, a high
see
we
One
of
will
economical
recognised, than those

to
the
exceptional cases,
to
success,
comparison of
close
ultiinateljdiscan
we
hardly
present
for meat
feels assured
man
periments
ex-
the
when
moment,
view to being remunerated
the
at
demand
the
best, only apply
If
hinges,if,as
subject of
doubted
stall-feedingbullocks
be
will
these
his
on
the
fattening stock at a loss,with a

produce of grain, seems
by an increased
The
by
that
of
end, whilst
an
leastyin accounting
Horsfall
the rererse,
success
the
of
be
that
to
attainable.
be
importance
beef
benefit
in
inyestigation
assurance
or
which
on
doubt, that result

of
the
successful
point
place to
ingredient,with
most
tried the
and
congratulateMr.
may
lowest
result.
it,with
whether
attempts,
tested
the
that calls for further
; but we
try to emulate
and
to
assign the
the last-named
to
succesiîl
unusually
an
There
should
the
highest
inclination,perhaps, to attribute
first-named
the
food
carbonaceous
demur
for
matter
its utter
to
the
plant;
for
be
so
time
of their
price
valuable
the
the
narrow-leaved
gprowth,and for
early development.
"
the
broader-
P. H,
it
to
depreciationin
all the stages of their
the
not
are
F.
Proper Officeof
The
y\2,
from
Letter
My
on
Farm.
Storing
Jonas, communicating a Plan for ^Cutting and

Straw
Chaffto the best advantage.
Mr.
Sir,
dear
Straw
'
July 17th, 1860.
plan for cutting straw into chaff,which

gives me
purchased of Mr. Maynard of Whittlesford, in Ihis
with
of his powerful chaflf-cutters,
attached,
siftingapparatus
one
county,
drum
attached
wheel
work
from
to my
I can
which
or
cutter
a
threshingtime
is driven hy a 9 horse-power steam-engine at the same
machine, which
when
delivered
The
from
the
that I am
straw,
threshing com.
threshingmachine, is carried up an inclined plane hy spiked rollers to a height of
inclined rack, nearly yelmed and ready
down
9 feet ; it then
about
comes
an
Three
chaflf.
for cutting into
men
yelm the straw, mixing with it a small
When
such
tares.
cut
into chaff, it
as
fodder,
or
quantity of green
rye
chaff-house
and well trodden
bam
is sifted and carried into an empty
or
down,
just invented
I have
and
the straw
away
the last few days I have threshed
straw
not
exceeding 45s., or
of wheat.
beasts
so
acres
Three
be
can
as
day,
and
straw
the
those
to
it to heat.
or
cause
The
who
would
be
as
follows
man
to
men
to
men
to carry
yelm
Hire
of
engine
Coals, 5
the
off the produce

800
lans
which
three
boys
expense
is stacked
as
should
tread
is for from
and
cut
the
from
straw
stack
to
to
men
yelm
and
Gef
(this includes
engine-man)
chaff-cutter
and
l-3rd
cost
of
thresh,you
The
a
fans
man
",
8,
16:
to
900
fans per
of an
3-16ths
H,
*
Mr.
H.
Jonas
F.
reckons
47s.
per
day,
or, in
fact,cut
800
fans
fan
of chaff
to
measure
; the
latter
same
time
for 4". 6(Z.
faithfully,
Samuel
12
be, the very short cut, Id, per fan

fan ; but, by cutting the chaff* at the
Frere, Esq,
"P.
10
day, according to the length

inch in length, the latter
Yours
P.
d,
to
would
per
penny
about
being
cost
save
chaff-
,.020
600
first cut
3-8ths.
about
you
into
cut
Maynard's
from
it down
4 to 5 cwt.
threshed
siftingwith
cwt
will cut
the
threshingtwo
filled,
be
to
"2
This
of about
day,
per
if the
is
Water, carting
of
plan of old
advantage
"
chaff
away
chaff down,
feed chaff-cutter
tried this
and
chaff-cutter,
or
; two
only extra
straw
3 lads to tread
cut
cost, too,
the
move
time
same
believe
work
can
If,however, the straw

per day.
of cutting and
afterwards, the expenses
cutter
have
chaff,can
chaff-house
coal
chaff
be
Within
by the hand-box.
feed the
bam
at the
mentation.
fer-
would
of wheat, at
acres
thus.cuttingabout
than
the chaff into the bam
carry
close, so
of
yelm the
placed near
men
machine
cause
than
cutting the straw produced on an acre

I purchase my
next
October, when
but
none
strong wheat
per
shorter and better
good
of
and
corn,
80
to
as
until
use
compared with fresh-cut

as
of the old chaff for feeding stock. I
chaff being cut
men
grazing,and
the
so
labour
ordinary manner.
it in the
of about
for
acre
manual
managed,
in value
8
7df. i^v
of chaff,
ton
more
dressed
and
produce
chaff I shall not
This
for winter
chaff
the
into chaff from
the
no
stack
and
take
required to
with
is effected with
this
All
salt mixed
of
1 bushel
about
I have
satisfaction.
much
bushels, and
to
Jonas.
weigh
28
lbs*
173
(
X.
Statistics
"
the
For
Live
of
and
past the
Meat
Dead
Robert
Metropolis. By
months
many
Stock
)
for Consumption in
Herbert.
all-importantquestion of production
has formed
consumption of stock in the United
Kingdom
the
all classes of society.
topic of serious discussion
amongst
the one
it
On
been
that
has
contended
there is an
absolute
hand,
both
of
and
in
beasts
the
the
scarcity
sheep
other,
country ;jôn
this scarcityis the
that
result
of a system
of feeding which
is
calculated
to
When
fceep prices at an
unusually high range.
the
consider
interests
in
involved
the subject of producwe
great
tion,
the
demands
the
of
enormous
resources
our
graziers,
upon
the
and
creasing
rapid increase in the population, together with the inthis questionrequires
prosperityof the industrial classes,
attention
than
hands.
In the first place
at
more
our
ordinary
and
let
then,
the
inquire into
us
excitement
the
in
for
demand
it may
fallen off
have
but
place
to
same
race
that
general,
markets
system
extension,
have
fully half
of
original breeds
best districts ;
our
that
than
well
the
have
they
of
breeds.
pure
is quite evident
shorter
period
Scots
become
now
in
various
our
That
the
from
than
given
the
which
weight
enormous
much
disposed
may
consumers.
our
in
even
the beasts
recent
London, but
the
grazing
chieflybetween
other
from
in
attained
of
remarked
be
in
principle,which
of the
few
in number
paid remarkably
and
not
the
to
cross-bred,
point of fact, crossing has
In
consist
has
the interests
animals
of
led
not
false
upon
it may
time
Short-horns.
and
so
the
at
considerably
have
only
further, whether
that
assumed
be
beasts,
and
throughout the provinces;

community have not acted
eventually be prejudicialto
Now
which
causes
its
the
the
new
rapid
crosses
pure-bred
animals.
Early maturity
"
made
has
long
so
aimed
by
at
such
the
largest breeders
awaken
certainly
inquiry, if
progress
of those
existence
of
not
races
anxiety, regarding the future
stock
which
for so
long a period have supplied our
enormous
observed
that
have
We
early perfection in beasts
consumption.
has
yieldedlarge profits. On this head no doubt can possibly
exist ; but the
question is, has it produced an increased supply
food ?
Our
of really consumable
impression is that, although
from
those
of the crosses,
most
Scotland, have yielded
especially
if
still
take
of
of
we
fat,
given number
large quantities
any
with
them
breeds
which
were
disposed of
beasts, and compare
the weight of
since
for slaughtering purposes,
fifteen years
some
"
meat
of
has
not
in
diminished
as
consequence
to
of the
increased
amount
fat.
How,
then,
it may
be
asked,
do
we
account
for
the
present
174
Statistics
enormously high
of
Stock and
Live
in the
range
value
Meat
Dead
of
with
compared
beasts
that
former
of many
sion
periods? We have now
ports for the admisopen
of live stock ; we
import largely,and apparently are rapidly
the Continent
draining
far
so
this
all
spared^ and
of every
without
in the
possibly be
can
positive advantage
any
We
concerned.
is
price
as
that
of stock
head
will at
the
to
bear
must
in
sumers,
con-
mind
explain our position,

prices are likelyto rule high :
beyond a
of our
first,the rapid increase
population; and, secondly, a con*
sumption large beyond all former precedent in proportion to that
thus
the
demand
enormouidyincreased,
population. To meet
two
features
and
show
which
Here
once
that future
prematurely fixrced
disposed of immediately on
has
stock
for
been
its
then
decreased
arise
consumption
of animal
becoming
things for
in
distress
home.
beasts
reduced
advance
to
fall
the
of
event
be
not
is
by
met
likelyto
industrial
the
are
prices
worth
in
is
fully
it
as
of
has
of
done
if
consumption
late,any
At
the
siderable
con-
the present
5". 4d.
question.
disposed of in the metropolitan
That
quotation,if
per 8 lbs.
supply
in
and
abundant
^lat
it follows
; whence
steadily
Scots
best
market
Scotland
and
continue
stock
there
only
can
an
"
which
from
Ireland
time
of
food
stances
in-
many
marketable.
periods
classes,
amongst
from
foreign competition or
ovet-production at
In proof that high currencies
must
prevail for a considerable
the
observe
that
with
which
rapidity
period, we
may
have
of late years
of
been
has, to some
disposed
extent,
the available
supplies,not only in England, but likewise
except
arising
in
we
in too
sale, and
perceive a state of
positiveremedy.; and unquestionably it
no
a
trade
doubt
out
crosses
the
grazing districts,would
speedily increase the arrivals ; bat, in order to prove that scarcity
that
have
beasts
observe
been
really exists, we
purchased
may
in the metropolis at these high rates
for consumption in Birmingham,
and
such
that
an
extent
Dublin, to
Manchester, Liverpool,
at one
period Liondon was
absolutelysufferingfrom the deficiency
thus
were
occasioned.
Again, owing
breeds
have
to
the
want
of
of
food, large numbers
been
of
second-
our
in
condition, but yet at

disposed
poor
that
did
much
influence
not
high quotations,
they
prices.
In all the provincial markets
stock
has
forward
come
slowly ;
been
enormous
prices have
paid for it, and the jobbers have
their operations for
found
great difficulties in carrying on
plying
suprate
such
London
with
food
The
conclusion
arriving is,that great inroads

supply of stock ; that consumption is
justifiedin
have
the
in
rate
We
of
production; and that

in value much
a
range
have
now
to
consider
been
the
our
hardly
can
feel
we
made
of
excess
consequently we
below
which
at
upon
past
cipate
anti-
present prices.
question
of
supply
as
it
for Ccnsumption
that of
bears
upon
understand
to
require
which
serious
there
assumed
business
that
better
questionsin
are
175
Metropolis.
be
not
consideration.
in"-and-in
it
flockmasters'
undoubtedly
; but
Let
sheep.
the
in the
connexion
It is well
we
fess
pro-
selves
them-
than
known
with
it
the
that
of
sheep-breeding has become

a
pretty
in
is
favoured
districts.*
It
general one, more
especially
equally
known
that
attention
been
has
well
shown
to a description "^
in this
stock exhibiting great aptitude to fatten ; and
crosses
way
have
become
and
Have
more
more
numerous.
they, we may
inquire, produced an increased
Probably
quantity of meat?
We
the
has
believe
that
not:
forcing system
destroyed large
of sheep which, under
numbers
ordinary circumstances, would
been
have
kept longer on the land; and, further, that although
breeders
have
kept up the shape of their animals
remarkably
many
in
have
realised
instances
the end
well, and
large profits,
many
aimed
the
of
fat
in
brief
production
a
period,must tend to
at, viz.,
In
the
sold in
a
high quotations.
comparative sense,
sheep now
*'
system
markets
our
it observed
but
breds,
ratio
moderate
very
amount
of consumable
we
not
are
If
breeds.
could
we
should
find
find
or
half*
between
crosses
increasing
meat
Be
food.
Downs
alluding either to
Lincolns, Leicesters, Kents, and
to
heavy
other
carry
that
in
the
to dwell
wholly unnecessary
the
otherwise
future
than with
feelings of satisfaction at
upon
what
has been
to
reason
accomplished : as it is, there is much
apprehend that unless the old proportions of fat and lean are
shall not be able to
restored, and the supply largelyincreased, we
with
the
demand
the
to
which, at
keep pace
present time, threatens
the
render
whose
and
more
more
foreigner,
us
dependent upon
taxed
the
if
mistake
to
we
not,
producing energies are
now,
same
fat, we
as
it
utmost.
But
in
how
are
order
we
to
arrive
to
effect
ing
changes in breeding and feedwhich, nationally speaking,
results
at
At
the present time
their character?
highly important
the feeders
that
of sheep contend
they are
compelled to keep
with
the
spirit of the times ; that nothing short of rapid
pace
that to Jceep
of profitto them
be
production can
a
source
; and
stock
land
the
than is absolutely necessary
would,
longer upon
absolute
loss.
with
the
with
be
attended
competition going on,
Doubtless
in these
but
is much
truth
there
they
statements,
do
of
this
bottom
the
to
question,
as
we
imagine, go
not,
in
are
which
has
assumed
which
dimensions
make
it
of
one
national
importance.
We
*
on
Does
which
do
not
not
this
markets
attach
remark
mainly
much
apply
depend
weight
rather
to
P.
H.
"
to
fancy stock,
F.
stated
the
than
to
the
determi-
general supply
Statistics of Live
176
nation
the
on
abstain
declined
to
portion
consumption of
of
part
the
from
Stock and
lower
disposed of
the
of
as
which
Meat
labouring
it
is, nearly
is
classes
to
prices shall have
until
meat
Even
range.
Dead
loss
all
inferior
the
butcher,
falls
first
and
prices
present
middle
classes of society, who
and
the
chiefly on
buy
upper
enhanced
further
the
the prime jointsat prices
by
difficultyof
the
and
of
inferior
joints,
secondly, on
butcher, who,
disposing
from
his
The
trade.
rise
of late, has hardly derived
profit
any
with
the comparain price is chiefly due
to changes connected
tive
the burden
artizans
but
has fallen even
prosperity of our
;
more
severely on others than on them.
and
extraordinary activity in commerce,
Higher
a
wages,
hesitation
have
in
no
saying, not
teeming population have, we
stock
in
of
the
the
available
reduced
supplies
only
country, and
of breeding different
from
that
of some
introduced
a
system
they have
since, but
placed the country in a
twenty
years
difficult
it
which
from
We
need
to
seems
position
escape.
into
that
to
enter
are
particulars
perhaps,
not,
prove
wages
the
has
that
but
and
increased
now
we
population
higher,
;
fact which, at once,
is
conclusive
refer
to
one
as
regards
may
joints are
so
our
the
that
of
effect
commercial
at
rate
to
high
our
The
greatness.
official
"
"
value
and
of
imports
our
in
manufactures,
1859, was
produce
nearly
about
in
1839.
In
[220,000,000/.
450,000,000/. sterling,against
have
the past six years
we
exported over
160,000,000/. in bullion,
and
imported.
Here,
quantity has been
fully that enormous
of
state
see
a
prosperity without
a
then, we
parallel in the
This
be
history of any
prosperitymust, of course,
country.
for
and
breeders
it
remains
determine
to
our
graziers
fed," and
the
increase
what
and
how
far,
they can
supply of
by
means,
animal
with the wants
of the times.
food
to keep pace
There
is another
here allude, as tending
we
point to which
may
the value
of live stock, viz., the enormous
to keep up
price
The
markets.
of tallow
in our
operationsof the speculative class
in Russia, in 1859, prevented the usual
quantitiesof tallow from
being shipped to England, and the result was, that at one
period
London
the quotationsfor Siberian
in
were
as
qualities
high as
in the consumption produced a fall of
decline
The
64^. per cwt.
tallow
fully 10*. per cwt. ; but owing to the scarcityof home-made
has been
recovered.
a
Rough fat has of
portion of the decline
value
of
the
In
with
tallow.
the early part of
fluctuated
course
and
exports
of
"
the
year
the
first-named
9Jd.
sellingreadily at
2*.
that
realised
refuse
has
ordinary periods
of
article
per
the
abundance.
worth
was
lbs.
value
If
Thus
of
it will
good
fat is
it
3*. 4rf., now
to
be
perceived
food
consumable
continue
is
at
in
high
Report of Experiments
\u
Average
Prices
of Beef
the
on
Mutton.
and
1860.
Beef:
"
Inferior
s.
d,
Middling
Prime
Mottom:
"
Inferior
10
Middling
Prime
.,
From
of
above
the
beasts
has
have
drawn
we
the arrivals
at
In reference
Both
calves
sink
former
and
Down
high
breeds,
; the
figure
top
8 lbs.
latter 5^. 4"f. per
the
now
to
offal.
the
In
6s.
best
ruled
have
pigs
been
having
value
8 lbs. for the
8^. per
was
number
average
our
and
the
to
that
seen
gprazing*districts; that
that
foreign resources
; but
have
Scotland
considerably
that
of lambs, we
state
may
from
Ireland
from
"
for the
be
extensively upon
period it
one
it is 7^.
drawn
been
both
fallen off.
it will
returns
Newgate and
Scotland
and
different parts of England,
Leadenhall, both
have
fallen off considerably. Prices
have, consequently, kept
the rise in the
with
live
markets
our
impression is,
; but
pace
that
that they have
their
and
for the
seen
highest range
year,
in
the
the
they will tend to stimulate
production of stock both
comparative
the arrivals of
sense
meat
up
to
from
United
and
Kingdom
Continent
the
on
5, ArgyU-square^St, Fancras, London,
XI.
"
Manures,
different
J. H.
Dr.
By
Gilbert,
the
on
J. B.
Lawes,
questionsin
attention,or have
anations, than
connexion
been
the
^rown
year
for a
(and
to
oiow
ome
r*"
strange
the
yea'**
m
the
failure
somewhat
Growth
Clover
of Red
Esq., F.R.S.,
by
F.C.S., and
F.R.S., F.C.S.
Part
Few
'^
with
agriculture have excited more

subject of a greater variety of exof Red
It certainlyseems
Clover.
that, whilst
after year,
considerable
I.
some
oi: in pretty
of
of
close
our
farm
crops
succession,
on
for what
be
can
the
same
time, and,
period
we
yet
will
succeed
others
when
continuously,
only
contrary,
Iâ t
"'apsed since the same
description of crop was
Growth
In
in
works
Clover
Red
of
agriculturethe
on
great number
causes
of ways,
mentioned
:
be
may
of the
Exhaustion
The
failure
of clover
which
among
the
is accounted
for
following assumed
soil ;
strike their
of
clover
179
"
plants,which
parasitic
exhaust
its juices;
and
growth
the
Manures,
by different
by insects ;
injurious influences
into
roots
Destruction
The
the
by
themselves
roots
The
growth
or
crop,
excreted
matter
from
the
of the
decay
the
of
former
the
of
roots
the
arising from
under
the
found
to
plant
young
shade
of
corn
crop.
tffe Clover
Although
than
one
the
of
above-enumerated
present themselves
to
after year
year
on
the
Still it is
pursued,
that of the
of the
and
of
the
no
what
same
thought
results
obtained,
difficulties
we
short
in
number
We
view
be
can
not
of
account
grown
been
the
to
cessful.
suc-
course
ing
service, by show-
be of
may
involved
same
crop
have
chance
land.
subjectwith
In this
that
certain
the
the
means
land.
more
which
satisfactorily
knowledge
means
on
the
on
from
phenomena
allow
repeatiilgit
years
suffer
concerned, our
fact,that the only
is to
success
before
elapse
have
experimented for some
ascertain, if possible,by
years
by
preventionis
as
explained ; and, so
is pretty nearly limited
to
of growing the
with
crop
the
causes,
nevertheless
are
far
of
be
may
crop
the
inquiry, and
by^
investigations.
limiting or
shown
that some
Experiments on this farm have satisfactorily
will
in
which
rotation,
of the crops
are
generally grown
yield a
the
the
after
of
same
on
land,
on
large amount
produce*year
year
Thus, a part of
application of certain constituents as manure.
Clover
in
the experiments on
the same
now
field,in which
tion
quesfor
in
has
ten
barley
were
made,
succession,
years
grown
and
In
on
some
plots large crops have always been obtained.
been
in an
like manner,
adjoining field,wheat has
successfiilly
is
Nor
there
sixteen
for
at present
consecutively.
years
grown
anything in the results to lead to the supposition that these crops
The
results
continuously for a century.
might not be so grown
some
indicating the
of future
direction
of
as
the
In
which
were
for
records
1847
we
manure
and
was
carted
sown
; and
were
manured
about
are
heavy
experiment.
which
experimentswith
similar
somewhat
crop
to
give
the
in
the
These
as
spring
were
shown
of
In
land.
are
very
different,
will show.
of Swedish
superphosphate
from
Clover
yard
turnips was
by farmgrown
lime, a large proportion of
1848
barley and Red Clover
of 1849
divided
in Table
four
into
acres
a
set
were
of
number
I.
N
apart
plots,
180
the
Report of Experiments on
o
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f-n
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91
eo
to
Growth
As
little
which
the
manures,
under
the
to
or
in the
present
attention
short
the
has
detailed
shall
failed,we
the
to
of the
composition
do
great variety of conditions

of
of
of
action
on
the
of
tained
produce oband
manuring,
season
It will
plant.
enter,
not
the
amount
different circumstances
the
is to
communication
examination
any
in regard either
chemical
181
Manures,
by different
to
Clover-plant
occasion, into
various
Clover
call
than
more
under
this
object
our
of Red
be
sufficient
point out, that, in every case, the crop of this first year of the
a very
experiment was
large one ; amounting, in three cuttings,to
14 tons
about
of fresh green
produce, equal to about
3f tons of
of manure
the addition
of any
kind
where
hay, without
; and
sulphate of potash, sulphate of potash and superphosphate of
lime, or sulphates of potash, soda, and
ployed,
emmagnesia, were
of green
17
about
18 tons
from
to
to
produce (equal
obtained.
When
to
were
4^ to nearly 5 tons of hay), per acre
to
the
so
mineral
manures
greatly
increase
the
where
mineral
too, that the

the
mineral
manures
it
land,
of
Clover
cutting of
ploughed
was
be
seen
either
than
crop
together with
manures
"c.
straw,
is
"
(1849) had
and
up
without
November,
com,
"
It will
smaller
duce
proless than
salts.
the third
middle
alone.
mineral
the
the
crops,
whole
the
upon
used
which
ammonia
Cereal
our
was
were
alone,or
the
of
salts of
rape-cake(Series3) gave
manures
ammoniacal
After
the
produce
Leguminous
plant
this
of
those
added
were
with
sown
further
any
taken
been
wheat,
from
the
about
The
manuring.
duce
pro-
II.
given in Table
the weight
per
of this
of com,
58 lbs. ; and in its case, as
wheat-crop, scarcelyin any case reached
that
of
well as in
an
adjoiningexperimentalfield,the proportion
It will
of
14
bushels
result
is
quite
Clover-cropof
constituents
in
consistent
after
wheat
with
that
be observed,
1849, very
much
of
the
unmanured
had
been
Where
mineral
of
about
bushels
in
wheat
more
the
obtained
after
grown
bushels
the
of com,
adjoining field,
without
This
manure.
in
ordinary
farm-
however, that in the unmanured

largerquantitiesboth of mineral
the land, than were
taken from
nitrogenwere
wheat-crop
and
in the
same
year,
in the
that, notwithstanding this, the

in a condition
to
been
taken, was
adjoining field ; and it is seen

soil from
which
had
the Clover
yield 14
wheat
obtained
was
grown
It should
practice.
removed
than
was
bushel
plot gave, however, 29J
more
wheat
The
low.
rather
wsmj
the unmanured
on
where
that
observed
straw
to
com
Clover
or
be
than
acre
per
that
which
upon
wheat
previouslygrown.
salts of
for
manures,
2 bushels
ammonia-salts
had
had
ammonia
more
not
Clover
the
wheat
been
applied,in
been
of
per
1849,
acre
in
there
1850,
addition
was
than
an
to
the
average
where
the
supplied.
On
182
,8l^
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CO
ji
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to
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-^
to
CO
CO
""If
SO to
04
eo
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tA
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to
10
to
to
t"
to
to
to
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to
3e
^1
s
J
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I
fc
9"
00
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t^
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00
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the
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to
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to
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to
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Pen
c:
"o
-"
04
C9
On
that
were
have
in
that
In
the
wheat
field
spring
there
The
the
not
was
1849,
manures
both
received
applicationof
but,
was
to
stand.
It was,
Clover,
with
re-sown
to
ammoniacal
as
I.
(Series 1 of Tables
with
formerly manured
had
(Series 2 of
compost
supplied
mineral
and
of
then
fresh
and
being spread
object of this experiment was
of the dung, with
possiblythe
somewhat
similar
rape-cake
in
1849,
lime
therefore
land
I.),
as
Series 2. With
mixture
half
of
of each
the
salts.
get
of
or
with
the
manured
now
the
to
of
tons
into
the
land.
The
rapid decomposition
organic compounds,
of certain
humus
its
or
experimental
divided,
soot,
niacal
ammo-
newlyfarmyardThe
acre.
dung and
respectiveplots,some
15
more
formation
now
of three
now
was
1. With
Plot
to
manure
and
lime, the
derivatives.
land
with
manured
mixed
manured
soot
alkalies,and
lime.
superphosphate of
Series
on
ploughed
nature
was
per
the
portion
and
manure
addition
of
rate
lime,
portion of
the
and
Instead
the
of
reasons
repeated ;
not
II.),were
(in
the
clamped
before
soot
lime
and
bushels
mixed,
were
dung
I. and
those
equal portion of
an
mineral
both
Tables
the
on
ammoniacal-salts.
however,
II.),and
and
manures), at
60
and
manure,
and
a
greater vaja^ty of manuring,
before
dressed
with mineral
been
secure
of
is,both
alone, and on
"
manure
Clover-crop
the
that
manure
salts was,
alone
salts
spaces
mineral
plots which
and
young
considered
it
applied for
were
mineral
of the
with
manure
the
upon
Clover
and
same
received
before
order
as
the
on
in
with
of
had
reached
crop
of that particular
sown
corn-crop,
plant of
re-manured,
up,
re-sown
were
had
with
was
of the
sufficient
The
those
large amounts
very
Clover
removal
mineral
plotswhich
For
on
below.
same
which
where
Red
1850,
of
after
; but
described
time
experiments,
plots
the
of.
therefore,ploughed
lime
adjoining
field
that the
appear, therefore,
the
characters
which
development
of
admitted
season
of
the
in these
It would
limit
that
of wheat
produce
in
obtained
other
the
used.
were
the
of
amount
183
Manures.
different
large quantitiesof both mineral and nitrogenous manures

believe
that
it would
to
employed, there is every reason
the
been
had
been
able.
favourseason
considerably greater
more
For, as it was, the yield after the Clover, was
fully equal
where
to
the
comparing
with
Clover by
of Red
Growth
divided
mineral
in
Series
into
of
plotsas formerly,the
four
Series,as
alone
manure
(or
under
rimental
expe-
"
unmanured
on
1849.
mineral
manure
(or without,
on
Plot
farmyard-manure rotted with lime, in

plot having, in 1849, the mineral manure
other
half
the
mineral
manure
and
I.),and
addition
alone,
ammoniacal-
184
Report of Experimentson
Series 3. With
mineral
ammoniacal-salts
mineral
mixed
with
With
at
of
the
with
It
understood.
once
Series
plots of
the
day
plots of
Series
lime
the
manured
of the
3,
the
mineral
and
lime,
most
on
(mixed
On
clamped
Plots
of
that
1851.
and
manures
III.,will
manures
January 25,
mixed
manures
in Table
added, however,
were
2 ; the
mineral
with
the
mixed
2, being
been
plots having
be
on
sown
and
dung
Series
may
2, and
1,
clay-ashes)were
same
I.),
soot, lime, and
or
explanations,the detailed statement

of the
produce obtained, giv^n
these
Plot
it,on
in 1849.
in 1849.
rape-cake
applied,and
be
; these
manure
applied
lime,
and
soot
soot,
also
been
having
Series 4. With
(orwithout
alone
manure
the
V.
the
the
on
and
instead
VI.,
of
being
as
once
dung and
cases.
heaps
lime
the
10th
of February, and
turned
were
over
on
spread on
Series
4
of
The
manures
April 28.
(soot,lime, "c.) were
mixed
the respective plots on
into heaps on
January 27, and
sown
February 3. The whole of the land was ploughed immesdiatelyafter spreading the dung and lime, on April 28 ; and,
drilled,on
being brought to a proper tilth.Red Clover seed was
8 inches
The
came
May 8, in rows
plants
apart.
up well, and
of
the
the
The
details
3.
cut
was
on
September
manuring
crop
and
Table
in
III.
are
produce
given
It was
be expected that the produce obtained
in Sepnot
to
tember,
would
the
from
seed sown
of
8
same
only on May
year,
be in any way equal to that yielded from
is usually
seed sown,
as
the case, in the spring of the preceding
Accordingly, it is
year.
in
sown
at
seen
that
5 tons
only
of hay.
2,
maximum
the
9J
On
comparing
and
3, with
it will
that
be
on
much
the
Plots
of
former
of
(Plot7, Series 2)
green-clover,equal to about
the
higher
Plots
latter
the
on
amounted
1 ton
4, 5,
was
Series
1,
Series,
double
about
6, which
and
thus
give
which
those
of
to
6 cwts.
1, 2, and 3, of
6, of the same
and
4, 5,
crop
; the
Plots
of
produce
that
seen
the
the
that
The
crop
of
cwts.
dung
other
the
produce, being
sulphateof potash, and superphosphate
of lime
of
and
or
magnesia
sulphates
potash, soda,
of
and
and
magnesia,
sulphates potash,soda,
superphosphateof
so
received
as
mineral
amounts
manure
"
"
"
together.
dung and
""xe
'he
"/twfduced
^y
the
but
used
""nures
m
*ht
the
alone,
""itiiTTin.
of
rate
acre),beyond
fct
the
to
the
(Series2), and
little effect.
very
addition
"impost (at
lime
was
mineral
15
tons
The
from
-oi-or*
of
dung
produce
only equal to
!"**"#" ^ht^
was
lime
(Series4)"
obtained
greatest increase
manures
of
and
soot
and
60
dung
and
bushels
corresponding
the
îi*"
the
or
"^^
liine
of lime
mineral
5 cwts.
pl^nt grew
remark-
ably
186
Report of Experimenis
"
regular throughout the

very
further
without
treatment
during
and
ably well,
It
plots.
was
left
therefore
the
on
was
winter
the
of
1851-2.
Those
have
who
clover,
is
which
land
on
and
failure
became
apparent
more
extensive
since
such
rapid on
great varietyof
desirable
thought
very
conditions of
March,
spread
of the
of them
than
some
manures
determine
to
1851,
of
symptoms
It
experimental plots.
of the
many
that the
April, the
or
bein^, however, subject to
of
on
and
in March
failure
disease
month
quite plain however
was
to
the
the
the
In
variation.
great
of
the
to
signs of
limit
final
and
spread
said
luxuriant
that, however
winter, it will show
observed
spread of disease in
be
"clover-sick," will have
be in the autumn
plant may
attention
paid
disease
been
the
effect
was
And,
others.
on
had
much
it
employed,
the
of
was
different
provided, in aggravating,or lessening,the

the
Accordingly, on April 15, when
progress
extended
disease
had
pretty nearly to its limits, and the surviving
showing vigorous growth, a plan of the plots,with
plants were
died ofl^carefullylaid down
tibe plant had
the patches where
by
growth
measurement,
copy.
The
lines
plan
taken.
was
Series
marked
not
manured
so
of 1851
then
2,
indicated
the
the
first
which
had
not
ion
1^49
in
next
"
1849
2, namely,
the
ape-cake
those
in that
is,however
"ipries (wit"
^-^^for
in
the
\^n^
it
of
year,
3, which
Series
all show
1,2
*
""
very
the
Plot
o
that
seen
; that
had
say,
manured
show
the
the
plots
"*iTrie
of
the
of
plots
of
in
ammonia-salts
ammonia-salts
received
manured
been
great
Plots
from
half
the porsay,
manured
been
not
half
had
am-
is to
failure
4, 5,
6, Series 4)
"^r
the
to
that
was
received
also
which
clear, that
excepti^^p of
înts
had
4,
is
other
had
is
portions
respect
line
The
were
of
farmyard-manure,
.by far the freest
plots which
portionswhich
equally
he
this
dotted
1849.
plotsof Series
and
"
the
lime
and
dung
in
lime
off.
either
with
was
Series 2,"^
not, been
shaded
died
Diagram,
the
order
below
ammonia-salts
vith
The
1849.
at
had
"
side
line ; that
portion which
plots
which
which
each
on
the
the
portion
that
and
time
of
centre
the
land
rape-cake (Series 1), were
2 indicated
*'*ries
the
1849,
of
manured
been
The
of the
the
plots at
between
in
clover-planthad
glance
nionia-salts,or
Series
line, along
division
in
the
where
disease.
the
portion
plan by this dotted
and
had,
On
the
on
which
patches
of
ammonia-salts
ammonia-salts
with
division
is
Diagram
axmexed
already described,the plotsof

; and, as
afterwards, to which
farmyard-manure and
and
portion
the
dotted
applied,comprised
line
the
shows
with
manured
was
show
The
which
of
made,
was
black
so
failure.
the
of
of
and
were
Scrics ; that
with
the
plant.
6 of
much
is
these
less
to
say^
Oroioth
the
although
of
Clover
Red
ammonia-salts
Marmres,
by different
187
"
the
and
have
to
rape-cake seemed
in the
soil very
provided conditions
injuriousto the healthy
the
of
the
Clover,
"development
sulphate of potash, and superphosphate
of lime
(Plots 4), and the sulphatesof potash, soda,
and
without
magnesia, both with and
superphosphate of lime
and
5
6),obviously greatly mitigated the injury,whilst they
(Plots
almost
in question,
to have
seem
prevented it,up to the date now
where
used
eidier ammonia-salts
without
or
they were
rape-cake.
In
will
and the
from
the number
readily seen
reduced
considerably
produce was
by the
there
the
disease.
But
was
still,upon
whole, a good plant
remaining, and such variety of result in regard to the disease,
according to the manure
thought quite
employed, that it was
while
the experiment. Acordingly, the
worth
continue
to
crop
June
cut
on
24, fresh manures
was
were
applied on June 26,
and a second
In Table
IV. are
cut
was
August 29.
given
crop
the amounts
of produce obtained
at the first cutting,the
tion
descripand
of the
of
amount
manures
applied, and the amount
the
second
cutting.
produce at
the
of
The
first
produce
cutting of the clover,in 1852, is given
some
size of the
in the
as
cases,
first two
it is in
be
patches, the
columns
Table
of the
It will be
(IV.).
that
seen
equal in
On
of hay per acre.
to 2 tons
amount
the
Series
of
that
of
with
amount
on
plots one
comparing
crop
those of another, it is seen
that it is generallythe highest where
on
no
case
the
only
the
the
mineral
next
and
dung
where,
1
and
had
manures
had
lime
with
the
used, that is,in Series
were
Series
in
best
2, where, in addition
been
used
mineral
same
to
1851.
in
in
1851,
It
1.
is
manures,
It is less in
manures
with
mineral
as
Series
3,
Series
in
mineral
or
2, ammonia-salts,
manures,
it
in
the
Series 4,.
in
and
is
1849
worst
employed
;
rape-cake had been supplied in 1849, and soot, lime, "c.,
without
been
where
in 1851.
produce
the
^'
The
results
where
mixed
each
within
sulphate
alkalies,"
of
Series,however,
potash
the
and
'^
and
show
greater
superphosphate of
mixed
"
alkalies
and
lime,
phosphate
super-
of lime
employed.
together,were
There
benefit
was
then, as before, some
arising from the use
of mineral
especiallythose which contained
potash and
manures,
the
And
to
as
object of the experiments was
phosphoric acid.
ascertain
whether
by liberal manuring, and especiallyby a supply
of
the
mineral
largelyfrom
year
on
the
the
same
soil,it were
land, an
the
the
amount
Clover
crop
removes
the crop year

possible
grow
abundant
top-dressing of mineral
applied on
first cutting. The
second
description,and amount,
third division
the
to
June
was
the
which
constituents
of
28
(1852),
division
of the
crop
of
manures
obtained
after
the
removal
so
after
stituents
con-
of
(IV.) shows
employed ; and the
on
August 29.
the
Table
The
188
Seport of Experiments
the
on
a
o
r;"e"e9iAO
Oi
en
MO^M'^M
MfOMmon
OO
u
a.
JmMMM
"
04
0"
%o
'*^*"*MM*"
^"^MM"
00
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^*
x"^
o"
C3
S3
MOOtM
-"
MO
on
WiOMSO
o-"
xÂneoo
toi'r-"
ox
"11532
SJ2
C
e3
'A
:^
2""a8s
OMMMOM
CQ M
^Mxe^m
d
m^"exe"e
"
S;"2"25
fi
e""-4e"eQMM
ft"
MOMOOO
00
d
I^^
309-"
oo
^^
^^
^^
f^^m
oo
ooo^
o
""
"e
e"
MM-^XOm
oooooo
OOOOOO
"pi*
82"8"8
7r,
9
c
'^COOOMm
"""
^
00
MMcon
ôiooaiak
ooo^Mn
xcon^M"
d
o
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"
as
00
"^
I-
"
.s
^*
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d
o
"
a
a
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I
s
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C8
u
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I*
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rr
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hi
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oee^ô
OOm'*
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a2as2s
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MMMOr"CQ
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MCO
Grotcth
of
Clover
Red
produce, after
Manures,
by different
189
the
heavy dressingof mmeral

manure
upon
of the first cutting,is seen
the removal
to be, in every
small.
case,
is it equal to more
instances
In only two
than a ton of hay per
namely, on Plot 4, Series 1 and 2 ; that is,where
sulphate
acre,
ries,
of potash and
superphosphateof lime were
applied. In all the Sethe
the
and
effect
of
of
the
however,
potash,
potash and phosphate
less marked.
In fact,notwithstanding
or
together,is more
of Clover
that this was
die third season
in four years, the produce
the
with these manures,
two
taking
cuttingsof 1852 together,was,
in several
equal to from 2J to 3 tons of hay per acre.
cases,
A
good deal of the plant stood tolerablywell during the winter
of 1852-3, but almost all died off in the spring. The
land was
fresh
therefore
Red
Clover-seed
in
drilled
ploughed up, and
20 inches
of the use
of
April, in rows
apart, in order to admit
The
the
The
horse-hoe.
cutting in
worth
crop
off*during the
In the
allowed
into 6
15
of
the
3.*
the 6
It
was
farmyard
plots; and the third

with
manured
20 tons
of
These
The
the
after
Plots
lands
of the
six Plots
; and
each
which
to
former
be manured
with
ber
Septem-
on
October
10.
Plants
of 1854-5.
April 14, 1855,
the
at
rate
The
further
heavy sowing
of seed.
Series 1, 2, and
IV.
as
3, consisted
4, of three lands, each running the length
of the five different
had either no mineral
one
or
manure,
Under
the new
Series 1
in the Tables.
arrangement.
in
Tables
as
farmyard
four
the
manured
had
III. and
Series
includes
2, which
Series
and
those
descriptionsenumerated
be unmanured)
(now
to
from
the beginning were
the
lbs. of
5000
in
manure.
following
applied in 1854, and the produce
since
September, 1855, without manure
second
designated
of four
on
length of the
plots,was
and
on
plots
manured
the 6
ploughed
were
1, 2,
of the 6
manures
in
obtained
but
drilled
without
acre,
(V.) shows
whole
manure,
drilled
was
Series
as
length
off*during the winter
again
was
lbs. per
Clover
1854,
1 to 6
respectively,
three widths
only,
throughout
farmyard
piece
wide, divided
(Series2) was
the
down
and
up,
from
into
; the second
manure
all died
but
up,
Clover-seed
of
divided
now
freshlyburnt lime, per acre.

25, 1854, and Clover-seed
just came
no
died
whole
inches
numbered
(Series3),also
Table
feet 3
"
Plots
"
left unmanured
of
was
whole
The
September.
(Series1),the whole
of these
One
of course,
was
with 20 tons
20
the
each, representedin subsequent Tables
of 5 lands
of
nearly
again^ploughed
was
13
each
lands,"
Tables.
land
until
fallow
"
; and
autumn
1854,
lengths,forming
in the
and
of
remain
to
the
; there
Wâk
tip Very
came
of 1853-4.
winter
spring
consisted
plant
the
lands
with
mineral
dung
and
lime
of
former
only,
applied in
alone) includes
manure
the
manures
the
Series
and
1851
remaining
1, which
land
one
Series
three
of
(now
lands
of
of the former
Series
lands
the
3, which, besides
two
2, and
in 1849
with ammonia
manured
several
was
salts;
dressings of mineral
manures,
and
and
Series 3 (now to receive farmyard manure
freshly burnt lime) includes
the two
remaining lands of the former Series 3, and the thiê lands of the former
the
former
Series
Series 4, which
with
rape-cake
latter
(besides the
in 1849, and
with
mineral
manures
soot, lime, "c.
as
in 1851.
specified)were
manured
190
Experiments
Y.
Table
the Growth
on
obtained
Clover,
in
Manures
Different
Plot.
Put
Nos.
on
per
OF
Acre.
September 23, 1854.
[
Unmanured
Series
of the
season
and
land,
small.
two
manure
Farmyard
where
no
manure
manure
"art, mineral
was
manures
*^till,
comparing
evidence
eceived
"Tie
^."d
wa"
id 1
"
of
some
the
show
grow
of
years
alone
was
and
Lime
now
on
cwts.
qn.
17
Hay.
ttw.
toos.
cwta.
14
13
26
11
16
18
qrs. lbs.
2
14
18
26
11
21
18
15
12
26
produce
continuously
were
used
had
those
and
crop
; the
in this
the
on
in
failure,was
Series,the
employed
within
results
calculated
as
the
employed,
alone
increase
that
entire
with
Weight
Cat.
2.
Clover
to
Series
Comparing
farmyard
the
he
attempt
after
per Acre,
1.
tons.
the Table
Fresh,
Weight
Series
figuresin
CLOVER
September, 1855.
as
The
of
that year,
in October, 1854.
PRODUCE
manures
Produce
April of
in
sown
Manures.
the
1854, and
in
April,1853, and
Season, 1855.
Sixth
the
by
Seed
1855, from
in
sown
Clover
applied
September,
failure of Seed
the
after
the
Showing
"
of Red
on
best, where
next
it
was
for
where,
previously been
each
Series,there
plots which
same
case
every
best where
is the
; and
sixth
had
the
worst
the
most
employed.
is again
formerly
containingpotash^ and pitosphoriccund.

plant of \^^^ died off in the succeeding winter.
fallow during
p)'"'"rb'"c ip and allowed to remain
manures
The
1856
192
Farmyard
quarters
alone
manure
; and
had
that where
the
Farmyard
Clover
grow
the
by
spring
a
Clover-seed
1859,
of
mistake
of the
of
produce
follows
on
plot
VII.
Produce
"
on
the Growth
Showing
of Clover
the
of Clover
Manures
(the Sixth Season), Fallow

Crop of Barley in 1858.
In
it
; but
crop
Red
Clover^
late
\6o
was
The
VII.
in 185G
amount
which
now
Farmyard Manure,
freshly-burnt Lime
tons
and
5000
in
1854, and
small
Crop
1857, and
after
of
and
Manures.
the
of Clover
in
removing
3.
2
20
for Clover
the removal
Series
com
of
Different
by
applied
in 1859, after
1855
Table
in
recorded
attempt
manuring.
Cow-grass,
when
only discovered
in September.
cut
was
is
were
:"
Experiments
Table
each
Lime
more
instead
seedsman.
was
sent, and the error
for correction.
The
crop
was
8J
Barley, weighing
crop of Barley, one

without
any further
without
was
a
sown,
but
made,
was
of
about
was
and
manure
just 8 quarters
52^ lbs. per bushel.

After
growing this luxuriant
to
applied in 1854,
been
together (in 1854), was
used
the
on
lbs.
13
22
10
Ifr
22
10
13
12
10
18
"
'5434
16
Growth
in the
As
after
the
of the
case
Clover
of Red
last
crop
of
heavy dressingof Farmyard
Farmyard
and
Lime
Vd'd
Manures,
hy different
1855, the year

one-third,and of
Clover, that
manure
of
on
third of the
another
experimental
1859, yield a somewhat
land,
portions, again,
larger crop than the corresponding plots of Series 1, which
such
had
no
application. The
plots of each Series, however,
in
somewhat
more
1859, than they did in 1855.
yield
produce
The
insignificant,
being geneare, however, in all cases,
rally
crops
1 ton
than
of hay per
more
acre
equal to not much
; but
of improvement
where
the mineral
there is still slightindication
containing potash, or potash and phosphoric acid, had
manures
been
liberallyemployed in the earlier years of the experiment
The
to look
tolerablywell throughout a good
plant continued
it died
(1859-60),but as the spring advanced
part of the winter
off rapidly,and, at the time
we
write, the end of June, the small
the
have
of
a
original plants that still survive
proportion
very
stunted
and
unhealthy appeafance.
manure
the
From
on
so-manured
the
in
results
numerous
which
have
been
recorded,
in
the
Clover
been
mitted
subexperiments in which
and
other
conditions
of
a
manurial,
great variety
very
that no
in the
direct
of growth, it is evident
supply of manure,
of the
artificial
of farmyard dung, or
current
ordinary form
which
is
the
from
of
soil
a
heavy crop
capable
restoring
manures,
has been
of Clover
taken,to a condition of immediate
ness
productiveIn the experiments in question,not even
for the same
crop.
the most
complex conditions, and the repeated supply of those
increase
the Clover-crop
constituents
which
found
most
to
are
foregoing
pages,
has
of
to
interval
after an
of several
it is
in the usual
manner,
grown
which
the
have
restored
the Clover-yielding capabilities
years,
of die experiment, in 1849.
soil possessed at the commencement
when
Before
of the
entering upon
failure
of the
Clover
in
will
be
ahcady described, it
experiments conducted
of the
consideration
any
the
experiments
well
to
give the
small
scale
in
probable
which
causes
have
results
been
of
some
the
kitchen-garden
at
ordinary garden cultivation,
has probably been
for two
three
centuries.
and
so
or
Early in
measured
off and
of an acre
1 sr)4,^J
(about 9f square yards) was
(^j
March
From
Red
that
time
the
with
end
29.
to
Clover, on
of 1859, fourteen
cuttingshave been taken, without
any re-sowing
In 1856, this little plot was
divided
of seed.
into three
equal
without
Of
has
No.
1
been
these,
kept continuously
portions.
The
Rothamsted.
on
soil
wai/
in
sown
manure
No.
sulphates
lime.
green,
VOL.
of
Table
as
with
manured
potash, soda,
g}'psum
magnesia, and
and
VI II. shows
cut, and
XXI.
was
calculated
the
amount
as
hay,
of
per
; and
No.
with
superphosphate of
produce obtained, both
acre
but
the
as
space
Jtieport
of Experiments
1^4
allotted
by
must
each
to
no
be
means
of Clover
affordingsome
that
has
idea
of
this
from
years
126
the
total
estimated
taken
been
of
garden soil,and
of
amount
the
under
produce
as
manuring.
obtained
in six
green Clover
further
is nearly
soil,without
manure,
of
amount
garden
this
from
relative
conditions
different
The
taken
upon
trusted
as
be
may
extremely small, the results

as
absolutelycorrect.
They can,
as
rough approximations ; but, as
of proindicating the large amount
duce
so
was
looked
only
indeed, be
such, they
three
experiment
the
on
26-J tons of hay, or to an

4^ tons of Clover-hay, per acre, per annum.
average
The
produce was
considerably increased
by the applicationof
still
the
and
that
of
so
more
sulphates of potash,
by
gypsum,
In four years,
soda^ and magnesia, and superphosphateof lime.
the increase
amounted
to about
15^ tons
by the use of gypsum
of green
3^ tons of hay ^nearly1 ton of hay
Clover, or about
The
in the
increase
four years, by the use
per acre
per annum.
of the
alkalies and
to
amount
to
28f
phosphate, is estimated
than
of hay
of green
tons
6^ tons
produce, or rather more
increase
of
to
tons
hay per acre
nearly If
equal
per annum.
It is worthy of remark,
that it was
in some
of the very same
these heavy crops
obtained
from
in which
of Clover
seasons
were
the garden-soil,
and
without
after
even
though grown
year
year,
fresh seed, that we
entirelyfailed to get anything like a moderate
in the experimental field,
of Clover
only a few hundred
yards
crop
tons
acre
per
of nearly
equal
"
about
to
"
"
distant.
be
to
The
with
connected
plant, rather
We
task
failure
than
namely,
of
causes
to
come
now
to
that
in the
latter
the
conditions
those
of the
another
and
explanation
of the
which
signal failure
soil in
of
relation
to
the
atmosphere.
not
endeavouring
of
Clover-failure
would, therefore, appear
case
satisfactory
part
very
seek,
to
have
been
of the
crop
the
among
of
our
various
suggested, for some

in our
experimental
field.
The
comparison
of
lead
to
field,seems
to
in the
forward
to
results
the
exclusion
early part
for the
account
make
in the
the
of
our
of
Paper,
Clover
remarks
garden
of
some
as
failure.
those
with
the
reasons
having
been
It
be
may
of them.
in the
merated
enu-
brought
ever,
well, how-
a
passing
have
who
amined
exregard to the attacks of Insects : Those
the
in
field
Clover
of
the plantson
failing
ordinary way,
small insect in those plants
have
found
will probably sometimes
a
which
are
beginning to show signs of dying off. It is generally
and
the junction of the
root
found
crown.
Now, as experience
near
suffers serious injury if a
teaches us that the plant seldom
has elapsed since Clover
of years
sufficient number
was
gôwn
to
few
With
on
some
"
before.
Gruwtli
of
Red
Clover
Manures.
by different
196
t/ie
insect,and its
plant,is the result,rather than the original
consequent
In fact, it is probable that the
of the diseased
condition.
cause,
the plant,may
be mainly
the
insect
of
the
attack
of
success
upon
due
of growth of the latter ;
to the weak
or
unhealthy condition
and
that, had the plant been perfectlyvigorous, the insect would
be
be so freelydeveloped, or its injury would
not
at least
more
successfullyresisted.
before,
it would
Excrementitious
to
show
to
the
the
for- a
due
at all to
crop,
connected
which
organic
the
matters
may
of
be
have
which
aid
the
of the
roots
by
teaches
us
chemistry, to*
vertible
con-
are
the
far
those
excreted
products
of
of
crop
land, animals
the
upon
way
rejected..
plant, and
how
when
that
land,^
former
some
been
of
failure
soil which
growing
know
we
same
the
complimentary
necessary
of the essential
constituents
some
folded
sheep
by
do
the
injury is in
the
the
If the
upon
left
matters
of
Nor
Experience
eaten
their
by
come.
soon
yet able, by
substance
so.
formation
plant.
is
not
are
too
organic compounds
the
into
repeated
not
are
distinguish those
to
years
probable
organic matters
the
Unfortunately,we
substances
that
more
with
of
excrementitious
the
it is much
in
number
when
Clover-plant,
of the
be
land
same
kinds
of various
not
which
Clover-crop,are
one
on
certain
out
the
is evidence
There
"
of
prevalence
mineral
probable, however, that any
the
be
growth of
so
rejected during
may
prejudicialto the growth of a similar crop
It is
soil.
constituents
Matters.
plants give
that
the
that
appear
injuryto the
the
Clover
dislike
the
It might be
growth which
inferred,
immediately succeeds.
such
in
the
had
taken
from
the
a
therefore,that,
plant
case,
up
it had not finallyelaborated.
Whether
which
soil, certain matters
of time, be converted
these organic substances
would, in process
into living plant-matter,or whether
wholly, or in part,
they would
be
rejectedas excrementitious
organic compounds, to undergo in
the soil certain
chemical
changes before being adapted for plantfood, we are not able to determine.
In
of the
our
this
may
field
be
called
experiments,
barley, intervened
the almost
to
between
equallypoor
one
whether
question,of
Clover-crop be due to the

organic matters, left by
attention
in
with
connexion
the
the
last
fact, that
two
of
years
the poor
in 1859.
crop
crop
of
in the
failure
titious
excremen-
kind,
same
of the
and
of Clover
priori,we
deleterious
of
the
case
fallow,
the
not
or
injurious influence
one
failure
of
year
in 1855, and
should
certainly
left in the
soil
think,
disposed
any
the
circumstances
in
by the Clover-crop of 1855 would, under
have
undergone pretty complete decomposition during
be
that
to
Sicstion,
three
succeeding
e
that,
in
years.
1852, the
At
the
plant
matters
same
of Clover
time,
it should
suffered
very
be
membered
re-
much
where
than
1849,
Salts of Ammonia
Rape-cake, or
where
-more
Clover by different
Manures.
of Bed
Growth
Exhaustion
mineral
of the
Clover-field
have
SoiL
manures
Some
"
doubtless
constituents,by the
certain
"ivithout
there
has
shows, indeed, that,

much
been
of the
whole
On
manure.
accumulation
considerable
been
subjectedto great
by
on
applied in
been
only had been employed.

the plots in the experimental
removal
restoration
adequate
of
been
had
197
of
many
exhaustion
of the
of constituents.
culation
Cal-
the
have
plots, there,
"mineral"
every
have
been
removed
than
produce,
others, however,
larger quantitiesof
the
in
of
constituent
the total
supplied
manures,
Of
produce, during the entire period of the experiments.
certain
organic constituents,however, including nitrogen,more
has
taken
off in the
than has been
been
supplied in the
crops
But
in question,the produce grown
manures.
if, in the cases
without
-appears,
"onlyof
the
that
the
the
ultimate
be
the
the
How
the
mineral
then
healthilyin
fourteen
a
few
the
are
to
the
here
could
be
in
that
too,
not
yards
to, any
of
wanting.
of
some
the
ments
experimineral
in
and
ammonia
salts,and so on
combination, in which
of
very variable.
fact,that whilst, under
supplied,were
were
account
the
for
the
Clover-plant
sown
distant?
Are
constituents
be
employed,
others large quantitiesof
were
six
seed
was
cannot
referred
in others
experimentalfield, we
from
It
manures.
instances
conditions
described,
crops
hundred
ultimate
we
the
to
manures,
constituents
conditions
then
it, it
provided very
more,
of nitrogen also, than
salts, and
and
proportions,
different
with
much
crop
alone
manures
farmyard dung,
"SO
due
of the
ammonia
and
that
increase
remembered,
mineral
g^wn
constituents,but
elements
It should
that
from
have
therefore,that, in the
supposed,
manures
deducted
manures
mineral
in
contained
the
be
manure,
in
have
ago
years
we
required by
would
able
been
in
not
grow
to
cut
garden only
simply, that
suppose,
the
Clover, were
more
to
the plant in the garden soil ? or

is it
to
abundantly available
that they there existed
in different states of combination
? It will
few observations
be out of place to make
not
a
bearing upon the
latter supposition.
has investigated the organic compounds
According to Mulder, who
posing
of the soil,the vegetable matters, rich in carbon, decomin the soil,go through a gradationary series of changes
He
before being finallyconverted
into carbonic
acid.
supposes
the intermediate
compounds to constitute a series of acids, which
combine
with
ammonia, and with fixed bases, in the soil,forming
that
to
so
were
organic-acid salts. Now, if we
suppose
many
some
plants (Clover for example) requiredfor healthy growth a
certain
in the
proportion of their food to be presented to them
form
of such
than
carbonic
complex
carbon-compounds, more
the
then
should
with
sicid,and perhaps combined
ammonia, we
19ft
easily comprehend
more
period of
time
to
land
it should
why
intervene
the
on
be
for
necessary
certain
again cultivatingcertain crops

that this might
easilyunderstand
before
could
for,we
of a
and
accumulation
gradual formation
of the compounds
in question.
sufficient
amount
character
be the precise chemical
of the carbon
Whatever
may
complex than carbonic acid, there are
compounds of the soil,more
in agriculture,
facts in horticulture,and
even
numerous
leading to
the suppositionthat some
plants take up a part at least of their
the
on
same
requisitefor
be
from
carbon
In
our
of
of combination
form
fields
experimental
for
of wheat
crops
other
some
of
one
the
17
consecutive
singleounce
on
some
plotswhere
greater
manure,
than
manure,
There
is,at
are,
any
on
others
no
which
to
indeed, good reasons

rate, the chief,if not
for
the
grown
without
the
large
supply, by
have
ably
consider-
crops
carbon
has
it had
acid.
carbonic
have
we
years,
The
of carbon.
than
been
been
supplied in the
largelysupplied.
been
very
supposing
exclusive
very
that
source,
carbonic
of the
acid
carbon
other
and
plants yielding food largelyto man
much
their
carbonic
return
which, by
so
respiration,
it not
make
forests
acid
to the
as
atmosphere. Were
so,
way
acid
for the growth of food, the proportion of carbonic
in the
The
cultivation
of
gradually increase.
atmosphere would
which
cereal
the
enter
so
largely into the food of man
crops,
and
other animals, seems
admirably adapted for preservingthe
the
in
of
composition of the atmosphere ; for an acre
equilibrium
will decompose as much, or more,
carbonic
wneat
acid, liberating
of oxygen,
of the forest which
as
an
acre
a
corresponding amount
have
it may
supplanted.
Provided
the soil yield a sufficient supply of the necessary
mineral
acid decomposed
of carbonic
constituents, the amount
cereal
will
much
over
a
by a
depend
given area,
crop
very
the
of
available
in
condition
of
amount
an
bination,
comnitrogen,
upon
and distribution,within
the soil. But the direct supply
of nitrogen to the
soil in the form
of ammonia, which
much
so
increases the vigour of growth of Graminaceous
generally,
crops
and
which
of carbon
the plants will
consequently the amount
assimilate
from
carbonic
result
acid, so far from effectingthe same
in the case
of Leguminous
crops, is generally injuriousto them.
In the earlyyears of our
experiments,both upon Clover and upon
of
the fixed alkalies as manure,
the
and espeBeans,
application
cially
of potash, caused
increased
of
assimilation
a
considerably
and nitrogenover
both carbon
of
a given area
; whilst the direct use
of
of
many
animals
the
"
ammoniac-salts, which
crops,
had
are
either
in
injurious,
frequently
the
the
supply of mineral
is
supply of ammonia
efficacious
so
little
case
or
of these
efficient
such
no
constituents
as
in the
of
effect,or
Leguminous
naceous
Grami-
our
was
crops.
more
Where
sufficiently
kept up, the
in
ever
enabling the wheat
is
as
case
200
well
the
as*
evidence
that
only
are
the
view
valuable
considerable
amount
than
carbonic
other
if not
mainly,
Those
in
to
decomposition
chiefly on that source
depend
other
which
hand,
are
carbon
cultivation,
substance
most
the
ful
power-
by plants,
carbon.
Those,
abnormal
somewhat
under
which
acid
their
for
are
during
be
to
carbonic
of
and
growth,
of
grown
their
for
of
known
the
carbon
course
are
rays
requires
"
plants
compounds
some
their
of
soil
acid.
conditions
sun's
the
the
in
clusion,
con-
the
of
acid
depend
carbonic
upon
the
to
derive
from
others
portion
greater
influencing
the
that
and
natural
pretty
that
substance
which,
crops
which
to
probable,
their
acid,
the
at
appear
on
of
carbonic
of
source
is, indeed,
our
accumulate
period
as
exclusively,
of
subjected
plants
to
It
modification.
that
"
Clover.
Red
of
lead
experiment, must
the organic compounds
direct
of
Grouth
the
on
of succulent
large amount
ducts
proof a comparatively
low
of
elaboration^ are
probably
degree
other
carbon
yielded by the
on
partly dependent
compounds,
soil.
The
again, though generally coming
Leguminous
crops,
conditions,
within
more
But
may
the
of
latter
the
than
still
category,
the
explanation
phenomena
striking advantages of a
able
than
of
define
of
the
the
carbon^
inquiry may
arrive
not
which
upon
sources
from
shall
we
rotation
to
present,
different
the
to
crops
at
practical conclusions
The
depend
crops,
relations
and
be
of
we
of
the
briefly
very
land
is
what
not
is
"clover-sick," the
called
by top-dressings
lime
of
containing potash,
superphosphate
; but
the
uncertainty of the
price of salts of potash, and
frequently be
may
manures
the
upon
for
manures
When
Clover
land
far
a
crop,
a
is what
whether
manures,
before
some
until
nitrogen.
increased
"
the
render
practice
is called
or
artificial,"
natural,
manure
high
the
action
of
artificial
of the
ordinary
economy.
clover-sick,"none
"
of
of
application
of doubtful
crop
of
and
So
at
"
When
Clover
the
most
different
stated:
that
safely afiirmed,
pretty
of
better
secure
be
to
seem
less
or
a
growth, more
supply,
upon
the soil, of complex
organic compounds.
whatever
be the precise result
to which
investigation
may
in
here
the
at
involved, it may,
lead,
regard to
questions
true
are
up
luxuriant
for
rate, be
any
store
former
the
dependent,
within
which
and
be
can
relied
upon
to
crop.
as
present
our
good
crop
repeating
the
of Red
crop
knowledge
Clover
upon
goes,
is to
the
same
[the only
allow
some
land.
of
means
years
to
suring
in-
elapse
201
XII.
On
"
the Moveable
P.
By
These
notes
information
the
from
details
must
bear
been
drawn
large
in
which
in
are
readers
may
bulk
the
where
the
Each
reader
small
has
recorded
experience
the yield
where
the
They
commonplace.
the
of
hints
straw
of
; where
grown
employment
circuit ; where
the
is
grain
is
the
vided
pro-
farms, also,
consecutively for several days

of time
caused
delay and waste
by removal
; and
good, are
passable.
occupation-roads,though not
in
on
goes
himself
for
therefore, decide
must,
make
must
in
the work
that
the
without
machine
useful
gather
may
appear
mind, however,
from
a
neighbourhood
renovation
and
repairs
chieflyarable, and, therefore,much
large, so
he
to
for
that
for the
are
Such
others
proportionto
is
steam-engine
incurred
determined.
adequately
land
liabilities
and
cost
Frere.
designed for tlie

reside
in those
who
parts of England
naturalized
yet
; where, consequently,the prices
done
have
not
properly adjusted, or
yet been
work
for
charged
Steam-Engine.
farmers
it is not
where
H.
moveable
the
on
of
the conclusions
applying
what
arrived
allowance
at
his
to
own
neighbourhood.
In the
general
that
use
their
found
the
the
of
owner
times
the
the
Where
little
their
of
that
state
found
engine and
good model
then
As
be
not
was
To
the
This
chiefly mown.
quarters
from
will
wheat,
mown
men,
me
gave
of about
one
yield firom
average
have
been
chased
pur-
workmanship
possessedof small
by the speculation,
sound
it for 3
who
arise ; I have
had
of work
the amount
an
even
district,in
incurred,I may
105/.,worked
months,
for
laid
it
mark,
a
by
time, and
will
considered
or
as
lost money
show
how
loss is
the
maker,
made
going,
the
of
machine
and
prices have
be
them
for
to
up
several
have
machine
it to
regards
sheaves
45
it
returned
debts, too,
knowledge,
discretion.
bought
that
first set
in such
now
cannot
enterprisingmen
solitary horse-power machine
capital and
by
profits
same
judgment, a
given a fair profit; but
want
its work
the
with
have
done
who
by.
gone
and
is
steam-engine
has
competition
level,
rewarded
the hired
counties
eastern
and
10/.
for
it.
Bad
grain
may
50/.
done, 40 quarters
of
day's wheat-threshingfrom
in a good
increase
to
year
up
55 quarters from reaped corn.
10 hours, at Michaelmas,
75
one
day of
For barley,a yield of 35 quarters is reckoned
quarters of wheat
and
in
fair day,
40 quarters a good day for say 8i hours' work
a
maximum
and
winter.
autumn
they were
:
52^ quarters is our
We
threshed
once
threshed
The
in
in
March.
regular price of
the
district
was
1^. per
quarter for wheat
202
On
with
to
355.
barley, or
engineman
and
and
the
worth
the
when
(or 3
much
not
rate
same
as
undertake
the
work
of
charge
1 lad
1
will
For
For
tend
still
sacks
Oats
this
engine-owner
the
case,
finds, besides
the
use
the
so
as
observed
case
of
wheat,
cut
in
harvest,
field,to save
labour
taking
the
The
of com,
bam, is
would
Some
the
threshing
from
the
by
loads
harvest-waggons,
to
compels me
and
conveying
barley for the
retain
the
home
use
in
of
the
use,
which
are
cavings
stock,
it
as
we
odd
at
progress
the
the
stray
of
to
be
the
in
sequence
con-
little
and
ears
of
measure
hilly nature
they
in
in
grain
serviceable
very
stuflFderived
short
or
are
wet
the stack
from
for
nor
cart
is but
arising from
small
to
care
times,
increased
increase
of
on
it is stacked
where
that
fully equivalentto the waste

threshing-machine, where
a
scattered, make
,''îf
great show.
old
of
early threshing on
in
the
for
chaff,and
unless, therefore,we
dropping
when
the
field,and
the
large
for
threshed
in the
of
rate
made
are
by
store
mostly
handling of the sheaves.
yardman and odd horse
to the
yard, is but little
double
of
little
bam,
is
loss occasioned
locks
round
wheat
litter home
of
felt.
the
the
general practice,based
cart-horses
into
of
large a portion
as
occupations;
higher
threshing on
at
calculations
our
set
now
the
field
these
being
we
for
straw
the
straightfrom
that
always easilypreserve
with
job, even
good bout
of small
short
remunerative
It will be
The
cavings.
away
suits holders
sometimes
machine-owner,
is not
the
clear
labour
provide
arrangement
to
In
the
of
use
quarter.
In
quarter.
per
and
field,such
threshing
the following reasons.
the
the
without
for feeder.
in the
day
therefore, well
are,
and
coals.
supply of water
and
driving,aw ay.
loading carts with com
stacking straw.
removing cavings, colder, or short stuff.
For
mix
of
they are charged at the

threshed
sometimes
by the day. We
and
the
labour, besides
engineman
the
bands
cut
to
For
This
to
man
hirer
can
services
district:
\s, 6d.
:
the
for corn-stack.
2 hands
pay,
farm.
extra
old
\(id,
about
at
machine,
has given
way
charge of 355.
elevators,
of the
but,
my
or
distributed
is thus
The
in
the
Reaped wheat,
3*.
threshed
be
furnish
to
feeder, at
of
grown
other
corn,
the
dispense with
is high), and
straw-stack
and
engine
price per day
furnished, when
elevators
now
liire of
the
; but
are
charge
extra
elevators, would
are
feeder
These
is maintained.
SteamrEngine.
for
day
elevators
325.,unless
men
the Moveable
to
shed
grain
farm
receiving
from
the
despised as
On
moveable
the Moveable
when
straw-stands
203
SteamÊngine.
wheat-straw
the
requires stacking.
incendiary fires have
unhappily deterred
neighmany
the homestead^
lK"urhoods from
concentrating their stacks around
according to the old practice.
The
common
consumption of coals is at the rate of 6 cwt. per
for wheat.
The
coals are
barley is threshed, or 7 cwt
day when
furnished
by the hirer, and their consumption will be a good deal
modified
which
of water
he
with
by the kind
supplies the
filled
tank
from
engine; with
a
good soft clean water, drawn
from
slated
a
bam, less coal will be burnt by 1 cwt. or 1^ cwt. a
It is a happy
the water
from
comes
a dirty pond.
day than when
circumstance
for the owner
of the engine that the hirer has such
inducement
clean
the injury done
to
to the
an
as
supply
water,
foul
furred
become
engine and boiler (the tubes of which
up and
whenever
is used) is a matter
of far more
dirty water
importance
the saving of 1 cwt
than
2 cwt
of coal.
or
late
The
For
have
never
we
years
of fresh flail-threshed
straw
favour
lingered on in my bailiff's mind

Chance
to employ steam-power.
to
arrange
that
and
grown
had
we
machined
for food.
relish
flail
and
stacked
The
stock
any
manner:
blown
some
time
observed
of
all
of
the
the
contained
threshing,and
gentle heating after it was
but, be the explanation
fact, and
have
since
stacked,
only
fits it for
market.
the
The
me,
simpler form,
A
the
the
to
after
connexion
in
preference to
with
and
to
we
com
as
the
first
at
charge
afforded
to
to
feed
of the
engine
class
which
the
new
stands
were
satisfied
second
by
of
it ;
the
light
machine
for
the
farm-roads, and
the
market,
have
older
and
abide
let out
opening
much
single dressing
;
a
by
the
double-dresser.
machine,
an
benefited
been
suit
just to
well-being of a farm in several ways

to steady and
intelligentlabourers
farm
have
of
indifierent
the
steam-power
in
beaten, shaken,
and, 2nd, the
layer, had
undergone a
once
hesitation, to
some
for
of
advantage
hilly ground and

draught on
difficultyof dressing at once, so
determined
well
the
conviction.
our
on
winnow
more
time
accounted
have
to
with
that
machine;
it may,
what
acted
machines
My
then
appeared
been
supply
our
straw
was
admixture
some
had
out
From
been
the
by
this
year.
shown
had
eke
to
eat
to
that
dust
straw
in
bruised
barley-straw,which
before,
rally
gene-
fodder, and
fodder ran
shorty
the
year
begun
We
way.
for
barley-straw
growth
The
preference
out
which
straw,
heath
were
1st,
"
it in this
removed
some
of the
doomed.
was
and
to
prejudice in
after 1 had
seasons
some
land
The
the barn-door, for fodder,
for litter. One
land
recourse
flail.
from
for
white
the
use
heath
on
than
this
used
some
on
:
"
1st, as
; these
and
are
for
is conducive
hire
are
an
to
ment
encouragefrom
selected
then
promoted
advancement
is thus
in need
of such
stimu-
^04
On
lus.*
2n(lly,the
months
the Moveable
work
in which
threshing is
of
other
SteamÊngiiic.
labour
continuous
most
; it decreases
slack
is rather
those
during
the
as
in request, nor
labourers
become
more
are
spring advances, and
until
wheat
into
the
is
the machines
again called actively
play
Some
additional
the
reaped, and
greater part of it stacked.
liands
the
therefore
are
time
the
eiîne, at
the
of
occupier
available
made
labourers
when
land
is
for
able
and
occasional
an
he
with
on
hour
without
can,
emergency,
removing the
in
devolves
the
on
I shall
required,and
and
an
when
machine
with
accommodate
easily
roads
and
horse
are
bad
engine
"
fields
horses
to
wet,
which
task
farmer
two
or
over,
more-
small
one
and
command,
work
lend
of
man
at
inspectingthe
for
spare
inconvenience,
if
hands,
extra
to
Again,
working of a
than
advantage
hand,
witli
wanted.
superintend the
to
at
connected
most
are
economical
5team-engine to greater
another
class,for he is near
farm
the
assist
generally
hirer.
next
with a brief abstract of expenses

itiystatement
for repairsand* other'outgoings; 1st, for one
engine and machine,
in the
ending Michaelmas, 1856, and then for two in 1857,
year
In each
in pretty constant
and
1859.
1858,
case
they were
-employ from September to Lady-day, and had nearly half work
i)etween
conclude
Lady-day
and
harvest.
Expenses qf SteamÊngine
Exiênses on
one
Machine
from
and
j.
hreshmg
Michaelmas, 1855,
Machine*
to
Michaelmas,
",
"
8,
d.
Bills
33
Wages
Lalwur, largess,"c
62
10
19
96
16
185G.
1856"1857.
Repairs
53
16
Oil
12
12
Insurance
Paid
for hire of engine,
largess,"c.
Wages
19
62
17
"142
machine
second
and
engine
were
11
10
..
at
work
during part
of
this year.
*
To
""xtra8,
of the
he
of
men
this
class, wages
considerable
of
direct
2".
6"/. instead
possessed of competent
knowledge
is
of
Is. 6d.
day,
with
It is the
some
interest
contingencies.
for which
of managing the engine^
of engine-drivers
tiiat a succession
readily provided if necessary.
from
gxun apart
engineman to put the feeder into the way
done
little services
in return, so
gets several
are
On
the Moveable
1857"1858
205
SteamrEngine.
(Two Machines).
".
Wages
Exjienses
10
Repairs
"
".
".
d.
Carpenter
Messrs.
Ransome*
10*
57
10
of engine
Hire
d.
8,
81
12
'
Blacksmith
17
..
Clayton
Hurrell
and
Co
16
(foundry)
(straps)
Parker
..
11
13
..
"154
1858"1859
(Two Machines).
".
Wages
Expenses
Lodgings, largess,"c
",
s.
d,
Parcels
14
"
Carriiêof
engines
..
repairedwith
Brasses
for
patent metal
and
..
10
16
16
29
17
10
12
18
14
10
16
14
18
Hurrell, for castingfiles,

brasses,"c.
..
Parker
(straps)
Mending straps
Eausome
and Co., repairs,tarpaulins,
"c.
Carpenter
Blacksmith
"206
included
was
in
calculation
The
his
in
shown
locomotive
10
Steam
on
paper
is
exposed
cost
depreciation,without,
realised
profit.^
adopted as the ''usual
as
was
but,
Mr.
as
Wells
Cultivation,*
to
prime
for
cent,
machinery;
on
engine
per
the
on
an
unusual
the
has
well
agricultural
amount
of
wear
tear.
1st.
without
great
of which
From
the
A
From
Ferry
care,
concentrated
the
the
constant
Lecture
of Booth
positidh of the piston, "which,

rapidly^becomes
oval-shaped."
difficult
are
3rdly.
and
horizontal
the
From
2ndly.
year's
being regarded
cent,
per
account
of
made
allowance
and
each
residue
the
however,
expenditure,10
this
to
brushes
oil bill
In addition
..
engine
Clayton, bill for oil,brasses, and

Extra
c/.
..
machine
one
17
"
Cloths
Insurance
8,
87
to
clean,
House,
and
of
wear
injurious effect of bad
oscillation
delivered
form
to
of the
the Fanners'
Howden.
engine
Central
the
boiler, the
tubes
rapidly away.
roads during removals,
when
at
work.
Club, Jane, 1860, by Mr.
J.
Wells,
206
On
4thly. (We
and
the Moveable
From
add)
may
SteamrEngim.
the
effects of exposure
evil
to
dust
wet.
Mr.
Wells
estimated
be
must
concludes
that
the
fully
at
arid
wear
20
locomotive
of
that
above
cent,
per
the
of
tear
fixed
Considering, however,
large items already inserted
in these annual
for repairs of tubes, boilers, "c., for the
accounts
the
other
hand, how
improvement
engines, and considering, on
is constantly superseding older
to
threshing-machines, it appears
and
machine
estimate
the
both
of
safe
to
me
engine
depreciation
engine.
at
20
cent.
per
Xlll.
Remarks
Compositionof
the
Bloody
the
and
principally
toith Reference to those Diseases
of^ Cattle and Sheep in which
the Fluid
undergoes important PathologicalChanges. By James
of Cattle
Beart
Simonds, Professor
Pathology at the Royal
cultural
Veterinary College, Veterinary Inspector to the Royal AgriSociety,"c.
In
"
on
lecture
the
on
diseases
and
structure
in the
circulation, published
observations
X., page 570, et seq.^ some
the
component
parts of the blood, several
respiration and
the
of
of
organs
Vol.
Society's Journal,'
made
were
by me
on
of
here, with
'
which
it will
be
additions, for the sake of

completeness. In the present paper, however, it will
avoid
aim
much
be my
to
as
as
possible entering on
disputed
fluid
of
of
the
and
of
several
the
the
physiology
points
assigned
the
of
it
under
circumstances
changes
undergoes
ordinary
causes
to
necessary
unity and
repeat
and
within
both
draw
from
me
the
render
without
the
The
will
practicalobject
slightestreflection
on
show
it is
suflice
to
It is not, however,
less
no
and
animal,
time
one
in
than
that
a
that
the
to
To
1 have
this
attempt
in
view,
majority
and
perhaps
reaiders of
the
of
would
third
all the
state
of
consisting chiefly
The
depend immediately
this, in
produced
in
assimilation
several
changes
the
so-called
the
the
on
animal
of the
which
solid
The
blood,
latter
its chief
its turn, has
the
fluidity.
other
secretions.
organization of an animal
body
solid
and
fluid parts.
composed of
known
that the circulatingfluids compose
of
the
of
the
individual
weight
part
well
so
of
and
vessels.
Journal.
the
is
the
less attractive
paper
few
a-
food
parts of the
fluids
lymph,
named,
well
blood
as
itself
source
on
the food
which
the
as
for their
in the
organism by
with
met
the
the
the
undergoes
chyle
the
"
before
at
were
various,
chyle, and
the
lymph,
are
existence,
processes
creature
frame
while
fluid which
of
digestion
subsists.
it becomes
The
con*
208
On
pliysiologists
; and
darkness
still enshrouds
The
which
the
much
too
has
the
to
shed
been
of the
solution
elapses before
which
time
it is not
perhaps
the light
all
the Blood.
Compositionof
the
withstanding
that,not-
say
it,some
upon
problem.
blood
solid
becomes
adventitious
considerably, depending on
many
The
coagulation is usually effected in ten
vary
in
but
minutes,
hours
instances
many
Before
some
and
will
stances.
circum-
fifteen
or
will
days
even
to
alluding more
completed.
particularly
the
variations
of
the
blood
in
the
time
or
clotting
to describe
required for its accomplishment, it will be necessary
the
of
fluid.
the principal component
parts
and keeping it at rest for a
On settingaside the coagulated mass
it is
pass before
the
either
short
This
off.
decanted
be
easily
can
is found
fluid
period,a transparent
exude
to
the
is
from
it,which
so-called
or
serum,
part of the blood.
watery
Ûnder
this constituent
ordinary circumstances
remains
in a fluid condition,while
the quantity
of the blood
is exuded
the coagulum
will be in proportion to the time
which
until
the
of
about
]:emains at rest,
thirtyhours ; after
expiration
little
will
be
but
more
which, however,
expelled naturally,although
obtained
be
still
amount
can
by drying the clot. It is
a
greater
that by the act of coagulation the serum
evident
therefore
is mechanically
Serum.
The
"
in the
enclosed
this
by
undergoing
it is
part of
Thus
colour
gravity
and
from
varies
solidified
certain
out
is
having
about
found
condensation, the greater

expelled from a sponge
by
be
to
alkaline
an
1*025
viscid
fluid
reaction.
1*050.
to
subsequently,,
of
is
water
as
that
and
mass,
degree
pressure.
the serum
obtained,
yellowish
squeezed
application of
the
all
It is
of
Its
specific
important
very
the
blood, containing not only the watery and saline

of that fluid, but also the albuminous
materials
in a state
matters
In short, it
said to include
be
of free solution.
the
principal
may
element
of
all the
portion of
tlie
fibrine,the
its several
which
which
is
fed,
is put, the temperature
every
although
and
may
parts
this
of
is
of water
creates, while
the
any
as
the
health,
in
790
present
as
kind
the
about
food
on
to which
it
ing
Notwithstand-
are
speaking
of
uses
exposed, "c.
Thus,
contain
even
rise to
sometimes
quantityis nevertheless
amount
with
if tlie vital forces
serum
quantity,
it is
which
to
is
1000
of its
the state
disturbing causes,
fairly maintained.
these
balance
such
circumstances,
animal
an
blood
exception of
hoematine, and the globuline. The
proportion
parts bear to each other will materiallydepend on
conditional
certain
of the
constituents
in
780
still
active, the
general
of
terms,
; and
water
health, is subject to variation,

sink
to
or
700, the first-named
a
rule.
Any
for
diminution
the
quickly compensated
by
will be as
excess
rapidly removed
thirst
by
in the
which
the
it
skin
On
and
in the
kidneys,
"
Albumen
it may
exists
rise
other
albumen
fibrine
this, albumen
of the
well
"s
form
is to
Besides
the
in
as
; and
by
of
the
of
6 per
as
of
the
of 7 per
rate
low
habit
on
spiration,
per-
cent,
there
body
contrary, in
The
cent.
chief
sistent
con-
is
litated
debi-
the
of
use
higher degree of vitalization.

in the production of the gelatine
and
tissues,
formation
the
amount.
is consumed
fibrous
simple
as
plethoric
constituent
urine.
about
sink
this, or
dihiinished
condition, a
of the
at
209
the Blood.
chief
that
serum
In
of the
as
as
in the
health.
increase
albumen
case
little above
with
relative
one
in the
and
Compositionof
the
in
those
several
of the
secretions,
which
structures
either
are
The
of the albumen
is from the prosource
epidermoid or homy.
tein
of
the
and
its
food,
compounds
rum
proportion in the seproper
is regfulated
its
for
the
above-named
constant
by
consumption
The
this
of
material
is easily demonstrated.
purposes.
presence
Thus
the
down
the
mineral
any
in the form
of
addition
of
albumen
acid
the
to
dense
will throw
serum
white
precipitate
;
or
exposed to heat, the coagulation of its albumen

165" of Fahrenheit
place. A temperature of about
will generally be
unless
an
unusually
required for this purpose,
lower temperature will suffice. If,
is present, when
a
largeamount
if the
will
be
serum
take
the albumen
however,
exists
higher temperature
will be
but
qualitative,
albumen
as
usual
is
does
it has
much
a
quantity,
effect its
coagulation.
in so far
the serum,
A
obtained.
microscopic
thus
albumen
condition
It is at
K)rm.
to
concerned,
acquiringthis
less than
required
analysisof
quantitative
of solidified
examination
in
not
is
in
show
not, however,
assumed
any
definite
that
tural
struc-
or
granular.
most
that we
other means
of
no
already
possess
ever,
Nature, howcoagulated blood.
obtaining serum
except from
can
readily separate it in large quantitiesfrom the other
observe
this under
the
constituents
of
liquor sanguinis. We
It has
circumstances,
many
and
stated
been
frequentlywhen
and
condition
debilitated
from
disease.
through the
part of the blood exudes
tissue or in some
in the areolar
body.
The
dropsy
are
the
as
is
proof
shown
that
vessels
the
of
various,
VOL.
by
and
XXI.
their
serum
apart from
Salts
that the
vessels and
capillary
of the
and
weak
serous
lates
accumu-
great cavities
of the
under
the term
pass
of this kind.
These
saline
from
pure
which
serum
they
they are essentiallyof a serous
nature,
analyzation; and as such
they affi"rd a
the living
is capable of being expelled from
matters
nevertheless
but
is in
It is then
commonly
albumen
proportionsof
contain
animal
especiallyreferable to a cause
and
even
differ,
considerably so,
may
effusions
in
which
diseases
an
the
are
the
other
Blood.
met
"
with
constituents
The
in
saline
the
serum.
of the
matters
blood.
of
They
blood
the
consist
P
are
chiefly
210
On
Blood,
Compositionof the
the
of the
lime
of
phosphate
and
the
magnesia,
tribasic
phosphate
potassium. Besides
other
these there
salts, which, although important
are
some
in a physiologicalpoint of view, need
be especially men"
not
The
of this kind.
tioned
in a paper
phosphate of lime exists
in considerable
separated from the blood it
proportion,for when
is required to give strength and
solidityto the bones, that they
the
enabled
and
resist
be
to
weight of the animal
support
may
of
soda,
with
the
chlorides
of
sodium
force
of
the
muscles
in
the
the
and
various
the
of
movements
frame.
The
Fibrine.
considered
This
"
constituent
the basis
the
of
circulatingfluid may
body* It
all the
of
solids of the
nearly
the
of perfect solution, but possesses
a
remarkable
without
or
property of becoming solid either within
the vessels, and
the other comwhether
ponent
separated or not from
of
the
this
The
becomes
blood, provided
stagnant.
parts
the
is entirely due
of the
to
coagulation of the blood
presence
be
exists
time
'
its
to
which
The
the
blood
The
fibrine.
by
as
in the
in
state
of
power
the
fibrine
led
solid
become
to
at
one
self-coagulable lymph," a name

being designated
John
Hunter, in his great work
by
"
it is described
and
Blood
The
Inflammation.'
fibrine
term
on
is, however,
appropriate one, as expressing the fact that the material

itself in the form
of threads
fibres.
solidifyingarranges
or
The
obtain
fibrine
which
means
are
usually adopted to
sist
conof whipping
the
blood
with
small
bundle
of twigs, immediately
a
its being drawn
from
the
The
vessels.
fibrine
on
under
these circumstances
adheres
to the twigs particleby particle,
until the whole
of it is separated from
the other
component
On
thus obtained
free
to
washing the mass
parts of the blood.
the small
it had
it from
which
quantity of red colouring matter
enclosed, the fibrine is found to consist of white, tough, and elastic
fibres interwoven
together,and crossing each other in every possible
A
of
the
smallest
direction.
examination
microscopic
tion
pormore
in
of
one
of these
filaments
of minute
up
of
the
whole
that
mass.
is
threads
made
The
three
also
quantity of
to
in
arranged
in health
thousand
further
the
existing in
fibrine
parts in every
is liable
reveals
variation, being
both
the
; but
fact,that
similar
blood
increased
manner
rarely
like the
and
it also
to
exceeds
albumen, it
diminished,
organism. In a full habit

according to
of body, and
especiallyif inflammatory action should supervene
of the
this state
oa
system, the proportion of fibrine quickly
of active inflammation
increases
until, according to Andral, in cases
difierent
of
All
the
conditions
viscera
pathologistsadmit
; but
there
are
it may
a
of the
amount
great
few who
to
increase
place
it
ten
parts in
under
thousand.
these
quite so high
as
stances
circum-
AndraL
Qn
Compositionof tlie Blood.
the
,211
the advantages consequentlywhich

derivable
from
are
Among
that
must
blood-letting in inflammatory affections,we
name
the withdrawal
which
from
arises
of a portion of this excess
of fibrine
by the operation. The benefit,however, is frequently
not
cumstance
so
arising from the cirgreat as might at first sight appear,
that so long as inflammation
there is a suspenpersists,
sion
of the affected
of the vital functions
and
consequently
organ,
of fibrine,none
accumulation
of that
substance
constant
a
being
for the
consumed
diseases
In
nutrition
the
of
diseased
opposite character
to
organ.
those
of the
element
this
of the
just alluded
to,
is diminished
in
important
liquorsanguinis
even
one
quantity, often sinking below
part in a thousand.
Hence
fibrine
of
is
associated
with
deficiency
typhoid fevers,as
a
with
likewise
found
not
are
again
place.
cattle
plague
the
terrible
which
on
by
the
blood
clot
to
us
of the
leads
after
to
an
the
fibrine
begins
death,
remains
but
particularlyin
and
; and
fibrine
that
if,at
it will
animal,
density of which
will
of the re-established
fibrine
materies
from
of such
perfectly fluid
a
time,
from
veins,
blood
in
be
capillaries
of
reappearance
be
form
to
likewise
in
morhi
the
patientsdoes not
in all the larger
being thus defri-
of the
sign
sure
found
be
the
of
blood
the
is
"
presence
of the
The
membranes.
the
an
of
; which
nature
the pathology of
Europe
recently investigated and reported
exudation
Convalescence
the
asthenic
an
increase
an
Society,the
brinated.
from
of
Eastern
of
was
scourge
the
mucous
vessels,
until
yield
to
diseases
take
to
In
other
many
experimentally drawn
soft gelatinous (nass^
a
proportion to the extent
health.
viscidityof the blood,i

that it does
circulate so perfectlythrough the capillaries
not
a"
would
it otherwise
do, which
produces a tendency to conges^
tionsj haemorrhages, "c.
A
loss of fibrine
From
tion
what
is
mainly
also
due
to
the
the
far alters
it will
advanced
been
has
so
fibrine,and
be
inferred
appropriation of it
systemic capillariesproper
as
an
takes
for this purpose
place in
each
to
comparing* its quantityin the
so, on
organ,
in the venous*
that
blood, a slight difference will
the
that nutri-"
arterial
be
with
observed*
According to Miiller the proportion is as 29 to 24, the larger

amount
necessarilyexistingin arterial blood.
between
difference
Chemically considered, there is not much
albumen
and
fibrine,while, on the contrary, both the physical
vital propertiesof the two
fluids vary, as we
and
have
to a
seen,
said
considerable
Much
be
extent
more
respecting
might
very
this
these
find
of
constituent
the
remarks, except
it within
the
to
bldod,
but
state
that
it
is
united
vessels,it constitutes
the
to
unnecessary
with
the scrum,
true
add
as
to
we
liquorsanguinis*
P
212
On
the
We
shall
"the
colouring
Red
The
such
designated
in every
whole, they
constitute
of the
quantity
it has
than
been
anatomist, who
flourished
Since
his
are
an
The
the
in
latter
have
time
exist
bodies
be
to
in
present
that,
the
on
eighth part of the entire

discovery of the red cells
by Malpighi,
made
of
floatingwithin
be said
may
estimated
been
circulatingfluid.
have
to
the redness
that
hundreds
less
no
said
which
cells
particles.These
red
many
and
cells
red
blood.
already been
the
the
of
consideration
to certain
numbers, that
drop of blood,
vast
said
It has
"
entirelydue
it,commonly
to
of the
matter
Cells.
the fluid is
is
proceed
now
Blood.
Compositionof the
the
of
part
the
excited
Italian
celebrated
seventeenth
liveliest
tion
attenthey
which
led
has
of
the
blood,
investigators
to a
more
complete knowledge of their structure, as well as of
their uses
in the animal
had
than
previously existed.
economy,
for obtaining
aid of the microscope is indispensable even
The
extended
and
more
our
knowledgecognizance of their presence,
of them
the
which
due
to
is,in a great measure,
improvements
of this
have
of
in the defining powers
made
late years
been
century.
the
on
part of
instrument.
In
circular
are
with
met
which
inferred
the
the
because
the
their
even
cells
their
red
cells
flat, but
not
are
described
are
are
species,in
It is not
they
that
flattened
to
be
therefore
are
sides, they rather
Correctly speaking,
slightlyconcave,
the
that
so
This
discs.
circular
bi-concave
as
allied
form.
coin.
ordinary
an
mammals
their
oval
cells
red
fishes,they
in
round
are
the
shape
and
for, having
of
form
sides
be
may
as
circular
alpaca,
birds,an
in
bodies
globqlar shaped
resemble
the
the
camel,
cells have,
mammalia,
birds, reptiles,and
in
shape, but
exceptions to
in
the
of the
in most
and
man,
in
The
oval.
all
is
be
said perfect shape, but
as
general, and it may
fluid
they readily imbibe
through their pellucidand colourless
addition
their
their
will
sides
walls, so, by an
to
contents,
become
first flat and
afterwards
according to the amount
convex,
more
of this
which
Their
size
and
animals,
their
man
to
the
is
likewise
even
in
diameter
their
and
is absorbed.
about
which
deer, in
Gulliver
not
to
it is not
the
f^^^
ja^q^
of
in
t^^xhs^^
to
inch.
an
Gulliver, given
in
different
uniform.
^^
In
inch,
According
appendix to
Anatomy,? the
cells of the
of the red
is -îf^ of an
horse
^^*^, the sheep t^^^, the pig ^ j-g^,and the
of
General
inch, of the ox
dog gg^^^. In the goat and
in the
sheep, reaching their
musk
variation
great
animal
from
Mr.
of
Elements
diameter
average
is
to
same,
varies
thickness
measurements
Garber's
liable
the
exceed
their
the
deer
they
tribe
smallest
average
an
Minute
and
are
smaller
known
size
in
diameter
is
said
of
iî^gj^
an
inch.
thflll
Na.M
Mf Mr.
^^
GMclitflCflb ia
On
is
however,
of the
calibre
that
the
is to
be
cells
than
taken
size
from
however,
appear,
being the
ordinarilystated
the
with
do
to
it is
anything
else
the
"
the
of
in
animal
an
its blood.
of
This,
mammalia
has
It would
Professor
Quekett
individual
animal
size of the
the
red
rising or fallingtogether^
taken
place in former
times, as
two
or
becoming
animal.
bulk
cells of
standard
has
not, nucleated
were
in mammals
eminence
of
observers
that
cells
the
among
investigationsof
capillaryvessels of each
A
great deal of discussion
these
cells were,
to whether
different
case
red
correct
213
the
of
recent
more
as
of the
size
the
far from
so
general,that
of
the Blood.
prevail,the
to
seems
diminution
the
with
smaller
little
ruminants
in
size
their
Compositionof
the
maintaining opinions
equal
of each
The
is one
other.
of some
matter
portance,
imopposite
very
the
of their reproduction.
as
elucidating
probable means
Like every other part of the organism, they undergo changes which
dissolution
result in their ultimate
If then
or
breaking up.
they
it is evident
that they would
nucleated
follow
the same
law
were
class
cells
of
in
their
other
this
all
as
reproduction, namely the
nuclei
of
their
would
at
by disintegration,which
liberty
setting
cells.
The
then
opinion that they possess
develope into new
its origin in the circumstance
had
has doubtless
nucleus
a
that,
their
viewed
when
bi-concave
form
as
gives
transparent objects,
dark
of
from
the
them
refraction
having
an
centres,
appearance
the rays of lightare
to which
exposed. That this is the true cause
of the phenomenon, is proved by placing these bodies
in a fluid
their
than that which
less dense
imbibition
they contain, when, by
of a portion of this, the
dark
spot disappears ; they being thus
flatHsided
bi-concave
double-convex
to
even
or
changed from
that
the
This
discs.
supposition
they were
procedure would, on
nucleus
the
into
more
vision.
to
bring
nucleated, tend, however,
also is equally true, namely^ the rendering the dark
The
converse
of their contents,
distinct
by emptying them of some
spot more
in
them
fluid of greater
which
is accomplished
a
by placing
in their interior.
is located
density than that which
viewed
in connexion
It is a singular fact that, when
with
the
the
of other
blood-cells
In
cleated.
a
a
nucleus
and
birds, reptiles,
they
which
circumstance
their
structure,
The
also
are
has
blood
the
The
eighth part
variation, depending on
animals
are
well
of
robust
larger than
fed
and
unnu*
possess
for
the
study
of
creatures.
the
already
certain
which
be
cells
in the mammalia,
advantages
many
cells
red
been
said
quantity,however,
health
should
amphibia, the red
much
affords
"c., in these
an
that
the
proportionatequantityof
of
In
very
of mammals
those
creatures,
it
conditional
is
to
is
other
the
to
be
as
liable
states
always large,as
undergo a fair amount
of
stituents
con-
much
to
the
as
much
system.
also
in those
of
^^xertion
On
214
breathe
and
increased
Wild
air.
pure
opposite to those
Carpenter, in
Dn
has
than
proportion
estimating
are
Manual
that
the
"
blood
parts
the
of
of
the
cells,this quantitymay
without
the
manifestation
without
the
120,
at
average
male
of
the
circumstances
that
to
rise
the
over
also
fall
186,
or
that
in
167,
to
of
that,
states
contain
to
Facts
results.
it
possessing a larger
and
may
influence
male
tively
rela-
domesticated
with
He
rise
disease
it also
untoward
producing any
first importance
of the
blood
red
taking
its
female.
parts of
of
has
sex
"have
to
Physiology,' says
of
even
blood
the
1000
'
said
are
compared
placed under
just named.
have
we
cells
of the red
number
as
his
ascertained
been
animals
when
quantity
animals, especially such

very
Blood.
Compositionof the
the
or
132
110,
the
female,
fall to 71,
this
to
kind
are
pathologist,and hereafter we shall

influence
these
in rendering animals
the
ceptible
suschanges have
see
affect
the
blood
which
and
diseases
to
that,
specially
;
which
the
be
for
the
while
means
ought to
adopted
they point to
distinct
also
those
which
prevention of disease, they render
of
the
should
had
be
recourse
to
the
to
for
the
restoration
animals
of
a"9icted
therewith.
Important as the red cells may be in maintaining the health of

animal, they are evidently in so doing more
nected
an
immediately conwith
with
hence
respiration than
nutrition,and
they
of
the
sometimes
of
the blood.
as
are
spoken
respiratoryelement
thus
shown
is
that
Their
chief
of
be
to
use
preserving the heat
It is well
that
known
all mammalian
of the
animals
body.
heat
of maintaining a
of their
a
equal to
own,
power
possess
of
the
external
99^
about
influences
Fahrenheit, independent of
surrounded
hence
which
warm-blooded
the
term
:
they are
by
heat is evolved
This
in every
animals.
part of the organism, and
is chiefly due
union
is effected between
the oxygen
which
to the
the
of thd atmospheric air and
carbon
of the system, leading to
"
"
with
combustion,
of
be
its necessary
acid
A
gas.
carbonic
in
found
the
union
evolution
second
of oxygen
of
of
cause
with
the
heat
the
and
heat
animal
hydrogen
tion
forma-
of the
is to
system,
it is likewise
that
considered
forming watery vapour.
By some
in
the
the
of
electricityplays a not unimportant part
production
heat
have
of the body, while
others
attributed
a
portion of it to
the changes which
of the
ever
are
taking place in the conversion
The
fluids into solids in the building up the frame.
ever,
latter,howbe
of
would
the
reconversion
to
quite equalised by
appear
is as continuously being effected.
the solids into fluids,which
The
s^ystem,
of
red
as
it ; and
necessary
cells
they
are
in order
that
the
are
they
also
to
be
chief
conductors
the
conveyors
perform these
brought
into
of
of
the
essential
oxygen
carbonic
into
the
acid
out
it is
offices,
tolerably close
contact
firsdt
with
216
On
bonic
a
acid
this
"
prct-oioAein
CompositionoftlieBlood,
tfte
existing in
however, disproved this,which

that
by showing
the
cells,it
the
does
in
gases
the
; and
recent
is known
further,
the
as
its shades
change
not
question
its red
moved,
when
per-oxviein arterial,anil
investigations have^
Liebigian theory,
hcBmato-globuline is liberated from
More
blood.
venous
bf
the form
hue
of
by
an
all the
after
that
exposure
iron
is
to
re*
still remains.
colour
acid
and
carbonic
by the blood
absorption both of oxygen
is found
in the condition
of the red
to produce a physical change
of the
the
first-named
cell-walls
cells.
Thus
by the influence
dilated
contracted
are
shrivelled, while by the latter they are
or
alterations
in
form
lead
These
to an
or
necessarily
expanded.
it
of
and
is
in
of the
alteration
the
refraction
light,
now
rays
the
and
of
dark
arterial
that
hue
of
the
hue
thought,
bright-red
blood
The
action
venous
are
mainly due to this simple cause.
Tlie
also
of
carbonic
is said
serum
acid
have
to
the
on
salts
of
in
influence
an
contained
blood
producing
the
within
the
odena
red
colour.
In
this
concluding
direct
attention
coloured
blood,
subject
our
fact, that
similar
other
and
the
to
of
part
anaesthetic
is found
which
we
form,
ether, chloroproduces a dark-
agents,
under
such
incidentally*
may
of
inhalation
the
circumstances
to
be
arteries
veins,
flowing not merely through
also, and
of necessity but
the
various
functions
of
imperfectly supporting
and
life.
organization
We
of the only remaining constituent
of
to speak
come
now
the
it is
direct
to
circulating fluid, which
special
necessary
attention
to, namely
Corpuscles.
The
White
These
bodies, although exceedingly
than
It has
the red.
less
been
are
so
considerably
numerous,
that
about
red
cells
white
in a
exists
to
one
computed
fifty
other respect the
healthy state of the system, and in almost
every
white
differ from
the coloured
In size they exceed
cells.
them
p
the
but
the
"
"
for
while
35^)0^
form
bodies
^^
also
and
the
^^
is
average
inch,
dimension
these
flattened
as
measure
different,the
of
white
the
much
cells
cell
red
being
about
i^\^.
the
as
is
the
Their
globular-shaped
found
Again,
are
be
with
viewed
to
a
granular when
microscope, which
gives,
them
unlike
dark dotted-like
the
red
cells.
a
totally
appearance
Physiological anatomists are not agreed as to the origin and use
cells ; but by most
of the white
they are regarded as identical with
with
in the chyle before
the cells which
this fluid is.
met
are
mingled with the blood proper : and certainlythey would
appear
be
scopically
micronot
to
essentially (UfTerent from
chyle cells when
not
examined.
their
discs.
Some
have
viewed
contents
them
as
ministering
directly
are
others
have
into
found
then
by
their
chief
higher
than
that
of
the
of
the
of
always
The
which
blood
of
In
system.
active
We
see
albumen
the
red
is
probably
up
that
blood,
in
they,
is
the
going
cells.
in
white
cells
sizy
in
the
vessels
bu"^
when
of
state
which
in
help
of
is
blood.
in
also
their
disease
other
constituent
such
to
great
the
when
under
to
especially
crust
and
every
changes
both
also,
belongs
place
with
common
blood
number
takes
besides
vessels
on
i"
there
such
cells
or
their
to
from
tendency
which
out
ha"
on,
these
white
and
immediately
of
the
sides
confirmation
supervene
important
undergo
circumstance
remarkable
and
in
variation
the
this
is rich
of
the
to
thereto,
further
is slower
adhering
number
so-called
vessels
close
ministering
state
affections,
the
the
current,
nature
buffy blood,
within
comportment
the
this
found
accumulate
to
abnormal
that
if
some
have
and
that
make
thus
showing
and
development
to
s^m
inflammatory
to
receives
relatively greater
plethoric animals
termed
ordinarily
are
their
of
inflammatory
an
often
passing
view
number
of
the
of
the
bodies
in
increase
degree
the
of
while
;.
they originate
through
cells
they
as
opinion
found
these
many
elaborators
that
capillaries, as
wherever
that
diseases
the
to
The
fact
contents,
fibrilisation
to
development,
white
and
;
force
principal
nutrition.
the
red
support
the
of
the
of
interior
given
their
of
use.
circulation
The
of
degree
the
were
consider
again,
liberty
at
217
Blood.
the
tendency,
they
that
Others,
setting
have
to
thought
fibrine.
cells
the
nutrition, by
to
which
Composition of
tlie
On
exists,,
of
untoward
circumstances.
We
must
with
stated
now
reference
shown
present
of
an
view
especial
both
undergoes
certain
tention
their
blood
the
to
of
states
in
of
changed
to
and
some
condition
[To
be
to
purpose
speak
to
Besides
the
of
the
continued.]
having
the
conclude
lation
circuwith
it
changes
depending
this, it
maladies
blood
in
the
of
the
character,
of
be
to
therewith,
and
pulse
system*
mc
fulfils
connected
phenomena
explaining the
frequency
therefore,
each
we
next
our
the
attention
direct
origin
and
in
morbid
in
intending
paper,
which
development,
and
has
circulating fluid, and
the
of
oflices
important
health
of
constituents
chief
several
the
promotion
the
the
described
and,
blood-diseases;
to
which
that
anticipate
however,
not,
is
which
itself.
our
on
in^
have
218
XIV."
Ow
object
The
the
which
I have
in
view
in
P.
By
Feeding of Stock.
the
Frere.
H.
is
article
fallowing
to
of stock
which
in the management
speak of those modifications
the
the
with
experience of the last eight years, in connexion
the
and
the
changes of the times
gleams of light cast
upon
to adopt, reserving
me
subject by scientific research, has induced
for a future
occasion
of those
account
an
changes in the culture
and
in unison
were
with, if not a
cropping of the land which
of, the system adopted.
necessary
consequence
the first portion of a retroThis
considered
be
spect
as
paper
may
in
of the
arable
of
farm,
a
dry
a
light-land
management
for
of
the
of
than
better
for
com
England,
growth
^suited
part
pasture
the
or
roots
even
of
estimates
under
only
varying
similar
also
but
climate,
these
as
incurred
for
in
and
the
in
in
the
of
in
and
or
and
horses,
and
paid
wages
of work
cation
applisoil
the
men
weekly
amount
drawn
of exact
only
not
both
labour
of
cost
both
admit
best
at
circumstances,
the
do
keep,
will
involved
cost
conclusions
consequently,the
expense
at that
executed
cost
The
in
farm
strip
the
from
Essex
upon
high
and
It is all arable, with
to
the
About
in
grounds
Suffolk
running
Cambridgeshire which
of 460
consists
question
the
acres,
limits
old
of
exception
long
border
Heath.
Newmarket
of
about
in
of indifferent
acres
the
slightly
higher ground are
light
chalky
slope are
a
capped
clay
loath, and 160 are
heath-land, varying from a brown
sandy loam
heath
to a black
sand, resting on a chalk rubble.
into
chief
in taking the
farm
My
own
encouragement
my
meadow.
80
with
hands
1851
in
detail
aim
not
was
look
well
of the
as
tbat
fourth
I have
and
much
so
loss,and
the
on
this
of the
the
ultimate
my
aim.
of
of his
account
Dorsetshire,
immediate
value
itself,for
land
realised
in
volumes
an
reap
increased
the
to
Farm,
eighth
to
Portman's
Lord
from
Shepherd's Comer
the
in
on
acres
derived
yras
of
management
in
acres
; 210
I believe
stated
as
Journal.'
profit,as
stock
My
to
and
avoid
as
crop,
reward.
likewise
that
believe
more
met
""nguine expectations
disappointment
the
with
home
most
comparing my
approved
management
the
chief
I
shall
modem
state
's of
plainly
points
farming,
always justifyingmy pracdivergence without
"ity or
would
have
if the
master
with
"1
.'T'X
'f^
Tie
"L
:,ui.
of
"ore
lrir"^
ipn,
cases,
,"5
-
change
carried
Tna]fi
*\\e
out
ôrnr
had
would
by
-^jj^r
have
been
been
practicalman,
^*s
t"o"
*r\A
more
at
home,
and
What
attempted.
responsible to his
^consequently left to
On
his
ultimatelyupon
act
in
was
the
practical man,
Stock.
give
for
corn-crops
led
the
stall ;
turnip-crop
whole
the
to
no
the
rent,
off the
for
which
the
with
profitfirst
to
allowance
any
regard to stock, both

the
sheep rather than the
results of feeding sufficed
to
the
The
land
lean
and
fresh
in
the
the
autumn
I have
spring.
the
on
able
been
association,
rather
than
to
the
of
situation
led
little
and
look
to
me
examination
of
preference.
mainly of arablestill is,to buy
and
was,
consists
fairs,and
tried
and
custom
of straw,
at
have
us
stack
very
to justify this
breadth
great
grows
in
beasts
of
custom
and
district,which
of the
custom
soil
ox,
heretofore
as
all
taxing
for
scavenger's work
behind
dressing of manure
greatly to foster.
tended
With
must
all the
of
made,
management,
which
though
because
the
on
cultivation
and
unreasonable
doing
leaving
staff*
surest
longer rely
perhaps none
of
rotaticm, besides
without
of the
of farm
object,and
trammels
the
duty
the
been
this
can
look
view
the. mind
to
branch
rotations
because
to
we
throw
him
fore,
taken, there-
course
itself
this
to
it has
years
paying
sufficientlyto
which
precedence
lean,
that
conscious
The
approved
as
themselves
accommodate
are
the
could
farmer
judgment.
own
219
experimental farmer.
of late
because
the
the
Stock.
Feeding of
such
main
not
"
the
either
this
to
in
system
fat
sell them
or
but
ways,
the
At
many
arrive
at
a
hardly ever
satisfactoryresult.
very
the
made
fat
when
amounted
bullock
to
price
only
by
the
four-fifths
of the purchase-money
of food
and
cost
on
average
two-thirds.
three-fourths
of a lot, but more
to
or
frequentlyonly
If I went
into
dread
of bringing home
fair I had
a
pneumonia
pleuroa
chills
from
the
of heating and
driving,
overas
consequence
else
direct
of
the
result
of
if not
contagion; or
as
so
unequally kept that they would
buying beasts that had been
Stock
the
not
bought at
answer
whip when
put to good food.
could
best, the
auctions
of
farms
on
character
established
'
then, perhaps, the

prices,and even
had, in anticipation of the sale,
steady feeding. If the stock were
in
summer,
security
obtained
graze
The
beasts
good
the
conclusion,
more
beast,
These
the
I found
with
will
food
calves
as
far
but
often
that
conviction
put
the
being
are
kept
the
5/.
on
to
very
a
arrived,
for
might be,
as
over
to
rear
difference
the
value
of
of
a
to
my
own
my
calves
out
sent
was
making
best
for
pampered
and
incurred,
steady supply
I
which
necessary
nothing
the
at
"
animals
the
was
and
adequate
an
much
too
held
infection
of
therefore,
and,
first,buying
procure,
of a calf
for
than
manure,
risk
been
"
that
proved
event
exorbitant
made
to
and
of
no
feed.
keep
straw
no
into
stock
from
could
that
5^. in the
price
good 3-year-old
same.
in
small
lots from
the
time
of
weaning
Feeding of Stock.
220
On
do
up to the last,and
the
if
and
a
yards,
disagree. They rarely go outside

in spring tempts
let
of grass
flush
to
us
the cows
we
generally repent it.* Mown
if a
in
and
a
cooling food
summer,
gap
second
first and
cutting of this and of th^
the exigence
of mangold
small
to meet
reserve
a
them
have
with
run
affords
sainfoin
them
between
occurs
clover
the
the
there
crop,
of the
comfort
will
exceptional
common
where
of
expenses
to
trace
sold
at
the
at
their
and
is very
according
the
to
counties.
eastern
with
yard-fed beasts, even
successful
growth, and
a
good sale
leave
direct
found
be
to
a
profit,if all
I have
into
been
at the
pains
account,
of my
that
opinion
management,
last,will
at
in
weeks
few
from
this result
fatted
and
reared
comrades,
; but
food
bought
are
management
confirmation
economical
for their
pay
beasts
for
(except
lair, their
their
to
as
selected, thus
thus
forced
never
sometimes
course
In
Animals
stinted,
last),in
feeders,
often
not
moment
first,never
the
is
the
hardly ever
are
fairlytaken
the
out
history of
Christmas, 1857, at
calves,
two
the
of
age
had
reared
3 years
on
farm
my
4
and
or
and
months,
two
equally well up to the
pair.
have
back,
been
with
this drawlast,the price would
lOOZ., but, even
I think
the
picture will on the whole
represent the bright
side of grazing, these
calves
of
two
being the pick of the lot, one
them
the
of thriving and
possessing special powers
price made
I shall
being indubitably good for the age of the stock.
posely
purleave
without
calculation
I
made
as
altering
a
figure,
my
it step by step and
by year in the rough draft, in ignorance
year
for
If the
95/. the
how
the
of
sum
would
balance
the
items
grazing,
came
Estimate
of
in
be
to
Cost
Total
be
found
this,one
cast
52
Michaelmas.
weeks*
r'5.
Valuation
-"*"mated
{oe
at
of YardfeecUng
for Christmas
wet
and
last, when
the
in
attempts
to
i/ears and
months
old Beast
Beef.
1855.
calves,18Z.
months-old
;2
calf
2"
".
8.
d.
at
Michaelmas,
6 head
at 11, ; the best
11, 10".,
loss 14".
î"..ient momexit
ituuaoly lost three stone from

ard
receivinff
at
night, and
back
not
: they would
;one
his
the
successful
most
my
at
up.
Valuation,
keep,
stand
to
of
1854
1854.
thriven
co*'
-"Mng
^^-'
(June, I860),
goins oat to
a
have
bait
been
of
am
grass
cSk",
sent
"""d'"*ed the
out,
informed
for
The
but
that
one
yearling has
though kept in the
month,
whole
that
lot
this
s'^^t**'- -^gfJnftkin
"o
have
decidedly
trying winter,
about
one
half
and
of
On
the
1855
Keep per day.
221
Micliaelmas, 1856.
to
Per
lbs.
weeks'
Valuation,6
week.
""
d,
".
keep
at
head
at 14/. ; the best
..
"
..
worth
15Z.
12
1857"
to
Keep
to
15c^. per
at
weeks'
keep
Valuation
d,
20
16
41
Per
at
10
^Keep frona
"
Michaelmas
to December.
Per
da^.
of meal
d,
(Ubs.ofcako
Turnips,
Hay
1 bushel
9 weeks'
at 2
keep
13
10
J"/
at
week.
8,
"
..
35?
(nominal)
1857
peck
11
..
52
s,
stone
Turnips
1857.
20
Per week.
meal
lbs. of oilcake
Michaelmas.
Per day.
^ peck of bean
loss,
5?. 11"
1856
d.
s,
19
"c
52
1856.
Stock.
"
Barley-meal, J peck
3
Cake
(raiêor linseed),
Eoots,
Feeding of
nearly.
95
Price
made
Total
10"
/.=47/.
"
"47
cost
11
barley-meal in the year 1855-6 is

4 bushel"
of barley (worth with
follows
calculated
:
as
grinding
To fix,ti"erefore,
about
I65.) will give about 22 pecks of meal.
have
of 3J pecks of meal, we
the value
The
price put
the
upon
"
Pecks.
16
At
this
price I
think
worth,
but
it is not
set
The
that
meal.
between
nearly
bushels
The
of
sack
19^. and
1^.
35
its value
above
beans
of
is thus
will
beans
20s., so
A.
barley-meal
the
bean-meal
the
price of
Pecks.
*.
22
give
and
that
one
at
cost
that
cost
of
peck
at
10
and
grinding
of
it
was
time.
arrived
between
than
more
meal
it is reckoned
20
are
pecks
valued
is taken
to
of
at
cost
On
222
The
cake
of
season
summer,
a
year.
Not
linseed.
value
mean
and
valued
per
be
may
we
2^.
at
now
be
that may
price
been
fairly
at
set
made
it is that
the
with
per
bushels
heaped
estimate,
the
stone^
allowing
turnips
The
lb.
in
details^
taken, which,
Id.
the
used
Is. 4e/. per
at
bushel,- allowing 40
with
was
estimate
Unseed
stone, has
of 8^. 4e/. per ton.

the rate
proceed to criticise this
at
or
"
If
at
little waste,
are
ton
lid.
the
of
varied
rape-cake
some
overburden
to
1855-56
in
stock
winter
the
between
rape-cake
for
In
the
Stock.
Feeding of
the young
by
eaten
the
the
to
first objection
estimated
quantitiesare
partly
has
been
amended
practice
measure,
of late in this respect, so that, when
practicable,all quantitiesare
this is generally done, and
taken
form
uninow
a
by weight. When
shall generalize more
of weights established, we
standard
do at present.
safely than we can
easily,if not more
4^.
of
for
5Z.
estimate
1st. As
to the
year'skeep of a calf
one
it is not
of age,
3 to 15 months
from
tion
easy to give this calculacalves
with
were
more
supplied at first
precision. The
mixed
with
with
cut
malt-combs, brari,oil-cakfe,arid meal
hay
consumed
The
stint
without
was
always varying and
quantity
1
of
cake
lb.
ate
arday, and prosteadilyincreasing. They soon
bably
2 lbs. per day ; or, at last,if other
for the last six months
like bran
suid malt-combssubstances
nutritious
were
withdrawn,
cake
lbs.
of
of 3
at the rate
per day.*
loss so far of 145.,when
shows
The
valuation
the young
a
only
valued
calf has
been
as
high as 45^. ; so that thus far I think
to
Our
partly by weight.
by
there
much
is not
dissatisfied
prospects
of
the
push
been
have
bably
with.
the
year
half-peck of
the
to
"
1855-56,
keep allowed
2*. Qd. was
at
barley-meal
encouraging,
stock-farming were
the next
to
be
to"
beasts
young
substituted
The
on.
of
desire'
food
but
the
was
felt
that
have
been
would
pro*
Eoots
or
or
bran
0
..
..
stover
..
,.
..
cost
of
cake,
when
summer
According
Farmers'
charged
Club,
the
rate
at
at
at
to
Dec.
but
green
an
estimate
Instead
of
not
that
stover
came
of
R.
Mr.
1858), calves, from

of
Is. 6c?. per
of
rate
of about
guineas
per
or
say
3".
Od.
keep, might
be
diminished
in.
Bond
(at tfae Discussion
second
\ and
2s,
the
11
the
-week
8t
6
.,0
The
^^
19
2 lbs. malt-combs
t Or
judicious:
mistake,
and
would
,^
31bs. ofcake
mouth
not
come
Pier week.
Yearlings.
Per day.
was
we
"
For
in
when
allowance
in '1858-59
for this
But
ton.
from
to the
the
of
eighth month,
eighth
to
the
the
Oentrai
should
be
fourteenth
On
224
In
if
summer,
according
will
cake
Feeding of
much
be
not
times
Coming
the
a
give
keep given
in
the
diminish
like
the
The
cost.
circumstances,
was
litde
some
show
both
allowance
way,
Cost
(3
meal, half bean, half wheat,

of hay
G lbs. of
6 lbs. of locust-beans
per week.
(6Z.15".
stone
d,
"S
le/
at
(3 stone
ton),3 stone,
per
15"2.)
at
5^.)
at
lbs, of swedes
\)
4^
lOrf.,
at
nearly
(8s.per ton*)
Oi
13
and
diminished
beans
for the
in
nonce
the
last
bean-meal,
than
the
latter
glut
the
15
case
of
keep
Each
beast
They
cost
For
for the
in
..
*^
2Q0f 8
at
It has
loss.
If
stone.
per
|of
to
8". per
XBX
the
".
'^.
20
16
42
47
10
42
12^.=
io
^^^
10
price
36
12
"
been
ton
,"^
the
IB
"5
Cost of 84 lbs. (or 6 stone) of Swedes,

.
at
of
previous
way
In
last
"
price
10*.
the
there
article.
taken
..
the
any
because
other
be
can
in
nearly
cost
the
year
just neutralised
beef
simply
Michaelmas, 1850,
Têavinga gain
this
exception
of profit:
no
for
is mixed
better
over
They averaged
which
or
deficiencyof
score
valuedât
was
9 weeks
the
on
overlooked
wheat-meal
but
purposes,
examination
under
months
and
one
The
manure.
are
locust-
long feeding the

portant
nitrogen being unim-
of
want
The
from
being cheaper
as
feeding
for
the
of
not
when
substances
increased.
food
fattening, and
of
the
of
the
; their
stage
account
with
was
place
proper
getting dainty
is
animal
fat-producing
their
in
are
the
albuminous
the
here
that
observed
be
cially
espe-
preparation
nearly 14*.
at
*.
It will
on
"
6 lbs. of linseed
84
of
the materials
vary
last autumn,
under
made
Per daj.
Gibs,
that
on,
of
above
would
3 lbs.
own
last 9 weeks
estimated
mangold,
or
farther
their
may
pay
little help.
has been'
market, which
week, the experience of 1859
per
and
or
with
I shall
the
for
given,
stock
them
the
to
Stock.
cost
reduced.
well-conditioned
if the
is
stover
green
circumstances,
to
keep
such
the
3i^- """^'^
dm
stated
had
that
been
On
reduced
Is.
to
100
on
Feeding of
the
(asthe
stone
225
Stock.
weight of the bullocks),

average
head
have disappeared.
would
profitof 5/. per

next
give an outline of the cost of 4 young
been
fed
have
economically and
farm, which
the
even
ultimate
1 will
the
In
readily given
be
than
weeks
52
the
following
1858.
1858
For
at
Michaelmas,
weeks'
to 1853"52
"6
1858
s.
d.
16
15
13
11
keep.
Per
day.
week.
3 lbs. of cake
d,
110
and
2 lbs. of malt-Gombs
2 bushels
1 loots, about
weeks
52
bran
keep
Michaebnas,
at
Per
week.
week
per
1859
at
1859
to
"15
1860"34
weeks'
keep.
d,
8.
2 lbs. of
of
250
8.
Valuation
not
can-
items
".
2s.
at
on
well.
statement
"*alf..
in bailifiTsvaluation
Entered
to
diet,this
; but
now
thriven
stated.
over
1857
One
1857.
Midsummer,
in the
detail
in minute
rather
under
are
expense
variations
of small
consequence
beasts
oilcake,at 15c^. per
2 lbs. of meal
stone
13
..
11
at 13c?
2 bushels
Roots, about
21b8.ofmalt-combsandbran(atabout5?.5". pertou)
weeks
38
at
":
2 weeks.
4 lbs. of oil cake
4 lbs. of meal
IJoots
..
lbs. malt-combs,
"c
2 weeks
10
"i
"22
These
live
beasts
weighed on the 25th

in the afternoon^found
were
weights, taken
No.
1.
Cwt.
st
lbs.
12
"
of June
to
be
follows
as
"
Stone.
5g
multipliedby -jgr-
or
their
last,and
56*0
..
"
'
Xo, 2."
12
No.
3."
11
No.
4.-10
This
4
..
54-7nearl3r
..
51-7
:
..
bullock
2 lbs.
^tone
2'
1 month
; the
VOL.
XXI.
46-7*
since
of
3rd
little
by accident in Jaly, and

than
have
gained more
than ^ cwt
died
the
Two
more
others
was
found
1 cwt.
of
to
weigh
46
live weight in
Q
On
226
Horsfall
Mr.
59 lbs. of
good beast, fairly fat, will give

for 100 lbs. of live weight ; but taking into account
of my
cumstances
beasts, the hour of weighing, and other cir-
meat
the condition
of 51
average
be worth,
would
stone
that
states
an
51
Feeding of Stock.
the
fair estimate.
".
stone
per
Now
5.
ef.
20
21
13
22
19
d,
8,
At
is
stone
these
..
"
"
"
that
We
have
that
Ss, 6d, is the
loss
even
seen
their
lowest
cost
has
price
that
,.
..
been
least 22/. 9*.
at
save
can
from
us
8A,
so
material
But
the
in these
value
of
cost
these
under
estimates
the
of
favourable
straw
attendance,
has
account
no
the
eaten,
cost
of-insuVance
or
in these
circumstances.
is done
If then
20
under
we
lbs. of
cutting it into chafl^the

'consideration
against risk (no trifling
quantity
would
cost
On
this
if
is the
the
140
or
would
ton
done
head, however,
.Ton.
14
140
cwt.
the
hay
no
consume
; the
week
;*
we
of the
cutting
at
4". it
ask
must
straw, and
is very
imperfect ;
for
d.
A.
".
20
price
is
%,
9.
6t.
lbs.
power
when
value
the
information
1:6::
or
steam
th"e straw?
from
our
and
ton,
4^rf,per
6^. ;t and
hand
chaif, the
6^. per
week
between
derived
into
out*
are
conditions.
lbs. per
cost
by
difference
excrement
all these
receiving
beasts
day,
6*. per
3rf.,or
further,what
in
straw
at
favourable
most
that
assume
cut
this
that of the
the
of
of
account.
standing charges against the manure
of cutting straw
And
to
the e;spense
as
first,
this at
of
Prize
estimates
author
our
Essay
he
is right in the
where
main
horse
or
even
employed ; he puts 45. per ton as a minimum
"work
hitherto
taken
pleuro-pneumonia) ;
of
days
been
12
: :
140
A.
X-H^
12
12
^
Our
custom
consists
six
of
is to pay
for this
XXl\
-H-X
I J
by
the
-r
140
12
39
=z
::
d.
".
fans
ibs
20
of
score
have, therefore,
X
4R
at
3s, per
Gi lbs. a-piece, or
bushels, weighing about
39
X
X
-HO-fie-
6ld, nearly.
A,
39
score.
lbs. the
The
fim.
fan
We
the
On
practical
alone
which
from
data
failed
have
men
But
have
men
which
would
belong
farmers
cannot
wait
be
must
hitherto
they must
guided by
could
to
until
be
safelj
been
not
their
tigations
inves-
for those
province
of research.
has
and
drawn,
armed
science
those
collect
and
tatively
authori-
spoken
their
therefore
directly,and
practice
approximate estimate which
they
act*
the
examine
to
conclusions
consequentlyscientific
227
Fesdinff
of Stcc\.
safest
form.
can
question of
consumption of 1
On
the
be
the
the
wide
as
that
in its
amount
same
who
Those
set
which
matter
the
their
rest
it
'opinion
primary state
chiefly
the
contained
writers
Hence
of
as
week
per
animal
supply
digestion,assimilation,
The
economy.
worth
be
charged
10s.
minerals
ance
import-
straw
sibly
pos-
may
we
in
ton, and
the nutriment
per
for
ton
here' concerned.
are
10
stone
of 1 ton
"
tor
7ia.
yet remains
11". a-week, with
will
be
For
30
for
wanted
of 6tf. per head.

cost
thus arrive at
We
boy
head
charge
to
be
straw
sumed
con-
assessed.
at
help him
stock, giving
to
of
,.
of
expense
attendance
..
an
(in all
average
8.
d.
TJ
4|
In all
as
an
0
..
cutting straw
"
4$.
of
consumed
straw
"
week
the
All, therefore, whether

concur
at
20j", may
lbs.,or
"
the
on
residuum.
eating 140
of attendance
at
man
per
of
week.
item
lbs,\
feeding purposes
carbonaceous
of
highest value
the
on
the animal
must
in
The
for
straw
on
35".
straw
at
they value
ton, or
per
in
at. about
estimating the residuum
charging the stock with ai least 10s. per
extracted, the only point with which
this rate
of
its fitness for
put the
lawest
the
think,
worth
the
straw.
as
the
on
that of
on
from
not, I
will
different school.
who
those
put
At
th^re
food,
as
derived
excrement
would, in their view, depend chiefly on the

in it,to which
they might not attach so much
residuum
as
the
of
contains, and
in
of
highest^value
views
combustion
and
ton
divergence
value
of* straw
outstanding
claim
..
..16
..
against
the
value
of
the
manure.
If,further, we
Essay
1 ton
for
on
of
manure
adopt
Straw,
manure
that
per
of
such
the
beast
month,
estimate
of
fed
in
and
allow
box,
the
or
author
covered
8^. per
quality; if^moreover,
we
ton
the Prize
of
yard, makes
as
allow
Q
fair value
24
lbs. per
228
On
for litter
week
1
cwt.
required in
month
per
against the
tlie Feeding
at
covered
1^.,we
shall
account
manure
of Stock.
in
yard, or,
the
have
numbers,
round
following charges,
"
4 weeks'
chaff-cuttingand
attendance,at 6c?
used for litter,
about
for food
straw
4 weeks'
Straw
1 cwt
Per
us
and
profit.
only
in
solid),litter,and
question bejfore us
the
the
extra
of
cost
fairlyvalued
We
on
have
1*.,the
been
of
side of
the
picture
which
the
unfavourable
intervention
The
home-bred
2 tons
and
at
manner
to
sidered
to
farmer,
who
at
the
be
well
of
ttib selection
1859
; but
more
thence
If the
provided, at
resultingwould
doubt
the
one
year
young
details
are
greatly depend
Jonas
best
of the
one
farm
they
well-known
the
time,
same
the
like
con^
Cambridgeshire
material,
on
maining
re-
in
fattened, and
be
to
were
the
bought
stock)were
in
farmers
which
on
one
Webb
store-beasts,and
as
purchaser at
Mr.
bull of
ready
very
beasts,of which
young
because
and
about
success
judgment
shown
in
in
of store-stock.
detailed
My
(liquidand
litter
of
manure
by a
by
me
at
bought by
These
no
of
manure
it is combined.
seven
home,
to
himself
rate.
does
for
me
close
was
same
grazing
which
of
consisted
well-bred
(very
sale
only
manure
disaster.
kept by
four
of
losses,
looking at the comparatively favourable

in
take a case
stall-feeding,let us now
features
the
predominate, yet without
Cambridgeshire by auction,
reared,
determined
1 cwt.
and
small) was
purchased for
were
and
value
excrement
be
(neat,but
others
two
4*. 6d. each.
at
hitherto
of any
lot referred
is the
proportionof
litter with
or
0
0
againstrisk
such
the
accurately
; but
solely on the value of the excrement^
food
the
given, quite independently of
nearly doubled,
be
water
be
of water
amount
quantity and
because
can
turns
depends only
the
upon
the
water,
insurance
as
boxes,
in which
value
which
month
is based
by feeding
standard
outgoings
contra
Tliis estimate
made
manure
1^. per
leaving
for
of
d"
s,
Value
account
will
retrospectiveglance
only
commence
over
the
from
year
Michaelmas,
1858-59
will
be
also desirable.
At
Michaelmas,
valued
at
such
1858,
my
2 and
3
at 11/. ; Nos.
No
doubt
these
13Z.
rate
as
to
make
the
home-bred. No. 1 of this lot,was

mas,
were
bought shortly after Michaellatter were
bought very dear ; at
purchaser hesitate ; but store-stock
Qn the Feeding of Stock.
liigh at the tjjne,^nd disease

healthy animals
important to secure
-were
known
; it may,
head
per
On
more
reference
-entries
found
are
they ought
the
to
:
week
"
week
"
week
20th
that
once
they
was
well
were
1/.
cost
done.
of
the
the
year
following
lbs. of linseed
12
lbs. of rape
d,
per week
per week
10
} bushel
cake
cake
week.
s,
malt-combs,
or
Per
Keep per day.
12
18
lbs. of
18
lbs. of rape, instead of 12 lbs.,with

increase of 8d, in the cost.
6 lbs. of
"
to
antecedents
at
have
memoranda
Beasts"
Chives
10th
whose
it
that
"
Store
4th
prevalent,so
very
admitted
be
however,
than
229
linseed,instead
bean-meal
lbs.
of 12
per day
consequent
substituted
for the oilcake,
"c.
this
On
be estimated
basis, therefore,the keep cannot
(exclusive
less than
2^. 9d. per
at
week,
litter)
straw, chaff, and
of
giving
having
to
7/. 3".
the
whole
the
on
before
year
The
year.
11/.,and
at
home-bred
increased
gain of
To
an
expenditure of
consequently a loss on
meet
And
I find
1858,
at
this
14/.
in value
of the
general
of the
dear
I
the
will
now
the
of their
at
year,
fall in
rate
7 beasts
time
rather
the year'sfeedingof
they
less
the
which
at
in
than
d.
than
more
two
that
they
price of
5/. 3*. in consequence
partly
stock
at that time, and
partly
so
not
can-
rise
in
purchased.
were
the
detail
of
expense
from
Michaelmas,
were
drafted
the
Michaelmas,
at
seven
2/. a-head
three,
15/.,showing
of
they
of
8.
..
..
other
loss of
value
give in more
during 28 weeks
feeding, as they
commencement
the
than
a
lot of
worth
were
more
and
".
..
..
3 valued
set
the
on
and
piece
been
2/.
only
Nos.
lot,but
have
at
of
valued
15/., shows
A
of
total
been
two
28th, 29th,
the
1858,
the
three
or
30th
and
of
keep
mean
at
once
from
week
Michaelmas:
.
Cost
No.
of 7 Beasts.
bred
161,,home
2.
store
15?., home
3." 15?., ditto
4.
16Z.,bought second week
ditto
5.-16?.,
1.
d.
".
8,
45
oo
25
ô
4
4
0
0
102
"
"
..
..
in October
"
?"
6.-127.
7."
."
..
..
..M^
125
121.128
"
..
On
230
feeding "ffStoek.
the
forward
Brought
fVom
for the 3 first beasts.)
Michaelmas
6 weeks*
keep
The
of 7 beasts
cost
last
of the^
before
Keep
8 th week
bought,
13
4
10
17
Cost
daj.
per
d,
weeks'
13
week
21st
keep of
4 lbs. of cake
ifof fan of cut hay

Swedes, 5 bushels per week
16
bean
and
(wheat
mixed)
week"
24th
of 7 beasts
keep
5 weeks'
10
at
..
6 lbs. of cake
keep
as
19
"
10
15
19
beans
16
before
as
Swedes,
40
^"~""^"*
3 lbs. of locust
..
6 lbs. of meal
Hay,
10
..
"
3 weeks'
To
beasts, at
| peck of meal
"
17
16
Turnips, "c
To
10
week.
per
of cak-e,15c?. per stone
4 lbs.
=s
8,
i peck of wheat-meal
"
c
6
io
at 6"
}3
tying up
102
."
"
6d
at3".
.^
"..
..
of Keep.
Cost
7 weeks
."
before
10
11
of 7 beasts, at
20
184
Cost
l?lî?^
head
per
".
8,
d.
26
22
10
18
Average price made

per head
Loss
beasts
These
head,
per
which
but
had
we
follows
as
was
sold
were
our
:
in
lot at
one
estimate
own
"
18
of 22/. 10^4.
average
of the weight and
ralue^
an
"
stone'
_
s,
d,
25
24
10
24
10
20
11
22
15
19
13
19
13
157
"'
(14 lbs.)
No.
.
..
..
at 8s. 9rf.
56
2
..
..
"
"
..
..
..
..
56
3
..
..
"
47
"
-.
..
52
5
..
..
"
45
6
..
..
..
..
7)
Average
very
Now
"
"
"
"
"
"
45
or
worth,
58
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
359
51
stone
nearly
22/.
if these
lbs.,making, at Ss. 9d.

10*., the pricf given.
estimates
were
not
"157
10
stone, 22/. Ss.
per
correct,
Cash
at
all
events
6rf.^
they
232
If
lessons
class.
I think
that
.might
for
the
Nearly
of
cheaper rate
the
saved,
time
same
the
showing
which
market
have
money
small
feeding
not
results,as
the
time
some
might
No.
on
the
above
such
21
1.
tional
tradithe
concerns
according to
nearly 20 stone in
at
at
profit shown
had
they
2 and
on
first
comrades.
dainty
one
occurred
if
attained
lost
was
the
degree
three
attained
been
several
some
the
of
of their
sake
district,and
average
probable increase of
been
beasts, a good
rise in the
respect
learn
may
in
as
have
the
of
rate
the
practice of
first
that
we
in
the
and
results
animals
might
feeding,so
been
have
perhaps
three
different
unduly pushed
same
weight
been
At
the
result
economical
better
of these
details
regarding
by
typical of
not
the
examine
we
Feeding of Stock.
the
On
practice,
A
weeks.
of sale was,
over,
more-
unusually opportune.
the
1 exhibits
in a
well-bred
even
advantage of blood
animals
small
in
lot of
size.
mellow, though
; he was
like
the
other hand, when
On
neighbours,
myself, play
my
I
believe
with these
manure-making
machines,
monly
they not uncomI did with Nos.
their fingersquite as much
burn
as
5, 6, 7 ;
No.
if
or
No.
of
one
the
lot
out
gets
of
sorts,
"
under
straw
aid
rather
artificial system
be desirable, to make
than
I did
as
with
way
grasses, whether
substituted may
be defective
the
If
^^"
^-"
^"
^-^"
"
is, indeed, conceivable
^.^^^^^
that
in
in
constant
their
green
element
some
dried
or
which
state, be withheld, the

is of service, rather to
digestion by supplyingthe requisitejuices,than
of
process
^"
It
is medicinal
supply of that which
good a defect originatingio that which is artificial in the
that antiscorbutics are
rightly ^ven indiscriminately
to a
in the teme
at sea.
stock..
healthy
diet,
of
an
system,
crew
ailing
for
available
may
much
as
4.*
that
of assimilation
and
influence
of thb
by contributing directlyto nutrition ; the presence
which
be detected rather by flavour than by an
element
refers chiefly
analysis,
may
substances.
I do not believe, however, that where
to
roots
primary chemical
and
bean-meal
to healthy stock,
judiciously supplied
are
practicallyarise from*
want
buy medicinal
of grass,
the natural
food
in
any defect
6f thle animal.
the
At
diet will
any
rate,
stimulants, they would
naturallyprefer to buy them by

with food for themselves
themselves, and mix them
; giving the preference to that
the ingredients are
of supply where
declared, and consequently their presource
sence
in due proportion the more
readily ascertained.
*
referred
Mr.
Bond, in the discussion before
the following as the
to, gave
of an
intimate
final bidance-sheet
friend, arising from
old-fashioned
fattingof
if farmers
bullocks
:^"
Dr.
8
old beasU
at
weeks'
keep,
20
10
3
19/.
at
an
average
of
Half
Is. 84f. a
of
per day, at lef. per lb.

mangold, at 2d, per bushel
peck of meal
P. H. F.)
day
X 8 beasts
at
4"/.(a low
140
".
d.
"
lbs. of cake
bushels
".
152
days
..
10
mate"
esti-
93
Attendance
"250
''^
On
light then
What
of the
state
present
One
old
of
the
produce
in
must
good
of
crop
instances
the
the
main
to
had
of
defray
throw
the
upon
to
his
of
cost
is,
that
for
the
kind
of
part
each
now,
own
production.
all events,
at
with.
rent
in
pay
meat,
its
time
present
determined,
was
pay
233
feeding
the
of
aspect
consumer
farmer
wheat
of
consumer
the
Stock.
market
in
to
old-fashioned
The
these
bread
furnished
supply
Feeding of
meat
change
great
whereas
do
tlie
To
this end
to
he
get
must
large heap of rich manure

.to supply this,a yard
; and
well
filled
with
well-gorged fatting stock; he did not keep
he
could
accounts
hardly tell,even
approximately,how much
;
he
sacrificed
in feeding each
of manure
beast, or the amount
which
it left him
the
he arrived
which
only conclusion
at,
; and
have
if money
ran
be
not
grown
But
short
departed, since
least responds
A
and
guano
minerals,
end
per
of
the
in
if
superphosphate, which,
and
could
wheat
bushel.
changed ; faith
has appeared, that of
price to the variations
for the
large manure
it
that
was,
year,
in
the
all
our
are
alternative
new
s.
"
matters
now
the
at
under
which
wheat
is
products, this
home
supply.
the
of
crop
heap has arisen

applied to soils rich
in
in
organic
wasteful cattle-feeding.
than
substances, will open a safer course
the
railroads
than
which
diffuse
over
a
Indirectly,
larger area
made
in our
tribute
conmanure
formerly the straw
increasing towns
In
check
home
to
at
cost
production of manure
any
the
farmer's
mind, the dim
suspicion of loss by feeding has
assumed
defined
somewhat
better
a
outline, though its proportions
if
The
still
ill-determined.
expected, as
are
return,
very
disease
risks from
of old, from
wheat, is at least a lottery. The
and
occasional
mysterious
are
regarded as
chronic, not so much
of
but
isitations
an
as
Providence,
abiding evil, arising more
^
to
crops
store
rather
than
waste
of
of due
want
precautionsin the transmission
probably from
the
ordinary action of
our
supplies of store-stock, than from
the
delicate constitutions of our
more
on
atmospheric influences
breeds.
improved
Under
these circumstances, a prudent man
will not ri^ money
If he
is
cattle- feeding for the
of growing wheat.
on
purpose
the
that
will
bent
his object
on
making manure,
possibly be,
and
com
rather
food
green
than
his com
consumed
go
may
in other
crop;
to
words,
sold
Loss
8 beasts
on
at
-22/. lOf. each

at
8/. 15".
each
".
".
180
70
"250
The
manure
rate
of 15
made,
loads
per
amounting
acre.
to
165
loads,
was
appliedto
11
next
root,
production of
the
O.
8 beasts
his
increase
acres
of
d,
land, at the
234
On
meat,
not
that
will have
com,
the
become
must
process
profitin itself.
My conviction
barley, "c., to
Stock.
Feeding of
the
only
not
But
this
his
chief
be
but
self-supporting,
end.
implies
yield
assuming oil-cakes,beans, wheat,

result
their present values, this satisfactory
retain
of 14 lbs.
be obtained
at a price of %s. 6d.
cannot
even
per stone
and
the old system of rearing stores
on
fattingbullocks ; though
I
shall
that sheep^
other
hand
endeavour
show
farther on
the
to
on
well
managed, will pay for their keep, and leave a profit under
What
then ! are
of digestion and
similar
the powers
conditions.
in the former
assimilation
animal
pared
comas
essentiallydefective
those of the
with
Is then
this.
is strong, that
the
being
how
and
other,
far
Certainlythe
their
is to
An
little
those
cake,
these
ih
this
our
the
slow
one
believe
to
arrive
we
due
to
than
the
at
case
defect
beasts
artificial
more
pastures
with
of
very
which
defective
obviate
we
adequate supply
together
a
can
result
be
during
than
that of
cannot
be
the
the
period of
sheep, and this
last
inevitable.
extent
some
of
more
condition
is
existence
first-class
of
difference
management
our
I should
latter ?
the
beef
of
which
will
of the
second-class,
fatten
result
same
may
out of
an
be
without
ox
which,
on
those
from
obtained
aid^
any
the
with
aid
Pastures
obtained.
ferior
in-
utterly unsuited
to our
improved
dairying purposes.
A
beef
then
of
be
must
slipplementarysupply
procured
the
of producing this
artificial means,
and
cost
by somewhat
addition
will regulatethe
cost
an
of the whole supply. With
the
of
ulterior view
the
to
com
secondary supply was
production
its chief
loss
motive
has
lost
this
at
force, and
a
long provided
;
the practice will probably be discontinued
:
present prices do no
than
more
represent the cost of artificial feeding according to
traditionaryusage, if they do as much, and therefore these prices
will be maintained
or
advanced, unless either the consumption of
to
beef
be
are
diminished,
and
experiment
feeding processes
It is
several
our
we
us
repute,
cattle,unless
science
or
with
evident
can
of
teach
to
combined
as
it be
carefiil observation
with
conduct
our
for
necessarily
artificial
greater economy.
duty
ccmsiderations
1st. If
quite
gone
breeds
which
succeed
to
make
may
with
the
attempt,
us
in
encourage
the
sheep under
[and
there
making
it
are
:
"
.
circumstances
with
the ox ?
not
we
nearly as artificial,
why may
kind
That
of
2ndly.
which, as I believe, will
management
alone
give a satisfactoryresult in sheep-fatting,viz., that of
been
as
steady uninterrupted progressivefeeding, has not
yet
generallyapplied to the ox.
in producing beef
succeeded
has
3rdly. Mr. Horsfall
mically,
econohis
from
achievements
farmer
even
as
a
dairy
apart
latter
(which
of his
dependent
are
what
success,
Feeding of Stock.
the
On
one
has
man
done
It
being highly probable

4thly.
important part in this economical
that
cutting : that the

actively directed
attention
others
that
accomplish.
may
manufacture
will
of
and
play
beef, we
diminished
scientific
of both
be the secret
straw-chaff
much
have
improvements
recent
whatever
and
locality),
on
235
the
an
see
of
cost
is
practical men
the
that will render

this
discovft-yof means
that
fermentation
more
digestible;
slight
a
seems
ducive
conit
is
whilst
to this end, and
more
economical,
probably as.
efficacious
as
heating by steam.
itself may
be
5thly. The digestion of the straw
promoted by
the admixture
of other
those
kinds
of food
suppljring
juices in
which
is defective
straw
as
compared with grass or hay.
be procured from
6thly. Even if this supply cannot
ordinary
kinds
of food
fair feeding prices,attempts will not
be wanting
at
the
defect
medicinal
which
to
supply
ere
compounds,
by
may,
result
in
well-ascertained
article
at
us
a
a
long,
procuring
good
moderate
price.
But if,when
looking to the future,we do not despair of learning
beef
for the market
reasonable
to
at
a
produce
price,without
far
loss,or with a small
a
we
have, even
profit,
retrospectively,
turn
to our
we
brighter side to our
picture when
sheep. If, on
to
substance
the
hand,
one
has
money
has
case
been
made
been
not
It may
and
not
be
profit of
treated
of,
it has
been
been
lost
exceptionalcase
an
by fatting beasts, on
when
the
in
past
years
the
hand
other
bestowed, a profithas
singular if,with like care
by the sheep.
well, however, before entering on details of the coat
of the flock
account
breeding sheep, to give some
and
which
under
circumstances
the
it
be
to
came
selected.
The
farm
first point
whether
was,
which
keep
to
the
combine
had
a
to
dry
of
stock
is
but
none
breeder
the
interest
most
change
to
Besides
much
so
the
secures
profit),the following
The
rule
steadily well
the
ox,
yet
the
that
from
this
enteringmy
in
breeding flock, or
unfavourable
some
keeping
dry
which
condition
flock
and
so
induce
will
breeding (an
indirectly to
with
conduces
influenced
decision
my
should
if
to
thrive,
they are
the sheep
to
last,applies
of
success
old
an
only.
is connected
considerations
first to
breeding flock^
that
circumstances
attention
stock,
for
the rearing
quarter ; and
interestingpart of farming, that
to
most
great interest
which
when
two
unfavourable
to
or
upon
breed
of
next
point was, which
; the
considerations
it is not easy to keep these two
degree
sheep to prefer,though
quite separate.
not
was
My position,which
attention
naturally turned
my
to
decide
is not
easy
as
be
well
"
kept
as
of attainment
to
2i}{j
tlic
On
when
have
sheep
well-bred
taught
hoggets, valued
fattening than the
well-reared
and
has
Experience
bought.
be
to
Sioch.
Feeding of
wether
Michaelmas, will pay better for

sheep bought at a venture.
Some
object to a breeding flock
that
us
30*.
at
at
run
common
of older
is
rich
too
is valid
to
go
far to
liave
Some
Mr.
it
seek
Bond
has
the
to
which
some
cases
land
their
tion
objec-
the
stanced,
circum-
the
seems
and
for it.
good
turn
cold
old
for
much
character
wet
which
the
dry
be
in
overcome,
and
stock
other
time, may
yet get a
without
the
lair,
and
districts
bean-straw
be
sheep
long
so
of
in such
and
mangold
pastures, from
so
and
difficulties may
such
account,
away
their
in
is too
that, if the
shown
the
carried
land
their
best
case
have
drawback
in
that
that
ground
occupiers so
pity that
men
capital
enterprise,do not get a slice of
along with their fat land ; they would not commonly
; but
object that
turned
doubt
no
of
if
lean
I have
and
the
on
clean
of
the
out
as
having
herbage gnawn
i)ld when
them.*
wintered
on
sheep were
But
some
object to a breeding flock on the ground that the
lamb
of the virtue
and
the growing
extract
more
poorly-fed ewe
the
of their
food
than
out
to some
extent
fatting sheep. And
the objection is valid ; but to what
?
extent
what
the
would
from
extract
First,
portion
growing lamb
rich food ?
much
the
less would
fatting sheep connext, how
and
?
this fraction of a fraction
iiume
lastly,does this difference
than
be
-amount
to
more
can
compensated by the extra
of
the
of
heart
"
"
"
"
profitderived
On
lambs
from
these
left very much

to
are
points practicalmen
grope
their
whether
in
the
dark,
one-half,
one-fourth,
or
ignorant
way
most
one-eighth would
nearly represent, say, the portion of pitroused
when
matter
by a lamb
eating oilcake ; whilst
ênous
up
scientific
about
men
are
communicating their observations,
wary
and
risking hostile criticism,until they have satisfied themselves
such
whether
minor
differences
48*5
or
52*3, 23 or 27 per
as
cent.,
the
as
have
case
be, would
may
best
they
approximately
investigationat present within their
others
amongst
*
October
In
the
lops
provided
-or
besides
mangolds.
acres
of
meal
and
jacres
that
Mr.
Bond's
ewes
range
500
fresh-threshed
over
an
About
cabbages
oil-cake
of cold
where
ewes,
are
they
straw,
month
grown
before
for the
to
supplied
day-land.
the
maiden
have
in racks
It is in this
renders
they
the lambs.
just
In
before
this
pea,
hormes.
receive
lambing rape-cake
flock
rape, and
well-shedded
barley, oat,
between
or
where
manner
and
is added
500
bean,
yards
are
wheat
or
the
of Swedes
to their
diet ; 3
bean-
lambing,
are
kept
and
ewes
sume
con-
Swede
eat
Every day
bushels
100
after
respect
stubbles, and
pieceof
well-drained,
cut
of
good service,
layers and
a
which
estimate
imperfect means
reach.
they
roomy,
receive
adjoining pasture,
the
Lecture
Scientific
the
tops ; in November
pastures ; later, two
old
for
ramble
ewes
from
mangold
the
on
straw,
formed
the
represent
on
600
On
Feeding of Stock.
the
by suggesting questionswhich
have
hazsoxled
been
in
to
he
kind
was
end
enough
his
of
lecture
Society, as
by an animal
oilcake
on
of
His
would
as
nevertheless
one
would
wish
opinion
which
inquiry, at the
Royal Agricultural
an
nitrogenous matter
how
reply showed
question,whilst
not
but
the
to
to
the
before
proportion
eating oilcake.
that
No
rigidly
give in reply
the
to
statements,
down
to
such
"
conclusive.
not
Voelcker
Professor
tie
answers
formal
more
highly serviceable,if
are
elicit
237
time
the
extracted
much
we
it
on
sea
same
suggested
will
do
well to
hypothesis on which
practicalmen
probably
I refer to his statement
that
act
pending further information.
the
of
in
the
cake
about
one
was
nitrogenous matter
quarter
bably
proextracted
the
animal.*
by
that the fattingsheep consumes
then
If we
one-fourth
assume
of
the
given in oilcake, and
nitrogenous substances
suppose
one-fourth
the
than
that a
lan"b
extracts
more
sheep, the
say
instead
of the sheep
loss
of nitrogen from
feeding the lamb
1-1 6th, a loss which
would
be represented by J of J, or
must
at
were
at
an
estimated
be
but
manure
as
and
will
lambs
May answers
is
layers,and
growths before
and
in
will
turned
the
area
all
times,
speaking
good
crop
if
ewes
to
farming,
to
more
of
there
that
keeping
makes
creased
in-
at
slower
times,
hath
the
on
and
it
a
keeping as
such
but
satisfactorily,
give nearly 100 pairs of
given
at
already. But,
hard
as
fold
nature
breeding 'flock,I
its
artificial
geometric ratio,
consumed
man
tliat which
the
is
food
extra
successive
if the
which,
expressed by
feed
three
growth being
folding left when
extent
an
for
; each
increased
more
of
October
be
more
the
benefits
bring up
good season,
in
the
give
the
twins
to
food,
as
the
the
would
and
kind
such
mean
of
is it in
will
of
up
not
But
for.
probably
following
time
true
so
as
account
to
depastured,
moved,
be
profit of
make
to
of
more
consequence
each
because
substances,
the
goodness, out of their food,

which
hand, the folding
they leave in April
the
for
feed on
admirably
forcing
quick
warm,
continued,
was
the
of
loss
fully
appear
predecessor was
food
such
extract
other
the
on
do
value
money
; and
lambs
of
the
at
matter
on
twins
do
for
poor
from
land
a
in
not
ewe
will,
flock
of
seemed
disposed to estimate the manuring value
further, the Professor
When,
dung, as derived
from^the cake, as high as half the value of tbe cake itself^
debatable
ground,
vas
passing beyond the regions of pure science on to more
of the
he
on
and
have
practicalmen
which
it may
doubted
be
whether
some
he
power
made
of
forming
sufficient
judgment
allowance
for themselves
for the
differepce
of
bears
according as it is designed for food or
of phosphates
probably be greater in the case
such a cheap ând ready supply of the
former
of nitrogen, because
than
we
when
consideration
wemarket
are
not
to be overlooked
in the manure
treating
; a
draw
mation
of the rearing of young
stock, which
largely on the phosphates for the forthe
value, which
for
manure.
the
This
of bone.
same
substance
difference
may
have
238
On
270
in
year
for
condition
better
Stock.
Feedinffqf
the
will, consequently,leaVie
and
ewes,
the
land
each
succeeding*
of com.
crops
the breed
to be
growing
determine
preferred ; a
soil,climate,
neighbouring
influence
towards
local
far
Every
pointed
deciding.
markets, go
ê
the
rather
than
Down
but
towards
long-wooUed
races;
The
point
next
to
was
authorities
the
and
questicm which
variance
at
were
the
to
as
of the
tone
Down
of
kind
to
be
selected.
very
flock,
with
commenced
leading
that
some
breed,
have
and
that
Hampshire
of
have
best
the
make
applicableto farming
from
of
flock
determine
of
the
the
in
for the
pricesoffered
a
experience
least
at
locality
for my
chief
which
lambs
which
demand
In the close
awarded
the
unimpaired
this
them),
been
are
at
in favour
now
worth
drafted
the
and
were,
has
the
first-rate
whose
rent-paying
the
to
local
nurses,
bearing.
of
respects
was
cost
d7s. 6(/.a-piece; the

of
the
year,
the
proved.
im-
breed
1st,The
superior
greater number
The
mutton,
of
gpreater
the different
bestowed
to
the
secure
palm
must
makes
vigorous constituticm
of
the
prolongs
period their
The
superiorityof the black-
marked;
most
Soutlidowns,
difference
in
45".
without
If I had
vished
would
any
to
have
sellingprice
shearlingsas I then bought
the
cheaper sheep ; such black-faced

to
555., according to the season.
50f.
butcher
and
end
of the
from
and
been
opinion,
decide, that
to
me
; 2ndly, The
race
this
the best
was
decision
care
ewes
mothers
Norfolks
The
sell either
confirmed
be
must
[farto
sheep ;
went
black-faced
enabled
season
for
the
reared
ewes
of this
those
powers
in these
breed
faced
of
blau^k-faced
suflicient
to
the best
them
(an
shearlings
Southdown
lambing-time
at
favour
good fleece, early maturity, and

be
of'
ewes
breed
they reared on my ground; and 3rdly,

lambs
of this kind.
prevailed for ewe
which
exists
between
now
competition
which
on
races
the
test
operations
Southdown
score
produce
for
grounds
of constitution
vigour
to
full-mouthed
and
yard
second
sheep ; that the Southdown

(in default of other demand
The
least
at
commenced
score
three
preference in
my
neighbourhood, and
be
to
fully as
precept
it,and
one
authorities
high repute.*
attendance
Careful
and
with
cross)ând
established
the
the
of
Norfolk
half-bred
black-faced
the
an
flock, till
modern
best
our
material
practice before
shearlings,and
seven
score
with
their
into
Believing this
to building, I decided
as
have
sion
infu-
changed.
of
I abandoned
local
the
blood
one
the
it."
of
bourhood,
neighrelations,keep
own
gradually introduced
become
by
architecture, ''Use
on
his
"
said
well
been
immediate
large proprietorswho
Norfolk
or
characteristics
It has
Webb's
tenant-farmers, except
few
Southdown
Jonas
Mr.
in
that
It is remarkable
240
On
market
the
than
the
from
Whatever
held
are
the
be
as
constitution, and
if Cotswold
the
probably
long-woolled rams
degpree those good
east-
inferior, So
points
At
there
will
all events,
the
are
in
seen
black-faced
for
the
sheep
cross-breeding
which
for
west
possesses
the
east
to
reason
in the
not
reappear
for black-faced
are
the
Downs
the
of
with
crossing
in
high
very
Down
ewes
that
expect
the
are
weak
offspring.
is
ewes
good flock are

wethers, whilst, if
in
wethers
steady-and
worth
fairs, the
our
employed),
the
ram
good
demand
increasing ; the ewe-lambs

than
to lOs, a-piece more
lambs
the
is
be
of
those
qualitiesin
dam
these
merits
to
are
rams
surpass
; whilst
that
in the
again
with
their largeness of frame, hardiness

; from
in parturition(no slight consideration
ease
Lincoln
or
dissatisfied
are
in which
their
breed,
widely recognised
more
of
others
breed
to
so.
estimation
distinct
do
to
try
never
some
and
progeny,
attempts
Stock
Feeding of
latter,because
half-bred
of their
results
the
pure
from
8*.
Southdown
probably
have
the
preference.
These
observations
in
degree explain why farmers

of intelligence in the
eastern
counties, hoping to attain earfy
fleece
and
a
blood, cling to
good
by an infusion of new
maturity
soil and bleak
their old race
best adapted to a poor
as
position.
The
iit
question of the flock to be kept having been decided
the
the
of
local breed,
favour
next
to
point was
recognize it$
and
These
them.
defects
to
remove
existing defects,
were
try
in the wool, which
in
the
chest
was
or
occasionally brown
hairy ;
and
and
thin ; and
in length of leg.
were
narrow
neck, which
afforded
kindred
well
suited to
races
Hampshire and Wiltshire
but
it
aid in effectingthese
not
was
improvements,
easy. to. gain
thick
the
and
neck
without
attendant
broad
chest
and
a
deep
the compact
flocks,or to introduce
heavy head of some
symmetry
without
of others
and
losing our
length of frame
superiorityin
may
some
size.
able
Cross-breeding, by Mr. Spooner, printed in

No. xliv. of the Journal, is doubly interestingto those who
have
for some
from
different
l)een
buying rams
quarters with
years
definite
in
The
Mr.
view.
writes
most
Spooner
objects
:
bable
proeach
that
is
the
to
supposition
offspringthe
parent gives
half of the body.
Thus, the back, loins, general
shape of one
follow
the fore-quarters,
one
shape, skin, and size
parent ; and
the
other
and
vital
and
nervous
we
head,
system
;
may
go so far
The
Paper
on
"
"
as
the
to
male
On
case
that
add,
parent,
the
to
change
the
other
retain
the
former
the
latter
hand,
the
head
in
the
with
the
great
fore-quartersand
cases
go
with
female."
the
object
and
majority of
of
vital
modify
cross-breeding was
of the
dam,
system
the
nervous
system,
in
my
but
so
as
to
to
On
rid of
^t
certain
restlessness
but
ram,
attained,
; whilst
the
advantage
back,
take
after
the size.
not
it would
whole
the
with
might
contrasting this theory and
On
241
of temperament
skin
loins, general shape,and

the
Feeding of Stock.
the
that
appear
these-
objectswith
the influence
of
the results
the
male
was
on
preponderating than accorded well with either.

used
for one
left his stamp
but
season
heavy-chested ram
of nearly all his
satisfactorily
impressed on the fore-quarters
One
very
more
The
progeny.
in this
sire's influence
instance, because
ram
the
on
and
ewes
almost
an
The
Hampshire
the
from
native
from
out
and
certain
the
ewes'
in flesh
shrunk
They
fold
were
in the
condition
and
the
of
pined.
dissimilar
peculiarheads
the lambs
pedigree
again,-differed
rams,
race.
their
kept up
index
on
have
in
that
father's side.
temperament
sufficiently
composed
and
oilcake
eat
morning
Norfolk
in
been
much,
so
the
much
marked
not
was
not
were
other
this respect ; but when
with
rams
used, they have influenced the head of
it is
head
when
the
Their
stock, likewise, show
to
outside,
would
ram
come
have
a
great
restless
reluctant
to
or
being no longer
is
and
this
or
hurdles,
change
naturally
attended
by a greater dispositionto fatten at an early age.
So far,therefore,the influence of the ram
to
seems
prevailin
the
and
of
the
this
lamb
was
a
gain in the
nervous
;
system
change in temperament,
be confined
within yards
instance
under
but
consideration;
it
is
questionablewhether
the vital and the nervous

distinguish between
system
of
old
be
that
the
constitution
retained
as
vigour
hope
may
in
and
modified
connexion
with
perament.
more
a
unimpaired,
placid temMr. Spooner assigns to the
All that influence which
in
sire seemed
exerted
be
with
our
flocks, especially
generally to
esteemed
in our
that
district,
regard to size, a merit so much
can
we
so
to
"
it has
been
the
to
of constitution
east
existing
now
for rams,
and to trust
the ewes
for such
in
desirable.
seems
as
the
to
return
blood
Hampshire
change
to
necessary
the unreasonableness
of rejecting
Spooner observes
upon
in
its
local
face ; but
strips
a
feelingoutgood sheep for a few spots
and
sometimes
is
besides
built
a true
philosophy,
upon
it cannot
well
If
aside.
inkling which
explain,but cannot
put
introduced
were
us
we
Shropshire rams
might find too
among
face
late that the white
in the
the
of
were
cross
a
signs
spots on
Mr.
which
blood
had
introduced
But
would
to
to
the
further
be
of the bleak
for
of
body
and
more
early fattening,but
iU
East.
the
mysteries
of
breeding
adapted to a special paper on that subject,and
fortunate,
large and long experience*in breeding. It is unattempt
to
penetrate
better
of
writer
that
VOL.
climate
habit
fuller
favourable
lymphatic temperament,
suited
XXI.
those
who
are
best
informed
are,
not
unnaturally,
R
242
On
sometimes
the
not
experience.
Enough has
on
feeding
sheep
latter
these
results
profits might
quality ? Let us, then,
sheep feeding, to contrast
of
have
of
stock ;
how
animals
by
the
'the
satisfactory,
merit,
no
sheep experimented
influenced
may
deemed
are
attained
been
breed
rent-paying
as
decidedly
be
have
the
animal
credit
some
to
the
the results of their
publish
to
regarding
how
If
gain
held
are
said
been
results.
may
inclined
most
show
to
Feeding of Stock.
the
but
if the
much
greater
of
really good
experiments in
with
those in bullock
feeding, given
in its earlier
before
the
we
proceed to
general balancepages,
sheet
of the
the
and
for
breeding
grazing flocks. These
year
recorded
besides
that of
experiments had a specialdesign when
double
showing a profit: they may now
serve
a
purpose.
first experiment stated will
The
the
back
to
go
year 1858, a
date antecedent
the great impulse given to agriculturaland
to
other prices: it stands
the
recorded
time's prices," which
at
first examine
one
two
or
"
have
left unaltered.
been
Its immediate
objectwas
to
comparative fatteningqualitiesof rape and of linseed

Two
lots of black-faced
hoggetts, consisting of 10
in
placed
adjoining pens, partly under

an
yard beyond, on the
open
into
Both
eat
lots
received
15
(theyeat
addition
16
or
7 lbs.
lbs. per
day
much
as
of
of
shed
15th
sliced
head
February,
swedes
day),but
rape-cake, the
each, were
ing
partly extend-
and
of
the
test
cake.
would
they
as
the first lot had

7 lbs. of
second
in
linseed-
cake.
Tbfeywere
weighed
into the pen, and

found
cake were
to
weather
the
As
again
the 18th of
on
the 25th
on
have
gained
became
of
February
lbs. ; those
61
it
warmer,
those
when
March,
on
on
linseed
evident
so
was
they
when
came
rape85 lbs.
that
the
22nd
of
thriving,that, on
riape-cakewere
again weighed^
March, their food was
changed, and they were
showed
and
a
gain on the aggregate of the ten of 5 lbs. since the
lost weight
These
last weighing, but
3 of the best sheep had
linseed
like the others, and
to
were
again
now
were
put on
hoggets
on
with
weighed
found
diet,whilst
between
best
and
on
12th
the
90 lbs. in
lot had
linseed
during
even
if the
that
have
heating
up
other
the
rape
indications
eat
gained
lot
of
gained
April,when
they were
their
since
3 weeks
Sippearedthat, allowing
It thus
would
other
91 lbs. in the
of
change
of the
course
month.
second
the
the
have
to
the
not
nature
clean.
been
of
the
experiment
sacrificed
the
linseed
cakes, the
first month
and
fape, which
hoggets
; whilst
had
but
difference
for the
been
were
answered
strong
in, the
persisted
little flesh
the
there
price
of
sheep
gained,
at
from
last would
wool
the
not
On
The
debtor
thus
stated
and
the
Feeding of
creditor
Stack,
the
for
account
243
first month
may
be
"
Eape Cake,
Co0t of Food
"*
îrtt
Rape-cake, If cwt., at 6",

Turnips, 2 tons, at 6"
Lot,
for One
".
6e?
11
12
"13
Per
contra
Gain
at 4
"
weight
61 lbs. ; in meat,
4| stone, at 5"
or
live
in
36 lbs. ;*
."
..
..126
Loss
"0
Linseed
Second
Linseed, If cwt.,
Turnips, 2 tons,
Cake,
Lot.
Cost
at 95
of Food.
15
12
6s
at
11
..
"17
Per
Grain
or
contra
weight, 85 lbs.
lbs.,at 55
6 stone
50 lbs.;*
in meat,
1
..
give
the
The
in
following
result
individual
some
was
financial
tables will
cases
left to
guide
of the
sheep
the marks
us
show
were
on
as
the
but
increase
time
whole
them
"0
the
far
as
became
attendant's
11
..
Profit
The
:"
live
in
Month.
d.
9.
of the
sheep,and
feeding in the shed.

possible identified ; but
obliterated,and nothing
of distinguishing
power
of
them.
1853.
"
10
Hoggets
Bather
on
Rape
Cake
Cake
to
more
than
till March
22nd, and
on
Linseed
April 26th.
-ftof
the
live
weight.
B
244
On
Feeding of
the
Stock.
Food.
".
Bape-cakc,
Linseed-cake, 3 weeks
ton per
of Lambs, Feb.
Value
15, 35s.
Price, April 27, 50"

Profit*
'1853."" 10
Hoggets
on
8
3
10
day, 9^. per ton

week, at 65. per ton
Turnips, i
d,
t.
14
3} stone, 6^. lOs. per ton
5 weeks,
10
17
10
20
15
25
".
".
Cake.
Linseed
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Food.
Linseed-cake,7 lbs.
Swede
turnips, 15
per week, 9i
Hoggets at 355
cwt
10
per
or
day,
16
65
lbs.
weeks,
at 97. per
days,
a-piece
at 6". per
ton
day,
per
d.
i 17
..
10
say
18
ton
17
10
Cost
20
15
Îd,
25
April
2l8t
"
Trofit
One
good
put
to
of
ncrease
hat the
bad
due
"-^-'
to
followed
the
;o"t
nr
If the
wi"
the
animals
which
"%t*A.
had
of the
object
expediency of rearing
5 tons
V
longed
pro-
Lot 1
abandoned, namely, when
rape-cake was
show
and
a
larger
immediately began to
linseed-cake,
manifest
it
than
other
the
became
at
lot,
once
weight
of
the
the
in no
use
success
was
rape-cake
attending
"^lê immediate
^^nJAA
experiment being
the
from
the
after
was
result
ino
of
""*."-
turnips consumed
-1
pn''
thf
vr^^t
be
experimented
been
next
experiments
half-bred
valued
at
lambs,
8". instead
consequently diminished
was
the
upon.
decide
to
ewes
of 6". per
by
IQs,
being
ton,
in
their
each
On
with
crossed
bought
Leicester
Powlett
Mr.
of
the
Feeding of
With
ram.
in
Stock.
1853
and
245
this
put
design
the
to
ram
was
Norfolk
inferior
that
being often in point of colour, not of size,

inferiority
and* consequentlya matter
of fancy. The
questionto determine
ewes,
whether
was
in
the
in
and
wool,
would
be
decision
gain
no
was
in
meat
the
diminished
60
lbs.
and
69
lbs.
only
10 fleeces
on
11
on
determine
faced
one
the
in
and
hoggets
the
10
former
difference
into
weighed
pens
11
and
16
lbs.
lbs. in
66
lbs.
the
breed
lot
one
At
more
second
reported
that
the
dead
668
swedes
ment
commence-
the
latter
black-
on
the
10
of
and
alike
fed
lbs.
weigh 9, 10,
Leicester
days.
the
lbs.
average
than
lbs.,that* of
652
was
62
58^
which
fleeces
and
appointing,
dis-
black-faced
now
half-bred
two
butcher
The
8 lbs. less.
end
the
selected
and
for 2 months
first lot
the
to
as
was
between
difference
of
ewe-hoggets
lot of 10
put
were
next:
wool
between
that
and
wool
points,in February, 1854,
second
the
on
difference
year,
in the
made
effect
the
to
in
fleeces
these
linseed-cake
and
advantage
butcher,
ewe-hogget, which
of the
The
greater.
improvement
would
quite efface, as our
throughout in a good season,
11 lbs. apiece.
and
black-faced
for the
weight
value
the
The
longer
request for breeding purposes.
against the cross-breeding: because
although the
considerable, still
during the process of fattingwas
less vigorous, and
value
the
was
during the winter
since
To
much
so
in
growth
ultimately attained not
amounting
and
have
early maturity, and
for the
compensate
would
cross-bred
lbs.
the
; at
weight of
; showing
dead
of
weight, corresponding to one
the
of
of
second
in
weight,
spite one
which
die
drawback
lot being ill,without
aggregate weight of
lot would
the second
by 20 lbs.
probably have been increased
the
the
In the following season,
1854-55,
comparison between
a
of
8 lbs. in the
live
Leicester
half-bred
all this
and
Norfolk
the
and
The
renewed.
was
selected
July and September, that any variations in

breeds
and
the earlier
might be
development of the two
added
to each
noted, and an eleventh
hogget was
supernumerary
lot to guard against accidents.
Every sheep, however, throve
in this respect thoroughly satisfactory,
well, so that the trial was
lots
weighed
growth
were
for the
lots
It is to
weighed
had
scale
this
had
The
of
be
8 lbs.
the
season,
the
equal
the
lot 2
lot 1
"
in
progress
very uniform.
with
Leicester
that
blood
July
by
10
lbs. in
to
57
lbs. in favour
May,
of
lots,when
value
that
than
more
turned
15th
two
level and
very
remarked
increased
again, by
ihilder
were
in
under
advantage
sold, were
lot
the
favour
of
turn
the
; but
of
in
lot 1.
of the
September
At
midwinter
hardier
considered
heavier,
diminished
by
but
the
lot
in
and
to
bulther
but
sheep ;
fatting process
lot 1 had
"
the
rather
15
lbs.
to
more
be
246
On
Farther
ripe.
black-faced
in
more
within
5O5.
winter
head
10
stone
the
for
shows
were
week.
If
would
have
seen
did
as
of
of
still the
but
some,
The
thrive.
81. 18^.,
examination
this
in
classed
to
I have
according
practice (which
debtor
and
Ss. 6d.
for
market
the
size
lbs., would
little
at
accoant
head
price"
per
head,
the
result
per
the
of
profit
feeding
led
me
continued) of selling my
have
We
holding the best
price, and
"
picked
wetbers
showed
Oaln.
gain of
deaths, showed
40, with
40
The
next
best
25
The
next
best
22
loss of
deaths
more
of
that
seen
the
22
the
in
but
"
experimental
the
be
cannot
undoubtedly
weakest
1854
....
occurred, which
lots
assigned to the several
if not
exclusively,on the two
be
.."
..
four
....
3
..
"
Moreover,
gain of
....
..
best
d.
s.
16
loss of
next
".
d.
s,
..
best
next
The
weights
3d.
of
Loss.
It will
the
since
".
The
but
forwardness,
and
over
creditor
22
the
grass, on
faTOUrso
per
of
season
their
lot made
not
was
season
nearly
or
54
weight at
experiment, or
a
fortnight'srun
of the
sale, after
not
Each
weight, reckoning
average
lbs. of live
end
}eft
and
well,
as
breed.
the
sold
only charged at the

they had been
charged at 4td.
reduced
been
by 1/. 18*. 6d.
cull lambs
that
time
other
of the
favour
advantage, gain^
no
spring,
the
as
100
the
in
lost
wool
with
started
in
rather
"time's
careful
hoggets,
to adopt
the
meat
gain
turnips
wool
sheep
sale
much
lbs. at
the
at
they
in
of
.nearly 79
than
of
out
percentage
which
as
had
which
sheep,
be
able
experience,therefore,told
3 lbs.
a
Feeding of Stock.
the
they
exactly
fell
chiefly,
classes.
butcher
sheep;
he
the
reported
was
doubtless
dead
partial
im-
His
experimented on.
report
he
is, I believe, trustworthy in other
probably
respects, though
did
not
weigh until just before cutting up the carcase.
The
ewe-hoggets were
always weighed at 11 A.M. ; by this
full of food, which
will account
for the proportion
ame
they were
^^
15
months
of
meat, at
exceeding 54 per cent.
age, not
The
what
bear
to
question remains,
proportion did the meat
total
live
when
in
ae
weight
fatting commenced,
January?
say
I
that
have
data
fenand
correct
no
cannot
a
reply,
regret
say
^'^*^*^r
would
48 or 50 per cent,
most
nearly represent the true
this point must
yet
depend the total gain of meat
upon
".he process
of fatting,
11-^
'^-"h these
it is hoped that the folexplanatory observations
"al"W4
will w
'"folligible.
between
two
breeds
'
'
11
""
il.
248
Table
On
IT."
Showing
the
the
Feeding of
Black-faced
of 11
Weights
1854
intervals."
The
same
for
Lot
of 11
and
"1854
"^gg
"""
ser^"
^*
*^yr
"
Wether
Hoggets
at
the
ttatec!
1855.
Leicester
and
Down
Stock.
Hoggets
at
the
stated
1855.
and
îp-^înff.
doubt
its accuracy.
intervals.
On
III."
Tabt^
Estimate
Feeding of
of the Cost
half-bred
11
the
Stock.
of .Feeding 22
Norfolk
and
24U
Hoggets,
in
Leicesters
Black-faced,and
11
1854-1855.
1854.
Value
of 22
Keep
to Jan.
16
hoggets
at
Michaelmas,
at 31s. per
head
..
1, 1855, at 3". 9d, per head
lbs. per day of

weeks
linseed
cake, at
10
guineas per
ton,
for 13
lbs. per day ditto,at 111. per ton, for 8 weeks

Turnips for 21 weeks, at Sd. per head per week
22
CJost of
To
the- end
until
keep
2 weeks'
keep
of the
with
at grass
..
..
experiment
linseed
57
14
14
..
..
cake
59
Per
Contra.
".
Price
of sheep
Wool,
23 lbs. at 34". J
tod
Total
receipts
Cost
Profit
d.
s.
55
63
".
s.
d.
6o
59
16
the
of the breedingof the cost

general account
and
them
respectively.
on
dry flocks, and of the profitmade
the
of
And, 1st,
breeding-flock.
For the purpose
of comparison, I shall again avail myself of
the
calculation
for his flock of 500 ewes,
made
as
by Mr. Bond
Bond
Mr.
alluded
statesto.
given in the description before
that
ewes
of
now
to
come
he
has
seen
that
his
and
seasons,
below,
of
then,
from
the
44^.
food
as
to
2 and
buy
to
crones
as
states, to fatten them
estimate
His
bis. per head.
he
being charged
at
price :
cost
per
score
cost
s.
d.
40
48
15
0
0
".
quarter, 3". per week

Winter
quarter, 5".
"
Spring quarter, 15".
"
Summer
quarter, 10".
"
up
of
".
81
243
15
162
10
Interest
50
Loss
50
Tups
60
736
..
"
..
"
"
"
sheep
four
or
"
Attendance
Autumn
shear
three
for
lambs
Southdown
for
Hampshire
substitute
practice is annually
will
rear
description, which
this
value
to
reason
..
to
the
is
a"
250
On
Feeding of lôck.
the
Contra.
Per
Produce
".
8,
d.
884
144
"
(at about
lambs
-600
1857"
Wool,
6d)
29".
..
..
tods
61
Total
Cost
"
..
1028
736
291
15
233
15
.-
Profit
lambs, 60 tods of wool
1858"650
Cost
..
..
Profit
"
This
which
arguments
points
most
but
it
item
one
it
may
other.
the
fat
sold
the
at
is
up)
sums
details of management
generally
adopted as the basis

either undercharged on
sheep-"after
6 shear
the
as
bearing
same
price
bought,
towards
the
end
quarter
(which
may
be
of
lambs
or
the
taken
to
one
side
^now
to
are
originally
During this
were
the
estimated
over-
"
farm,
quarter.
occupy
or
crones
the
they
summer
on
calculations
on
which
at
that
our
that the
It is calculated
3
the
the
and
correct
so
of
be
seems
on
be
(as well
statement
time
from
the
of August), only 10^.

May to the middle
score,
per
for both ewe
lamb
and
6d, per head, is allowed
or
(or lambs). Of
this sum
be required for the keep of the lamb,
nearly 4d, would
the
for
that
of
to
ewe
: quite enough
leaving 2d,
keep it in a
it for the butcher.
Between
store
condition, but not to prepare
middle
of
one-third
annually
which
in
of
this
will
have
case
my
and
deaths, fully
extra
an
is drafted
ewes
for
of the
fall short
not
500
of
allowance
fatted
be
to
would
flock
due
that, making
so
crones
score
one-fourth
and
incurred,
cost
following
".
For
of extra
cost
weeks,
Mr.
Bond's
result
Two
charge
of
It
to
the
for
the
middle
verifications
may
score
crones,
for
him
enable
may
I could
do.*
f.
d.
:"
13
39
than
item
to
realise
spring quarter (from the middle

of May) of 15^., or
9rf. per head
this
of
per
ample.
seems
turnips on
score
economically
February
week,
10". per
of
pastures, however,
more
The
at
keep
very
also
be
weak
of
this
appended, applying
are
to
crops
of
soils.
obsenred
that
washing, dressings shearing, and

charged.
Mr.
Bond
makes
sales, for
*
which
no
allowanee
in
my
case
Ibr
expenses
20/. wUi
be
On
1859, March
19th"
Cort
of
acres
Stock
Feeding of
Ck)st of
of
Keep
251
Flock, 13
Ewe
Week.
per
head
1 sack
11*
11
Malt-combs,
per day
chaff, 6 fans per*day *
Meal, malt-combs,
day, at
and
.r
..
..
bran, for lambs,
..
4 stone
18
I5. per stone
10
score, 11
(Per
Later
of
the
in the
season,
land
in
poorest
Cost
4}
of
acres
the
when
Id.
".
flock
cultiyation,the
removed
was
stood
accomit
turnips, 3}i. per head

land
Charged
to the
Charged
to flock
on
to
thus
".
Week.
per
nearly.)
70".
Orf.
23
Malt-combs, 2 bushels per day

Wheat
chaff, as above
Lambs'
food, 4 stone, aa above
15
9
3
11
some
"
d.
g,
of oil cake
7 cwt.
d,
s.
2i,
crop),at
poor
Wheat
per
score.
".
turnips (a
white
3J(i.
per
or
the
18
(Per score, 14".)

this
In
sake
of the
It will
be
land
total
in
1 cwt.
weeks,
of rape
cake
estimate
weeks,
weeks,
4 bushels
of beans
2 bushels
of beans
per
day,
28
the
day, at 4f"
day
6(i.
50i.
19"
of artificial food per week
8,
d,
10
25
15
15
50
19
""
..
^q
X.
7".
at
cwt.
13
Average
of 15*.
Food.
per
per
tween
be-
fairly represent
(nearly)
4
made.
margin
"
Artificial
an
for the
deduction
still the
will
for
much
as
the
Bond's
Mr.
expenditure and
following statement
spring quarter
one
given
have
we
of
score
the
again,
cost
that
called
roots
hence
flock, and
observed, however,
14^. per
Or
quality of
foo^,which was
of the
as
the
inferior
of artificial
supply
extra
the
case
-==37. 17". M,
"
TTH.
*
As
the
effected
Cost
of
Loss
on
season
would
catting by
the
hand
35
fiuis,at
3s. per
score
at 6"/
12 cwt.
straw,
(An outside estimate)
advanced
furnish
less
increased
straw
chaff
supplies of
would
meal
be
consumed,
for the
growing
11
and
the
lambs.
saving
252
On
Feeding of Stock.
the
Cost
week
per
in
Spring Quarter.
'
"
".
Average
Turnips
4
cost
Average
within
Or
Having
2". of the
estimated
thus
compare
explain that
^"est for
price
of
made
mothers
the
to
worth
65^.
26^.
about
of 45^.
value
average
Sometimes
does
guineas,
actual
last
which
any
stands
10
losses
1856,7;
average
in 1858.
1857,
of
About
for
of
been
7 +
11a
over
50
:"
lambs
keep amounting
July, and all on
1854,
which
left
as
Varying
from
105.,
excess
of
ram-Iambs,
for
11
lost
been
in
-h 2
13
giving
want
of
an
the
before
as
15;
involving
the
is estimated
than
after
1859,
10
The
ewes
have
1855,
an
able.
vari-
during
bred
to
at
seasons.
well
is due
then
are
one
lambing
18;
better
very
lamb
which
buy
three
3=9;
(1860)
be
loss
as
the
is
rams
and
above
estimated
for
the
reckon
they
More
years,
6 +
head
year
we
after
1858,
an
caution
extra
cost
the
sold
end
10^. per head ; part are
to
at
sale are
disposed of by the beginning of
The
old rams
September.
for the keep of all the rams.
The
following is then my
"weather.
six
1=8;
are
of
head.
must
and
been
guineas
food
last
year,
has
average
45^.
first
this
;
these
of
sometimes
The
5*.
these
for
have
weaning,
rams
selecting
lambs,
cost
25
or
over-succulent
by a supply of
lambing-yard.
The
The
and
10^. per
We
sold.
good stâd for

bought, hired,
worth
season,
flock
in
us
195/.
was
years
at
service
for
The
quarters
at
55^.
mate
esti-
spring quarter,
own,
my
first
Bond's
Mr.
But
be
to
15s., viz. 9?. 16*.
his.
all
the
20
13
other
breed
head.
give
incurred
cost
four
They
will
per
we
hardly
us
kept
the
in
when
ewes
to
three
with
breed
crones.
as
the
valuing them
than
last
at
ewes
keep
for
remainder
the
of
worth
are
the
..
score
for
ewes,
and
use
value
average
they
own
my
265
keep
substantiated
extent
charge
for 13
balance-sheet
own
my
of
17
18
,.
allowance
(I.
s.
week
per
cost
certain
I will
the
to
liberal
very
adopt his rate
as
or
meal, "c., for lambs
of
stone
com
(average) "
chaff
Cut
of
cost
cake
as
above,
sold, together
with
calculation
expenses
to
of
5"., according
to
the
the
fleeces, pay
:
"
coldness
of
tho
On
Feedinff of Stock.
the
253
".
Attendance
Keep, of
^re
13
quarter, at 3s, per score

winter quarter, at 55. per score
"
"
spring quarter, at 15s. per score
"
"
summer
quarter, at lOs. per score
"
"
Extra
lambs, at lOs
keep for 50 ram
Interest on 650?. (ewes 600/., rams
50?.)
at 45s
Loss, 10 ewes
autumn
ewes,
of 45
Expenses
shearing,and
dressing
25
42
126
10
25
26
22
10
60
123
15
20
..
586
On
the
other
of the
side
account
have
we
in
1858
"
".
39
2
ditto
90
cull lambs
lambs
sold
kept
hoggets,at 355., and
as
for in tiie next
Crones, 31
Ewes*
343
tod
40
of lambs."
..
ram
..
205.
lbs.,at
13
Total
from
of
58
13
776
14
586
Profit
190
12
5.
d,
1859.
".
17110
0
0
fat lambs
15
15
cull lambs
sold
7110
351
at 35s
lambs
store
kept,
37 tod, at 39s
(say) 30, at 25s.t
wool,
Total
No.
Bond's
of lambs,"
of
gain
shows
-Total
receipts
Expenses
291/.
an
average
live stock.
of
show
an
early in
unusual
the
quarter,
number
the
must
be
of
draft
of
the
profitat
The
so
crones
ewes
that
were
in
15*.
1857,
rate
above
price
average
payments
crones
34
1200/.
side
341
receipts
Expenses
of
their
adjusted accordingly.
37
10
in this year
an
average,
0
0
150
233/.
15*.
22
in
cent,
per
the
on
other
capital of
excess.
; but
the
on
in
736
nearly
keep is charged
on
586
and
cent,
72
statements,
24|- per
drafted
is taken
of
0
15
Profit
Sold
320
t An
10
16
Crones
103
..
..
sold
lambs
Ewes'
hand,
14
ditto kept
201
1858,
35
65
on
15
accounted
year
In
Mr.
at 22s.*
wool,
Total
43
10
sold
fat lambs
d.
s.
188
kept
17
195
sold
lambs
ram
15
84
55s
shearlings,at
of sales,washing,
d.
..
Rams
Draft
".
40
as
entry
on
for
the
other
receipts
On
254
Feeding of Stock.
the
larger allowance
other
contingent
and
ewes
wethers
preparing
value
lambs
35^.
branch
"
of
butcher
the
for
200
About
flock.
of
cost
replacingthe
expenses.
other
the
to
come
now
for the
made
650/., with
350/.
shearling ewes
winter, at
the
over
200
for
lambs.
for
an
or
the
average
120
of
Nearly
a-piece,
ewe-hoggets, the remaining 80, wethers, such
of
^that of
"
or
held
are
sheep-farming,
these
are
after the 50 best

lambs
the
are
30*.
and
80
the
on
selected
been
as
rams.
as
If 38*. 6rf. be the
valuable.
more
ewe-hoggets
have
lambs
male
The
price put
wethers, the aggregate
left
are
ewe
on
120
value
will
of the two
350/.,and the comparative worth
Both
live
until
lots
the end of
classes fairlyrepresented.
together
for the sake
of the
January, and are kept in good store condition
staple of the wool as well as for the growth of the young
sheep.
1 J cwt
If they live entirelyon
of
turnips,they probably consume
leaves
and
week
the
head
bulbs
at
or
rate
stalks),
(besides
per
per
in
that
with
two-thirds
of 22 lbs. per day (we have
of
seen
a
yard,
a
pound of cake, hoggets ate 16 lbs. of turnips). If artificial
decrease.
I" we
food
value
were
given, this consumption would
1
6*.
would
6rf.
%d. per ton,
the turnips at
cost
J cwt.
per week,
than
much
of
the
the
sum
higher
a
price
customary
hood
neighbour-
351/.
be
instead
of
warrants,
Such
adapted to
subsidiary
season
receive
beginning
hoggets are
1856
when
the
average
taken
each
the
as
10/.,or
cost
head
per
The
cost
be
of
allowed
cost
of
cover
for.
or
the
find
and
ewe
number
of
cost
of
for sale of skins
and
head
these
keeping
the
the
200
on
and
weeks,
wether
the
head
estimate
and
other
the
2/.
2/.
the
lambs, from
per
of
small
losses
about
as
in
4c/.,against
%d,
from
and
respectively,
stock
damaged
of deaths, and
value
be
the
the earlier weeks,
that
the
pound
20
the
of
death
by
longer
As
increase
to
view
spot.
retic,
theo-
no
way.
nearly half
considered
9, 4, 6,
the
1/. 10*.,washing
will
new
are
cost
losses
were
for
average
of 1*. per
the
own
and
keep,
inclusive
deducted
on
rape-cake
"d. a week
as
an
ample average
entire period.
lost,12/. will
be
be
comprehensive
swedes
received
sum
2/. may
of
1859
lamb
will
the
should
to
to
Michaelmas, during which

together,we may fairlybalance
and
white turnips are
eaten
at
keep throughout
expenses
com,
take
we
consider
Besides
but
day, which
may
per
keep by 2d, a week.
weeks,
and
week,
to
from
rape
later
the
the
advances, however, the hoggets
If,however,
which
only be regarded as
roots
present times, when
pay
of their
cost
consumed
their
rape-cake
of
when
swedes
value, therefore,can
be
to
for
even
the
If 6 be
price
of
which
leaving a loss
Dressing the;hoggets
IO5. ; a charge of 5rf.
carcases,
hoggets.
shearing 2/.
expenses.
ewe-hoggets
from
the
time
of
parting
256
On
Payments
122
hoggets, at
ewe
of 122
Keep
Feediiy of Stock.
the
of Ewe
account
on
38"
hoggets, per head,
ewe
weeks, at 6(f
ditto, at 4c?
26
12
Share
per week, "c.

13
0
"0
0
10
of losses
Expeuses,
shearing,"c
".
a.
d.
231
16
"
..017
Attendance
of 122
Keep
Hoggets,
Total
at
ewes,
payments
"
122
353
16
Hecei^ts,
".
For
For
inferior ewes,
70
picked ewes,
50
sold at 46s.
s.
at 56"
140
11
301
Wool,
(nearly)7s.
at
Total
d,
161
6d.
i"ei'head..
45
346
receipts
Loss
9.
11
"
""
No.
""
d.
..
of hoggets, 6.
by death, balance
Losses
for
Allowed
keep,
of valuation
5". per
head
for losses. Is. per head

damaged stock
Allowance
Keceived
on
184
hoggets
for
Deduct
of allowance
Excess
".
Ix)ss
on
Ditto
on
wethers
8.
16
ewes
9
of allowance
Excess
for losses
".
Total
loss
14
10
12
12
16
12
d.
0
0
10
12
..
Wod,
",
8,
d,
Wethers
23
Ewes
45
11
deceived
for 43
tod
15
lbs. at 31a. Od" cash

..
..
".
s,
d.
%
68
11
68
11
On
Cost
Wether
of
257
Stock.
Feeding of
the
Hoggeta^lSod,
JC.
59
lambs,
at 30s
19
weeks'
keep, at
88
6d,
for 59
hoggets
28
.
weeks, with i lb of cake, at 8c?.,for ditto

4 weeks, with 1 lb. of cake, at lOd
Share of losses,at Is. per head
of expcDses
Attendance
Total
for
("
Share
d,
s.
10
17
17
19
..
dressing
14
5
payments
0
0
145
135
14
liceeijits.
For
59
For
wool,
46s
sheep, at
fleeces at 8s. 6J
59
25
160
15
145
15
"
"-i".
Expenses
..
Profits
.*
..
..
wethei-s
on
head.)
(or 5s. per
"
of Ewe
Cost
Hoggets,
".
129
26
16
hoggets,at 38s
weeks*
keep, at 6ef.,129
weeks'
ditto,at 4"i.
245
ewe
Share
of losses,at Is. per head

of expenses
Share
Attendance
83
ewes
..
..
..
..
s,
17
d,
0
0
34
13
10
'^82
..
(besidesthe shepherd)..
..
JReceipts,
""
Price
of 50
at 47s.
ewes,
79
57s.
118
6d
6c?
d.
s.
15
227
56
"
(the balance) 8s. 6rf.,nearly
Wool
..
..
401
Cost
382
Profit
19
(or 3s.
The
following
been
has
That
1st.
leave
2nd.
fed
VOL.
is
greater
deficit
will
bullocks
so
to
XXI.
avoid
to
paper
purchased
in the
may
a
establish
lean
loss,and
when
the
:
com
steadilyand
gain
the
points which
it
"
for the
balance-sheet
be
head.)
of
recapitulation
compensate,
That
as
brief
objectof this
bullocks
made
manure
and
the
per
17
of
purpose
fatting
than
the worth
is at
present prices.
of
the
economicallyreared
benefit
of the
S
manure.
258
Oil the
3r(l. That
with
dry flock
profit,according
valued
XV.
On
"
6*. Sd. per
at
made
may
to
ton.
Modificationsof
tlie
Rotation^ Sfc,
good profitwhen well managed^

for keep at received
rates.
be
loss, or with a
kept without
if the turnips consumed
the season,
leaves
allowance
That
4th.
moderate
be
ilock
ewe
liberal
tlve Four-Course
Modificationsof
Four-course
the
whick
Rotation^
.
Modern
have
Improvements
rendered
P. Debell
By
advisable.
TUCKETT.
The
objectof
the
with
is two-fold.
crops
cereals
those
plants
rotation
of
narrow-leaved
producing
large
1st
To
which,
alternate
their
from
foliage,are
especiallyfitted to
and
carbon, oxygen,
hydrogen, needed
for the
of
the
all our
formation
of
organic portions
crops.
less
extended
at
2dly. By recurring to the same
more
or
only
crop
exhaustion
of those
various
the
intervals, to avoid
inorganic
in the
soil which
in very
matters
are
required by our
crops
diflFerent proportions,and
for the
have
to
we
supply of which
trust
which
partly to the soil itself,and partly to the manures
it.
we
apply to
The
Norfolk
four-course
rotation, as originallyintroduced^
a
the
from
extract
consisted
of
surface
air
of
the
"
In
"
the first year

second year
third
fourth
clover, obtain from

which, if the crops
red
the
better
matter,
shape
it in the
Turnips.
Barley.
..
Wheat.
.
adapted
the
of
leaves
broad
The
objects.
ô
be
nothing: could
..
year
"
Clover.
year
"
and
the
turnip
air
of manure,
first of
and
the rich
on
the land,
for the
remains
the
quantity of
vast
consumed
are
the
to
above
foliageof
vegetable
returned
or
production
of
ceeding
suc-
crops.
"Rut
experience has proved

that
iesirable,and
so
"^cessfullygrown
considering the
n
a
^''
four
ailure
..r^
)\^.
"*"r^'
; and
years
five and
he
six
great
"^
one,
often
*ê
j.,.,c
jin
such
a
"
years.
rendered
thus
variations
fallow
proceed to
to
crops
four
cropping"
or
other
be
cannot
of
advisthe
root-crop
courses,
fouronce
such
as
rotations.
in
difficulty
the
feature
afterwards
course
clover
in every
that are
notice
its main
of those
more,
once
as
greater variety of
modifications
retain
shift,as
"ourse
if not
proposed first,to
it is
toê,
that
plant.
land
-lovjo*
fV
Norfolk
the
If
sown
becomes
ifcf
-,r"'
four-course
rotation,is
the
years, especially
the
clover
clover-sick, and
every
T^'^ti
four
universal
modification^
Oil the
is tlie
partialsubstitution
In
and
259
JRutation,
$r.
in the third
the
crops
year of
red clover
in eight or even
once
repeat the
to
Course
other
of
years.
counties it is usual
to sow
many
trefoil for feeding,with
half the
of
pecks
two
or
only
as
so
course,
sixteen
Four-
Modifications
of the
This
feed.
English
addition
or
spring
Italian ryegrass
one
to increase
the
for, though
the
added
are
clover
often
; and
com
recommended
be
cannot
of white
mixture
is
considerably increased, it is dearly paid for

by
damage done, especiallyby the Italian variety, to the
I have
not
succeeding wheat crop ; a fact which
only repeatedly
in
I find
observed
admitted
to be
myself, but which
by farmers
quantityof keep
the
all parts of the country ; and 1 believe that the

is rapidly decreasing in the
best-farmed
ryegrass
almost
of
If
all,it
at
grown
tinct crop.
Various
is far
better
to
Italian
sow
admixture
districts.*
as
ryegrass
assigned for this failure of wheat

discarding all other causes, I think
; but, without
ryegrass
doubt
that ryegrass
is too
be no
can
nearly allied to the
be
for
it.
a
plant to
good preparation
But
reasons
without
even,
of wheat
are
after
we
ryegrass,
clover, than
mown
reckon
upon
grazed seeds
can
after
better
and
dis^
after
there
wheat
crop
many
twice
consider
still after clover
better one
mown.
a
agriculturists
This
first
somewhat
is
at
fact,though generally admitted,
sight
anomalous
it
the
but
be
to
large amount
explained
by
;
appears
stand
for hay.
of roots
formed
allowed
to
by red clover, when
White
clover
trefoil
and
produce
clover
red
much
so
matter,
stand
either
stated
been
is
acre
Necessity has
for
cause
regret.
these
season
the
in
bed
more
have
we
the
crop
the
of
stances,
circum-
good plant
down
of
from
development under
result of experiment, the
doubled
by letting the
of vegetable
amount
an
its
forms
valuable
a
air, which
wheat, though it cannot, of
inorganicsubstances
carried
away
to sow
me
largely and repeatedly on soils
rye-grass
had no
I have
clovers with any certainty; but hitherto
grow
Under
the management
adopted the land has improved in the
of
and
corn
hurdles
of
as
any
compelled
precautionsno
a burning
on
thick
under
to
poor
productionboth
by sheep
than
crop,
from
derived
principally
light and
root
or
the
as
second
dressing for the following

supply the place of
course,
in the hay crop.
too
feed
keeping the plant

must
naturallycheck
but
for
not, of course,
constantly fed
spring to autumn,
ground. If, as has
weight of roots
per
-clover
would
and
of green
crops.
i" stocked
early, as
evil results
soil its
roots
need
be
produce
will
which
it leaves
The
soon
off
is always folded
rye-grass
With
it begins to flower.
as
this crop.
In a moist
of any
other plant ; whilst
essential service in improving
apprehended
far exceed
behind
is of
from
that
The
evil
following com
crop.
to
allowed
a
so
ripen,
being
process
crop
soils all
rapidly performed as often to take the farmer by surprise. On the same
for mowing
whether
or
folding off, were
attempts to grow
crop,
rye as a green
P. H. F.
with evidently injuriouseffects on the following corn
intended
crop.
2
S
the mechanical
influence
of this
condition
of
such
depends
on
soil
for
the
its seed
"
260
On
From
the
benefit
till
stand
that
aware
in
patience of
shading the
increase
the
have
in
land
any
this
of
seeds
or
then;
and
I .am
crop.
try the:
to
apt
an
I should
expect
left in
the
an
soil
afr
result.*
The
sometimes
be advantageously
may
I have
found
clover
it very useful, when
for clover.
stubble
har-*
after harvest, and
plant,sowing it on
has
incamatum
trifolium
substituted
missed
rowing
It
it
in.
the
author
rolling
^nd
yields
large
rather
of
crop
hay.
coarse
with
entirelyconcur
and
hurdles
fold
enabled
has
opinion here
in the
much
me
hiring feed ; whilst in the late hot summers

of my
some
neighbours* fields
keep, when
When
for the
scythe,
of the
attain
account
spot
favourably
be
feed
The
reason
of that
regulating the
right pitch."
of
the
benefit
Each
allowing
from
is likewise
growth
the
plant
to
turned
be
to
to
of
fold
in
itself is obvious.
gained
be
to
is no
gainsayed. There
special virtue
plants left by the sheep's tooth will be quite as
for renewed
if only
growth as if they had been mown,
can
stumps
the
"
unchecked
till it is fit
crop grow
derived
which
fh)m
be
the fall
may
of the blade, as in this case
the land is
upper
be
never
to
shown
just
were
the
dung,
as
; the
circumstanced
scythe'sedge
judgment
the
where
cases
of
use
benefit
growth), the advantage
in
the
upon
in the
of the ulterior
The
stock, and yet to dispense

my
sheep have had an abundanee
my
nearly as bare as a fallow.
lettinga
of
advantage
(independent
root
upper
maturity
the
sake
for the
of the
development
robbed
admit
once
we
expressed.
increase
to
vith
of
that
light soils,where
advantage,
vegetable matter
is
and
think
to
green
be
would
but, especiallyon
summer
of feed
similar
spring
flockmaster
the
both
or
rape
backward
inclined
am
allowing clover
considerable
growth,
made
off like
Rotation^ Sfc,
from
result
would
they
them
folding
considerations
above
considerable
to
Course
ModijicationsoftlieFour-
the
derived
leaf that
from
so
as
to
eat
oq
plant freely to devdope
mouth
new
weather,
the
allowing
is
expands
the
to
it is
"
feeder
as
well
aa
plant its stock-in-trade

; the closely-gnawed root
is never
allowed
tradesman, who
to acquire capital,
struggles on like an insolvent
thrive ; whilst, to the freely-growing plant, the more
and consequently can
never
is added, until it attains its full growth jiud is ready for the process
it has, the more
which
for the
of fructification, from
point its constitution
begins to deteriorate
A
food.
leaves
onl^ drawback
The
ground
second
It may,
however,
AStraint
and,
the
on
on, as well as
to shift the lambs'
;arried
o
or
ae
t is
probably
or
this
warning,
'^^ree,
however,
"v^ôrdinff
as
be
be
caii any
to
m"v
twice
to
"
fold
1st. That
the
same
that
and
are
improved breeds
easily trained to bsav
lambs
of the
more
where
the
to combat
instinct
nor
the fact
them
food
is
summer-soiling with
green
reserved
be hard
for hay, it will not
that they shall not
have
the
to go twice
over
afterwards
whilst
be
that
for
cut
mown
soiling,
may
for the lambs.
show
whether
E]q"erience will soon
freely after the scythe or a properly-regulated fold"
2nd,
which
the soil is wet
folded
'tA"-^v,
from
to
of
land
natural
repugnance
of the
safeguard against
may
in its present state.
The
mortality which
off many,
of the older lambs
has been
attributed
*i late carried
ôw
that
point
races,
evil
philosophy
our
May
1st
older
good breadth
feeding-ground
a
wise
not
fold ; for this
ue
fold arises
it is distasteful
the
on
the
as
piece. The field first fed

hay will provide after-feed
after-growth springs most
ame
observed
be
of the
use
time.
restless
so
to the
2ndly. That
third
or
nearly
not
limit
or
restraint.
dislike
lambs
the
to
of food.
purpose
"re
of
store
is
according
without
more
the
and
plausible reason
of
surface
tenacious
injury ;
dry
iienp"^ly *"!)'""' yrhvte
the
the
to
feed
in
to
some
after
subtle
districts
want
assigned for the loss. The

is tainted
probably Taoes
On
sandy soils lambs
porous.
sheep, being less daintv and
be
and
older
lambs
has
of attention
land
the
pr
and
lamb
influences, too
have
fed beiors"r-P.
H.
F.
On
the
Sainfoin
Mr.
Modificationsof
stand
to
Coleman
Earl
for
Leicester's
of
at
26 1
Rotation^ Sfc,
has
year
the
on
farm,
Four-Course
only
light
Holkham,
one
clover
for
t lie
substituted
been
sands
he
and
chalks
and
by
the
of
assures
with
me
He
of
recommends
sowing" one-third
satisfactoryresults.
with
sainfoin
with
one-third
trefoil
and
clover,
spring corn
in place of
one-third
and
with
sainfoin
alone, taking"
ryegrass,
that the clover
follows
the sainfoin
in the succeeding course.
care
It has
hitherto
these
remarkably
proved almost
impossible, on
this
insure
clover
of
light sands, to
a
change the
by
; but
crop
The
red
be
to
to
overcome.
a
difficultyappears
great extent
clover
is found
much
to stand
although the sainfoin
better, and
very
the
seed
30*. per
about
costs
more
variably grow
of
seed
quantity
Coleman
has
used
"^^round previously,so
On
with
clay
insure
to
as
soils
beans
clover, taking
April
firm
be
peas
may
the third
year :
in
One-fourth
Bed
..
..
is
very
Buckinghamshire, the
It is true
that
the
much
farms
pasture
keep,
summer
for mowiug.
clover
or
peas.
adopted
is not
very
uncertainty, but
crop
clover
on
food
land
the
ai*able
mixed
general experience
the
taking
one,
it lea^ves
is
of
districts.
other
paying
and
stiffer soils
many
winter
soils,where
the
on
and
counties,
eastern
clay
I think
alternated
..
commonly
bean
on
is very
"
Beans
its expense
and
than
cleaner
state
account
which
advantageously
..
course
May, rolling the
or
Seeds.
Two-fourths..
This
Mr.
soil.
..
One-fourth
The
expense.
in the husk.
seed-bed,
it with
or
in^
can
extra
acre
per
in
barley
on
cover
he
finds
the
bushels
only just covering
and
important,
will
is four
it
sown
Coleman
Mr.
acre,
than
feed
into
in
and
than
scarcer
is in favour
of this
course.
agriculturist,Mr.
followed
of peas
Hudson, of Castle Acre, 1 have
seen
a
by
crop
Mintoe's
cut
were
Early
were
they
Grey
turnips. The
;
peas
the end
of July, when
at
not
quite ripe, and laid out on an
adjoining clover ley to ripen ; and by the employment of a large
was
manured, ploughed,
strcng^ of horses, the field of 16 acres
with
and
sown
turnips the next day.
On
the
I have
the
they
only
the
It does
the
alluded
causes
have
clover
not
modifications
it is
of the
of. these
needs
the
extensive
toes,
diseases
in
in
mildew
in
it is not
; but
destruction
or
of
vear
rotation
part of the
that
change.
province of
third
the
extensively introduced
most
that
crop
fall within
by fly,fingers and
increase
the
shift,because
been
celebrated
justly
that
first to
fouT'-course
that
of
farm
those
this
of the
; but
distiicts
report
turnip crop,
tliink
that
that
have
discuss
to
whether
the
long
gpreat
grown
^62
On
tlie
turnips,does
and
green
There
be
crops.
doubt
no
cultivation
autumn
be
root
however
land,
any
drained
but
;
on
grown
that, with
artificial
and
Rotation^ 8fc,
desirabilityof cultivating a variety of
the
suggest
can
the Four-Course
Modificationsof
manures,
of
crop
horses, when
the
breadth
Both
the
that
can
and
rape
is
drawn, seems
crop
be profitablycultivated
tares
extensively
are
first been
it has
stiff,
provided
sometimes
the
tthoroughly
damage
45easons
by the treading of sheep in feeding off,or
and
implements,
turnips may
improved
our
at
dose
by
on
the
carts
to
limit
present
such
substituted
wet
in
soils.
for
portion
The
decided
benefit
soils with
turnip-crop,and on many
has
former
the
land
be
fed
off
become
before
can
generally
very
whilst
vetches
valuable
afford
most
supply of
a
early sown
wet,
or
food, either for mowing
folding, after the turnips are
green
when
of year
at a time
consumed,
keep is often very scarce.
I observe
is steadily
that the
wurzel
cultivation
of mangold
It produces a greater weight
increasing throughout the country.
than
other
of our
root-crops ; and, according to the
per acre
any
about
15 per
analyses published by Professor Johnston, contains
12
about
whilst
of
solid
the
contains
cent,
only
turnip
matter,
than
earlier
It is true
month
that from
a
being sown
per cent.
swedes, mangold requiresan extra
hoeing ; and that the fact of
its not
in getting it
bearing frost entails an additional
expense
in ; but against this
its
be
set
exemption from fingers and
may
mildew
and
the treading of sheep
toes
on
deep soils,where
; and
the
of
is not
beneficial,it will
be
can
On
off and
readily drawn
chalk
and
I have
green
crop.
sowing it as
raised
by
ploughing
*his point
limestone
Bentall
it in
secured
it very
crop
or
on
the
wheat
for
much
as
grow
as
early frosts.
is not
mustard
useful
scarifier.
to
before
soils,white
found
extra
an
desirable
found
be
late
unusual
an
keep,
autumn
stubble, which
be
may
recommend
Many
persons
turnips,but experience
on
preparation for
has
In
benefit
some
cases
conflicting.
great
very
"'esulted to the succeeding
has
whilst
in others
there
been
crop,
I am
inclined
that the effect
to think
perceptible difference.
*f a
the
ploughed in, depends very much
green
crop
upon
of
the
the
which
soil
contains
"mount
at
time,*
vegetable matter
''^'\that on
economical
soils feeding off is the most
most
plan.
choice
afforded
the forethe
between
Q; tur^'ng to account
"kfV."r
,'n\nQ
cleaning as
by ploughing up and
)s^ and
as
is
tt"
-"
"
.,..
I*
AJiv^t.^ni^,*.
îFect
must
not
be
overlooked.
In
fioughed
in
will
pring
"
whereas,
iQiif^
h"
if wheat
'whpnf.pionf
greater
sowing
in
follows
nonePO"""*'A""
this respect,
green
crop
good or harm, than a

be
anticipated on 8tiff
may
the following
barley sown
immediately on the plonehing, frotX
influence, whether
of fresh
A good
result
'.ressing
farmyard-manure.
(oils if mustard
is ploughed
in in the
and
autumn,
exert
of the
opcn
for
state
of the
land.
"
P.
H.
P.
On
264
tlie Modifications
of the Four^Course
kept in high
ordinary agricultural localities
persevered in to the full extent
in
bat
seldom
No
the
and
advantage,
the
doubt
shift
the
being required by
held
is
farm
the
condition
land
four-course
but
I have
of the
is
terms
dean
;
very
that it is
observed
and
farm.
often
of
find
Rotation^ "t.
followed
from
the
agreement
in
the
that
on
several
of
case
cessity,
ne-
which
this
embracing a great variety of soils, where
of
die
avail
is permitted, scarcely any
selves
them"ve-course
tenants
limited
of it,except
to
a
extent, though they make
very
in place of a portion
of their privilegeof growing beans
full use
large
estates,
of the
clover.
the part
good policy, on
option of pursuing this system,
Still I think
give
the
tenants
to
restriction
check
even
bad
upon
neither
that
It
which
is followed
where
the
expense
six-course
believe
farmers
In
the
to
for
stand
to
rotation, so
it
have
we
case
act
in
borne
as
mind
cropping
to
as
rotation,
thin
on
soils,
poor
years,
lessening the
this
as
is
difficulty
less and
less necessary.
Scotland, has of late
there
and
still
adopted
their
to
two
in
common
be
by
be
be
the
whilst
five-course
in this country
would
unrestricted
were
this
always
allude
will
sufficient
be
improvements, by
cultivation,are rendering
that
there
improvements,
will
The
straw-crops.
and
hilly districts,
considerably extended
years
in
shift
to
is allowed
The
landlords,to
by permittifig
stringent covenants
into a good one.
nor
necessary
in some
of
inducement
more
it should
farmer
bad
white
modem
of
to
; and
clover
which
system
and
ones
scarcely
is
five-course
agreements
convert
ever
can
of
in
be
to
libertythere is given, the

to lay out
good farmers
money
more
land
arable
the
of
three-fifths
it very
is
reason
frequently if
more
agreements.
"
Turnips or other root-crops.

Barley or oats.
..
Clover
seeds.
or
Wheat.
..
Beans,
..
potatoes, "c.
peas,
"Wheat.
.
I have
on
had
lias
opportunitiesof observing
clay
Gloucestershire,
on
in
it
to
appears
item
The
risk
their
of
farmer's
failure
recurrence
turnip or fallow
bare-fallowing,even
the root-crop
calculations
in
the
only
land
on
turnip
once
will
in
does
and
6
on
not
several
clover
years.
form
on
as
mixed
those
it does
as
system,
offer
to
me
this
also
moderately heavy soils,especiallyon

in the
of
Leicestershire,and
and
pasture farms, where
by
mixed
so
the
pursued
soil
in
advantages
arable
and
important an
lighter soils.
is diminished
crops
reduced
The
breadth
generally prevent
stiff soils,
provided that
the
necessity for
the
bean-crop is
On
tlie Modificationsof the Four-Course

clean
kept properly
of the
one-third
whilst
arable
the
breadth
265
Rotation^Sfc.
wheat
in
is increased
to
land.
On
diminution
of the
light turnip-soils any
proportion of
will
but
it cannot
be
fallow-crops
probably prove unprofitable;
denied
that
clay-soils,if kept clean, are
capable of producing
than one
in four years, with
more
turnips,barley,
crop of wheat
clover
and
In
between.
illustration
Lincolnshire
the
to
by
shift
four-course
of inferior
in
this,I may refer to an experiment made
thoroughly good farmer, who usually adheres
of
grass-land
VIZ.
In
the
on
he
1850
year
clay, and
lias
broke
took
10
up
7 crops
acres
in
cession,
suc-
:"
In 1850
Oats.
In
"
..
..
..
..
..
..
Wheat.
..
"
Wheat.
1852
..
Barley.
1856
..
..
"
Wheat.
1853
))
..
..
1855
Oats.
""
Beans.
1854
..
..
1851
The
the
moderate
dressing of dung for

All
the
with
the
in 1854.
beans
the exception of the
crops,
I
seventh
when
the
the barley of
was
first,were
good.
present
the produce of the 10 acres
185G
found
dressed
and
was
up,
field was
to be 55 J quarters of tolerablyfair quality. The
by no
it
then
fallowed.
means
was
foul,though
This
also shows
how
much
be produced by poor, cold, clay,
may
land that, whilst
it remains
in grass, is
grass-land,if broken
up
I should, however, be the last to
all.
rent
at
scarcelyworth
any
such an
recommend
of
excess
cropping as the above, which
must,
land
better
of course,
in leaving the
end
no
broken-up
newly
the plough for many
than that which
has been
under
years.
of
wheat
of
The
oftener
clay-soilsto grow a crop
capability
is also strikinglyproved by the Rev.
S.
than
four years
once
in
of wheat
Smith's
Weedon
is
Lois
a
Husbandry, where
crop
soil being the
air and
the
of
only sources
every
year,
grown
be
the profit
however
to
we
as
manure
for,
sceptical
;
may
only
applied
manure
was
"
"
"
derivable
this
from
system,
there
of wheat
is
have
moderately-good crops
successively.*
years
doubt
no
been
of
the
for
grown
fact
a
that
number
of
In
the
l)ourliood
Lovol,
of
I have
of
Brigg,
with
met
the
head
two
of
in this case,
was
quality "P.
VOL.
on
three
six-course
are
heavy clays in
the
Carrs
the
of the
neigh-
Ancholme
peculiar rotations, which

rotations.
These
hardly likely to
be
deserve
adopted
in
districts.
But
"
wheat
and
or
passing notice,although they
other
the
Lincolnshire,-on
of the town
under
come
a
north
grown
H. F.
XXI.
on
as
land
in
the
last-named
latelybroken
up
instance
from
of successive
corn
and
not
pasture,
that
crops, the
of inferior
266
On
On
the
the
clay-soilsthe
Four-Course
Modificationsof the
Or,
6th
rotation
is
Rotation^ Sfc.
"
Oats.
year
Wheat.
7th
"
If
The
and
first of
rotations
these
the
uncertainty attending
breadth
being thereby
the
black
"
toes
in
soil
peaty
and
years,
with
the
sown
On
Carrs,
pursued
to
or
one-sixth
liability to
so
being sown
is apt
"
to
expense
heavy soils,
; whilst, on
fingers and
often
as
once
smothered
be
I found
district
same
great
such
the
from
rape
clover
this
land
on
the
adopted from
turnip-crop on
diminished
first corn-crop.
clay-farm in the
one
rotation
the
the
of
prevents turnips
four
is
the
if
following
"
W'heat.
Turnips.
.
Barley.
Red
Clover.
Wheat.
..
is
certainly not
The
to
appear
Amidst
idle
be
to
lay
within
the
seeds
before
oats
wheat
from
the
four-course
that
down
own
my
operate
on
universal
our
rule
expedient
to
follow
variations
such
with
the
main
as
may
; whilst
probably
the
crops
same
lie
between
of crops,
I think
for
on
modified
may
it will
the
of
prevent
it would
venture
we
sheep,
features
of
choice
; but
light soils,adapted
the
be
rally
gene-
four-course
too
clay-soilsthe
four-course
and
frequent
choice
a
six-
rotation.
"jurse
.w^
from
growing
deviations
on
"'"urrence
"
of the
that
'ystem,
11
for
reason
obtained
experience or observation,
endeavoured
to
point out, as briefly as possible, what
their
be
to
me
principal advantages and disadvantages.
of soil and
all the diversities
climate, and the various
conclude
to
fe6d
course.*
some
come
circumstances
other
this
are
have
that
I have
and
of
foregoing
system
quantity of
sufficient
fifth year
in the
additional
small
The
The
moist
"nmediately
^3,
feed
extra
the
may
climate
afteor two
TTr^Tfo^'^ 9y*"-
be
and
chief
low
temperature
years* seeds
\
inducement
the
runs
too
of
much
T^^jr^-^^Febrttaryj 1859,
on
some
to
the
lands
districts
straw."
P.
in
qaestion ;
wheat
H.
F.
but
following
267
'XVl."Rejjort
the Past
and
Present
State
of
the
Agriculture
Monarchy ; its Products^ with Comparative Tables
of the Danish
Rainals, British Vice-Consul, Copenof Exports. By Harry
hagen.
upon
1860.
May,
Denmark
but
that
of
are
the
of
the
plants,by
and
the
of
dom
king-
devoid
rural
excluded
population is almost
of
agriculture; but, if the
than
that
the
Danes
of
is
is nevertheless
vocation
surface
alike
factories,the
occupation
prosperity of
of
grain
duchies
few
other
source
sanction
agriculturalcountry ; the
impediments to cultivation,and, as
few
the
and
have
the
an
essentially
is
soil offers
from
with
Office,
Foreign
the
Published
mineral
wealth
chieflyconfined
varied
the
by
dairy, the breeding
of
and
bandry,
hus-
to
cultivation
of
horses,the fatting
cattle, "c.
the
which
agriculturalprosperity depends,
scarcely any of greater importance than the climate
the geology of a country.
and
The
climate
of Denmark
favourable
is, in this respect, more
than
from
be
its
northern
situation.
In conmight
expected
sequence
of the flatness of tiie country, its western
position,and
Among
there
on
causes
are
the
of sea-coast,
extent
southern
in
more
many
that of Berlin
6*19".
is
There
countries
6*79^
are
But
consequence
that which
in this
ture
is the
that
of
of
country
summer.
rigorous ; thus
very
luxuriantly here, while
the
cold
better
in
though,
fruit
its
those
ripens
as
so
VOL.
in
latter
has
has
only
Edinburgh
peaches seldom
is
to
of winter
is
grow
frost in
resist
vine
the
prevents
come
is
to
die
thriving of
powerful
maturity in
so
is situated
temperature
6*58^, and
and
generally
uncovered
can
in
the
it
milder
tude
lati-
Reaumur,
of 7*11"
average
that
same
temperature
of
theless,
higher
Copenhagen ; neverwhile
in
Scotland,
they constantiy
ripen
3"
than
at
here.
XXI.
produced.
agricul""
in
sun
which
Berne
countries^
spring and autumn,
maturity there than here.
which
not
while
of
walnut-tree
northerly
summer
mean
vine
heat
greater
Edinburgh,
the
than
temperature
be
climate
and
the
come
do
that
late,and
most
frost
no
which
Copenhagen,
the
to
plants,its
fruits
Thus
climates.
do
has
and
and
of the
likely
more
Reaumur,
frequentlydestroyed by
are
the
in
consequence
is
trees
many
while
than
Denmark
While
winter
in
and
the
laburnum
they
Mecklenburg,
higher
especiallyadvances
more
commences
the
not
Prussia
6*58^
and
between
winter
The
6-31",
enjoying a higher mean
frost,no grain can
severe
relation
favourable
is
temperature
it is
that of Dantzic
countries
in
where,
annual
mean
XJ
Denmark.
Agricultureof
268
all the
Nearly
Germany
be
can
fodder
and
corn
in
produced
this
central and
of
crops
little
with
country
nortUem
or
risk ;
no
during die year (calculatedat adepth of 20 inches),in conjunction with a suitable degree of
rain fell,a large
warmth, favours the growth of pasture. If more
the
the
rich
of
of
be
not
clayey-soil
proportion
country could
quantityof
the
rain
cultivated.
The
thus,
the
of
time
least
it rains
and
ploughing, harrowing,
October,
falls
which
also
sowing,
and
"
the
on
between
most
of
growth
tageous
advan-
^the time
"
its influence
when
principal rainfall is
in March
and
April
and
May
and
com
for
is
grass
beneficial.
most
Denmark
fiaillsof rain,
in
'"'^-^s
generally free
is
is she
nor
mountainous
continuous
from
much
exposed
regions
but,
drought
hailstorms, so
to
the
as
heavy
or
tive
destruc-
of harvest
time
draws
heavy storms
frequently damage the grain and frustrate
the hopes of the farmer.
the
is not
Though
severity of the winter
great, still,as
a
is
from
the
field-labour
latter
of
suspended
general rule,
part
near,
November
soil
from
or
later
than
is
can
snow
week
in
In
the
south
continued
be
generally
March;
this
in
but
great
lands.
other
of
commencement
variety in different districts. The

light
be plgughed during the winter, provided it is free
be worked
fields may
ice, and the well-drained
a
the winter
and
earlier
the
in
a
fortnight
spring
there
respect
sandy
the
until
Denmark
of
fourteen
field-labour
than
longer
days
may
in
the
north.
The
result of this
interruptionof
work
is
increased
an
in
and
still more.
ploughing during the autumn,
that
these
much
so
periods are frequently busier
of harvest
time
can
similar
The
given
work, during
the
fodder
than
time
same
winter
is
farmer
obliged
is necessary
stabled
are
grazing
part of May
if November
"ô
sheep
to
most
the
close
the
Rocks
do
.gi
ô-rts
of the
island
of
p-eat elevations, except

las
an
Denmark
n
oîo
altitude
of 550
off"=*rsso
'lictrir
much
to
not
on
and
middle
offers few
feet ; but
Himmelberg
in
variety in
.i^"-;r""lv
di^'*i'" froT"
other
o^
the
and
latter
latter part
on
some
checked
by
Jutland, whicn
respects the
soil that
that
in
impediments
is not
"
as
the
tillage,except
Cultivation
"
the
from
of
October,
until
with
stock
countries
of
commence
interfere
Bornholm.
the
tion
atten-
com,
larger
other
stall-fed
Denmark
of
in
lay
in
generally
of April.
are
geological condition
iculture.
'
scarcely
can
to
in
said
be
of
tlie
even
and
so
months.
general rule, all cattle

the
spring,
than
more
reason,
and
thrashing
winnowing
the
to
Danish
winter
bu^
be
for the
in
activity*
mode
'^'ôther.
susface
of
of
culture
Along
the
Agricultureof Denmark.
the
Jutland
central
in
and
269
is very
soil
sandy; on
the
islands
df
clay-loams
prevail
on
;
âst
Seal and, clay-loams ; and
the
Funen
and
islands of Lolland
on
stiflFer
in
and
Falster,
clays :
parts, especially in Jutland,
many
of
considerable
found
and
tracts
One
heath, moss,
are
bog.
22
of the
latter,measuring about
English square
miles, called
the
of Jutland, it is
Vild-Mose," and situated in the north-west
In
drain
cultivate.
and
districts the marl
some
now
proposed to
in
i^
reaches
the surface
it
that it can
be
most
so
near
places
;
fertiliser without
used
A great
or
as
great difficulty
expense.
west
coast
the
and
sands
coast
"
many
meadows
rivulets
inlets
or
their
the
of
borders
the
intersect
sea
the
and
country,
extremely rich.
of Sleswig and
coast
territoryon the west
be regarded as the gift of the sea, deserves
Holstein, which
may
towards
the
Every sea tibat rolls from the ocean
special notice.
holds
Holstein
in suspension some
of Sleswig and
fine
coast
west
sand
and
of
which
When
the
are
readily deposited
clay,
pa^rticles
on
The
the
approach
waves
the
shallows
; this
small
this
often
where
Ae
waves
deep
(called
by
assigning
become
the
clay.
of
of
In
this
time
in
To
assist
"
one
From
The
formed.
are
fifty years
lliere
are
cases
for
instance,during
night the deposit was
the
low
rous
nume-
action
of
just
dams
the
imder
waves,
water,
being again carried to sea bj

of poles, branches
constructed
of
are
has
rendered
assistance
Nature, too,
by
the
called
Queller
a peculiar plant,
from
'*
"
without
which
broken.
are
sufficed
out
deposits
sandbanks
has
of
presence
extremely
of soil,but
when
thrown
dams
and
kind
deposits.
of
consequence
small
foot
period
have
arms,
a
is
1839,
{Salicomea kerbacea)^
shooting
")
tide
Husum.
near
to the
Slik
form
to
of
These
trees, straw,
each
shorter
prevent
ebb.
the
by
marshes
inhabitants
the
assisted
the
"
in
force
the
much
8 inches
which
operationis
required
their
lose
and
slime
great ice-floe
the
shore
islands,against which
clayey
deposit brought
are
are
of
formation
leaves,
the
impede
for the
embankment
manner
the
much
above
margin
with
but
the
of
flow
collection
of
that
the
horizontally
and
water
of these
clayey
rises in
ocean
the
it is inundated
only
then
an
during spring-tide. Nature
supplies this land with
it is called
unusually fine and plentiful herbage, after which
of
the
used
for
is
grazing
Foreland," and
chiefly
sheep. When
of
the
sufficient
is formed,
construction
Foreland
dykes
a
that
of
known
The
was
1825,
highest spring-tide
commences.
which
19
feet above
guard against
high water-mark
rose
; to
22 to
in height from
in Sleswig vary
such
risk, the dykes
a
course
so
water
**
24
feet ; in
The
new
"
"
Eiderslbdt
and
dykes
are
Holstein
from
30
to
substantiallybuilt,with
40
feet.
the
side
u
towards
AffncuUure
270
the
slopmg,
sea
below
section
rise increases
this
18
feet
wide,
the
Towards
The
pits, which
grass-turf,
they
is
precaution
Already
but
they
of
north
in
the
last
and
sea
tinucd
in
land
to
oldest
the
badly
dykes
being impossible
of
Self-acting
tide
rises
from
the
sluices
and
open
stones
as
process.
existed,
largest
number
Hoyer,
at
in
the
Altona,
near
roads
from
the
again
of the
as
In
course
and
of
no
interior
falls, the
the
this
ago
time
have
dykes
has
that
coa-
of
some
English
miles
longer
necessary
as
as
marsfa-Iand
interior
land,
of
land
extent
an
of
%hich
double
because
The
country.
above
no
it
highways,
level,
the
finds
constructed,
it
new
thus
trifling elevation
therefore
years
distance
the
of
from
eighty
indispensable
on
but
high-land
such
Within
acres
the
flie
and
miles.
rescued
and
ones,
marshes,
yet
are
sea,
way
that
to
at
the
in
make
are
this
dykes
12,000
foreland,
old
sea
situated
frequently inundated
marsh-land
being flat, with
water
but,
"Koug,"
been
ocean.
fresh
the
it is
the
the
from
to
that
sea,
Where
square
like
this
part
Those
protection against
English
supposed
called
is
in
the
the
with
covered
the
Wedel,"
as
it is
formed
coast.
far
"
something
outside
are
begin
900
have
Sleswig,
wrested
Tbey
embanked
months
have
should
miles.
exceeds
they
centuries
The
as
lest
expensive
most
sake
from
paved,
constructed.
century.
stretch
formed
be
thirteenth
thus
constructed
been
from
land
deposits
new
and
cultivated
of
tract
and
English
of
Hoyer,
near
the
188
they cover
eighteen
area
Norway,
and
be
is
for the
action.
must
this
sixteenth
Sleswig,
piece
total
the slope
twelfth
the
of
distance
observed
highway.
taken
from
continuous
to
is
generally
are
some
its
as
up
16
from
lop,
hand,
at
higher
terraces
distance
to
small
were
built
was
the
in
dykes
at
foot,
serves
with
close
exposed
from
brought
be
must
not
waves,
construction
be
not
placed
be
not
may
their
The
feet
built
for
The
of
and
steep
however,
are
the
of
nse
la
and
foundation.
and
Crown
earth
must,
the
weaken
are
or
the
they
only
is
in
called
land
strength.
of
to
is
there
feet
force
outhae
their
represents
the
break
to
as
first 12
the
On
so
Denmark.
of
natural
close
gates
the
sea,
outlet.
as
the
opening
272
Denmark.
AffricuUureof
Danish
The
contains
monarchy
at
(1860)
present
of-
EngUsh
Square Miles.
14,520
3,256
1,606
1,012
land
Arable
Heaths
bog-meadows
and
Mosses
Woods
880
Marsh-land
..
..
Lakes
330
Shiftingsand
286
Total
the
Although
depends upon
the
understood,
the
to
be
of
country
the
to
the
the
as
finds
sale
direct
lay
is
term
is about
to
to
usually
for
his
agent,
four-fold
must
consumers
the
small
of
claim
ready sale
an
or, through
population
the
greatly
country
cannot
consumer,
rural
towns,
in
Denmark
and
the
As
that
larger than
of
directly
merchant.
agriculture
nevertheless
farmer
either
produce,
of
prosperity
its commerce,
commercial
a
considered
be
21,890
more
so
as
comparatively
importance,
cient
suffithe
towns
provincial
frequentlypossess
with
for breadstuffs,and,
land
themselves
to
com
supply
the case,
their
this is not
when
grain from the cornthey obtain
from
the
baker.'
dealer, or purchase bread
They do, indeed,
their
in part their meat,
butter, cheese, eggs, and
usually buy
the
direct
from
small
but
farmers,
generally supplied with
are
course
the
inhabitants
of
produce
the
of
sold
article
inferior
very
in
the
For
quality.
instance, the
the
market
butter,
under
or
that
yeomen-farmers
by
bad
it
is
execrably
strongly salted with the commonest
name,
;
in its preparation so
little regard is paid to the
salt,whilst
per
proextraction
of the whey, or
it
to cleanliness, that
even
appears
the consumption
find a sale ; but
produce can
strange that such
in Denmark
butter
of
is extremely large,
"amounting, on an
is
from
to
"^verage,
superior
'""oplythe
-.
article
those
who
'iT-'^lies to
-..#r
of
wish
cattle
V~~"^n'hqorpn
x^bi^x
per
the
to
"^^
^hi
-'"
ÂOTxSxvr"'
"
^^x/
fiSL'x
so
annum,
quality.
the
that
greater
The
higher
larger estates
with
with
those
who
especially the case
and
still more
capital and Hamburg,
find a market
The
in England.
same
the
"rst ar^
to provincial towns,
"^nt
lv"c
-vf
rfamV""ir^ând the best to
"^
ôiAouxxij
-"onc;r1orqV"K
iMx.
-,
to
proprietors of
^
"
per
is
"-
'
head
quantity than
the
this
markets
lbs.
to
supplied by
are
with
30
to
is attached
"iportance
masses
28
^-
.^pîw.
'"""
means
lO
-'
of
'^voural*^*'
small^ it
grain, cattle,and
conditions.
The
Agricubure of Denmarh.
each
miles
from
settle
in the
it in
take
12
country
farmer
; it is true
inlets
the
that
the
the
which
at
the
farmer,
greater distance
market
nearest
and
point
from
land
is
the
the
or
are
ment
ship-
is about
sea
intersected
than
of
place
32
by bays
vessels
for small
navigable
considerably facilitate
sea,
and
country,
be
farthest
the
from
produce
goods.
nearly everywhere
but
from
the
seldom
from
distance' is greater, dealers
the
purchase
will
miles
English
miles,
to
where
ibr other
exchange
the
Thus,
or
other, and,
27i
far
communication
or
up
and
exportation.
These
harbours
roads,
One
moment
line
Before
the
the
granted
which
has*
for
the
concession
been
of
years,
as
up
to
account
the
to
present
established, die
be
to
now
f^r
go
Judand
in
agriculture of
of
meeting
now
railways
its value
apart from
twenty
or
is, however,
which
of
viewed
ten
of
non-existence
excellent
with
places of shipment,combined
within
improved
as
the
for
and
that
province
the
Government
portance
imbe
may
investment
an
the
late
line
of
Diet
railway
line
This
commenced.
Morton
Sir
to
had
Peto,
Aarhuns
is from
to
Struer;
Randers, Langaa, Viborg, Skive,
Skive.
be carried
not
During
beyond
from
the Session of the Diet two
other lines were
proposed ; one
Banders, along the rivulet
Gudenaa,** to Tange, with a branch to
Linaa
thence
and
to
Viborg,
Rye, with a branch to Aarhuus, and
in the direction
of Flensburg, whence
a
a
prospect of an extension
This line had the support of the
to Altona.
railway already runs
ment
majority of the Diet, but was
opposed and rejected by Govern-
Braband,
it
thence
and
to
will, however, probably
"
The
have
other
this
direction, viz.
Langaa, with
projectorsof
contemplated
Diet
from
fear
Hamburg,
instead
Coast
of
"
line
to
the
of
to
some
line
the
Danish
port
in
on
would
islands
be
will
The
rejected.
advance
minority
main
The
connexion
with
carried
part of the
arisen
objection
not
Fre-
to
have
to
seems
railway
; the
richer
the
to
the
conjunctionwith
Funen.
line
in direct
barren, and
more
in
was
"
Gudenaa
it favours
to
that
to
the
place
province
the
East
"
at
the
interest
of
large.
can
railways
placed
"
of
it
line, and
placing Jutland
whereby its trade
line is that
Neither
or
it northward
extend
to
island
the
of
of the
expense
the province at
is
first
to
was
to
Fredericia,
to
this
for
line
Braband, thence
:
Viborg, Randers, and Hobro
proposed
through
voted
opposition
to
line
Coast*'
East
"
Aarhuus
from
"
southward
and
derickshavn,
of the
branch
this
called,the
it is
as
or,
direct
the
perhaps
is
more
work
Expected to pay until the netuntil
it
especially
complete, and
be
communication
west
coast
of
either
Sleswig
with
which
Hamburg
could
or
serve
of
place
as
the
mining
shipment
the
even
or
there,
built
the
the
in
with
of the
Sleswig
could
would
fail
not
The
to
of
England,
acquainted
the
to
the
to
his
drive
marshes,
at
how
understands
when
market,
he
rejected there,
rail to
tracki.
place
for
fat
proprietor,a^^^^
"ppropriately and
^sition for the
shipment,
^"*ms,
AfiC
^*
"c.
-t^^-^r^^n
This
branch
"
ill
he
sufficiently
with
for
the
burg
Ham-
the
to
cattle, after
Husum
via
this
to
be
loss
or
trade
fatted
on
would
lies
be
the
still
the
Jutland
fanner
cattle
for the
English
that
send
shall
his
fat
steady, direct, and
for
reasons
cattle
trade
breed
can
Hamburg
via
of
to
as
his
England
not
bo
cattle
by
profitable
England.
\RM-BUILDINGS.
but
the
both
larmer,
lave
different
soon
prepare
to form
then
ciiâply,and
ir"/'
As
direct
railways,is obliged
no
; which
it
considerable
is not
drawback
head
think
to
the
exported
long
established
-'"'sti
centre
such
Jutland
of
is
of
the
distance
finally,when
"
of
great
ox.
time
ij-ci*oi"Ai^
branch
had
'^
from
the
but
present,
sorting
farmer, having
has
\q
like
(distant8"
by
farmer
number
the
and
of time.
One
and
But
sort
of
''^V
ânno*
this
to
and
at
on.
marshes,
built
to
course
than
Jutland
the
1/. 10s. per
of
case
at
this
dyke,
be
would
farmer
further
Jutland
loss of
; but
mainland
in the
the
cattle
evaded.
its natural
part, where
of a harbour.
formation
No
more
even
greater
in
ihe
lean
in the
greater
still
England.
fact that
the
Jutland
leaves
fatted
been
from
preparing
and
Romo
of
too
harbour
then
case,
island
be
water
ebb-tides
during
remunerative
appear
traffic is,that
dealer.
of
produce, especially cattle.

Jutland
already exported from
is
English market,
would
expensive undertaking,
drawn,
with
the
the
in the
will
as
indirect
having
Tonning
were
its south-east
to
the
his
for
of cattle
number
build
to
depth
prove
to
an
prove
be
market
be
attention
communication
in
of
railway
difficult
want
materially assist
this
doubt
this
of
thence
and
island,
would
bend
harbour
be
Germany
or
be
across
miles),with
English
to
Hamburg
consequence
of
coast
extended
were
th^
England must
great advantage to both countries,
those
exap-
Gude^
"
with
trade
if,however, this should

along the marshes, might
doubt
railway
Sleswig),and
of
Upon
if the
that
me
of
line
direct
that it would
told
been
Ballum,
to
of very
prove
that
the
time
politico-commercialquestion of
same
I have
"
and
intercourse
close
appeared
coast
considerable
consequence,
at
west
Britain.
Great
to
Coast
East
"
the
(on
Ballum
to
direct
question, it has
"
naa
as
Denmark.
Agricultureof
274
laige
indifferent
an
fails to
select
and
idea
the
the
of
proper
small
building
relative
as
buildings
stables, granaries^
the
agriculturalknowledge has made
"
such
of
Cr*liow"
^\r
^1/
"raditions.
The
buildixiM
Agricultureof
are
nearly always
on
the
in
erected
275
Denmark.
with
square,
the
side, the bam

opposite, and on
The
barns
stables, granaries,"c.
used
as
with
practicalskill
room
is
unnecessarily taken
exposed
The
injury from
to
stables
up,
and
rats
side
buildings
constructed
not
are
is
timber
heavy
; too
dwelling-house
either
one
used, whereby much

increased,and the grain
expense
mice.
generally low, dark, and

badly ventilated.
in
two
are
rows
placed
lengthways, with their heads
towards
the
walls ; the pavement
is bad, and
difficult to keep
is not
the deep furrows
from
clean, as the manure
easilyremoved
The
the stones.
older
between
buildings have in general beea
witJi oak framework, but those
erected
in course
of buildingnow
The
roofs
are
are
entirely of brick.
frequently constructed
The
are
cattle
thatched
either with
While
the
reeds.
or
farm-buildings
great difference
parts of the
straw
yet be
may
country
generally
are
observed
to
say,
TTius
the
as
far
them
amongst
and, strange
thus
defective, a
in the
various
general rule, the

central Jutland, with
a
soil,the better the buildings.

the east
of that
coast
a
on
sandy soil,has good buildings, while
with
richer
and
but
indifferent.
on
Sealand,
soil,they are
province
worse
This
no
be
may
accounted
and
woods,
the
with
attended
erected
with
for
thus
in
transport of timber
great
bricks
expense
Jutland
central
the
from
coast
there
would
are
be-
consequently the
buildings are
neighbour^
times
been,
early
brick-kilns
(therebeing
in most
there have
in
hoods)
secondly, the yeomen
have
less oppressed than
elsewhere, and
consequently,without
their
and
able
on
risk, been
more
willing to spend money
buildings.
The
A will give a general
ground-plan marked
accompanying
of
idea
usual
of the
farm-buildings in Denmark
arrangement
Proper. It is preferred for the protectionit is supposed to afford
; and
against wind
adopted, the
veniences,
farmers
It
in
of which
one
As
weather.
and
almost
general
accept
is certainlythe absenqe
be
universally
it with
must
however,
cannot,
is there
it
denied
that
of
the
all its incon-^

lation.
ventiproper
plan has this-
court-yard,where farm-labour
I have
the dwelling-house.
is carried
from
been
is visible
on,
informed
authority that, as a general rule, the
by a competent
of the buildings on
is much
that
small farms
too
cost
great, and
advantage,
"
it often
that
rises to
The
the
whole
one-third
or
of the
one-fourth
farm-buildings in Holstein
kingdom and in Sleswig, but both
the
plan of such buildings varies
Denmark
are
"c.
under
The
are
of their entire
better
Holstein
than
value.
those
in
in the
Sleswig
much
from
adopted in
Proper. In these duchies the principalfarm-buildings
consist
of dwelling-house, barn, stables,
roof, and
one
B will give a fai?
ground-plan marked
accompanying
in
and
that
276
idea
This
Agriculture of
[on
the
leads
subject
to
farm-labour
nowed,
and
implements,
"om
want
the
are
place;
carts,
kept
of proper
entrance
platform
covered
takes
the
The
Denniarh.
here
the
is by
called
com
ploughs, harrows,
and
light
repaired.
la
the
This
stables
"
very
large gateway.
is
with
thraêd
all
and
other
platfonn
the
all t"e
where
Diele,"
cattle
farming
suSere
are
win"
much
placed
Agricultureof
with
In
heads
277
the food is supplied.

Diele/' from whence
for
farm-buildings the fireplacein common
towards
Holstein
old
the
the
Denmark
"
J"
Dairy.
"A
C.'Uar.
HoTE."
ChccBc
Cora
is
kept
in the Lofts.
Roora.
Spirit HouiB.
3
Sitting
Room.
Frinale
Stable
for Homed
Cattle.
Servuntu*
Chamber.
Kitchen.
'
Alcow*
FLiLTFORM,
COYEBED
Entraiux,
Charabjr.
tl
"DIELE."
I*
Best
41
HalL
Chamber.
Sitting
Suble
CowHodBe.
Room.
lor
Horeo.
ex
Male
s:
Pnrm
Chamber.
B.
"
GROUin)
FtAN.
Diele
side of the
;" in it
one
on
building is found
for
labourers
is cooked, it is used
food
for the family and
the
for
when
required
brewing and baking, and for boiling fodder,
In
both
warmed.
is
it
the
and
the
cattle,
dwelling-house
by
the
whole
duchies
"
door
communicates
from
the
platform (Diele) with
278
Agricultureof DenmarK
dwelling-house ;
the
of
pane
going
in
glass,which
in
on
the
Frontage of
this
Yeoman
Farm-House
from
stacks
want
of
rich
of
years
then
are
of
use
it
will
weigh
than
that
in
resembles
of
that
State
the
the
Sleswig,
"
than
how
the
the
because
with,
In
them.
build
to
rule, probably
bams
; but
corn
placed
country
has
matters, to
The
payment.
on
without
"'efficient number
the
for
any
the
assess
earlier
sanction
for
of
taxes
no
the
population beyond
election-laws
a
of
members
be
thus
of
the
country
|)rinciple to
belonging
power
been
have
of
state
the-
the
imposts
or
arbitrary in
its fair
the
of
means
however,
seem,
to
secure
to
to
so
representatives,
however
government,
affairs
their
law,
financial
secure,
more
the
on
it in
have
now
Every
importance
great
which, by
The
husbandry.
extended
too
of
much
been
1848.
in
influence
direct
great extent,
made
impossible
other
granted
was
proved
has
Denmark
hindrances
of
consequently more
use.
enjoys a
a
is
and
yeople of
has
to
way
also
been
levied
the
now
the
be
it is
Germany,
constitution
which
those
in
Dascd
hold
of
free
country,
now
of
in the South
improved system.
an
still less in
are
since
remove
that
and
exception rather
northern
who,
agriculturists,
can
upon
to
social condition
improved
subject of
to
they are so badly

or
min
verinsufficiently
protected against weather
is generally calculated
the
stack
from
that
corn
two
pounds less per barrel
(about four bushels^
the
In
the
climate
barn.
more
Holstein, where
rigorous, stacks
the
large
everything
observe
and
that
of
found
be
to
to
practicalknowledge
they are to be met
harvest
constructed
The
always
farmers
in Holstein
is the
confined
too
the
Diele."
"
constructed
The
is
door
enables
the
Diet
better-educated
Ksses.
The
taxes
The
..
urovemment
may
royal
in
divided
"
required to defray the expenses

general, the defence of the country, the
taxes,
of
the
univer^
DenmarTu
Agricultureof
280
of
number
that
cattle
The
loads
of
could
be
obtained,
be
certain
which
Hartkom,"
"
term
could
haj which
grazed on
originallysignified
of
use
"
Hartkom
medium
as
of
stock
The
taken,
be
average
subdivided
1/. 4^.
late
of
average
of the
the
the
As
to
Denmark
the
distribution
of
is
7s.
relative
is obtained.
This
the
added
the
town
and
be
whole
be
taxes,
and
calculated
which
the
of Sealand
general
o"
expression
without
not
for the
interest
has
(with its districts)
..
of
fertility
to
....
"
Lolland
Tons
Falster
"
Bornholm
"
..
"
of Jutland
..
whole
islands
12^
21^,
kingdom
"
of
acres
on
are,
56,909
30,152
6,048
170,973
"
"
"
"
land,
an
in
of
Hartkom.
751,747
375,577
132,310
5,619,168
"
and
"
In the
its
state
1,663,027, with 113,778
Funen
Peninsula
at
"
".
The
the
population,
Aopes
Island
an
population
of Land.
The
thus
makes
rural
may
an
on
town-rates
assessment
an
it is
kingdom,
7s.;
on
admits
is
and
land,
communal
kingdom
the
head
readily
"
be
practical
IL
11.
to
the
by
taxation
Hartkom
"
isoil in
the
both
1/. 16*. per
prosperityof
this
if to
; but
annual
6d.
1/, 11*.
taxes,
The
land-tax.
may
Icf.,and
individual
1/. per
to
paid
taxes,
county
certain
3Z. Us,
to
been
particular property ;
its
^'Hartkom," and
"Hartkom"
of
ton
3/. 6^. 8^^.
and
18*.
kingdom
indirect
on
years
at from
time,
of its value
idea
certain
with
quality of
any
in
assessment
tithes, 1/. 2s. 6d.
and
of from
of
stated, a fair
are
Royal
"
9d. ;
its
area,
cattle,"c.,
taxes
then
its
value
of
forms
assessment,
quantity and
the
fixing
in
when
because
means
ascertaining the
for
great service
of
of
of
area.
quantity of rye or barley, has thus, in the course

changed to represent a certain area, together
quality of land, and to designate the basis of the
^'
head
the
or
Jutland
32f,
equal
average,
and
in
ton
to
the
of
Hartkorn."
"
Some
districts
in various
of
Jutland
of
ton
Next
v"uai
He
-
east
âlly, the
"Lciile that
*oi
ior"
of
hp*"
west
in
it
ofjr
the
Funen,
Jutland,
the
on
in
north
its southern
centre
tracts
of
land
^'iltivated
8"^d
large
are
parish
order
the
land
suffice.
and
coast
Înt*
the
8|- acres
Sealand,
coast
in
is found
in
come,
of
acres
while
the
ertilityin
^'"^ster.
138
about
Copenhagen,
kingdom
from
of
of soil
extraordinary difference in the fertility
be
east
given by stating that in the northmay
Hartkom,"
"
uiles
of the
idea
of
of
The
islands
required to make
Frederiksborg, 23
greatest
which
of
they
Sealand,
are
; but
the
lie uncultivated.
uncultivated
area
and
the
named,
central
part
part, its northern

Jutland
average
Laaland
of
of
part, and
latter
is
The
of
land
so
pro-
in
281
Agricultureof Denrnarh,
the
Danish
Table
will
monarchy
be
this
from
seen
comparative
"
'
Geographical
Square MUeB.
Arable
land
and
Heaths
and
quicksand
Moss
676
175
uncultivated
and
-land
marshes
bog-meadows
74
Woodland
49
Lakes
15
"
Hoads, hedges, dykes, ditches, and
building-grounds
41
..
Total
content,
was
had,
the
century
these,
in
the
value
of
land
thereby
with
having
in the
acres,
time, had
Plove,"
this
other
300
it
Plov,"
acres
question of
of
late
and
had
of
an
often
"
new
was
of
land
the
so
duchies
lono: as
present system
exists, this proposal will
of
to
subject of
with
On
the
the
great
be
Plov."
is
one
both
part of the
introduction
in
to
1800,
stance
first in"
that
into
debate,
duchies
"
acres
to
should
duchies
the
culated
cal-
175
the
was
the
election
meet
"
Plove
assigned
in
land
be
divided.
so
this
each,'and
It
of
December,
be
to
"
the
Plov.^
up
divided
not
150
case
**
it may
were
privatelyand in the provincial Diets of the

population of both duchies
earnestly desire
Hartkom
a
practical system, as that of
but,
one
one
31st
of
these
made
frequently met
the
"
decree
in
injusticewere
now
in
taxes, and
siderably.
con-
revision
Hartkom," or
propertieswhich,
quantity of land
been
varied
and
average
of
tons
measurement
cultivation,
"
Plov
^*
errors
therefore
land
It
positive quantity
on
that
tivated
cul-
enactments.
under
constitute
Certain
all
decided
fixed
14
be
of the
underwent
the
but
royal
was
125
at
when
has
by
taxed,
be
of
greatest
state
to
land
head
of land
acres
from
free
were,
occasion
This
"
legal
quality,where
equal
as
commencement
properties are
equal to about
quality.
average
to
calculated
that
of
been
"
ordered
lands
be
of
land
only
the
By
could
heaths, bogs, "c., but wheii

cleared
and
cultivated,the
assessment
Different
make
to
to
of
of
impossible
therefore
required
were
the
but
arable
to
under
mode
removed.
in
of. time,
assessed
1643-52,
years
used
woodland,
to
course
early as
was
kingdom.
land
the
name
is the
assessment
the
in
in
give satisfactory
to
of
much
ment
assess-
Hartkom,**
"
differs
measure
basis
so
only
reference
This
is
term
consequentlynot
the
the
of
means
that of
impossible
to
As
no
like
land,
local
"Hartkom"
as
plough.
one
however,
and
of
originallyunderstood
with
thirteenth
Holstein
the
Here
head.
(plough),
"
Plov
"
this
on
**Plov"
value
every
that it is next
so
information
and
district
almost
; in
and
Sleswig
of ascertainingthe
or
exist
of
duchies
the
In
1030
of
kingdom,
Diets
of the
opposition
282
preponderating influence of
prietors. In Sleswig, for instance,
numbers
and,
old
the
of
large.
land,
small
continue
also
to
The
The
system
FoBsteforholdet
*'
is
of
the progress
farmers
or
yeomen
the
of the
In
the
were
all
votes
in
the
at
inasmuch
the
some
of them
as
took
called
themselves
upon
feudal
estates
certain
About
property
for these
lori
divided
As
latter
r#"r*"îvrl
between
^the
"
184S
supporters
thirteenth
and
into
classes,the
two
(Troellen). The
took
yeomea
part in wars,
entitled
were
took
of the
present
the
In
"c.
laid
was
be
to
place,
had
they
for
greater
rural
districts,
(Hoermoend),
men-at-arms
fullyequipped for war,

the
King
recompense
when
gave
land, whereby the foundation

Denmark.
These
proprietorsbecame
lords ; independent of such
considerable
which
privileges,
from
frnir
augmented,
men-at-arms
feudal
or
Life-Lease
of
system
and
scarce,
therefore
was
to
lords
these
own,
the
cultivate
and
feudal
the
to
so
of
perties
pro-
creased
in-
that the
lords
were^
(Foesteforholdet)
possessionof
land
waste
obtain
lords.
all the
the Kmar.
in the
was
not
strange if the yeomen,
the bondmen
who
were
advanced, sought
leasing land
smaller
of
contention
twelfth
the
land, except that
of their
civilization
of the
subordinates.
the
become
now
^tivating;it
--"
in
their
period
Good
Is, had
lessee,
influence
greatest
the country
to
meet
become
not
extent,
oinmenced.
^'^
laid
did
this
(called
and
constitution
much
chosen
all-powerful feudal
them
the King
gave
the importance of
as
yeomen
a
to
Plove,**
"
of uncultivated
was
who
the
foundation
were
the
later
the
the condition
trials
the
King.
the
by
upon
large tracts
them
or
had
different inhabitants
between
at
larger proprietors.
legal
century, however,
distinction
and
where
Ting,"
"
thirteenth
jk!"
landlord
(Bonden) and the bondmen

an
on
equality; they alike
the election of the kings,and
yeomen
"
between
on
time, and up
population was
rural
duction
intro-
country
19,257
Leasehold
has
of the
those
of
rate
Since
earliest
the
century,
to
in Denmark
and
yeomen,
the
Forced
or
(Bonder).
this
granted
question has caused
two
parties of
principalpolitical
was
retain
Plove."
"
agricultureand
on
the
at
relation
the
"),
sembly,
As-
improved their
higher taxes, will
subject to
16,812
for
or
questionwhich
is taxed
Life-Lease
of
much
have
be
only
the
to
to
pro"
it
change.
Sleswig
Holstein
who
law,
new
oppose
of
Duchy
Duchy of
the
farmers
would, by
and
members
beneficial
however
system,
new
any
Those
large
class, though
proprietors to
the
probably oppose
party will
their
measurement,
and
interest of these
it is for the
as
this
nine
voters, sends
twenty-one
nobles
the
the
from
ar'l
who
worth
had
liberated
by renting
utterlyimpossible
was
large grants
they
not
livelihood
It
the feudal
of land
therefore
which
they
readily leased
it
Agricultureof
these
to
yeomen
built
and
money,
service
the
land
(Foeste)were
of
term
of the
subordinate,
could
days' personal
manorial
was
where
go
he
he
and
changed
was
work
; but
to
on
land
own
of
required most
than
the
of the
estate
despair these yeomen

yoke by revolting,but
then
in the
that
so
of
course
these
"
time
circumstances
Landgilde," or
increased
was
groundand
made
was
frequentlycalled
yeoman
feudal
lord at the period when
his
differeilt
at
general rule,
advantage ; the lessee,

though
who
an
independent man,
if
it
did
suit
not
him,
property,
less free ; the

manorial
service
much
the
as
of
payment
on
almost
liked
so
arbitrary,
named.
persons
leased
was
his wife,
and
mutual
quit the
raised, the
was
land
of two
to
(villenage).
lessee
who,
person,
related
to him.
or
to
became
lives
service
lay close
"
another
nevertheless
notice
give
the
deceased,
first this system
At
upon
his
died
(Indfoestning)
son
more
latter
lives of the
for the
or
to
rent,
for the
fiftyyears,
leaseholder
fine
and
; this
estate
"
When
a
of
number
proprietor's
the proprietor's
only required when
estate
and
later
called
Hoverie
leased,
was
leases
These
was
they cultivated
ground-rent (Landgilde)in
certain
gave
that
first
at
or
annual
an
283
condition
on
the
on
was
for
it,paid
upon
or
corn
bondmen
or
Denmark.
time
times
attempts
labour.
and
sought
throw
to
down,
put
were
In
the
their
off the
and
they
introduction
of
oppressed, and, by
Vomedskab
stead),
(bondage, without the right to quit their homeeven
deprived of personal liberty.The feudal lords,then,
the yeoman's leasehold, but himself, as their
considered
not
only
which
not
on
permitted to leave the estate
property, and he was
were
more
ever
"
"
he
of
without
bom,
was
sum
privileges of
oppression exercised
that, in the
article
the
fifteenth
middle
the
of the
the
its worst
not
XXI.
from
payment
been
this
the
were
latter
such
throne, Danes
case.
were
the
extent,
an
class, failed.
but
5000
there,
consequence
was
In
free
3400,
of
the
altogetherbetter
be
the
men
yeowas
existence
non-
than
found.
appeared at this period to have

following centuries proved that
German
When
princes ascended
supplantedat court by Germans,
yeomen
point,but the
the'
and
had
scarcelyany yeoman
property
that
of Sealand, only 185, and on
to
of the
to
largestnumber,
position,in
"
enlarged,
almost
Centiuries,
they
and
bought as cattle, whilst
time
time
to
by the government
there
these
Vomedskab
the
were
became
of
century
of
their
Danish
VOL.
the
"
interest
island
condition
had
made
thus, on the
only 2, such were
own
reached
such
and
owner
increased
sold
"
and
On
islands.
of Falster
The
"
lords
sixteenth
sixteenth
Denmark,
Jutlajid, where
of his
of the
yeomen
on
and
the
'promote
of
the
feudal
attempts
in
on
the
merchandise
of
vain
few
to
in
sanction
of money.
The
an
the
284
these
and
royal
lords
were
into
invited
been
the
noblemen
Danish
the
country.
had
to
birth
means
yeoman.
The
where
wanting
not
without
which
by
Vomedskab,"
"
; but
remain
the
the estate
from
libertyof removal
long existed on Sealand, Lolland,
continued
islands, and
ing minor
1702
Frederick
all
to
respect
1699.
free
"
had
their
purchase
when,
their
the
oppressed the
they protected
foreignersfelt no
not
"
twenty-two
sell their
law
of
1724
of
at
males
from
estate
this
state
and
in
was
issued
bound
there
might
of
to
be
those
to
by
which
return
receive
to
35
to
"
to
a
farm
supposed
Tn consequence
to
of the
^he peasants
or
that
ûrce
they
young
could
JTie best
of the
the
could
soldier
an
year
he
in
their
; in 1746
had
who
whence
forced
on
be
fourth
homestead).
boys
to
on
the
was
served
had
been
In
which
remain
to
ordinance
the
applicable
but
with
bound
this
issue
to
Bomholm.
of
accordance
(forced tie to
in their
every
the estate
island
were
extended
was
him
Vomedskab,"
"
they belonged, and
bondage
1764
14
of
Stavnsbaand
"
the
these
but
induced
and
kingdom save
was
issued,in
age
which
to
of
the
of
the
decree
royal
lords
5Z. 10".
price not to exceed
royal clemency was
already apparent
took
later,a sudden
change
place in the
years
the
the
bondmen,
settle
libertyto
at
where
the
Stavnsbaand,*' similar
whole
the
sion,
acces-
elsewhere
or
were
existed
his
since
bom
Jutland,
it
King's principlesof government,

"
had
bom,
was
Falster,and the surround*

the
eighteenth century.
with
this obligation with
introduced,
where
to
he
until
from
freedom
own
and
of the
deprived
was
yeoman
which
on
away
descendants
been
effect of
beneficial
The
or
forbidden
were
manors
did
Vomedskab
"
from
IV.
yeomen
farm-servants
AH
Vomedskab
to
extent
some
the
of his
estate
on
obligation to
sympathy. The
and
the villenage (Hoverie),were
the chief
(Stavnsbaandet),
nobility to subjugate the
employed by the German
such
"
their
gi"t" of
this
were
yet instances
yeoman,
him
against oppression from
In
munificent
the
by
natives
of Denmark
to see
rare
period it was
of the
the feudal
the councils
King, and after a while
fiefs
German
cede
their
favourites
to
large
compelled to
had
If
enriched
soon
; from
master
in
who
were
Agricultureof Denmark,
his
the
tion
foundaIn 1742.
ninth
an
all
year,
ordinance
time
was
recruited, and
(FoBste). Although this

advantage, it was
entirelythe reverse.
tyranny
yeomen
be
made
lease
of the
landed
of
proprietors,many
it
was
emigrated,
only by
and
to
take
land
on
lease
(Foeste).
in
depressed state of the country is found
the
the fact that
population decreased
considerably in the
very
of the eighteenth century.
"middle
The
thus accomplished, and appeared^
system of bondage was
could
oppressive than before, for the yeomen
possible,ôre
**
proof
Agricultureof Dewmark.
forget
not
the
libertythey
the
had
tasted
98$
in
the
of
commencement
century.
But
1784
in
take
the
Regent,
in the
Frederick
afterwards
the
of
VI., began
and
brighter
arose
improvement of agriprospect
culture,
yeomen.
in a very
then
the
and
depressed state,
emancipation
the
of the
foremost
of
this
were
objects
prince. In
yeomen,
the law
Stavnsbaand
1788
respecting the
was
repealed, and
the
commission
and
services
of
rent
a
appointed to regulate
the tenants
for
life
leases
holding hereditary leases, or
; by thii^
the
the
restored
of
act
to
were
turies,
liberty which, for cenyeomen
they had been deprived.
other
The
and
fare
welto the
yeoman's advance
great drawback
the
manorial
labour
the
which
to
was
(Hoverie)
proprietors
of estates
were
entitled,the oppressive use of which
right had
to
part
government
then
country,
"
"
gone
hand-in-hand
This
service
the
neighbourhood
but
in
manner,
This
The
service
forced
the
labour
rent
and
had
land
on
lease
estate,
or
its
law
of
July 4th, 1850,
to
cease,
be
to
paid, as
the
it,or
sequently
Sleswig
had
yeomen
system
been
was
By
were
during
of the
under
to
the
many
manorial
endeavoured,
tenants
where
1797
the
inasmuch
and
yet
service
and
laws
and
of these
at
lessees
moderate
the
the
annual
to
in
they
as
still be
Danish
form
per-
it ;
the
condition
con*
dom.
kingof
the
serfs,the
were
result,20,000
of
Holstein
called
for.
parts
some
can
manorial
bound
1804, and,
in
Finally,
all
government
last
and
have
the
position
sixty years, to improve
lease
the
compulsory
(Foeste)
system is still
;
present,
tenant
fixed
as
much
and
very different
upon
"
the expression
compulsory
system
that
abolished
Holstein,
of the
of labour
days
fixed.
yeomen
due, demanded
was
this
on
subsequently a
of
of the
as
worse,
decrees
numerous
landlord
and
When
Regent
as
limit
reduction
number
considered
in
to
VI.,
set
was
money,
decided
it
mild
lived
yeoman.
objectthe
place
whom
liberated
Sleswig
retained, but
ditions, and
be
in
was
one-third
as
even
abolished
serf-families
South
soon
now
1799,
leases.
it
its
in
proprietorto
it may
In
and
of the
Frederick
(FoBste)the
in
who
perform it,
enlarged, it became
interest
equivalent in
for
yeomen
was
also for their
compulsory
was
estate
the
to
of
took
yeoman
the
on
the
Stavnsbaand."
"
required
were
manor
when
the
only
changed by
1791, 1795, and
of
of tenants
number
by
was
labour,
at
as
and
first called
first
decrees
royal
the
ruinous
arbitraryand
more
in
of
time,
of
been
inasmuch
humane
"
Vornedskab
"
have
to
appears
and
course
the
with
The
for the
as
except
understood
more
"
favourable
con*
is
scarcely applicable
that
of
to distinguish it from
Of
late years
in England.
have, by purchase,become
the
X
proprietors
2
286
Denmark.
Agricultureof
leasetolds.
of their
sold
the
made
in
at
price
the
in
of
old,
them
on
constitution
this
the
in
tenants
The
lease.
the
effect that
the
to
are
lessee
in
has,
sion,
posses-
proportion
of the
leasehold
ments,
tene-
dispose
to
power
with
accordance
the
landlords
the
legal enactments,
ambiguous
part proprietors ; they further
argê
certain
certain
that
the
take
expropriation can
expropriationin
requires it)justifies
(which
that
enacts
weal
public
of
for
arguments
and
1849
of
when
place
each
as
the
sole
law
obscure,
very
claim
owners
proprietors of these
they are deprived of the
the
that
but
compelling
to
been
years
appointed
paid, in
(Indfocstning)
fine
of
to
of late
commission
lessees
realitynot
because
by
them,
by
term
yeomen
pass
of the
value
law
been
inclined
seem
has
attempt
an
has
property
proprietors
tenements
fixed
be
unexpired
of the
friends
to
leasehold
to
the
less
purpose,
to
Diet
sell their
landed
Moreover,
Danish
such
all crown-lands
many
example.
the
to
estates
are
and
them,
to
follow
On
instance.
The
interest
(as
nothing
to
the
the
situated
venience
continue
the
abolished
unjust
present
their
of
may
have
as
No
sale
which
the
in
will,
done,
doubt
personal
To
classes.
large
graph
para-
to
option to sell or add sud

expire. In all probability
leases
to
of
course
some
without
tenants,
be
years,
to
recourse
would
and
the
voluntarily entered
their
other
manors
have
of.
now
the
applicable
perty
proof public con.be
at
liberty t(
only
the
with
when
that
that
and
by law compel landlords

properties: the present proprietors have obtained
them
their
by purchase or inheritance, whatever
act
an
public
it) has
required for purposes

that
shall
landlords
system,
system
is
that
understood
issue,
at
cited
demand
by voluntary
sell their
days
question
localities
in
leasehold
this
the
insist
proprietors
constitution
the
of
constitution
they
to
property
landed
framers
with
do
in
the
of
supporters
landed
the
into
their
earlier
and
holders
of the
relations
condition
politicalliberty
them
benefit
was
is
undesirable
as
in
session
poscestors
an-
moden
plain
comthey now
wretched, bu
great
as
the
further, at
proprietors,appears
leases
sc
that
as
of
expense
it would
as
th"
b
unjust.
The
Rural
divisible
into
landed
three
and
the
Estates
The
a
separate
their
origin
classes, viz.,
who
yeomen
Monarchy
Danish
the
the
nobility
larg
and
proprietors
are
or
lease
labourers.
of
the
division,
especialprivileges,which,
owe
of
great
proprietors, the
holders,
form
Population
to
King
Nobility
do
not
of the
at
in earlier
Christian
kingdom,
present
time,
V.,
who
were
retain
very
in 1671
though the^
any
thes^
of
great.
The;
created
th
Agricultureof
288
18,
the
Far
culture.
his
rates
own
details
the
of
with
388
only
vogue,
in
advance
of
the
value
make
caused
of property,
the
and
times*
observing
high
too
and
rents,
speculate,though
The
prosperity
without
the
perienced
ex-
cultivation, and
the
be
to
in
old
able
raised
the
to
land's
the
an
value;
of
change
tenants, demanded
farmer
declined
to
did
tlie
sometimes
means
more
was
that
the
estimate
of the
consequentlythe
persons
loss of the
ultimate
the
in
But
rents
landed
of
were
money.
in
disproportioned to the true increase

unable
correctlyto
proprietors,
extent
system
frequentlyso^low
could
(Forpagter)
this
th^
tons
there
estates),
ago
years
then
culd-
is here
English tenant-system
12
properties having above
was
than
directs
bailiff,who
com-prices, improvements
in
increase
estates
few
10
about
The
rent
tenant
only
exception if he lets part of

(Herregaarde) frequently
quite an
(including entailed
let.
thus
the
and
Denmadc
in
class,and
yeoman
assistance
1715
land
of
land
to
large
the
the
Of
"
Hartkom
1850
it is
husbandry.
exceptional.
in
and
themselves,
farm
**
land,
proprietorsof
The
it.
of
arable
of
land
propertieshaving more
The
"Hartkom."
yeoman-farmer
belongs
tons
12
of the
hands
whole
of the
per cent,
constitutes
largest quantity
the
in
shown,
as
Denmark.
to
so,
owner.
merly
forhaving decreased, that class which
in
its
now
prefers investingmoney
purchase ;
but as their capital is seldom
and
large,
generallyonly sufficient
to satisfythe
vendor, they frequentlybuy to disadvantage. It is
with
that a man
lOOOZ. buys a property worth
not
uncommon
intereirt
5000/., and is obliged to pay from four to six per cent
the
value
of the
a
large part of
on
property. Which, as a rule^
if
does
whereas
not
a
larger capitalwere
employed the farm
pay ;
might yield a good profit. A sufficient working capital is very
the agriculturists
of this country.
uncommon
among
The
high prices paid for landed
propertiesat the end of last
tenantry-system
rented
the
and
land
1810
between
the
nercial
confidence,
the
when
^56-57,
fhe
price
,
..
^*"g
,
.r,^
the
'^
as
to
almost
of
r^'yr-
landed
^n
bc
be
crisis
of
of
careful
prices
property
Htwe/"n
in
220/.
an
to
so
revival
rose
effect
and
during
were
paid.
330/.
that
state
estates
widi
But,
of
com-
agîn
which
may
per
ton
the
now,
of
until
con-
doubtless
than
Denmark
extreme
deranged
350/.
property
imaginary value,
more
opposite
the
to
the
and
of
consequence
wars
produced
ridiculous
the
to
250/.
for
landed
prices of
their
speculators
when
'
sold
administration
monetary
reduced
\derably
*aused
then
were
financial
"mproved
857,
century,
and
5000Z.
worth
tow
this
and
fell
high grain-prices,
1826, partly on account
and
finances,
partly on account
speculation
of
of
commencement
has
period
on
an
**Hart-
korn," neighbonrliood
The
variations.
be
stated
The
between
as
Earlier
years.
the
performed by
only superintendents and
estates
But
was
manorial
when
of
organization
which
On
some
estates
labour
who
reside
men,
twelve
or
fixed
and
lodging,
given
But
")
on
abolished
was
result
the
necessary,
the
of
"
is
married
performed by young,
mostly unthe
receive
on
board,
premises and
for
six
They are
generally engaged
wages.
months.
were
Hoverie
became
system
new
materially
labour
large
(" Hoveripligtige"), and
living on the property.
bondman
("
the
of
most
herdsmen
labour
thus
be
may
land, "c., causing

in a like way*
may
land
of
rent
of
11/. per ton of " Hartkom."

Master
has
Servant
and
and
between
late
of
quality
towns,
annual
average
10/.
Relation
changed
of
289
as
additional
an
of workmen
number
is
time, cottagerequired during summer,

especially in harvest
their
wives
and
labourers, together with
children, are
engaged
such
for
they are paid day-wages, but more
periods. Sometimes
whether
for the
sum
frequentlythey receive a round
season,
harvest
is usually made
in
is early or late, and
the payment
Other
on
proprietors prefer not having their farm-labourers
in
but
estate,
of this
advantage
a
months'
few
labourers
well
system
be
readily quit their

others
the
in
secures,
certain
of
number
long experience,
from
the
farmed
estates
on
that
who,
upon,
the
are
the
agricultural system
adopted on
do
and
not
are
married,
general rule, they
of finding
of the difficulty
cottages, on account
acquainted
As
be,
to
com.
The
neighbourhood.
leave at
can
tlêservant
where
that
seems
counted
with
immediate
its
over
notice,
can
property.
in
cottages
the
wives
principles. This
similar
on
children
and
the
of
system
cottagers,
the
also
sufficient
cultivation
of
labourers, whereby
cheap
esculent
plants is facilitated.
almost
While
these
exclusively practised on
two
systems are
the larger estates, they are
also frequentlyadopted by the yeomenfemale
of
number
farmers.
Wages
FarmThe
of
season
however,
before
of
the
has
taken
per
and
the
not
2/. 15^.
place.
besides
annum,
at
8/.
generally
present
board
5^., making
receives
and
a
3/. 7^.
the
even
total
of
annually,
13/.
"c., have,
Proper,
then,
the
greater
155.
besides
latter
A
board
account
on
of such
amount
a
and
rule, board
receives
farm-ser\'ant
lodging
as
towns,
Denmark
since
but
year,
instances
some
In
received,
price of food, "c.,
; in
At
of
Denmark..
like
country
them.
on
3/. 15^.
to
in
neighbourhood
farm-servant
great rise in the
been
much
influence
male
doubled
vary
the
year,
distinct
1846,
lodging
do
increase
5/. 10".
about
may
female
and
wages
has
be
lated
calcuservant
lodging.
Agricultureof
290
If the
farm-servant
stated, in
earlier
as
lives
in
com,
the
Denmark.
neighbouring
expense
is
cottage, and
thus
be
may
given
".
of cottage
Bent
and
Pasture
food
acre
1 cow,
for
garden-land
sheep, and 1 pig
..
of rye, at 13s. Be?.

of barley, at lis. 3cZ.
barrels
3 barrels
i barrel
of buck-
wheat,
at 10s
barrel
of
malt,
li
..
half
receive
and
this
by
than
wages
than
be
may
the
in
lOd,
receive
no
The
16
14
perhaps
pay
In Holstein
wages
to
winter
5^d.
from
Sd,
for
7d. in
day-labourers
males
for
in
from
at
the
less in
little higher
females
; for
to
are
wages
Is,
lodging.
those
engaged during
and
kind,
The
one-quarter
the
8d.
winter, but
to
they
or
of
wages
in
paid
and
summer,
board
10
j
\0d,
Id. in the
about
and
summer,
(both male and female) geneyeomen

rally
in wool, linen, cotton
goods, flax,"c.,
from
at
6
"
wages
their
masters
estimated
10
largerproprietors.
kingdom or in Sleswig.
in the
17
15
their
means
2
0
..I
..
of the
farm-servants
0
4
..
Cash
The
d.
10
9s.
at
"
".
pieces of turf
12,000
5
with
of
paid,
estimated
be
may
for
of
harvest
at
only
quarter
one
and
generally
are
of
rye,
and
and
a
barley
5J
man,
rye
of barley for a female, for the
Danish
The
,5 J bushels
season.
is generally well
farm-labourer
he
is without
off, and, while
is sufficiently
as
family, is able to save
proved
part of his wages,
of money
placed in the savings-banks by this
:by the large sums
quarter
.one
bushels
of
class.
have
Agricultural improvements
of
late increased
the
demand
Swedes
have, therefore, been

engaged,
in
inferior
considered
Jutland
men,
workespecially
they are
; but, as
and
indifferent
of
are
character, the
frequently persons
Danish
labourer
is preferred,and
to the extent
generally receives
of
1/. 2s. 6d, to 1/. 135. 9d. higher wages
annually ; the German
who
have
of
late
labourers,
emigrated to this country, are
a
and
much
in
the
and
in
are
superior class,
employed
brick-yards
turf.
cutting
The
of Land^
system of livingin Fellowship^with equal Division
seems
early to have existed here as well as elsewhere, and it was
for
farm-labour;
doubt
no
Two
reasons
".fforded
ided
tract
for
the
many
proper
probably
against robbers
the
of lar'l
y^^s
led
be
to
and
cultivation
*o
for
course
of
its
the
colonization
adoption,
wild
land.
of
viz., the
and
the
beasts,
In Denmark,
cultivated,several
persons
the
country.
protection it
facilityprowhen
united
new
for the
land
first took
They
purpose.
for their
immediate
not
was
at
divided
once
families,
by
fairlytreated, but
were
lots,according
the
to
; these
cultivation
there
as
allotments
other
has
well
of
of his
of
some
the
distance
their
cases
of
that
manner
the
of
land
the
in
held
and
ordered
to
individual
The
place.
was
This
close
be
the
far
be
to
tribution
redis-
in such
made
as
last
labour, it
as
sible,
pos-
taken
immediate
in the
in
the
of
1792
step
sequence
con-
and
distribution
forced
should,
next
all his
of
lost in
and
1781
of
ments
improve-
consent
the
bondage
in
reverse
allotments,
until
was
each
one
farm-house
the
village.
thus
of
individual
one
labour
and
Denmark
decrees
in
the
those
undertake
the
all lands
collected
be
could
from
By royal
abolished.
was
where
without
the
ments
allot-
many
between
different
in
into
different
time
together with
have
yeoman
quality; but
the
distance
there
every
and
between
continued
however,
century, when,
was,
means
size
one
land
much
whilst
fellow-occupiers,
as
places.
period, proved the
no
The
facilities for its
into
directions
the
land
divided
the
mentioned
to
as
cultivation
in the
equal
in eighty
suited
inasmuch
time,
By
are
land
of
and
this
various
instances
first instance
subdivided
of
in
spread
system,
course
share
soil
the
aâin
allotments
This
the
families.
; and
owners
in
qualityof
were
were
had
it
grounds, sufficient
village thereon.
equal parts as
many
all parties would
not
as
division
were
village obtained
the
into
such
was
of
built
and
wants,
for
been
possession
291
was
the
neighbourhood
place
land
living in
belonging to it ; but there are still many
yeomen
villages with iheir land at a great distance.
The
Mode
of AffricuUure employed under this system varied of
to
much
course
the
land
which
that
from
since
has
inner
into
divided
was
of
introduced.
been
and
cultivation
merly
For-
fields ; the first

while
the other
outer
of
exclusively for the

com,
the
cattle.
The
inner or tilled land
for
was
employed as pasture
divided
into three
fields,of which
surrounding the village was
with
one
sown
was
spring-seed,generally barley,the second with
nearly unemployed,
winter-seed, generally rye, and the third was
it
miserable
the
scarcely of any use : but
produced was
as
grass
introduced.
during last century the practiceof fallowing was
The
in the
increase
to
population (amounting in Denmark
used
were
58
in
per cent,
the value
next
soil
food
the
was
this
for
piece
means
in
when
the
the
cattle,and
after
year
exhausted,
outer
land
a
this
place
to
was
year,
it was
field
to
system
part of
so
this
of
commencement
caused
land,
was
step taken
which
then,
further
By
since
of
the
was
left
was
for
given
field under
outer
sown
with
bad
cultivated
up.
tion,
cultiva-
impoverished
reduction
in the
like
want
the
and
pasture,
in
as
The
until
com
that
consequent
well
century),as
be
manner.
of
stock,
proper
was
the
292
Denmark.
Agricultureof
Manure
result.
became
manured
had
generally been
receive
a
dressing
land produced year
by
inner
the
field, which
then
could
year,
nine
that
years ; so
and
weeds.
more
third
every
in
once
that
scarce
so
six, or
even
less com,
living in
year
only
the
abolished
in.
fellowship was
of cropping was
also changed.
Denmark, the course
The
of agriculturenext
mode
Proper was
adopted in Denmark
introduced
from
Kobbelbnig
Holstein,and was called
(inclosed
As
however,
soon,
as
"
"
pasture-land). The
well
towns
adapted
advantageous
great attention
As at that
had
there
was
period
been
before
years
succession
of
described
which
2,
left to
were
and
This
more
fallowed,
system
then
thus
therefore
may
years
rye
4,
of
grass,
; 5,
Later,
peas
"c.
introduced, rich
"
thus
"
3,
first year, and

:
1, fallow ;
modified
be
with
1, rape ;
left for six
years
sown
grass-seeds were
in the
for
com
inclosures,each
then
; and
wheat
even
pasture for many
as
twelve
into
which^
grasses
producing
modem
divided
was
those
the
production of
for the
rest
of
after
known,
were
to
again capable
first year
obtained
was
large
which
dairy-produce,
produce
furnished,
artificial
and
liarly
pecuof
to
plough
"
clover
were
neighbourhood
of
3, barley ; 4, oats ; 5, oats

thus :
Or
1, fallow ; 2,
5 to
6
6, oats ; 7, oats ; and
barley ;
was
the
grass.
when
by
up
were
crops.
field
in the
was
wheat
in
"
sale
artificial grasses
broken
they
the
paid.
no
the
fields
corn-crops,
hj slow degrees.Nature
the
for
Holstein
soil of
the
and
pasture, and
for
was
pasture
climate
the rotation
2,
rape
mixed
of
ture
pas-
crops
3, barley;
4, oats ; 5, clover ; 6, clover ; 7, tares and oats

; 8, wheat
;
This
10, oats; 11, clover; 12, clover.
rotation,by the
9, peas;
impaired the soil,and consequentlyhas
frequentuse of clover,soon
less general, even
in Holstein.
into the
Its introduction
become
the
close
due
of last century was
at
to the
kingdom
necessary
of the earlier agricultural system, and
fact that
abolition
to the
of
their
the
natives
took
Holstein
abode
in
kingdom on
many
up
of land
At
the
this rotamoment
account
tion
being cheap.
present
still be found
in Jutland, but
modified
estates
on
may
many
thus :
7 fields cultivated
with 1, fallow ;
by local circumstances
clover
and
and
3 years
2, rye ; 3, barley ; 4, oats ;
grass.
"
lows
1,
"
clover
years
the
islands
fallow
:
or
2,
wheat
circumstances.
fallow
oats
nnd-
to
and
a
But
of
In
3,
2, rye
clover.
soil,neighbourhood
other
the rotation
1, fallow
2 years
; and
oats
1,
6,
Danish
the
On
towns,
the
of
extent,
tares
frequentlyas
fol-.
facilities
duchies
and
is
.4,barley ; 5, oats ; and ^

; 5, barley ; 6,
; 3, barley ; 4, peas
the
much
depends on
quality of
peas
peas
for
labour,
usual
is the
this
2, rape-seed ; 3, wheat
or
clover ; 7, clover
for mowing
small
crops
or
many
rotation
:
"
4, barley ; 5, oats ;
8, 9, 10, and 11, grass,,
this :
1, buck-wheat
;
rye
;
and
"
Agricultureof
2,
3,
rye;
rye;
7,
to
Denmark.
fertile
in
and,
grass;
293
'
soil, Barley
and
wheat.
The
in
and
agriculturist,
in
estate
Funen,
of
mode
its
climate
local
other
and
general application.
before the English
culture
higher
general
in this
Danish
the
on
with
be
square
mile)
in
view
to
but
the
per
Danish
censure-
good, all
the population
be
to
mile, or
square
the
to
For
mile.
square
that
than
square
that of
as
population of
(with a
mile.
the
on
With
59
to
Danish
the
Denmark
is
tion
excep-
scarcely
Implements.
applicationof steam-power
The
when
the
to
Agricultural
into
with
Belgium,
England, Holland,
in husbandry to
country in Europe.
any
second
the
certainlyreceive
agriculturecan become
and
of
of
that,where
of
100, the cultivation
or
Norfolk, Suffi)lk,
Lincolnshire,
cultivated
inhabitants
150
islands, with
less
is
admit
is under
in Jutland
land
the
one
Scotch
doubted
will
admitted
inhabitants
340
it is
it is evident
200
above
above
reason
same
the
with
as
said
be
On
the
must
of
is not
mile
square
mode
must
but
extensive
as
population of
Belgium,
the
considered,
English
an
cannot
which
farming,
circumstances
land
This
country.
but
crops
Danish
adopted.
Svendborg,
land
two
the
to
circumstances
The
more
been
of
introduced
been
avoiding
clearer
has
neighbourhood
has
of
late become
of
places it
some
husbandry
the
whether
has
in the
method
English
the
in succession
cereals
of
of
advantage
to
agricultureis
almost
known
un-
follows, with
farmer
here,
great interest,
in farming
made
improvements
implements abroad, and,
diey are
practicallyuseful, all local impediments taken
But
he
looks
with
consideration, adopts them.
suspicion
all such
upon
improvements
as
appear
complicated.
As
mark
Den-
manufacturing country, its youth is not educated

to look
machinery with confidence,as in England ; nor has
upon
The
chance
of
it the
obtaining practicalknowledge.
same
in properly estimating the value
has difficulty
of
farmer
Danish
in using it,
complicated agriculturalmachinery, the labourers
is not
and
the
be
perhaps
machinery, for
may
live
at
mechanics
country
such
the
found
the
only
distances
in
great
mechanics
In
repairing it
drawback
that
that, if broken,
can
it could
to
the
the
latter
use
of
fact
such
repair it generally
not
be
made
use
of
complicated machinery, as the

and
winnowing-machines, may
frequentlybe
patent
The
with
the
thrashingmet
on
even
yeomen-properties.
machine, particularlythe smaller
English one, has of late years
which
been
the larger estates
introduced
on
; reaping-machines,
here
with
now
smile, are
a
formerly were
only mentioned
being
limit
their
difficulties
but
local
doubt,
introduced;
will, no
again
until
next
chaff-cutter
season.
Less
294
larger farms, replaced theless dependence

and
system of sowing by hand, saving of seed
Their
weather
superiorityhas
being the result of their use.
on
those
Of other machines, such
been
as
generally admitted.
now
few
oil-cakes
and
be
for cutting roots, for crushing
a
com,
may
be said to have
cannot
found, but they are exceptional, and
any
the agriculture of the country.
influence
on
are
generally well constructed, but rollers
Ploughs and harrows
and
of wood,
inferior ; they are
conse"re
always made
very
from
their
their
for
though,
quently not heavy enough
purpose,
for the horses
to
peculiar construction, they are too cumbrous
general
Of
draw.
"ind
harrows,
; the
have,
kinds
two
The
teeth.
iron
work
Seed-drills
use.
other,
four,
Some
only
use
these
of
-oome
the
;
manufacture
iron
and
hand
used
now
are
fallow,
The
"
crops
consequent
therefore
repay
from
The
land
of the
The
on
its work
quires
re-
better,
are
of wood
and
the
Danish
iron
village
the
by
or
century,
those
to
the
a
is
of
soil to
rest
mixture
of
their
of
American
usually
end
culti-
last
common
some
and
one
the
year
and
tares
and
all
on
yet the
yeomen,
that the
late
models.
well
the
of
now
understand
labour
attention
is
the
at
additional
frequently sow
leguminous
much
the
allowing
upon
soil
first introduced
beginning of the present

the
on
large farms, and even
do
not
latter,as a rule,
appear
com
farm
only attracted
after
generally made
the
of
of
have
Soil.
the
of
The
branch
the
on
which
wheelwright.
Treatment
Tated.
made
are
implements
; those
years
important
an
latter
the
blacksmith
The
form
used
pensable
indis-
as
models)
two
made
are
former
American
or
horses, and does

entirelyof iron, others
and
man
considered
now
light
is
clumsy, heavy,
ago a very
with
; it required two
men,
is now
entirelysuperseded by
This
six, horses.
one
frames
for
years
swing-plough (afterScotch
the
is
latter
deep
sometimes
wooden
rectangular, and serves

Swedish, is triangular,and
the
harrowing. The
the plough.
as
in common
wheel-plough was
for
with
both
used,
are
is
one
called
on
succeeding'
loss
temporary
as
fallow
oats,
or
they
some
suffers
land
plant instead, and

consequently
the
weeds, though they freelyuse
plough and harrow.
is invariably better cultivated
than that
large estates
yeomen.
in autumn
twice
generally ploughed once
or
the
after
which
Swedish
is
harrow
spring,
applied.
The
Danish
farmer, though he carefullycultivates the surface of
the land, is unwilling to plough to a greater depth than
five or
six inches, if as much
the soil is^
few
of the larger estates
a
; on
sometimes
however,
ploughed deeper.
The
is
used
for harvesting com,
it is here believed
and
scythe
and
fields
are
affain in
fliat a labourer
can
do
four
times
as
much
work
with
it
as
with
296
to
Denmark.
Agricultureof
of cultivation
expenses
pay
several
perhaps
Large
by
year
before
heaths
times,
of
heaths
their
area
is
bad
Some
is used
and
Irrigation
have
the
under
head
inlets of the
rivulets, and
The
country.
exist,
but
will, no
the
because
likely to
year
doubt,
cultivation
the
or
once^
pasture.
latter
the
it is not
been
planted
of Woods
Meadows.
of
sown
still
bog-^meadows
decreased,
are
as
the
of
soil
is frequently
only
or
pay,
time.
heaths
of the
I shall refer
the
and
qualitythat
long lapse of
land
the
But
long be entirely reclaimed.
more
slowly,
proceeds somewhat
of such
after
before
tracts
lastly,Qats
; and
trees, and
Forests.
and
these
to
In
Denmark,
numerous
bays,,
the
lagoons, intersect
valleys o^
the Liimfjord
these lagoons
"
or
sea,
with
principalof
"
"
channel
but
connected
with
one
outlet,
narrow
formerly had
which
mouth
it stretched, in a westerlydirec*
the Cattegat, from
with
Jutland, expanding, in various
tion,
long windings, across
sheets
of
into
In
large
water, containing small islands.
places,
between
the North
Sea
1825, during a violent storm, the isthmus
broken
the Liimfjord was
and
down, so that the northern
portion
a
of Jutland
insulated
became
; but
this
channel
new
navigation, whilst
in depth, so
as
Cattegat has also decreased
In
vessels.
the valleys thus
small
for very
that
rich
much
that
fact
used
be
it cannot
meadow-land,
artificial
the
for
which
so
shallow
opening
be
to
only
there
is
for
account
recentlyand
the
to
available
intersected
perhaps
may
irrigationhas only been
is
to
the
small
artificial
water-meadow
first introduced
was
adopted. The
At first natives
Hanover.
thirtyor forty years ago from
of that country were
to
chiefly employed
lay out the necessary
works, but, as they proceeded on a large scale without considering
extent
Denmark
in
supply of water
their speculationsfailed, and
the
that
Hanover,
the introduction
discourage
twenty
or
carried
principally in
the
and
indifferent
Within
in
abundance
hay
; it has
of
England
of
proved
province
Jutland, but
sufficient
year
has
proprietorsin
or
two
been
this
way
of
not
for
and
western
that
is seldom
water
the
smaller
also
the
a
been
the
manure
tended
to
last tex^
scale has beei^
land,
parts of Jut-
the
carried
on
an
large cattleout
islands, where
on
the
the fall of
purpose.
irrigationsystem
practised by a few of
"
to
of
the
southern
importance
the
failure
Within
that
consequently produced
on
such
equal
not
this
system.
irrigationon
of great
coast
east
the
soil has
in
breeders
however,
years,
on,
of
did
of the
the
is dissolved
model-farms
larger landed
in water, and,
forced
iron
through subterranean
by the assistance
pumps,
difTerent
the
of
the
it
the
is
fields,
use
hose,
where, by
pipes to
the
this
land.
The
introduction
method
of
is
spread over
too.
recent
to
enable
an
opinion to
be
formed
whether
it will
prove
in this country,
remunerative
297
farming is scarcely sufficiently

its general adoption at present
advanced
to make
probable.
very
Drainage
until
within
the
not
was
practised in Denmark
last ten
and
is as
fifteen years,
or
yet only in its infancy ; as
innovations
has in this instance
the usual
been
prejudice against
late summers
the
and
the
surmounted,
great drought of our
the
crisis
of 1857
doubt
no
are
causes
why the practice has
been
not
more
generally adopted here, for its great advantages
admitted
are
by large as well as small farmers.
There
has
exist
thus
been
that
statements
12,000
the
on
of
acres
islands
land
which
rity,
good authoupon
have
been
drained,
land
the
and
of
area
informed,
am
15,000
to
5000
about
the'
to
as
but
improved,
from
namely,
official
no
but
remainder
in
the
peninsula.
islands of Lolland
the
On
and
Falster,resembling
fen-counties, drainage
flat, it will be attended
of Sealand
island
here
but
Funen
a
stiff
small
much
In
pass
any
times
at
draining in Denmark
depending on
acre,
As
is
land
years,
let
seldom
for
is
special contract
the
land
the
of
soil
lighter
is rich
and
surrounding
that it is difficult
drainage required;
land
on
frequentlylies
The
to
whilst
coast,
east
general
at
2/. 15^.
longer period
drainage ;
any
made
the
required.
of
the
island
part has
On
estimated
be
may
local circumstances.
rarely undertake
tenants
however,
on
the
flat,and
are
mucn
inapplicable, as the
inundated
by the sea.
it is almost
that it is
so
extent
principallyneeded
however,
west
soil varies
the
On
central
south
the
scarcely be
will
draining
peninsula the
opinion as to
the
The
that of Sealand.
resembles
islands
land
districts
In
it.
need
not
On
the
expense.
will require draining,
undulating.
more
requiringdrainage.
will
hilly,and
is
north-western
and
clay,much
soil, and
land
the
of the
two-thirds
about
north
the
considerable
with
the
English
country being
required,but, the
is much
the
than
in
expense
it
is,
the
low
of
5Z. pei
to
four
some
so
to
eight
instances^
or
effect that the
lord
land-
the tenant
from
draining,
pays
this
to seven
on
capitalemployed. By
per cent
ment
arrangeboth partiesare
interested in getting tJie work
well, but also
farmers
now
Young Danish
cheaply, executed.
frequentlytravel
and
in England, Belgium,
ledge
Germany, to obtain
practicalknowof drainage, but the Government
of the different
methods
has taken
no
steps to facilitate draining operations.
service
has so
Its inestimable
Manure.
long been generally
in an
it is surprisingthat
admitted
that
agricultural country
defrays
the
and
of
expense
the
five
"
like
ten
Denmark,
or
branch
twelve
of
no
interest
true
years,
husbandry.
in
the
has
been
improvement
great deal
remains
shown,
of
to
until
this
be
the
last
important
done, but yet
298
the
in
taken
care
well
liquidas
solid,
as
larger properties.
indifference
thus
annually
the
least
is taken
care
capital
In those
is immense.
of
old
manure,
; the
extent
great
very
the
on
the
yeomen
the
and
unchanged,
husbandman
the
soil is rich
the
where
to
late
of
the
of
those
remains
fluids, is wasted
lost to
increased
much
very
nearly all
head
this
on
its rich
with
On
has
preservingmanure,
and
collecting,preparing,
tricts
dis-
manure
has
Jutland, attention
drawn
its
it
been
to
is
more
readily
great importance, and, as
with
turf and
bog-soil.
there, it is often mixed
scarce
This
Marling.
operation has been used for a long period in
but it is only within
of Holstein
districts
(-thenorth-east),
some
that it has
introduced
into the
been
the last thirtyor forty years
The
proprietors have
adopted the
large landed
kingdom.
its usefulness, but
the
practice,and invariably admit
yeomenit is
where
barren,
as
in
parts of
some
"
farmers
of
are
Bomholm
Jutland
to
still behindhand
marling
in
its
almost
may
On
application.
said
be
be
to
be
brought
the
the
principallybecause
common,
very
from
great distances.
less fertile districts
country succulent
of the
cultivated
island
unknown
it is not
In
the
marl
in
has
plants,such
the
for
are
uncommonly
purpose
the fertility
of
means
ploughed into the soil,by which
sea-weed
is much
the land is much
used
improved ; on the coasts
it
is
when
fresh
not
as
but, as a general rule,
applied
manure,
which
Another
mistake.
kind
of
is,
no
doubt,
a
gathered,
of fish),elsewhere
manure
acknowledged as very
(that made
powerful,might be employed to a great extent in Denmark, and
useful ; it is,however, almost
doubt
would
most
no
entirely
prove
the
inhabitants
Danish
of
of
the
coasts
neglected, though many
and entrails of the fish to
heads
are
occupied in fishing. The
those
dead
in the nets, are
found
be dried, and
generally used ta
into the sea
feed pigs, or thrown
rich
:
a
supply of manure
very
is thus
have
factories
been
established
neglected. In Norway
beneficial
to utilise this
material, and have proved most
raw
; it
the
nor
singular that neither
private
government
appears
any
in Denmark
this
attention
have
to
subject.
paid
persons
artificial
have
of
the
which
used
been
with sa
manures
Many
much
bones
advantage in England and elsewhere
(as gypsum,
as
buck-wheat,
of
being
and
found
oil-cakes, "c.)
horns,
in
favour
(animal ized
not
carbon)
Copenhagen, by
From
the
1837
island
to
of
an
1846
has
for
this
been
years
manure
was
the
it has
satisfactory,
artificial
of
manufactory
some
but,
tried,
been
English firm,
Bornholm,
having proved
replaced by another
have
A
Denmark.
manure
Messrs.
J.
much
results
since
but
have
patent
not
manure
established
near
Owen
Son.
and
used, especially on
of
been
its
adoption
discontinued
not
and
(superphosphateof lime)
Agriculture
of Denmark.
from
the
and
but
sold
has
Guano
does
have
to
appears
that
he
me
establishment
same
to
seem
been
have
is
quality imported
the
which
favour
artificial
7s. 6d. per cwt.,

Owen
informs
at
Mr.
approval.
(English) in 1857, at 8/. per ton.

tried (it sells at 155. 9rf.
cwt),
per
tons
of late
only
not
met
3000
Is sold
This
with
299
given satisfaction,
probably
inferior
mixed.
and
have
From
with
because
the
little
in
Denmark,
of
the
good
soil, or
quality
average
from
of skill in their
want
application,one
good has resulted,
the
attention
which
has
been
namely,
paid to the home
greater
of
and
the
to
fattingof cattle,"c.
supply
consequently
manure,
A
used
large quantity of com,
formerly sold, is now
as
food,
and
into butchers'
thus indirectlytr"nsformed
meat, butter, "c. ;
either
if the
the
of
account
on
sale
of such
additional
com
manure
manures
the
g^ve
the
on
direct
greater
land,
Horses,
for
excellent
its
the earliest
horses,
is
hence
decreased
to
the
increased
Agriculture.
formerly
was
nevertheless
consequent
Denmark
times
and
return,
advantageous.
more
Danish
of
supplied from
of great importance
in comparison with
countries
horses
From
"
Products
its
and
productiveness, will ultimately prove

The
met
has
the
even
renowned
cavalry
the
now
of
many
export
although
husbandman,
earlier
been
times, probably
of
it has
because
the
that
of Denmark
improved, and
valuable
most
degenerated. The
properties of the horse of this
beauty, strength, and constitutional hardiness; it is
country are
the thoroughwith
the Arab
or
bred
easily fed, but cannot
compete
introduced
When
into*
horse.
was
English
horse-racing
breed
horses
of
Denmark
some
has
abroad
twenty
ago,
years
horse
the
of
this
country
had
An
England or Germany.
against those brought
witli English
made
to
improve its speed by a cross
attempt was
loss of strength and
hardiness^
a
race-horses, but the result was
Later
well as private individuals,have
the Government,
as
en-the
shire
Yorkwith
native
the
horse
deavoured
to improve
by a cross
of forty stallions of this,
since
1852
stud
and
a
coach-horse,
has been
race
Opinions vary much
kept at Kolding in Jutland.
from
chance
no
hore
to
as
their
influence
the
on
breed
of
the
country,
and
there is a
valuable
although they must
prove
in
scarcityof native
stallions,
yet this will scarcely be the case
the country at large,as their requirements,comparatively speaking,
in districts
are
them,
The
too
and
their
prime
cost
of the
qualifications
the
is too
Danish
climate
VOL.
XXI.
does
not
appear
to
suit
high.
materially in the
of treatment
mode
adopted.
districts,in the neighbour-
horse
of the
provinces,in consequence
Jutland, especiallyin the northern
various
In
great ; moreover,
where
differ
300
Agricvltureof Denmark.
hood
Randers, Viborg, Skive, Thisted,
of
it is well
carried
for
cared
few
horses
On
Germany,
kingdom,
their
consequently
The
be
stated
subject
the
horses
254,449
58,198
colts
55,000
and
exist
estimated
the
of horses
the
been
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1858
..
..
the
average
3Q/., though
the
some
"
Until
^vt
'n
the
its
'nd.
the
the
year
kingdom
towns,
and
Sleswig
had
No
ages.
for
this
the
325,019.
upon
for
France.
:
horses
of much
; yet, for
within
from
''^"eriorating
^'Hxi
in
the
returns
breeding
by
is
want
politicalevents,
cavalry purposes.
now
few
of
the
During
or
burg,
Hamlast five
"
England
to
142
14
"
40
20
6
"
of the
one
farmer
Danish
of
**i'"e:
1845
not
can-
on
21
generally
comparatively speaking,
,^
were
abroad
follows
as
are
It is
form
to
to
price of
few
Cattle.
-ttilier.
reports
in
increase
much
17,374
1859
are
promised
13,020 horses,whereof
12,286
"
8,727
9,768
"
9,032
"
1857
-cattle ought
them
monarchy
and
of different
horses
sometimes
1856
Homed
and
Prussia, Mecklenburg, Hanover,
is to
has
export
for
1855
an
depends
demand
1854
On
the
24,000.
at
upon
kingdom,
annual
in
body,
of
statistical
total of
the
to
Danish
the
there
horses
The
Lauenburg.
in
to
them.
upon
some
districts,12,373
70,000
largest export
Liibeck, and
years
rural
only
bosses.
however,
are,
foals, making
Holstein
export
rather
the
in
work
for the
referred
periods
and
to
as
The
statistics
the
proportion
latest
the
as
bestowed
port
ex-
tries
coun-
of Sealand
greater size than
carriage
present
1838
of
date
Such
At
(1860).
at
correctly,
bear
duchies..
The
of horses
number
of
hard
very
adapted for
foreign
to
are
are
in
bear
well
the
thence
principally exported to
good, and
very
Sleswig and Holstein, principally
In
weak
legs are
cannot
and
more
considered
not
are
marshes, the horses
but
handsome,
they
diseases.
is
care
of
Mors,
extensively
from
and
country,
but
frequentlysuffer from
in the
breeding
little
but
reared
are
some
and
the
is
exclusively,both
provinces. On the island
and
bred,
are
Bomholm
Sweden
in
different
the
to
districts
island
the
on
place,almost
takes
of horses
and
elsewhere
than
on
these
in
and
considered
most
want
hold
years
proper
exported varies
higher value.
that the
important
the
breed
attention
of
care,
important
to
to
of
revenue
it does
not,
position
of cattle
the
16/.
breeding
sources
of sufficient
as
from
here
as
was
quality and
breeding stock, inefficiencyin practical knowin rearing the

selection, foolish
economy
young
it^^lly 3ad V^ê^^'^ga'"'^ t'^nding; but of late years
301
great improyements have taken place in all these respects,

very
and
be found
at present good, if not
the
superior,cattle may
on
the country.
larger estates all over
the
Of
different
great deal
of milk
quality of
the
formed,
if well fed, this
good. It
on
good
is
meat
it thrives
The
speciallymention
size, well
it is of moderate
because
I will
breeds
(inSlqswig)is
and
that of Jutland
hardy ; the cows

give a
fattens rapidly,
and
the
race
well
appears
well
as
as
for
adapted
indifferent
on
land,
Jutsoils.
varietyfrom that of Jutland ;

Angeln
in this district
special attention is paid to the production of
is scarcely inferior in this respect to
and
the
milk,
Angeln cow
well fed ; but if not, it scarcelygives as much
milk as the
any, if
cattle in the Danish
Jutland
The
largesthomed
cow.
monarchy
in
the
marshes
of
found
there are
to be
are
Sleswig ; the cows
well known
for the quantity of milk
which
ever,
is, howthey g^ve,
not
as
good as that of the Angeln race, but they do not thrive
rich
this
been
pasture^land. Various
except on
attempts have
the
different breeds, but without
made
to improve
great success^
In 1804 the Government
cattle from Switzerland
imported homed
the Tyrol, but
and
they did not thrive, and have disappeared*
bulls have
been
of late years
English and Scotch
imported ;
others
the Ayrshire race,
but although the cross
has
at
among
times
appeared advantageous, yet the general opinion is not in
the west
of Jutland, and
of it
On
favour
in the marshes
coast
the
of
been
made
in
duchies, successful
experiments have
the English ^'short^hom"
but the general
crossing with
race,
cattle
objection to this practice is,that the Danish
thereby lose
less suited
their qualities
of frugalityand
and
become
hardiness,
race
climate
the
to
and
I have
What
to
respect
other
stated
on
is
horses
local
circumstances.
the
subject
applicable
of
statistical returns
cattle
homed
to
with
other
and
animals.
The
In the
In
the
In the
The
cattle in the Danish
of homed
number
in 1838
Kingdom of Denmark
in
1845
Duchy of Sleswig
Duchy of Holstein in 1845
total number
would
..
was
:"-"
850,000 heads.
280,000
"
..
250,000
doubtless
now
monarchy
fall short
not
of
two
millions.
The
in
quantityof
different
from
8 and
of Jutland
milk
districts
10
to
and
20
obtained
of
and
monarchy,
the
30
from
quarts per
Sleswig give
the
the
several
varies,as
day ; those
least,those
in
of cows,
races
before
on
the
stated,
the
marshes
heaths
the
most.
The
on
the
most
east
extensive
coast
of
dairies
are
Sleswig and
to
be
found
Holstein,
and
on
the
the
large estates
next
Y
on
those
of
Agriculture
302
Danish
in the
Jutland.
On
on
especiallyin
pounds
60
whereas
It
pounds.
brought
be
may
usually
3/. 75. 6c?. a-year,

4/. IO5.
Formerly
place
com,
esculent
fields
they
are
die
feeding, inasmuch
digestive propertiesof
too
sudden
mode
of
cattle
changes
the
food
illness
that
observe
in
cold
the
to
respect
winter,
the
from
made
are
whereby temporary
may
the
more
profiton
cattle
is
cow
ill-fed
were
in
warm
are
is not
paid
and it
given to cattle,
times
or
a
eight
day
kind
one
food
of
to
is sometimes
again,
another,
;
to
frequentlycaused.
buildings
first
attention
sufficient
as
supplied too often, viz.,seven
With
than
pasture-land,they were
favourable
a
change has
fed during winter
are
on
on
years
now
the
154
as
plants,oil-cakes, "c., and when turned out into the

strong and healthy,and consequentlygive better
for improvement in the
there is still great room
But
returns.
respect
out
late
of
but
meagre,
in this
taken
turned
much
as
but, by good feeding, it
to
to
the
obtains
that
of
coast
larger properties
gives annually
duchies, more
on
give
to
east
the
cow
in
seldom
calculated
winter, and, when
during
excessively
known
are
the yeoman
is
each
but
farmer
2/. 15s.
from
varies
butter
pounds
Holstein, cows
that
Jutland,
in
of
90
to
districts of the
few
it is calculated
an
average
islands
and
the
75
from
in
islands,and
Denmark.
very
and
utensils
indifferent
damp,
summer,
the
of
;
as
dairies, I
general rule,
badly ventilated,
"c.
to these
defects, especiallyin
Latterly attention has been drawn
Holstein, where a profitabledairy-system has existed for centuries
consequentlyearly reforms may be looked for.

almost
hitherto been
exclusivelyused to keep
past, and
have
pans
in ;
and
now
then
earthen
vessels
with
met
were
Wooden
the milk
; within
the
last
introduced
however, iron pans have been
; they are
and, comparatively speaking, do not require much
large,roomy,
of time
easily kept clean, and in the course
they
space ; they are
those
than
of
but
their
will doubtless
wood,
cheaper
prinprove
weather
the milk
is quickly
tipal advantage is,that in warm
of cream
cooled and the formation
thereby facilitated*
The
of
farmers
dairy management
is,as earlier stated,
yeomen
the
but
all
the
on
over
larger estates
country it is
"ry bad,
Butter from
the latter has of late fetched
herwise.
high prices
informed
the London
been
it has principally
market, but I am
few
years,
"
'd under
the
-^îier attached
Tiough
""'"y
the
other
of
name
"
Kiel
"
butter
produced
consumption of butter
to
country
(in
Denmark
20
"i/"r*"r
-"*"A
....
rr
discredit
kingdom.
is greater in
to
30
than
Denmark
pounds,
pounds per head

pounds, in Prussia
the
most
to grain,
next
important article
MiaSy
the shipment of
he last t" **it^ ^r thirtyyears
^
of the
account
on
in the
that
in
England
annually),yet
of export.
has
butter
'f- hfiv- TirfôrlT 'loubled.

'-^rtlaffîJC
it
During
greatly
lu thc
COm-
304
Agriculturecf Dermiarh
import and export of cheese

monarchy during the following years
The
the
Though
nevertheless
value
the
of the
More
superior quality.
than
nearly
is
quantity exported
latter
half
thus
be
may
is greater
of
the
given
double
cheese
from
Danish
the
from
and
to
that
"
imported,
of
account
on
its
imported comes
Liibeck, Norway,
Hamburg,
and
exported goes to Sweden
Norway,
remainder
and
the
to
Mecklenburg, Liibeck, Hamburg,
land.
EngThe
annual
cheese
of
in
the
rural
is
districts
consumption
it
16 pounds
about
30 pounds, in the towns
averages
per head.
of the last century
Ûp to the commencement
FaMing of Oxen,
the principal sources
of
fatting and exporting cattle were
among
that
At
time
Denmark.
the
income
to
stall-feedingwas
special
landed
in
of
the
proprietors,and,
privilege
great
consequence,
England
and
remainder
the
Holland,
from
; half
of that
"
there
then
were
than
more
350
in
estates
Jutland
alone
where
This
rescinded
in 1788
privilege was
; this
increased
from
the dairy
fact, together with
profits derived
the
from
the
of
an
emigrants
Holstein,
by
imposition
export
in
the
disease
cattle
of
state
trade,
and,
duty, change
finally,
the
number
1745, reduced
(which, in the year
by 285,160
landed
iiead),induced
proprietors to exchange their oxen
many
the
for cows
of
has since then
oxen
fatting
constantlydecreased,
;
favourable
there
chance
of
)ut
now
seems
a
a
change : it is at
carried
disand
present
western
on
principally in the northern
^cts
marshes
of Jutland, and
in the
of the Duchies
of Sleswig
oxen
stall-fed.
were
the
Holstein.
-M
The
mch
(aged
narket
"o
ko
five
exported
cattle
at
five
from
Copenhagen
years) which
and
-nria^shes,
.Qn/?
.f
are
thence
ir
-^lio
Jutland
from
to
of
are
eight years) as
or
sold
sent
r^T^\
Hamburg,
to
to
ind
be
or
fatted
England
west
are
those
on
or
kinds, either
two
the
direct
sent
(aged
rich
that
In
three
pasture
Hamburg.
parts of
from
to
of
cen-
province the
Agricultureof
latter
plan
is
former
fatten
cattle
north-east
in
Great
fear
market,
and
Besides
and
of salted
time
same
thither
smoked
meat
largely within
meat
later,in 1841, it was

short time, but
a
place
years
for
in the
consumption
thai
50
to
and
meat
The
stated
35
export
the
:
of live
Danish
90
towns
45
to
in
pounds
Danish
the
for
distant
loss sustained
cattle,a considerable
100
pounds
the rural
of
quantity
monarchy
Thus
pork,
Prussia
per
the
during
of
it is
fresh
culated
caland
meat
districts 22
pounds
annually
consumption
consumed
are
of
is calculated
head.
cattle,calves, smoked
homed
of
the
is considerable.
country
; while
to
from
course
inter-
exported. This trade has increased

In 1831
the
thirty years.
export of
was
only 706,000 pounds, while, ten
took
3,256,382 pounds ; a decrease
the export was
again increased, though
pork, and in
to 50
pounds
45
from
him
that
but
is
of
pounds
only
at
from
the
individual
each
by
in
relieve
afforded
commercial
in
to
years
doubt
no
of
last
the
salted
and
greater
late
facilities
be
can
assist
of
the
The
districts
indirectly.
large number
and
to
25,000
marshes.
removing
prejudice against startinghis cattle
them
the
will
of
between
the
evinced
been
and
Britain
the
at
by sending
45
has
Jutland, in consequence
with
England, and there
in
with
and
east
steam-communication
farmer's
the
the
desire
greater
trade
increased
very
smoked
is followed
direct
by
thence
plan
Jutland.
305
principallyadopted, and from

cattle are
annually sent
homed
30,000
and
Denmark.
and
last six years
the
salted
may
meat
be
thus
"
the
England receives
largest part of the oxen
exported, next
is doubtless
come
Hamburg
place a large number
(from which
The
calves
and
Liibeck.
ai2:ainsent to England)
exported are
The
these
latter
sent
towns.
to
largest quantity of
principally
is sent
to
meat
England, Danish
come
Norway, next
Hamburg,
"
West
Indies, Sweden,
export
That
the
of
the
1858
export
last fifteen
arose
direct
years
and
from
to
will
The
Greenland.
the
drought
England has
become
evident
reduction
in
the
previous summer.
within
greatly increased
when
a
comparison is
of
the
306
mad^
the
beiweea
obserre
Wwfver.
bt-en
time*
va::Ie
4-Lt";*4
expi"rtevl
of
pounds
took
rarely
are
Keadd
l"o3
year
of
of
and
oxhi,
of
and
oxeo,
largest export
tilt
heaiis.
i3,-?7^
draujti;
lor
at
head
lew
very
57
viz.,
place,
nrast,
has
EoeUad
to
oi.tfi."' heads
the
vear.
IStT.
la
lued
mea:
Eo^bod
in
follow.
to
oar
whereas
that
to
to
mea:.
Eturlackl
to
oxen
Oxeti
in
Eêa:
of
l'*15;
prerious
of
thp
and
export
than
were
pounds
10'.\5i''"
the
taere
seat
I'Sto
cable
tha,i
srreowr
weve
la
cf
aUive
D-mmark.
cf
Aipicuiturf
in
except
puip-'""e:i
the
peo-
iiuula.
Bv
S.TMt\
che
\:i,'sn'
tha:
ia
thrfre
were
ia
S'.eswij.
l-ti\'.^,V,
wi:h
thi:
burreu
ihtf
h-"i:hi
ami
i3aj*.'raa-_
"rj.-.
ai
f"f"
0'?
*prinit
rcttib.
iu
1'
fevxly,
ooairsir
I;
pan
L-f ^bf
TisxfiL
:"
"xisc
c-juuac"i;
t'.'cnii
bevauae
wioofc.
the
oa
sb.oK
.-*
h*ra;hs
it hiks
Is
ia
ochec
oti
live
pans
'
";.""."
I:
of
On
cannot.
th-?
pr-jves
most
By
"xrm'?r
its
these
of
2j
ij
*:i
avsrxjw
dw
of
twice
'"}
wfc"fre
open
bll,
a
year
pocnds
dnrinff
ihiF
Las
betoer
air
DknEtack
on
ted.
and
Le-js
jhj.Tii
heisfat,
weighs
easily
the
J-iiiiai.
ia
it
azii
"."i
in
we':
sheep
of
lac*
zreat
of
aie
bcwwii.
^'iMK^bcMdiHMrWfai^
"""
almost
xnl^naL
bjidy.
l*
w'.-oL
*h-Kp
is threethe
oa
i-."i;ii ";ocditi..'a
tsxrir*.
;{v
i3j,;
iriv^
met
With
J -tiaad
ia
y^cMa
be^wrtrr.
pocaL!*.
x^riimn
!:".:
i*
W:ec
:h]if
oc
year
only
sîbsistttix.-;.
srojp
i^
^r;
same
cujshies.
^.^^-ixic
ou'.y
appears
sheep;
are
catili
th:
en.ibi""
v.
l.Ci.
tL-
",;T:Jf wi.vi
jpfo^ril'.*of
I
tt*
o:
i.-a3
J'îlind
:'k
cj.t-.:re
obca:.:
the
pc.''vi:ii:e,
w_-.enf
wes:
IXfcn;*";
nwrvcs
ffr;!
aad
;,i:uy
mi;*;
aat.*. iS:^-
thi"
the
sheep
shêep
i^;-
twauie
lT"i-j*c:Iy
di*cr*..:af
Thrf
of
osr.^n'.
o:
tTiifa'i'y
liaii
of
in
ot
dykifs
it
l,7"",i")
l"o.^
ti..Kki
:he
abli"
H^"'."el2
-I.-; ti,i:r:ber
i"û;ds.
billv
ia.!
biitâ
ie
in
in
Iirje
ouôl'^
kinsvion:.
on
in*i
tiuchLes
toceland
the
;i.*
Eesp^^.":
i.A-i
these
th"
Pf.^per
!?*","".',
Ij-t?,
la
oa
IX'usiaHk
in
sratistical
published
"
'
"
In
aiex^"Aeefk
Ae
"
""
"
Sjc
'
oC
doe
njal
thr
"
1797,
E"M.
wgot.
Kno
which
with
introduced
view
307
of
both
meat
breeding sheep in which
be
combined.
superior quality may
the island
of Bornholm
On
the
sheep are very inferior : of
late
has
been
made
to
an
improve the breed
attempt
by the
introduction
of English rams.
The
farmer
employs nearly all the wool of his sheep
yeoman
in home
manufacture
to
; the large sheep proprietors sell theirs
the weavers,
of whom
there are
forty-two in Denmark, or to the
cloth manufacturers, of whom
there
are
twenty^six ; but the cloth
is
the
finer
in the country
used
sorts
produced
generally coarse
;
are
imported principally from England, Germany, and Belgium.
Of the wool
the largest
annually produced in Denmark
tity
quanis used
in the country.
Of manufactured
woollen
goods the
export is but small : in 1859, for instance, only to the value of
of such
18,000/., while
670,779/. worth
during the same
year
goods was
imported, showing how little the country is able to
its
own
supply
requirements in this article.
The
the import of wool, may
export of sheep and wool, and
wool
and
thus
be
of
stated
"
Whereof
Year.
Export
to
of Wool.
Import
England.
Pounds.
Founds.
1854
3,675,266
of Wool.
Pounds.
1,691,302
1855
3,362,165
1,026,512
1,015,669
1856
3,420,823
1,286,8.58
1,481,827
1857
3,155,549
1,258,070
1,385,424
1858
3,901,415
2,147,506
1859
3,621,387
2,114,461
1,128,989
1,045,624
the
largestnumber
wool
imported
England imports
of
sheep
1,689,224
; next
burg
Ham-
come
Liibeck.
and
Nearly
all
the
Iceland
from
comes
of
late
of
importation has, however, fallen off,in consequence
wool
the
The
sent
to
England is
sheep there.
among
kind
to
Sweden, Hamburg,
mostly of the coarser
; the rest
goes
and
Holland.
Liibeck, Norway,
years
disease
the
Swine,
swine,
have
But
"
at
least
little attention
the
on
bestowed
been
smaller
on
the
is
here
paid
.late
Of
farms.
building
of
the
to
years
pains
more
well
sties, as
of
rearing
with
the
as
from
hogs imported
improvement of the race, by a cross
in
the
The
the
class
reared
better
English
England, or
country.
their
of
swine
esteemed
account
here,
on
are
prolific
highly
thrive
oh
in
and
because
their
flesh,
they
weight
nature,
great
is
It
the
little food, and
chieflyon
supply pork of fine flavour.
Danish
influence
islands
on
that
the
the
breed.
Yorkshire
The
race
Jutland
has
pig
had
is
considerable
larger,but
not
as
308
Agricultureof
easilyfed
tlie smaller
as
of the
one
crossed
and
for
the
by foreign breeds,
instance, the south-west,
Danish
wild
history
boars
boar-hunt
in
add
so
were
Jutland
of
memory
of
they
hundred
one
killed
to
be
been
not
this
of
is still to
mui
provinc
be
foun
and
fiftyyears
a|
1692, in oi
thirty-threeof thei
took
tl
place within
V.
Christian
Sealand,
still
are
; it has
parts
some
extermination
their final
man
islands
aboriginal race
plentifulthat
island
the
on
that
states
in
Denmark.
met
with
in
in the
forests
Lauenburg.
in Denma:
According to the statistical reports, there were
Proper in 1838, 320,000 pigs, in Sleswig, in 1845, 44,000, ai
have
in Holstein
must
68,000 ; but since then the number
gât
is most
where
As
the
the fattingof swine
increased.
profitable
are
should, comparative
dairies, it is natural that the duchies
of them, and, for a simil
the
largest number
speaking, have
than
in Jutlan
the islands
numerous
on
they are more
reason,
The
Danish
has
of
swine
from
the
considerab
monarchy
export
last
fifteen
be
increased
the
said, on
during
may
years, and
times
to be four
as
gpreat as during the years 1836-184
average,
The
export of pork has also increased, but not in the same
pi
portion.
The
swine
Holstein, and almc
are
principally exported from
and
1000
annual
Liibeck; about
are
exclusively to Hamburg
Norway.
one-nin
pork (whereof eight-ninths is salted and
formerly sent chiefly to Hamburg, but now
smoked) was
Englai
in
and
in the
share
almost
Norway
equal
proporti"
exports,
sent
to
The
with
to
that
Sweden,
that these
city,so
four-fifths
the
considerable
of
the
West
from
three-fift
places receive
of
the
remaind
quantity exported ;
East
Indies, and
Greenland, receive
and
share.
Export
Cultivation
Com
is the
three
entire
chief
quently the produce
Swine
Product
and
article
on
of
and
of
Pork.
different
of export from
Denmark
which
the interest
of the
Crops,
; it is cons
agriculturist
above
land, and,
in
to
Rising civilization,increased
concentrated.
mainly
all,the
for
England,
this
Earlier
was
Danish
the
century
from
of
finer
and
the
not
demand
com
great attention
bestow
case,
grain-markets. This bad

in Norway,
when
the import of foreign com
its
that
period
from
com
the
on
and
at
sold
in
Denmark,
the
list
the
oa
VI.
Writers
thence.
of
found
1735
and
cially
espe-
farmers
grain*
eighteenth
in
English
a
profitable
forbidden
had
forced
Norway
agriculture
on
of
their
qualityof
nevertheless,
Christian
oblige
now
close
lowest
com,
into
sort,
the
value
abroad,
consumers
the
care
stood
com
market
take
309
show
to
that
at
32
38
cent,
per
rye,
4
cent,
cent,
weeds, 17^ per cent, chaff,dirt, "c.,
cockle,
cornper
per
2
2
cent,
cent,
2-J per
cent,
wheat,
oats,
peas,
per
per
1 per cent,
tares.
barley,and 1 per cent
After
com
was
consisting
of
the
repeal of the law referred to in 1788, and more

cially
espein 1814, merchants
separation of Norway from Denmark
their
in
take
the
to
were
own
interest,
compelled,
quality of
the grain more
into consideration, and at present it is the exception
the yeomen
deliver
when
farmers
;" and evidence
even
dirty com
is everywhere found
of a strong desire
to
supply this article in
superior quality; and consequentlygreat attention is paid to the
selection
of seed-corn
and the preparation of grain for sale.
Good
seed
is obtained
chines,
by the use of larger and better winno wing-mafrom
seed
of
clean
and
abroad,
heavy
by frequent purchase
from
the
from
the
districts
better
of
this
instance,
or
country (for
of different
north-east
kinds
by the introduction
part of Holstein),
of
seed
of wheat
from
England and Scotland, and by interchange
after the
"
the
among
which
farmers
the
of
country,
readily degenerate, "c

respects have, as is usually the case,
in the
of large estates, and
most
the
numerous,
benefit
has
followed
been
in this
respect is
fertile districts
the
A
the
that
fact
dealer
to
offend
ino: the
varied
(pialities
estates
common
are
and
in many
did
it is
not
parts of
believed
at
that
the
more
arises
usage
with
the
Formerly
measure.
the
from
merchant,
all
for fear of
to
the
is sold
attention
different
prices,though
pay
The
old practice is doubtless
dare
considerably.
situated, grain
are
the
are
hand,
example has been
the advantages have
made^
more
slowly.
the
islands,and in
on
and
care
it is
vendors,
prietors
pro-
these
peninsula.
and
becoming more
corn
buy
by weight and
alone, and
bought by measure
was
still
most
his
grain
the
of the
been
noticeable
for additional
motive
strong
have
these
this
Where
reforms
kinds
by
where
districts
And
farmer.
yeoman
commenced
been
shipping ports
and
marked.
apparent,
so
Progress
rich,
most
the
by
been
not
soil
especiallyof those
Improvements in
country, but
according
this
to
practice
where
weight
will
soon
the
larger
and
sure,
mea-
become
310
Denmark,
Agriculture of
before
general ;
farmers
will
But
the
paid
of
attention
great
dealers
the
and
that in
article
by great
Wheat.
of
the
the yeomen
delivery
grain
corn-merchant,
of
good,
bestow
and
use
great
This
corn.
also, in
is
of late
who
great
years
has
delivery to him.
Many
grain-drying apparatus to
ing,
the
on
sorting,winnow-
after
its treatment
in the
care
^The
the
to
qualityof
purchasing from
quality,they are
different
of
in
imported
and
casting
expected that
be
attention
Danish
to
have
mildew,
prevent
fact
the
to
it cannot
com.
improvement
due
measure,
time
sufficient
pay
clean
and
weighty,
such
care
is the
more
in
the
yeomen
only able
to
sorting,"c.,
cultivated
from
the
necessary
small
parcels,often
obtain
before
in this
merchantable
shipment.
is the
hardy
subjectto blight ; until within the last twenty
its indifferent
and
the only kind
or
thirtyyears this was
grown,
the
for
wheat
not
reason
being more
quality was
assigned
gen"f
for
introduced
then
varieties
instance,
rally sown
were
;
; foreign
from
wheat*
Wheathington
England, which, however, did not
sufficiently
hardy for the climate, and, again, from Poland
prove
;
red
"
wheat,
this
but
most
countiy
much
not
did
sort
not
succeed
either,
because
it suffered
too
much
from
kind
of English
fifteen years
another
blight. About
ago
wheat
introduced, which
(here called Manchester
wheat) was
all over
is now
the
proved suitable, and
largely cultivated
country.
As
land
has
been
improved by cutting ditches, by artificial

the
cultivation
of
drainage, and by a better supply of manure,
become
wheat
lias
that before
more
so
general, so much
long it
will
the
fertile
more
soil,although on
probably replace rye on
sterile land of Jutland
will continue
the more
to be the staple
rye
in the marshes
of Sleswig the
and
In Holstcin
grain for food.
cultivation
of wheat
that
of
has
long exceeded
Twenty
rye.
of
from
the
four-fifths
the
wheat
Danish
exported
years ago
from
these duchies, while
at present
monarchy came
they do not
The
supply half of the total export.
production of wheat in the
whole
is
of
calculated
at nearly a million
monarchy
now
quarters,
and
of this quantity the duchies
about
450,000 quarters.
supply
The
wheat
from
Denmark
as
Proper is seldom
weighty as that
from
Holstein
the Baltic
or
provinces, but it is not far inferior in
weight of the wheat
quality. As an average
produced in the
Dutch
barrel
128
131
to
kingdom,
pounds
(equalto 61j to
per
63 pounds English per
be
Holstein
bushel) may
given. The
wheat
is generally a couple of pounds heavier.
The
during the last twenty or thirty years'has
export of wheat
increased
from
the annual
1830
to 1839
not
largely ;
export did
*
white
wheat, probably named
after
the
importer.
AgricuUureof Denmark,
31 2
Chevalier barley was
in vogue, ten or
of the provincesof- Denmark, but has
some
on
The
lengthof time
of the
account
twenty years ago, in
much
it
become
never
general
requires ripen.
and
usually sur*
superiorquality,
the Baltic provinces in weight; it is therefore
in foreignmarkets.
As a generalrule,it has a
Danish
barley is
passes that of
esteemed
much
to
of
weight of 110 to 114 lbs. Dutch per barrel (or53 to 54 lbs.

In the northexceeds
west
but sometimes
it
English per bushel),
in
the
of
the
of
Sealand,
Callunborg,
neighbourhood
part
finest barleyof the country is to be found, and here it sometimes
122
lbs. Dutch
weighs from 118 to 120 lbs. or even
per barrel
I
lbs.
to
English
however,
5Si
(56^, 57^,
am,
per bushel).
of late been made, especially
in
informed that complaints have
England, againstthe Danish barley,on the ground that the
off too close,for the sake of gainingweight and
beard is broken
in
the
sample, by which
operationthe kernel loses
compactness
its germinating power,
whereby its value, as malting barley,is
diminished
this,
togetherwith the heavy malt-tax in Enghmd,
;
Danish
is the reason
barleyof late years has,comparatively
why
speaking,been quoted at a higherprice in Hamburg than in
have
Since thrashingmachines
become
London.
more
general
often use
them
the farmers
for their barley,by
in Denmark,
which
great labour is saved ; but no doubt the barley suffers
more
by such operationthan when thrashed with the flail or
trodden
out
by horses. Corn-dealers complain that,since the
has been used for such
the kernels
thrashingmachine
purpose,
in two, and the principalbrewers
often cut
of this country
are
objectto purchasebarleythus thrashed.
Denmark
The
is now,
and always has
export of barleyfrom
of
other
kind
than
that
of
been, larger
grain. During the
any
has
it
last twenty years
considerablyincreased,though not in
the same
proportionas other grain.
From
1830 to 1840 the annual
about
export of barley was
from
1855
1859 it,however, averaged
to
380,950 quarters;
660,000 quarters.
Oats,
This is the largest
in the Danish monarchy.
crop grown
In Jutland it is especially
cultivated,and forms about forty-two
the
of
entire
of that province; it is also largely
harvest
cent,
per
"
raised
Danish
the
on
in Jutland
the
islands,but not to the

in
duchies, where, especially
same
extent
as
the
marshes, it
The
farmers
most
luxuriantly.
prefera narrowgrows
yeomen
kernelled
and pointedspeciesof oats, called the bid Danish, but
the largerpropertiesthe common
introduced
white variety,
on
from
The
England and Mecklenburg, is chieflycultivated.
average
barrel
or
weight
(or37^
to
of the
Danish
oats
is 78 to
82 lbs. Dutch
per
39i*lbs. English per bushel).
^".l4
Affricttlture
of Denmark.
The
Danish
monarchy
3,571,000 quarters
is
production
export
is but
large.
The
but
produces
of oats, of which
that
larger than
annually,
an
average,
Though the
of grain, yet the

cfQuex kind
any
home
order, the
consumption being very
does
exceed
not
now
370,000 quarters,
export
third
of
in
annual
it was
only about
years
ago
is principallycultivated
Wheat
Buck"
on
half in Jutland.
140,000 quarters.
twenty
fertile.
313
where
soil
the
In
is least
Jutland, especially on the west

coast,
entire
duchies
it is also
In
the
harvest.
grain
in the
tricts.
more
particularly
sandy soil of their central disgrown,
Its cultivation
is not
of the
generallyprofitable,because
of
tha
from
sixteen
to
two
yield, which vaês
great uncertainty
The
of
fold.
In
buck-wheat
is
variable.
1854,
export
very
66,736 quarters were
exported ; in 1857, only 12,540 ; in 1858
and
the export averaged 25,437 quarters, of which
1859
Holland
receive
the
The
and
Belgium
largestquantities.
weight
average
is about
110 to 114
of the buck-wheat
lbs. Dutch
barrel
(or
per
of the
one-tenth
53
54
to
Peas,
on
English
lbs.
The
"
culture
the
On
districts.
about
it constitutes
twenty
the
islands
Sealand.
marshes,
the
In
Femem.
Different
mentioned
the
twenty
years
Beans
are
varieties
they
met
are
are
in
the
with
on
southern
in
the
the island
of
only
which
among
grown,
cultivated
also
Holstein,and
districts of
from
cultivated
be
may
the small
averages
Potatoes.
"
About
affected
it
decreased
where
has
districts of
fertile
most
marshes,
export
twenty
more
the
riantly.
luxu-
they g^w
doubled^
than
to
principalfood
here,
of
great
the
it in
attacked
and
twenty-five years
or
increased
which
disease
the
the
aad
25,000 quarters.
this root
the
became
the
within
42,000 quarters.
to
in
only
1845
Since
of
24,000
about
principallyin
duchies,
the
duchies
and
constitute
they
are
Laaland
particular
some
and
the
vegetable peas, and
green
grey
'as
fodder
for cattle.
and
grey, used
is
of
though it has increased
trifling,
export
peas
green
The
now
and
the
north-east
to
Falster
and
harvest, but they
Bombolm
of
parts of
Moen
of
of the
cent,
per
islands
per bushel).
of this plant is confined
since
thus, previous
to
in
extent
and
yeoman
the
ago
Denmark,
the
in
countries
many
its production has
1845,
about
1,140,000
till it
peasant,
1845
so
then
tion
cultiva-
bat
also
materially
bushels
were
has
scarcely
annually exported, while,
time,
reached
half that quantity ; they are
sent
to
Hamburg
principally
is distilled,of which
and
From
the
a
Norway.
a
spirit
potato
considerable
in the country and
some
exported
quantity is used
since
to
Sweden.
other
But, while
plants have
cabbages, and turnips ;
the
potato
received
and
the export
that
has
more
it is evident
of late received
; for
less attention,
instance, beet-root,
that in
few
years
they
314
Agricultureof Denmarh
important brancli of the agricultureof
of the larger properties one
or
acres
more
drawback
The
exclusive
general
growth.
will form
an
On
most
for
their
extensive
crops
of labour
; this
is the
estates
of
want
objection,however,
is not
of the
on
farms
numerous
more
such
on
yeomen,
the
country.
is
assigned
to
sufficient
more
supply
applicable to the
which, no doubt, these
so
extensivelyinto the rotation.

varieties of garden cabbages are
raised, they
Though
many
be considered
cannot
as
forming an object to agriculturists.
in Holstein
^This
early and extensively
plant was
Rape,
grown
for the seed, and
tury
during the first thirtyyears of the present cenit took
an
important position in the agriculture of that
plants will
enter
soon
more
"
duchy
thence
; from
it
into
introduced
was
other
parts of
the
high price it fetched, and

its great productiveness,
was
highly approved of; but during tlie
less cultivated,not
it has
much
been
last twenty years
only on
fcaused
in
the
die
decrease
of
account
yield
by injuriesreceived
in the flowering season),
but also because
from insects and worms
often entirelydestroyed by the frost in winter, so that the
it was
land had to be reploughed in spring ; and again because
it proved
the
because
creased
soil,and, finally,
exhausting to
grain-priceshave inthat
the
balance
of
is
in
much
their
favour.
now
so
profit
The
general opinion is that, as the system of converting agricultural
into
and butter, by feeding cattle with
meat
produce
cereals^
in
monarchy, and,
"c., advances,
The
to
districts in the
only
extent
any
marshes,
Among
those
are
rape
1830
^55
-uarters
r
-Hn/*--
were
if
of
Holstein
in
with
and
the
the
Kiibsen
"
"
be
in
tioned
men-
able
favour-
(Brassica
Rapa
other
in
grown
and
1839
Quartersannually,
than
returns
the
on
is
first-named
it did
north-east
it is yet met
species of rape cultivated may

{Brasfdca Napus oleifera\which,
gives better
oleifera\which,
Between
the
diminish.
where
monarchy
of
will
different
the
years,
of rape
latter.
especiallythe
winter
TT\e
the cultivation
so
the
of
consequence
1840
hand, is less infested with insects.

the
kingdom, the last in the duchies.
the
export of rape averaged 96,143
it
133,297
to
rose
quarters,
but
in
reach
in 1859, 105,663
37,000 quarters, while
of
these
two-thirds
the
exported ;
quantities
were
the duchies
and
one-third
of the kingdom.
Holland
and
1 half, and
the
England, BeV'um,
Hamburg
not
-^11
^'^'^
of
export
"
"
and
-uir Jec^
yt
reached
'^
.-iW
..
"
1830
cix.impl''' ; "ince 1844

it
a.xia
?9 000
^-^
he largest
O0(
a"
Engl"'''^
"*
IT-
-aixv
.1-
**raged, between
Engli"*
jva),000 of
"
-^îV-t
rap^
tf
**,
.,..!"*"
in
ctCjrtâsing
districts,but on
^ciACAo.
"'
/st
'"Vian
"xffi^^p* "o
supply
ID"
so"
the
315
the
personalrequirementsof
those
for
whole
of the
producer,
The
country.
is far from
and
superior and
and
sufficient
cheaper
yam
increased
England
Germany,
the farmers
demand
for finer linens,cause
before
to hesitate
they
which
is
the
soil
than
to
more
even
a
exhausting
plant
grow
rape,
and
demands
Another
an
expensive and laborious treatment.
is paid to the production of flax
reason
why less attention
may
in the fact that, with one
be found
exception(at Frederiksborg),
of any
In the
no
importance exists in tne country.
flax-spinnery
north
established
in
the Government
of Funen, where
one
1793,
the largest
flax was
this spinnery
of
since
then
but
raised,
crop
from
brought
has
discontinued
been
Between
together with
it has
1,000,000
also
decreased
the
there.
flax are
2,000,000
annually
from Russia, independent of from
imported, principally
2^ to 3j^
obtained
million
from
lbs. of linen and yarn,
England, Belgium,
exceeds
the
the export by
and
Prussia.
Of
flax-seed,
import
11,000 to 14,000 quarters annually.
Hemp.
^The
"
cultivation
same
lbs. of
and
decreases
of this
said
be
may
it is
and
annually,
plant as
only raised
of
flax ; its
limited
a
on
particulardistricts ; for instance, on the island of Samso

The
and
in the neighbourhood of Rendsburg.
import of hemp
from
therefore averages
million
pounds annually, and
3^ to 5^
takes
place principallyfrom Russia.
Hops, This plant is principallycultivated in gardens, and
only to a small extent.
Angel n, in Sleswig, and the north-west
scale
in
"
Funen
of
Funen
considered
not
are
this respect, but
exceptionsin
make
and
good,
raised
hops
chiefly sold
are
Close
farmers
for domestic
use.
yeomen
of hops are
annually imported into
the
upon
Denmark,
in
the
to
1,000,000 lbs.
principallyfrom
Germany.
The
cultivation
mustard,
deserve
of
influence
and
have
Denmark
this
was
exports
winnowing
in the
a
and
table
XXI.
general
as
tobacco, carraway,
as
scarcely to
Denmark
country
grain
to
to
of
after
was
grain-
not
then
must
of
com
created
the
best,
not
ciently
suffi-
and
consequently,while
increased
largely,they
1845
But, by improved agriculture,
raised, more
sorting it, "c.,
(marked E)
though
country
English market,
trade
the
on
Denmark
the
some,
the
afterwards.
of
1845
like
Formerly,
Norway, but the trade
attention
been
increase
of
"vourable.
early years
time
has
considerable
VOL.
corn-law
of
turned
the
suit the
to
for
corn
British
most
soon
because
decreased
in
largelyexported
good
better
the
been
was
law
account,
the
of
husbandry
course
by
extremely
so
in
small
attention.
The
trade
plants,such
other
of
"c., is
with
the
and
Great
first shows
the
has
result
Britain.
been
has
The
general export
z
paid
been
to
a
panying
accom-
of the
316
AffrieuUurtof Denmark.
agriculturalproductsof
1854-1859,
then
before
after
and
the
Danish
the
Great
to
separate export
1845,
finally,that
and
for the
monarchy
Britain
six
for the
six
jeais
Ireland
and
1854-
years
1859.
Garden
Culture.
is
attention
farmers
yeomen
particularlyin
ing,
Taasing, where,
piece of'
mental
the
land
In
the
an
and
western
in
on
island
garden*
island
the
is found
of
closed
en-
an
and
fruit-trees,hops,
the
In
with.
met
interest
yeoman-farm,
with
planted
the
Funen
each
to
rarely
to feel
of
and
northern
are
seem
south
attached
flowers.
In
fruit-trees
even
placesthe
few
larger properties littk
the
on
gardening.
to
Jutland
of
districts
paid
Except
"
oma^
of
on
Sealand,
a
fruits,especially
good many
yeomen
cherries
and
In Sleswig, by Sundevcd, and
tke
plums.
on
island
of Als, great attention is paid to fruit-trees ; and
here may
excellent
be found
called
introduced
most
a
Graasteen,**
apple,
Holland
from
of Augustenburg, and
called
or
Italy by the Duke
after his estate, where
it was
first planted.
The
attention
of the Danish
was
long ago directed
government
the
first who
II. was
certain
invited
to this subject. Christian
Moen,
the
south
farmers
of
and
cultivate
*'
Dutch
families
island
Amager
of
also visible
the
in
the
island
for
country,
(near Copenhagen) ;
principal occupation ;
their
forms
settle
to
instance
cultivation
the
for
taste
of Nordstrand
the
on
of vegetables
is
gardening
the
west
has
less woodland
(on
Sleswig),where these settlers have, by great labour, reared many
in Sleswig hare
fruit-trees,
though the inhabitants of the marshes
in vain
tried
Woods
do
to
century
peninsula
are
yet the
the
islands
At
supplied.
of
Denmark
Though
"
ago,
well
commencement
of
coast
so.
Forests.
and
than
now
on
present
the
and
close
the
century,
the
of
last
and
and
woods
the
of the
coast
east
the
forests
of
felling
general and ill-planned system
deal
of
and
trees.
crown-land, with
1774, a great
sold to private persons,
the woods
who, to
appertaining to it,was
the
sold
felled
and
for their
obtain
trees ;
large returns
money,
the
law was
this lasted until 1805, when
dom,
kingpublished for
a
much
suffered
by
Between
compelling
their
in
^^d
ô
iT"'1
law
this
its
who
thus
law
the
which
woods,
an
of
Lauenburg,
.""*"
country
not
trees
is
only
to
plant others
it
against the
by the fire-
secured
benefit
they supply, but also by the protectionAey

and weather,
point of view, against storm
agricultural
the kind
applies to the duchies of Sleswig, Holstein,
and
the
fate of the
According to statistical returns

about
Danish
monarchy cover
.v"T
down
cut
timber
and
in
'fford,
those
place : by
Ipc^T-uction of
%
1764
o"
'^"al
area
of
woods
the
880
the
there
woods
English
country;
is doubtful.
and
square
they
forests
miles^
may
the
of
be
or
thus
317
subdivided
345,000,
English
Of
the
of the
found
winter
oak
the
Jutland
small
Laaland
with.
which
covers
an
can
The
oak
country, the
important is
most
next, of which
comes
kinds
two
oak
summer
being
only
now
in
found
This
Bornholm.
on
of
area
(^Quercuspedunculata\ and
former
is the
The
most
{Quercus sessilijlora).
the
and
The
Sleswig 50,000, and

The
mark
largestin Den-
scarcely be surpassed in any part of the

of Denmark,
and
constitutes
fivetree
national
woods.
latter
groups
and
land.
Sealand,
in the
grown
which
It is the
sixths
are
trees
beech,"
world.
in
about
cover
miles.
square
all the
"
those
of
acres
Grib-forest,"on
"
in Jutland
and
62,500,
Lauenburg 42,500
is the
22
islands
the
on
in Holstein
those
in
those
Those
"
tree
mon,
com-
particulardistrict in
is
the
usually only found

some
places, as
in
in
beech-woods, yet
oak-forests
to
Holstein, considerable
are
fir,which
was
formerly the principal tree
in
the
in
have
been
to
appears
of this century, that
so
totallyexterminated
in
nearly all the
be
on
met
of Denmark,
the
ginning
be-
specimens now
they grow
planted
quickly
in indifferent
even
soil,and consequentlygive good returns, great
attention
is paid to their culture, and
they will perhaps at some
future
day again take the lead in the forests of Denmark.
Besides
the
above, the elder, birch, aspen, elm, maple, lime,,
and
other trees, are
and
Of these,the elm
the birch
with.
met
have
earlier been
of great importance in this country, but
they
have
not
are
since
been
so
that
but
time;
found
as
now.
favourable
of
management
has
change
the
of
place in the general

forests, particularly the large
late
and
woods
taken
of
or
superintendenceof government
and
for the purpose,
required to pass
keepers speciallyeducated
But
their
the smaller
examinations
appointment.
previous to
farmers, are often badly managed,
woods, belonging to the yeomen
Those
the island
afford indifferent
of Bornholm,
and
on
returns.
forests
with
and
the
Several
those
under
exception
of
thousand
the
royal woods,
the
of
acres
annually planted with

particularly the case
Jutland, and is done
land,
trees, almost
with
ill cared
unsuited
for.
for
agriculture,are
exclusivelyfirs ; this is more
great
partly on
are
part
of
the
private account
barren
land
in
and
partly on
planted, though they do not
in this sterile soil,exposed as
they are to the
grow
very rapidly
that at
than
stormy weather, are yet likely to give a better return
for
miserable
from
the
derived
sheep.
heaths, as
pasture
present
of
Count
the
On
in
estate
one
Jutland, Frijsenborg,"
property
Frijs,448,691 fir-trees were
planted latelyin one year.
that
The
of government.
firs thus
"
The
use
and
made
for
of
the
firewood.
timber
is
two
Formerly,
-fold
when
for
there
building
plenty
was
z
poses
pur-
of
318
oak
in the
but
it is
country, the timber
purpose.
cheaper
purpose.
The
of that
was
feet and
material^
The
imported.
chieflyfrom
oak
comes
Norway
and
of beech
commercial
thus,
about
6,000,000
annually
to
of fir
are
Pomerania,
also from
but
fir
the
The
Prussia,"c.
supplying fuel ; in woody

there' is less woodland,
where
valuable
most
are
lasts
principally from
Sweden,
oak, 5,000,000
of
timber
pine
considerable
therefore
feet
80,000
about
fir and
to
is
import of timber
400,000 to 500,000 cubic
forests
houses
from
import
for such
firs of this
the
a
country being too
young
used
for
is
The
oak
of the
exclusively
building,
shipcountry
is required for that
is not sufficient
and
to supply what
found
now
abroad,
cubic
in most
in
districts it is
exclusively used ;
for fue. are
import and export of wood
peat replacesit. The
and
other
about
places are
annually
equal; for, while Hamburg
fathoms
of
about
20,000
beechwood, a similar
suppliea with
quantity of fir for fuel is imported from Prussia.
Peat
titute
is,as already stated, the chief fuel in the districts desof wood,
and, fortunately for Denmark, there are
many
ah
of 1650
in
the
area
English
turf-bogs
country ; they cover
of the
8 per cent
miles, or about
monarchy ; they are
square
with
the
the
exception of the
spread nearly all over
country,
in the duchies, where, from
marshes
of wood
the absence
well
as
is
of
fuel
obtained
with
kind
as
a
difficulty
a
substitute,
peat,
; as
is dug at low-water
of turf,which
from
the bottom
of the
sea,
*
the
on
coast, and
used
The
for
supply
cubic
per
The
bogs
r\\e
*bot
and
of
stems
quently
fre-
are
rape
baking
to
no
purposes.
varies
much
in
great depth
light,seldom
and
of wheat
straw
of peat
Jutland, spread
loose
the
weighing
quality.
over
foupd
large surface,
than
more
That
16
to
26
is
in
very
pounds
foot ; it bums
easily, but does not give great heat
in
or
Sealand, though less extensive, are deep, and
pits
turf,which
compact
more
of this
affords
greater heat
one
cubic
turf
The
generally weighs 35 pounds.
people are
in working the peat-bogs,partlyfrom
economical
their great
not
and
f*r
of
extent
want
.parti}
draining,which
prevents digging
5
this
feet
6
the case
is
than
to
or
greater depth
;
particularly
^
itlnnH.
.J
^.
On
Sealand
n*i*f-1n/""^l
^n
the
is,.^."a
-.r
oi
able
to
have
of
dig deeper,
the
they adopt
Westphalian method
'x)xes, thereby producing
spvino"
ji..-.
turf-cutters
who, by greater skill,are
-'*-
Hanoverian
some
rk^''-"n
"
Bomuo
rvkiici
^^
is destitute
of wood
both
wû
turf, coal
is found
'^yers extending
i*^
'^f
T-T"ri/îi""
to
about
16
'depth
fViir1fn^"ts- f
""i
to
not
a
20
leet
below
yet ascertained.
c'^n-î-*-"f inches
the
surface, in
These
to
seams
couple
of
320
AffricuUureof Denmark.
food,
number,
that destroy insects, vermin,
animals
There
the
see
are
animals
as
by
seem
which
"c.,
protectionshould
damage
greater
birds
"
waters
was
In
"
large.
very
than
and
Saxo
Gramaticus
century) says of the Oresund,

ships could scarcely get through,
required,as
is
have
must
been
borders
of
great abundance
in earlier
the
fishingappeared
agriculture."
It is
has
not
afford
to
to
easy
place in
Liimfjord,
North
of the
current
as
that
the
stronger.
The
have
been
supply of
fishing might
that
doubt
not
at
supposed
to
the
so
thei"
attested
LiimQord,
the
due
exported
as
which
coast, except
the irruption
Salter
and
then
the
the Liimf-
in
then
herrings were
; since
that
U"
fisheries
many
^^
inhabitants
Danish
be
the-
of fish
number
became
water
that
were
that
great decrease
the
on
the
the returns
small.
very
the
Though
to
of the
in 1828
large profitswas
caught that 100,000 barrels
of
full of fish
is further
the
revenue
the
so
the
as
of
says
last time
fjordgave
tlie
Danish
fishingvillageson
many
cause
Sea, whereby
was
fish,which
of fish
it is
it
yet it indicates
of
much
supply
where
from
that
disappeared
the
ascertain
taken
in the
times
historian
same
sufiered
fishingapparatus
hand."
This
caught by
be
of
which
Sound,
llie
decreased,
fish could
exaggerated
course
existence
the
by
of
and
of
(the chronicler
Uiat
was
birds
of fish in the
and
statement
to
he
number
twelfth
the
clause
some
such
beasts.
the
'^
not
have
to
Terming
enormously, causing^
any
times
olden
"r
wkking
destruction
increased
years
farmer
the
to
depredationsof wild
Fisheries.
for the
have
late
of
birds
without
afforded
be
destined
nature
the
as
"c.
who,
intelligentfarmers
to
game-law repealed, desire
which
by
well
as
many
present
added
in
reduced
soon
was
present appear
fish
be
be
to
has
made
the
case,
be
decreased, there can
no
but
this
does
remunerative,
as
2^ per cent,
only about
of the
population are occupied in that way, while agriculture,as

earlier stated, gives employment
than
60 per cent,
of it.
to more
The
be
for
this
the
that
that
habitants
incan
only reason
is,
assigned
find employment
in the fields as
profitable,more
easy,
'od less hazardous
than
the
life of fishermen;
but
it might be
'f "Vôse were
.^hf"rwitto
supplied with better tackle, and taught
economical
of curing and
ost
salting fish,
way
vh*^.
that
when
at
a
provided
large
frequently,
present
number
fish
of
is
are
caught,
they
obliged to
*A.^'jv|^wv.uc;il
Viro'T
into the sea
food
for pigs, "c,
Tnany
as
again,or use them
ertile
of
coasts
Sleswig and Hoistein
scarcely any
in
small
smacks
but
firom
employed
fishing,
come
'^'n the Elbe), and
take
all they catch
to Hambui^.
"
...
"
uiii
"1^
""
^r
1.XX.
eui".
-"^""'*
V.^
..
'oap*
""
'
it^înrl f
im
the
barren
nature
of
the
Agriculiureof
Denmark^
331
land, nearly the
entbe
principally lives
few
south,
on
east
thus
herrings
Sleswig,
be
may
salmon
are
where
coast,
and
plentifully
bay of
sprats in the
and
wide
and
bays
inlets
in
along
estates
and
in considerable
islands
Great
the
of
and
caught, and
herrings are
to
Cappel,
Danish
the
borders
firth
thence
the
of
north
on
the
in
The
sent
the
the
the
bay
manner
'^Slie," in
surprising that
visited
is rich
passage,
"
Slie
bay.
or
Scaw
like
seldom
are
narrow
'^
of
It is
in part to the
and
sprats caught
exported
On
said
The
country.
and
Cappel
the
in
smoked
are
"
^^
of
inhabitants
firth
Denmark
Slie,"'with a
herrings,while the
of
The
fish.
fishing in the
right
In
with.
the
Kiel.
^^
near
by catching flounders.
soil is more
fertile,
these
when
fish
"mly
are
the bay oi Randers, where
of part of
sometimes
met
in
fishing,and
the
the
said
are
found
fis^;
themselves
in
engaged
cured
or
occupied,
This
gêat many
several
the
are
persons
abundant.
a
fresh
upon
chiefly maintain
inhabitants,
Further
is
populatioa
in
the
by
this
belongs in part to the

proprietorsof entailed
herrings caught here
to
different
of Kiel
parts of the
also
are
smoked^
quantities.
the
principal fisheries are

Little Belts, where
many
the east coast
of Sealand, from
island.
On
this
latter
on
eels
the
and
hagen
Copen-
coast
several
the population maintain

themselves
villagesare situated, where
entirely by fishing,and principallysupply Copenhagen, Elsiand
other
places with fish, such as cod, mackerel, sprats^
nore,
the
On
soles, "c.
island
of Bomholm
considerable
salmon
and
herring fisheries exist.

found
The
in certain
districts.
Oysters and dolphins are
the
Baltic
in
and
the
Kattegat
spring, enters
dolphin, which,
the North
from
Sea, is caught only in two places in any number^
Middelfart, on the island of Funen, and
Jcegersprus,"
viz.,near
is
there
blished
a
special guild, estaSealand; in the latter place
on
called the
which
in 1693, and
Dolphin-hunters'Guild,"
this place about
1000
of thirty members
consists
at
dolphins
;
The
not of great importoyster-banks are
are
annually caught
ance
those
are
near
Frederikshavn, and on
; the principal ones
from
Fano
of
the
the west
to
coast
Sleswig,
Pelwom;
oysters
St.
via
from
the latter banks
to
are
Petersburg,
Flensburg
exported
the name
of Flensburg oysters.
Copenhagen, or Germany, under
About
200,000 are
annually taken
by Frederikshavn, and more
of
than
the
west
coast
are
Sleswig ; these banks
3,000,000 on
leased
individuals
for
and
to
are
private
government
property,
been
2500/.
about
annually. Of late years oyster-banks have
^^
'^
in
discovered
doubted
A
but
few
From
that
seals
the
the
are
"
Liimfjord," in Jutland,
others
shot
must
near
mismanagement
exist
the
of
Danish
the
and
it
cannot
be
in Denmark.
coasts.
fisheries,there
is little or
no
322
Agricultureof
10,000,000 to 11,000,000 pounds of

fish,are annually imported, principally
export of fish,whereas
salted, smoked, or dried
Faro
the
from
of fish is
Bees.
"
1838
the
bestowed
was
on
heaths
them
afforded
wheat
generally
Germany
this
country
therefore
looked
be
The
the
in
annual
the
great
bees
Mr.
of
keeping
for
introduction
the
by
yeoman
has
in
badly,
in
created
man
(a clergy-
similar
in
feeling
great
improvement
of Mr.
Dzierzons'
Danish
the
from
export
bees
buck^-
Dzierzons
a
the
on
the
manages
of late
interest
by
and
Each
he
which
fortunatelyawakened
Silesia)has
in
flowers
tion
atten-
and
coast
nourishment.
of
treatment
east
more
Most
kingdom.
the
hives,
bee-
where
duchies,
wild
hives,
But
way.
the
by
suitable
the
on
the
where
Norway, "c.
Proper 85,000
the
in
bees
of ill-made
couple
old-fashioned
the
the
tity
quannative
of
Denmark
in
than
them
considerable
Prussia, not
to
from
in
number
formerly paid to
of the
peninsula,
was
transit
existed
same
hence
from
sent
there
about
Iceland.
from
principallyin
In
and
care
annually
but
produce,
from
and
islands
Denmark,
may
system.
monarchy
averages
50,000 English pounds of honey (whereof 16,000 to

110,000
18,000 pounds to England), about
pounds of wax
(of
which
only 400 or 500 pounds to England), and
10,200 gallons
of mead, of which
nearly all goes to Norway.
has
the
Iron.
Denmark
no
mines, but near
bogs, especially
is to
in Jutland, a ferruginous ore
be
with
met
at
a
depth of
45,000
to
"
contain
feet ; it is said
30 to
from
to
"
"
is called
Mose-ahl
(bog-metal).
two
to
one
and
iron,
communication
with
this
but
in
never
with
paid
made
been
las
taken
r*
very
of the
small
pieces
"'îflier. On
the
weather
-lormy
.unerative
the
that
twenty
suitable
attempt
an
for
ance
convey-
frequently
found
was
to
then
was
yield
26
not
for
cast, but
since
culty,
diffi-
purposes,
of
were
ago
when
with
deeds
taxes
experiment failed,and
is washed
Earlier,
smelting
old
years
and
it
larger scale,
The
iron.
Amber
on
seen
iron, easily smelted,
of
cent,
About
ore.
it
use
it is
documents
for
of
cent,
per
attended
was
From
larger manufactories.
this
to
vrought
was
other
and
per
ore
foreign countries
used
by the yeomen
50
no
notice
ore.
coasts, but, in
quantities,and
such
annual
of
late
not
most
so
places,
frequently
Jutland, however,
gathered
quantities that its collection
proves
value
of the
be stated
at
produce may
coast
west
in
Danish
the
on
up
and
of
it is
ût800/.
)f other
^y
be
'^0
-
-uQolm
mineral
named
barrels
as
produce
gypsum,
are-
well
from
annually
as
met
with
Segeberg
obtained.
l'"**" st^'*-*
; "h^
in
in
the
Danish
monarchy
Holstein,
Cement-stone
latter,when
where
is found
600O
on
polished, re-
from
is extracted
Salt
Holstein
in
Oldesloe
700
from
The
The
people.
English tons
only
is not
of
women
all articles
the
and
yeomen
Denmark
found
readily
is
weaveries
island
look
the
late years
in
the
of
who
yeomen,
of
ago
and
poorer
these
the
of
servants
and
than
has
are
districts,
product
these
the
appearance.
somewhat
improved
frequentlyclad
they
fertile
weaveries
of
weaveries
17,000
less
strength
to
of
domestic
domestic
to
more
now
the
of
commonly
clothing used by
The
consequence
are
condition
about
Bomholm.
number
diminished, probably
of
pecuniary results,but
linen
number
dijqposedof
classes, who
working
During
nishes
fur-
Population
social
and
years
the
of
annually
agricultural districts
The
peasants.
the
especially on
in its
and
of woollen
some
Proper was
particularlyin
more
Rural
the
moral
the
Near
coast.
of salt.
importance
in
manufacture
in
of
the
on
Jutland
the
on
brine-spring,which
Industry
its influence
from
exists
800
to
domestic
Denmark
sea-water
323
condition
ill better
kinds
of
cloth.
Wool-knittingis a national employment. In the heath-districts

it is most
of Jutland, where
from
four to five
pr^tised, children
obtain
old are
and
taught,
consequently
great expertness in
years
the
Not
art.
than
more
Is, 6d. to
from
2^. 6rf. a week
can,
as
by knitting; but then this frequentlydoes

with
other
the
interfere
not
occupation. Thus while
shepherd
watches
his flocks,or when
the labourer
is going to the
fields,
he knits
interruption: if the
stockings, mittens, "c., without
fields to milk
is cooking, or sent
the cows,
female
to the
servant
like
she knits all the time.
to
35,000 English
30,000
Something
into
turned
thus
wool
of
something
are
annually
useful,
pounds
principally under- waistcoats, drawers, stockings, socks, and
earned
general rule, be
The
mittens.
that
good
abroad
qualityof
they
; but
under-
the
sought not
foreign demand
are
the
waistcoats
the
in
alone
has
and
resulted
drawers
country,
in
is
but
so
also
less attention
being paid to the qualitythan the quantityproduced.

introduced
into the
ITie making of Pillow- Lace
Danish
was
and
in
was
1646,
monarchy from Westphalia
chieflyadopted as
a
trade
than
in
1500
10,000
Tonder
"
females
others
This
order,
and
and
seek
and
its
neighbourhood (in Sleswig). More
an
occasional
is strong and
of some
account
The
this way, and about

ment.
occupation by such employ-
constantlyengaged
are
lace
for
patterns.
"
; it is
beautiful
trader
bargains made
miserable
are
in
who
so
to
generally made
supplies the thread
close
that
pittance,seldom
these
trious
indus-
a
exceeding
people gain
2,\d.to bd, a day.
Wooden
Shoes is principallythe occupation of the
Making
in
the
woody districts of Jutland : 600,000 pair are thus
peasants
annually produced for sale, independent of those made
by the
but
324
of Denmark.
Affricidture
farm-servants
the
among
in the
The
"
superior
in
are
also
among
general use, not only

the labouring classes
exported.
are
yellow
quality,and
manufactured
are
They
population,but
None
towns.
Potteries.
of
for themselves.
rural
Bornholm
porcelainare
graceful water- vases, figures,"c.,

the only product of domestic
black
clay-pots,commonly used
tured
the country.
They are manufac-
many
them.
from
and
stone-ware
But
is the
industry in this branch
all
over
boiling purposes
districts
females,
principallyin the south-west
by
land, and are not only used in the country, but exported
for
Jut*
of
to
some
little extent
Brick'
has
law
JVorks.
been
to
^The
"
already referred
timber
use
manufacture
Nearly
in
and
with,
modem
farm-buildings
forbidden
by
latelybeen
of
in
houses
and
towns,
the
in conseincreased
quence.
very considerably
all over
the
country brick-clay is to be met
of
a
places,
superior quality. In the duchies
bricks
of
in
It has
to.
framework
the
as
bricks
of
use
some
has
exist,furnishing annually 100,000,000 of bricks,

besides
5,000,000 to 6,000,000 of tiles,and about 1,000,000 of
brick- works, but
800
Proper there are
pantiles. In Denmark
400
brick-works
they are
on
100,000,000
The
pipes.
of
bricks, besides
fuel
situated
are
scale than
smaller
the
near
coast,
the number
Though
is
considerable,
monarchy
country,
Public
have
this
the
of
the
be
ble
admitted
of
account
on
vising
for the
allude
to
consumption
place.
Societies
future
to
the
fob
development
perity
prosconsiderable
must
practicalinformation
materially
and
intelligencewith which
they are
is not
Danish
that the
agriculturist
the
his
expedients,his
thk
general
but, however
Denmark,
and
is
coal
Agbicultube.
occasion
its
works
Danish
the
in
produced
and
the
quantity of
suffice
not
of
theoretical
depend upon
gadiered, and
t must
bricks
it does
agricultureof
already be,
may
peat, but, when
Institutions
frequentlyhad
of
number
considerable
Advancement
I
is
only supply
of draining-
consequentlyimportation takes
and
Private
and
duchies, and
considerable
used
principally
used.
of the
the
in
of
power
shrewdness
invention,
his
ledge
know-
spread.
remark-
quickness
the
at
dif-
ingenuity ; yet
this class is considerable,
general knowledge among
its steady advancement
is provided for by the establishment
of intelligentteachers.
Denmark
the education
and
'^'^ôols,
in this respect within
made
the
ye
proud of the progress
".i*y
this
fourteen
ast
period
During
public schools,
twenty years.
of
established
the
have
been
above
eighteen,
age
yôung men
aifferent parts of the country, halvingas their specialobjectto
Such
the pupils a thorough agricultural
education.
-ve
a
system
"e
or
"'"i*on of
'"'xjL
-'
'^
.'
*^*Tiot
fpi^ *o
r\Tox"%
beneficial
to
the
future
farmers
of the country.
325
AgricultuTeofDenTnarK
through the
exclusively established
and
who
of
have
been
public spirit private individuals,
liberality
undertaking by the Government,
supported in their honourable
These
schools
by public institutions,and agriculturalsocieties.
have
from
the
of
300
400
to
generally
pupils,principally
yeomenresult of such
institutions is already
families, and the favourable
visible
the farms
of this important class.
on
The
founded
in 1856-1858
school
on
a
a
large
government
scale for the education
of all
directly or indirectlyconnected
persons
with
the
or
agriculture,gardening,
veterinary science,
which
bears
the name
of the
Royal Veterinary and Agricultural
situated
the
in
School," and is
neighbourhood of Copenhagen.
here
obtain
excellent
and
an
Young men
cheap
very
schools
These
almost
are
"
education, which,
no
doubt,
will
useful, whether
most
prove
cultivator
of land
their
tionary,
or
a
calling be that of a
public functhe
connected
with
indirectly
veterinaryscience,agriculture,
the
this
formation
of
school
is but
or
gardening. Though
recent
some
date, yet it has already done
good service, and
future
of
the
government
and
teachers.
Of
has
been
equal importance
is the
has
Copenhagen, founded
important influence
promoted, and, in some
of
literature
of
most
fortunate
in
in
the
Royal Societyof
"
1769, which
the
on
selection
ever
husbandry
of
of managers
Rural
Economy
since
has
the
"
had
It
country.
instances, offered
prizes for treatises

it has given pecuniary assistance
this science
books
and
to
on
;
of
for the
who
wished
to travel
men
gathering
practical
purpose
lectures
to be
given on agriculture; it
knowledge ; it has caused
different
schools
and
furnished
has
parishes with books, newlyIts capital is above
pendent
invented
16,000/.,indeimplements, "c.
annual
of considerable
subscriptions.
in different
Public
agriculturalmeetings are frequentlyheld
of animals, agriculOn
the exhibition
districts.
these occasions
tural
takes
discussions
and
are
place,
implements,
held,
produce
similar
and
With
a
object a general meeting
prizes distributed.
of agriculturists,
from
all parts of the
country, is held every
other
in
some
localitypreviouslyagreed upon.
year,
The
number
ably
of originalwriters
on
agriculture has considerdecreased
during the last ten or fifteen years, and this branch
German
this
of
or
country
no
appreciatedor
nor
of
Copenhagen
the
present too much

French
works, neither
Denmark
directors
have
is at
doubt
to
understood
by
informed
that
from
translations
to
the
of
circumstances
the
one
general
of
farmer
the
able
Veterinary and Agricultural School of

is preparing an
originalwork on the subject,and
valuable
that it will prove
most
to
a
acquisitionr
the
"
am,
however,
confined
suited
"Royal
agriculturalliterature
of the country.
*^
326
.a
Oi
00
328
Agrievitun of
Daumarh.
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00
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329
XVII.
The
"
Applicationof the
Professor
By
Mwaure
Farm.
the
of
Tanner.
Prize
Essay.
of the
jodicions emplojnieiit of the manure
of less importance than
its eo
as
scarcely be looked
upon
when
consider
cal
the influence
tha
we
production; and
the
fertilizer has
produce, and
consequently upo
upon
the
of
hare
farm, we
to
a
profits,
strong inducement
gi\
The
our
visable
to
careful
matter
animal
the
as
subject
the
treat
For
attention.
excreta
this
under
or
may
heads,
be
not
^may
it will
purpose
distinct
two
ace
intermixea
straw.
I.
Class
Animal
"
the
includes
This
duced
intermixed
expensive
most
hare
We
farms.
our
upon
Manures,
which
manures
that
in
Stra^
with
are
heterogeneous
farmyard-manure the great representat

of practice is agreed respectii
this
have
which
been
iiitro
great value, and the improvements
into agricultural
practicehave a powerful and direct tendei
increase
the
quantity and improve the quality of this prod
familiarly known
the
us,
best
time
will
at
will
of
first
year
that
know
any
branch
principle is
instances
justifying
cessful
cannot
this
cause
this
of
of
soil
practice
be
explain the
recognised as
we
principle,
than
successful
our
in
will
we
an
fan
a
Bu
which
use
must
; for
practice.
of
application.
usage,
ai
the
districts.
our
in
the
in
qu
rotation
surprise; foi
climate
they
vary
and
primary guide
causes
the
rules,in conseq
farmyard-manure
month
throughout every
diversity of
as
than
its
to
elicit such
for which
and
much
us
management
evident
more
subse
to
of
different
of
not
of farm
scarcely any crop

with
advantage ;
more
definite
any
customs
conditions
the
as
the
impossible to
by corresponding modification
met
have
almost
need
agreement
answer
an
best
establish
to
us
for
period of
applying the manure
for
sight appear
enable
of
clear
the
widely-varying
the
want
be
of
alone
is the
viz.. What
directed
be
to
now
land.
applicationto
appeal to practice
we
before
as
has
the
its
"
If
attention
Our
farm.
stage
as
evidence
The
class.
take
the
dung.
has
not
of
In
Tb
beer
the
explaini
the
science
truth
result
can
ran
already achievec
independent authority. Acting
of
first notice
success
"
330
Practice
The
On
"
Clays
AS
Heavy
our
to
is
manure
providing
comhined,
rather
or
generally be found
dung will depend
other
the
upon
and
manure
wheat
of the
bean
that
that
however
preparation
desirable
fallows
summer
unless
Moreover,
will
manure
for
of
the
dung
the
and
may
the
has
reply
made
be
intimate
an
this
that
to
time
; so
the
to
ceeding,
prois
it
early winter,
this
in
stock
spring, and
this
its
application,
To
our
general
less
condition
the
the
sequently
con-
be
reason
The
crop.
with
of
which
autumn
under
to
supply
instances
application?
is
this
purpose,
from
for
for
itself
of
fallow-land
manure
or
previous
and
condition
accommodate
the
asked. Whether
its
of
supply
warrant
out, the
connection
fairly be
may
regulate the
however,
the
product
-thoroughly rotten,
fallow
ground than
question
not
must
the
few
those
of
as
attention
of
the
turbed,
weeds, which, if undis-
is carried
summer
will
cultivation
the
demand
ascendancy
in
The
well
as
the
on
autumn
the
conquer
the
be
become
valuable
to
of
point of view, practically
the
in
as
applying
to, the
enough to
spared for
dung
used
land,
application
abstract
except
the
stall-feedingduring
of
will
gain strength and
would
nutriment
roots
be
on
able
been
have
we
for
can
lay
to
attended
clean
be
manure
clearly impolitic
been
an
for
After
has
to
suhstances
two
both
farm.
autumn
in
rarely
if
even
the
be
may
will
fields
these
crop
of the
this
choice.
from
the
of
to
the difficulties
time
demands
urgent
more
The
condition
horse-power
and
under
and
the
upon
and
the
of the
consecutive, use
highly beneficial.
is
lime
the latter than
adequate supply of
an
applied
consider
to
own
my
Soils,
commonly
experience leads me
he
a
judicious practice. If,in some
cases,
will
arise
from
rather
suhstitute for dung, -this
fallows, and
the
Farm,
the
Clay-Loams.
and
soils the
clay
of
Dung
Applying
of
SUCH
Fallows.
Manure
Applicationof the
The
condition
which
control,
economy
we,
and
of
farm.
of a fallow
two
objects have to
Throughout the management
of
of the
the texture
be
1st, The
kept in view :
improvement
of
it
fit
for
the
and
the
of the
extension
roots
soil,so as to
growth
and
and
liberation
development of fertilizing
2ndly, The
crop ;
The
of the plant.
for the nourishment
matter
strong soils upon
"
which
fallows
alone
in
retentive
a
their
passage
the
soil
condition
which
denominate
It will be
decayed
for
dung
that
may
be
roots.
This
by
moment's
the
is
there
attained
is
desirable
found
fallowing,as
evident, upon
the
been
character
free
of
we
have
so
close
and
in predifficulty
serving
important mechanical
some
various
well
are
tillage operations,
of
use
by
consideration,that
as
greater will be
the
manure.
the
its firmness
less
and
Tltê Applicationoftho Mamtre
of
rigidity,and consequentlythe mechanical

capable of exerting upon the soil will be in
fresh
Thus, when
dung is ploughed into
offers
certain
if
thoroughly
the
but
latter
amount
rotten
is
again
enriched, but
obtain
to
given to the roots
the
growth
promoting
of the
the
food
fresh
its
to
the
adds
manure
influence
the
which
it is
proportion.
same
the
become
offer
; in
crop
the
no
crop
added
former
offers
the
facilityis
are
the
and
ance,
resistIn
compact.
additional
no
supplieswhich
next
for
strong
it could
used,
were
would
mass
soil
the
case,
manure
entire
331
clay soil,it
of resistance
its
to
turning
particlesagain reclose and
adhesive
condition ; whereas,
their former
to
the Farm.
for
instance
facilities for
use.
otlier
We
have
the
fallows
of
dung,
the
taking place amongst

The
favour
the fermentation
whilst
fermentation
which
reasons
application of dung
is in its earliest
have
we
the
important
elements
which
objectin fermenting
stage.
chemical
changes
into
enter
In
its
sition.
compo-
is to
bring waste
from
the animal
matter
body and certain products of vegetable
that they can
life into such
condition
a
again be useful for the
This
fermentation
of
of the dung
be
vegetation.
support
may
the one
in two
carried
will materially diminish
its
out
:
ways
but
be
fertilisingpowers;
by the other plan the change may
the
manurial
controlled
that
in
so
properties may,
sure
a
great mealoss
is
I
be
inevitable.
some
slight
preserved, although
have
the
estimated, from the analyses given by Dr. Voelcker*
as
examination
of farmyard-manure
in its fresh and
of an
results
the
also in a
well-rotted
that
condition,
ingredients in very
their
calculated
worth
at
market-value, are
superior manure,
in
is
condition
the dung
fresh
than
when
Is. per ton
a
more
loss
is
This
when
it has become
thoroughly decayed.
enced
experihas
been
the
for
when
manure
carefully fermented
experimental purposes ; but when the decomposition takes place
under
careless management
when, for instance, the drainage
the manure
is not
from
is far
carefully preserved the waste
In
as
materially to affect the finances of the farm.
o:reatey, so
the application of dung in the early stage of the fermentation,
this change taking place in the
soil under
have
stances
circumwe
which
know
ensure
us
'against loss; for we
enough of
great
manure
"
"
the
power
entrusted
of
to
these
their
soils
retentive
custody
will
be
to
be
assured
safelyretained
that
for
what
is
promoting
vegetable growth.
The
best
from
to
evidence
the
soil
by
rely exclusively on
*
VOL.
XXI.
as
to
the
store
tillageis the
this
supply
of
fact
for
matter
fertilizing
that
Royal Agricultural Sodety's Jounial,
are
some
their
successive
toI. xvii.
able
obtain-
disposed
crops.
332
Applicationof tlteManure
The
Without
attempting to
the
into
entering
merits
either the
define
of
this
of
Farm.
the
of
mode
culture, or
thus
.limitsof fertility
obtainable
such
on
advantages or disadvantages attendant
of this supply
at
once
recognize the great value
a
system, we
for iti
and
the importance of employing all ordinary means
development. In the use of farmyard-dung we may materially
economical
the
or
assist
this
added
in
the
decomposition of
fresh
in the
soil
for, when
state, whilst
unfermented
and
the
its
the
it promotes
is
manure
is
decay
taking
materials
of the
decomposition
for vegetable growth.
available
In this manner
not
to the
we
only add a certain quantity of manure
land, but, by applying it so that its decay shall take place in the
soil,we
gain from the inert and inactive portion of the soil a
of fertilizingmatter.
This influence
would
further contribution
I might almost
îf the same
be
considerably reduced
say lost
place
land
soil,and
in the
them
renders
thus
"
manure
were
have
will
this
exerts
"
in
well-rotted
it
condition, because
passed through its fermentation, in which
stage it
This
additional
influence.
is, therefore, an
reason
employed
checking the decomposition of the

If there
applied to the fallow-land.
dung free for the fallow and the land
for
be
can
fallowing
reasons
given
as
lime
When
be
must
is
land
the
taken
be
may
with
not
apply
to
in the
be
may
combination
The
the
before
_ime
land
before
intended
The
winter.
the
dung
early
as
upon
with
due
fallow, care
will
be
free
set
precaution, the
only without loss
not
season,
time, otherwise,
same
two
but
generallybe applied in a
the
spring-ploughing,after which
the
on
of
the
at
But,
dung
second
spread
used
these
may
surface
and
worked
fertilizers under
the
into
the
surface
soil.
of
the
the benefit
increase
from
derived
after-tillage
employment of each separately. As the sun has great power
when
of the year
the season
farmyard-manure is commonly
will
land
spread
from
winter-ploughing;
hence
surface, ammonia
same
The
be
to
them
the
on
great advantage.
state
the
applicationof
both
are
atmosphere.
employed
fresh
it
ready
and
dung
lost in the
and
of
supply
for it.
their combination
from
vhe
favour
above
been
tolerablyclean, êre
dung
any
the
it has
sufficient
is
is usual, and
receives
seldom
for
is
applicationbefore
conditions
of these
neither
but
its
objectionto
no
until
manure
the
on
rusted that
Miry
the
the
fallows, the
the
dung
before
to
on
action
fallows, so
applicationresolves
TT^'^'^ts
the
field should
of
that
itself into
manure
the
on
further
notice
of
be
so
closely enough
cart
may
it has lost its moisture.
"
iimilar
the
of
follow
plough
ydllovthCrops, The
that
labour
these
crops
consideration
the
adto
is very
of its
special require-
of each
crop.
;"i
if^^f,^7r^ v,-w
or**
-)fthe
most
valuable
roots
cultivated
modes
Three
stiffland.
upon
in use
Manure
Applicationof the
The
of
333
Farm,
of the
applying farmyard
manure
are
"
1st. That
ridging the land, spreading the dung
of
thie
between
splittingthe ridges in the autumn.

in autumn^
but
of ridging the land
2nd. That
delaying the
till spring.
applicationfA manure
and either
in the autumn,
of laying on the manure
3rd. That
or
by working it into the soil
covering it by a deep ploi^^hing,
cultivators.
by the steam-power
It may
be urged, on
behalf of the first method, that AS an early
sowing of the seed is important,and the difficulties of springseason
are
considerable,
tillage on a retentive soil in a wet
until
the
be
spring except the actual
nothing should
postponed
behalf
On
of the second
method, we
sowing of the seed.
m^y
and
drills,
that
remark
autumn,
fields
the
the
and
during
enough
with
method,
of
advocates
have
to
perhaps
of the soil
as
the
stock
doing
the
of
will
manure
ih the
carting
distant
to
its
who
adoptioh
fortunate
are
the third
generallyadopt
ment
improveeye to the permanent
of the root-crop. This
benefit
much
as
cultivation
deep
grateful subsoil
the
on
of
render
frosts,will frequently
winter
the
The
desirable.
demands
many
convenience
immediate
bution
advantage of efiectinga more
equal distriand
the
this
in
of the manure
soil,
throughout
;respectwe
avoid
an
important defect of the ridge system ; for although by
the
is
the ridges when
land
ploughing or cultivatingacross
of
prepared for the succeeding crop, we may then obviate much
that the
be more
the future
generally known
evil,still it should
ofleii
prejudicially
quality and weight of the root-crop itself are
such
within
retained
tiie
influenced
narrow
manure
being
by
method
further
the
has
limits.
Swedes
crops
last
The
Turnips.
and
"
generally been
ploughing in spring ; but
has
where
on
the
benefit
the
stubble
allowance
very
strong soils
of
farmyard-manure used for these

applied to the land just before thfe
effort
an
have
we
has
early
having been
of dung before
an
long
during
cleaned
it is
made
been
of
admixture
In such
case,
recbivfeS its
autumn
for the winter.
ploughed-up
succeed
the
exerted
action
favourable
already
importance.
proportion as we expose
of great
"
same
to
To
referred.
the
action
degree
do
of the
we
upon
these
have
We
our
soils
air
and
that
the
we
every
"
land
may
reason
which
pointsto
"
others
add
to
This
its extension
well
so
practice has been found to
the
stiffsoils.
advantages which result
Amongst
rapid upon
loss by bad
the
from
management
securityof the manure
have
soil
the
give
to
manure.
the
instances
modem
many
which
believe
is
are,
and
we
are
that, in
especially
clay soils more
of
temperature^ in the
changes
and
therebydevelop
their
propertiesalld bring
2
334
The
into
action
land
the
of
which
fertilisingmatter
in
materials
; for the
manure
Famu
of the
is
of the
equivalentto
soil which
in
remain
otherwise
would
This
condition.
dormant
Manure
Applicationof the
tion
addi-
an
thus
are
condition
dered
ren-
for
a
previouslyexisting
of
The
the
before
vegetation.
dung
application
support
in
winter
this
action,and
promoting
co-operates very powerfully
time adopting the surest
at the
we
are
same
plan for enabling the
useful
in
were
the
unfit
of
soil
absorb
to
the
So
that
there.
present
from
from
but
waste,
atmosphere
only
not
enable
we
supplies of fertility;nor
must
dung consequent
throughout the soil and
thus
we
to
upon
the
preserve
develop
overlook
we
of the
the
do
soil
the
of the ammonia
some
its
more
for
so
our
is
manure
further
obtain
and
the
which
increased
ciency
effi-
tion
distribu-
complete
superior feeding qualitiesof
crop.
Potatoes,
this
be
The
"
accompanied by
fermenting manures
communicate
decay to
to
open
substitute
an
at
or,
2ndly,
such
"
the
the
prevent
artificial
that
degree
some
that
courses
has
it necessary
renders
crop
which
disease
manure
least, devoid
the
use
of caution.
attacked
years
farmyard-manure
It has
have
observed
been
tendency to
have, therefore, two
plant. We
thus
injured: 1st, to
crop being
racter,
possessing a preservative chaas
dung
many
of
"
"
of
any
unfavourable
influence
or
if
farmyard-dung be employed, to counteract, as far as

dispositionto communicate
decay. ,.The latter point
best attained
the
by having the manure
spread upon
possible,its
will
land
be
in
the
land
the
well
distributed
enriched
be
and
autumn
by
the
for
ploughed in before winter.

planting in the spring the manure
through
dung, its
the
thus, whilst
tendency to promote
soil ; and
natural
In
paring
prewill be
the
land
decay
is
will
diminished.
growth of this crop the use of farmyardrender

visable
it admanure
generally desirable,but circumstances
time
the
to apply the manure
at the same
as
plants
young
the
land.
Well-rotted
is
set
out
are
dung
generally
upon
ferred,
prethe plant comes
because
into full activityvery soon
after
it is planted out
The
feeder, and
cabbage is a gross
can
have
when
much
the
of
too
manure
scarcely
production
large
autumn
cabbage is desired ; but if the crop is required for spring
it must
with
be forced
in the case
As
not
use
equal freedom.
here
also
of swedes
and
the
turnips,so
slower-grown plant is the
the
best withstands
which
one
severity of the winter-frosts and
in the
affords the best food
lead us to
not
spring. This must
of its usual
for spring use
deprive the cabbage intended
supply,
take
distribution
for
its
but
rather
to
measures
throughout the
the keeping qualities
of cabbage
soil.
In this way
be very
may
Cabbage.
"
In
the
is
increased,
materially
336
of
over-growth
of dung.
use
results of
am
is
farmyard-manure
wheat-crop, the
by a
very. exceptional.
of seeing,even
more
attain
desired
the
instance
an
for
dung
prosecuting
am
This
of
beans,
answers
of
use
for
dung
oats
subsequently have
has
fullythan
always
ceeded
suc-
or
barley being
an
opportunity
explained,that
yet been
when
applied directly to the wheat-crop we

may
result
intervene.
to
by allowing another
crop
the practice of applying
mention
this,I may
upon
clovers
when
double
purpose
or
it is almost
employed
shall
We
be
cannot
manure
As
against in the
the satisfactory
contend
to
encouraged in this hope from

investigationon this subject which
I
an
When
"
have
we
present time.
the
at
which
straw,
qftlieFarm.
Manure
Applicationof the
The
it cannot
for
for wheat.
used
be
the
it promotes
these
its direct action, and
which thrive under
crops
crops
the land enriched
with
materials
required for the wheat.
AiiificialGrasses.
Upon
"
these
the
crops
of
use
different
has
shown
we
have
which
it has
when
that
the
is
in
remain
to
well-fermented
ammonia
readily
it is well
is
it, but
the
or
upon
for
The
valuable
the
laiid,it
for
the
case
into
stiflF
is
Voelcker
of
humate
and
volatile,
the
For
soil
as
fore
theresoon
as
it
be
may
always
spread
should
when
rotten
is the usual
autumn
the
other
and
these
artificial grasses
our
that
cation
appli-
be
being dispelled either by
stiS* soils the
Upon
land.
the
washed
sion
exten-
the
farmyard-maniure
form
not
of wind.
passage
dung intended
carefully fermented, so
be
by
being
safe from
the
reasons,
the
is
but
water
for
of
sample
is
dung
Dr.
surface.
chiefly in
present
dissolved
prepared
rain falls upon

of the
heat
sun
the
upon
leave
the
satisfactory results,and
generally attended with highly

Advisable
of this practice is very
desirable.
as
of dung in its early stages of fermentation
may
it is to be ploughed into the ground,
soils, when
of
growth
time
of
which
application.
powers
the preservationof the manure
added
find a well-manured
fallow
and thus we
applicationunnecessary,
or
fallow-cropgenerallyrelied upon for carrying the land through
of four
five years'tillage
widiout
additional
ts
course
or
help
the
has
been
the
If,however,
farmyard.
rerom
fallow-crop
noved
from
"w|jply
some
ause
which
manure
has
led
clay soils possess for

renders
to them
a
frequent
desirable
becomes
to
the
seeds
to
the
extension
^n^^v it oifers for drawing
this
in
the
manner
of this
buUky
manure
of comparative leisure,instead
^".Aiod
swedes
or
lal
N
manure
by
is
considerable
^.gpnf
its
use
for the
saving
of time
f^nc? oritiral see"l-time.
upon
and
stated.
practice
to
In these
for the
labour
economical
the
to
Another
is the
oppor-
land
during
delaying the cultiva,tion
of
root-crop.
entirelyrelied
and
instances
artifi-
root-crop, and thereby

is effected during thu
Applicationof tlie Manure
The
1^
Dung
OF
USE
Farm.
of the
Clay
upon
337
Soils.
Summary.
the
ofApplication. In reviewing the remarks made
upon
these
cates
indithe
evidence
of ^myard-manure
on
soils,
general
that great advantages result
from
the application of dung
So far as the arrangethe autumn
and
months.
early winter
ments
Time
use
in
"
of the
condition
On
be desirable.
to
appears
which
is to be ploughed under
permit, this
farm
the
should
no
the
dung
months, simply
heap during the winter
of fermenting it before
its application. The
for the sake
dung
the
soil
the
in
will
changes far more
undergo
safely
necessary
soil be
than
of
retained
in
little
as
restrictingits
the
for
some
far
delay
use
best
as
crops
the
its
fall
the
The
time.
of
is
available
an
application
soil to
have
This
possible.
as
to
possible,be
as
allow
to
there
for
opportunity
advisable
be
with
when
therefore
the
and
dung,
will
heap
the
the
in
the
it in
will
year,
out, but
of
its
will
it
own
still c"xitinue
preference will, as
dung
land,
custody
not
justify us in
doubtedly
although it is un-
spring demand
already pointed
given to the use
supply
the
to
in
the
and
autumn
early winter months.

Crops. ^The fallows, fallow crops, and artificial grasses, take
is to
for receiving the dung which
the precedence of other
crops
the
land
of
and
soil
the variations
be
applied to
; and, under
in its
of these
systems^ of husbandry already pointed out, each
manifest
tages
advanthe preference. There
receives
certain
are
turn
under
because
in using dung for these crops,
good management
rather
the
act
lators
accumuas
farm, but
they do not impoverish
for
the
of
of fertility.Although
corndung
application
there
is
in
well
reason
some
districts,
answers
exceedingly
crops
the preceding crop
of clover
will be
that its use
to believe
upon
The
of
for
results.
is
attended
with
better
use
com
even
dung
it is probable
that under
improved
quite exceptional; and
"
it wilt
management
become
even
more
than
uncommon
the
at
present time.
The
use
of
Dung
Light
upon
Sandy
Fodder^Crops.
"
of
use
attend
have
dung
its
for
There
these
employment
its assistance
very
quantity and
in
much
Soils,
Sands
as
such
and
Loams.
crops,
diversityof practicein the

arising from the difficulties which
rather
than
is
great
promotii^
favours
from
their
the
the
of
want
growth.
produce of
The
these
use
desire
of
crops
to
yard-manure
farmboth
(Trifolium inearly maturity. Hie Tiifolium

this is more
to be
camatum) is the only appaiît ezceptioii
; but
than from
for from the plant requiringa firm seed-bed
accounted
in
338
Manure
Applicationof the
The
of the
Fartn,
in the soil
matter
fertilising
for promoting the growth of this crop
as
as
any
necessary
the
for
of dung
The
other.
not
chief reason
use
being more
the
its application would
at
cause
general, is the delay which
able
and
labour availIf there
time
be sufficient manure
of sowing.
to
dressing of dung to be laid upon
permit a moderate
the land
without
delaying the time of sowing, its employment is
often
the supply of
A doubt
arises,when
decidedly advisable.
dung for roots is limited, as to the relative advantages of using
for the spring feed, or of keeping it entirelyfor the rootmanure
that the
there
is a very
general opinion entertained
crop ; but
turnip crop is decidedly improved by the use of a portionof the
dung upon the spring crop which
precedes it
the ground, the soil again
These
being consumed
upon
crops
from
receives
the chief portion of the materials
previously drawn
do not
end
the land ; but their services
here, for during life they
have
not
only from the soil,but from
gathered stores of fertility
the atmosphere, and
the
latter consequentlybecome
addition
an
vital energies of the crop.
The
to the soil gained by the
more
dius
addition
the
such
the
luxuriates,
obtained,
a
greater
crop
liberal
of
is
and
use
manure
productive of the
consequently a
It is clearly,therefore,no
best results.
loss to the root-crop, if
this
is
of
for
some
object it
deprived
portion of the dung usually
the spring food
allotted to it ; because
sumed
produced, by being conthe land, returns
from
drawn
the
to it nearly all it has
on
together with an increase the land could not otherwise
manure,
other
any
is
have
for the
cause,
of
existence
had.
The
usual
in
practice of applying
the
would
what
entire
as
from
quantityis seldom
exceeded.
it
inconsistent
because
This
for roots,
used
be
these
for
quantityapplied
appears
in the
decrease
shows
manure
a
as
crops
one-third
This
compared
with
one-half
of the
need
may
with
to
tion,
explana-
an
preceding
my
because
ence
differ-
marked
remarks.
the crop would

not
quantity
been
have
benefited
rather
but
these
because
by more
manure,
in their
of preserving
.andy soils are generally deficient
powers
For
this
lose
their
nanure.
they quickly
reason
fertilityand
hence
leed fresh supplies,and
they are called hungry soils. Thus
oderate
applicationof dung is made, which shall be only as
before
the passage
the plant can
of water
use
as
Kîxf^ji
through
is
not
"
n"*
soil
""'vlerate
IV
-a
tu",umn
fiA
the
manure,
^taî
,,,...
material
causes
do
land
not
their
*ifîy
and
plant
greater
quantity.
becom"r
the
It is for
apply
manure
winter
The
loss.
less the power
any
dung
until
the
reason
to
that
these
spring, the
many
crops, and
soil to
any
required to supply
care
this
of
more
farmers
others
of
do
the
growth during
being so exceedingly slow, that by the time
of spring,
-\roused into energy
by the return
ApplicationqftlieManure
Tlic
the
Unlike
has
the
discreet
in the
the
by
the
occupiers of
against a
to
overcome
use
of
loamy
clayey matter
of
of
sands
our
favour,
more
for
of
matter
of
sandy
land
economical
an
to
be
cedure
pro-
light soils
importance to
in
our
serious
land.
of such
"
becomes
is
land.
requireshim
prejudicialcharacter
this
generally in
far it is
the
of
out
farmer
soil,which
How
manure.
Crops, Upon
Root'
clays,the
wasteful
clay or marl,
occupants
is not
of
use
washed
been
retentive
contend
to
have
applied would
manure
331)
oftfieFarm,
in its
in
the
in
but
of
use
the
same
character,or,
the
dung for these crops

degree as the land
might say, as the proportion
soil increases,so
the
application
The
becomes
roots
reason
dung
increasingly desirable.
it
is
as
scarcelyneeds
explanation,
manifestlydependent upon
the preservativepowers
We
of the land.
also find that the condition
of
which
the
have
varies
manure
least
the
in
the
for
powers
condition
same
manner
; for those
soils
retaining manure
requireit in
the
in fact, ready for immediate
most
decomposed
the
In
the
of clays and
use
case
growing crop.
clayey loams,
by
that great advantage resulted from
have
we
seen
using the dung
fresh
the decay in the soil proceeded
as
as
possible,because
without
in
In our
and
loss,
more
a
sandy
advantageous manner.
here
would
the slow fermentation
soils,it is directlythe reverse;
be
be
must
manure
added
considerable
with
attended
the
sacrifice,and
prepared by
land.
As
"
careful
the
soil
the
manure
consequentlythe
fermentation
before
it is
and
more
approximates more
be
advantageously
applied
may
The
in
rule
less decomposed
condition.
previously named
still holds
that, so far as tlie preservative
good
powers of the soil
will be advantageously conducted
neath
beicill permit, tlie fermentation
in
the soil in preference to being carried
on
a manure-heap.
the
consideration
of
from
Apart
fertilising
a
ingredientsof the
for carrying out
have
other
this rule which
we
reasons
manure,
mechanical
forced
its
the soiL
influence
are
us
by
upon
upon,
The
of adhesive
sandy soils,from their want
require
power,
of their loose
character
compression rather than any increase
;
in the soil for the extension
for although plants requirea freedom
to
closelyto
loam,
so
"
of
their
land
to
roots, still when

enable
flourish.
them
to
Growth
there
maintain
is most
is
a
not
sufficient firmness
steady attachment
luxuriant
when
these
to
in the
it,they
opposing
our
are
nicely balanced, as,
example,
loamy
in
the
sufficient
soils,which
a
superior
degree
qualities
possess
both
tnerefore
of the
efforts are
clayey and sandy soils. Our
directed
to render
our
our
clay soils less adhesive, but to make
take
of
soils
the
more
so.
we
therefore,
Whilst,
advantage
sandy
rigid character of long dung to keep our clay soils open, we find
it advantageous to overcome
this influence in the dimg intended
for sandy soils. This
fermentais best done
by a well-conducted
cannot
tendencies
for
in
340
The
tion, for
AppKcation of the
Manure
of the
Farm.
the
to a
dung (if so required)even
it can
be dug by a spade, and not in
soapy condition,in which
and
the least degree capable of rendering the soil more
porous
The
following rule (which practically
corresponds with
open.
the manner
the former) may
in which
be given to indicate
we
of the dung according
should regulatethe mechanical
condition
^That in the same
to the requirementsof the land :
degree as the
proportionof clay in the soil is found to increase, so may the
mented
dung be most
advantageously applied to the land in a less ferthe land becomes
state
more
sandy, so
; and, conversely,as
the dung should
be applied in a more
condition.
rotten
the
Grasses.
These
to
are
Artificial
exceedingly valuable
the application of dung is here
cultivator of sandy land, and
found
There
two
are
periods in their growth
very desirable.
of
when
the manure
is applied, varying according to the custom
the farm.
When
the
employment of farmyard-manure for the
constituents,
by a loss of its fertilising
root-crop is found to be attended
it is desirable
it
the
artificial
to
to
apply
grasses.
This
is attended
with
which
are
worthy of
advantages,
many
In the use
of dung for young
more
seeds,
general acceptance.
the
it should
in
been
be applied after it has been
carefullyrotted
heap, and it should be spread on the land either in the autumn
is certainlythe best
or
following spring. Early in the autumn
then
because
the
has
the
time,
plant
opportunityof making a
good growth and establishingitself in. the ground by a firm root
we
thus
can
reduce
"
"
before
for
winter
the
stops its progress.
It has
thus
prepared
in the
vigorous growth
itself
this is much
succeeding season, and

more
generallysupposed.
The
of dung for seeds upon
use
sandy land has peculiaradvan"
because
of vegetationto comwe
pensate
thereby enlist the powers
tages,
in some
the
for
the
in
absence
of
soil
to
degree
power
retain manure.
In adding dung to the land for a
root-crop, a
long time necessarilyelapses before the crop attains to a state in
vhich growth is rapid, or in which
of
it can
use
quickly make
a
important than
he
All
manure.
toil.
When
^^dy
this time
the
dung is applied to the

advantage of it, and
which
by
-iLtent,taken
up
the
at
once
materials
by the
growth.
of
crop,
waste
suffering
is
manure
take
to
rrowth
is
seeds,we
young
have
possessingpowers
the
manure
which
in
are,
the
crop
of
rapid
great
to
consequentlymakes
This
unusually rapid
growth above-ground is
.no/"mpanied by an
equally rapid development of the root
becomes
i^^-aththe surface,whicn
for piDof
source
a
power
of
the
and
the
also
to
growth
serves
followingseason,
.,--*in^
"I
^c^|i
These
-Jaced
from
soil
passing into the porous
are
advantages of no ordinarycharacter,which
within the reach of the cultivator of sandy land.
the
ân'*
manure
y^r^â
^rt^
t\cn\^*rkrned to feed their young
beneath,
are
seeds
thus
hôte
thus
not
it
may
as
fallacious; for
if
well
be
you
could
otherwise
eaten
would
Such
not.
as
only
amount
the
compensate
would
land
The
end.
the
tliis is the
for
what
fallen.
The
growth
of
(and
for
stock),
growing
the
crop
extension
is
small
but
you
and
would
which
You
gainer.
lose
does
manure
consumed,
certain
not
the
here
fully
profit
is
suming
greater in conver?/ much
is
if
it
done
especially
by sheep, and
loss, however,
clovers
usual
is
but
is
argument
an
that
consume
still be
fall, you
gain a certain quantity of food,
of fertility
the land, for the
from
would
341
Farm.
the
decidedly objectionable. It is argued that if

much
of the herbage will perish uselessly,and
eaten^
therefore
of
this is
but
winter,
Manure
AppKcation of the
The
much
of
centres
held
in
is fed
more
the
off than
plant
and
check,
the
damaged,
are
as
have
would
sequence
con-
necessary
As
is
a
equally influenced.
which
to
land,
ought
practice
have
had a good crop and a regular plant, has failed in places,
the appearance
from
in
and
realised the expectations formed
not
the autumn.
The
healthy and luxuriant growth resulting from
the
strongly tempt
early applicationof well-rotted
dung, may
the farmer
in the autumn
to stock his seeds
; but if he yields to
this temptation, the promise of the future
will be sacrificed for a
very
advantage.*
inadequate immediate
The second
of applying dung to artificial
is at a
mode
grasses
later period of their growth, viz.,during the
summer
preceding
tfie
their being broken
for corn.
benefit
But, as in this case
up
of
of the
in
is
the
consideration
view, a
primary object
corn-crop
this practice belongs rather to the next
division of our
subject
of our
light land renders
Corn-Crops. The porosity of much
the
is generally looked
it advisable
that the crop which
as
upon
the
result
of
this
the
of
root
find
often
we
the
"
chief
source
manure.
profitshould
Consequently,we
of
have
see
claim
preferential
it customary
on
some
before
ploughing the
upon
farms
die
to
for
land
apply dung for the corn-crop
wheat.
Taking the best example of farming, we find that when
the
land
is sandy it is considered
desirable
to
apply the dung
time
If the manure
before
the ground is ploughed.
some
were
would
not
simply buried in the land, the slow growth of wheat
it to take full advantage of its fertilising
enable
properties ere It
would
is exactly the
its
The
be
reach.
washed
case
beyond
the necessity
that of the
and
same
as
root-crop already named,
for an
This
is equally great
our
improved
intervening agency
desimble
it is found
to spread
practice has supplied; and hence
the manure
in
well-rotten
for the wheat,
intended
a
condition,
This
violated
view
to
principle of action,
if the flockmaster
vhkli
ia sound
as
the
rule, will liardlj be

Takers sandy soils,with a
general
rons
hoggets over
consolidatingthe sorfiice,so long as they only pick
that before
his
frost sets in." P. H. P.
on
tha
top of the feed"and
342
six
Manure
Applicationof the
Tfie
Farm*
the
of
clover-ley is going to be
This
ploughed up.
a
rapid growth of the plant,
encourages
both
is
the
above
the
below
and
manure
ground, by which
the
and
secured
into
vegetable matter,
part being converted
this
residue
In
thus
preserved by the organic matter
produced.
standing
notwiththe
the
of
is
for
the crop,
use
manure
preserved
way
the deficiency of a preserving
in the soil.*
power
some
weeks
eight
or
the
before
"
The
Use
Dung
of
Sandy
upon
Soils.
Summary.
I consider
Crop.
"
of
sand
important
its
As
corn.
the
So
to
long
the
preserve
under
the
the
the
on
Time
not
be
can
I have
done
good
'he action
of
inducement
"\
be
to
for
overlooked,
be
can
tained
ob-
this valuable
which
is
crop
in its growth
no
have
we
have
is
artificial grasses,
which
to
is
there
artificial grasses
The
reason
every
special power
of
the
repeated experiments
in July, I have
come
and
mown.
little
the
by
addition
grasses,
tenacity
rapid growth, or which

valuable
more
fertilisingmatter.
from
nutriment
this work
when
sufiBcient
guardianship
In
land
the
"
After
April,
offered
into
dung
required period, it
for the
aid
of
atmosphere as well as from the soil,

this ground are
worthy of our especialattention.
the dung should
be applied to
of Application, Whether
deriving
not
or
loamy soil, we
air
latter property is not

that
believe
the
to
apd
soil has
best
these
possessed by
prepared to make
from
the
circumstances.
property
abstracts
plough
ference
pre-
roots
admixture
the
or
the
more
grasses,
by
loam
portion
pro-
in
soil for
the
and
manure
accept the
to
constitute
with
sandy
as
so
artificial
the
the
as
it become
does
tenacious
more
greater freedom,
they
better
upon
intermixture
either
becomes
clearlyadvisable
because
increases,
dung
direct
root-crop.
of character
land
soil becomes
thus
exercise
justified in stating that
are
the
more
the
clay, and
may
for the
in
apply
to
to
we
to
done
laid
the
with
advantage
fresh
to
on
London
spring-feed,and
whatever
application
of
July
when
in November,
yards
keep back
the
more
earliest, time
is
crop
found
but
the
and
following. I
corn-crop
July so satisfactorythat I
for
manure
costly well-rotted
still less to
the
in
November,
sandy soils,even
that
manure
from
in
manure,
is the
conclusion
to the
first-rate
on
taken
manure
the
on
the
in
find
feel
this
"^'"oose.
'îth
.w"*
the
erf 111
uncertainty
sunshine, I
the
how
wish
cannot
season
of development.
If the supply of
round, through and over
'rbage grows
tate
jmall
)romoted
"
'"t-work
-vJs.
of
admixture
July is the season

plants which,
3t asses,
of
The
Dplied
in
their
sprinfi
besides
to the
roots
gras8e"
cow-grass
at which
away
~in
"
""
and
ôrd,
food
in
is small
the
dung,
Dutch
be
to
in
will
has
be
been
most
sown
the
with
chief
that
compact
turf
so
part of the nutriment
soils that
have
no
bottom
waiting
the
among
be
best
by the
valuable
if the
the
efiectually
development of these plants can

producing superior herbage, contribute
of
forward
first,but increasing as
at
waste
clover
and
showers
between
dung
the
the
formation
with
alternate
may
ammonia
the
on
these
matiure
race
is
is the
344
of
power
farmyard-dung
experiment
that
of the
13
extra
of 8i tons
of
use
per
the
extra
find in the
we
manure
further
same
instead
employed
was
there
of
Animal
"
increased
Manures
Straw.
without
of this class are, generallyspeaking, deposited

here we
laivl by the animals
themselves, yet even
manures
exercise
can
Thus
so.
Farm,
of the
was
a
yield
dung,
stated
f
rom
the
as
above,
theîncrease
acre, whilst,
dung was only 1 ton.
II.
the
upon
do
to
artificial
when
loads
Class
Although
Manure
Applicationof the
The
This
control
important
more
all
includes
class
than
first sight apparent.
is at
produced
the
farm
by
consumption of the growing crops, and therefore
comprises
such
are
as
produced by grazing and folding. In connection
be done
with
the grazing of cattle and horses, little can
but
to
which
knock
and
about
will
spread their droppings a work
old
of
the
labour
of
the
the
than
cost
more
man
or
boy so
repay
rank
the
of
and
sour
growth
obviating
herbage,
employed, by
which
the stock will refuse
to
eat.
By the practice of folding
the
of manure.
As
we
can
application
very completely regulate
rule, it is only applied to sheep, although in some
a
exceptional
^stock and
it has
for pigs. Even
been
cases
adopted for homed
sheep-foldinghas too often been restricted to the consumption of
manures
on
the
"
the
land
the
turnip-cropon
still greater
advantages
this system
to
other
the
Unless
land.
their
to
resort
much
any.
is
and
is
com
into
from
folds
these
lairs,and
parts of
consequently
too
the
spots will
rank
in
the
over
sheep
receive
have
of
the very
manure
off,the
field will
the
that
extension
gain
we
apportioned
show
to
the
equal distribution of
an
other
will
too
scarcely
former
places,
be
of
growth
even
more
field
endeavour
laid ; but
the latter parts the
is not
on
crop
The
distribution
of
the
favours
manure
regular
likelyto
strong enough.
V
the
field is thus
favourite
whilst
manure,
The
the
derived
been
have
crops.
of
By a regular division
important advantage of
I shall
; but
idvantageous.
It is only right that
the
corn-crop
which
is
decidedly
restricting
sheep from resortingto their
notice why they give such
lairs we
"avourite
should
decided
a
""T.'"fpôn'"r-ô these
preference being certainly the
spots, such
well
therefore it were
instinctive guidance; and
to
this
natural
desire
in
tiiat
counteracting
we
-"uxâ
provide
-
in
""
o,viequate substitute.
Mvîerence
ormer
be
can
*red with
je
flu
have
yjth
ftfro""
more
^-i^'OP
conditions
shelter
readily supplied by
thin
shifted
Two
by sheep"
shown
as
generallyinfluence
and
dryness
the
of
soil.
of
the
The
hurdles
light
boarding or by wattled flakes,both of which
K it be intended
easily as ordinary hurdles.
permanent
pven
more
fold, a
double
shelter ; but
use
row
for all
of
hurdles
stuffed
ordinarypurposeii
either
the former
of
Manure
Applicationof the
The
will
of the
345
Farm.
Their
general
the
for, whether
extremely remunerative;
flock
for
of
be
the
one
or
breeding or feeding,
importance
may
sides
of each fold being thus
sheltered will be very great.
two
The
dryness of the land is not so directlyunder our control ; for,
to
although drainage will do much
improve it in this respect,
will
use
land
its
this
than
more
becomes
render
every
sound
for
is
in
necessary.
night, it is alike
lair at
If
land
will
the
dock
our
interest
prevent
we
our
such
and
duty
and
that which
artificially
they seek to secure
The
of
folding not only influences
practice
the manure,
and
other
each
growing
is
the
crops
field is
eating
the
freedom
vide
pro-
distribution
the
run
in
to
say
that
and
of
the
of
place;
entire
preference
field,
to
that
greater portion
mode
this
cleared
takes
the
over
growth
constitutes
by far
It is needless
feed.
to
youngest
which
older, and
to
"
sheep have
the
selecting
naturally.
successivelyfolded off
uninterrupted growth
and
immediate
an
whereas, if
they continue
which
some
generally
the clovers
as, for instance, with
it increases the quantityproduced. As
cases
"
the
portionof
stock,
of
in
but
the
requiredbefore
cases
many
folding ;
large folds
own
purpose.
found
be
still much
answer
of
eating
the
the
time
growth during
sheep are on
is
the
for a day or
checked
growth
two
probably for four or five weeks, or as long as
; in the other
field
is being eaten.
in
the
of the
the
In consequence
crop
growth of herbage being more
quantity of
scanty, a Smaller
This deficiencyof growth is necesbe produced.
must
manure
sarily
of
decreased
fertilising
absorption
accompanied by a
prejudicethe
crop must
the
land.
In
one
case
atmosphere,which
the
from
matter
the
the
is
of
one
the
most
valuable
The
influence
clovers.
prejudicial
properties possessed by our
of
clover
mode
of
the
from
feeding our crops
ordinary
resulting
also has an
important influence upon the quantityof stock which
The
the land is capable of maintaining.
higher the productive
In
of
most
in other
A
the
of
power
number
land,
stock
the
which
can
one-half
cases
instances
greater
more
it has
been
further
be
be
carried
stock
be
can
the
under
than
more
be
will
difference
the
two
in
the
systems*
kept equally well, but
doubled,
realised
advantage may
by taking advantage of
nutritious
the fact that plantsare
most
just before attainingtheir
If
the
of
be
so
supply
regulated that advantage
maturity.
keep
of this knowledge, not only will
the stock thrive
be taken
can
made
better,but the manure
by them will be of superiorquality.
This
out by Mr.
Hope, of Fentcm Bams,
system is well carried
whose
practice is to cut his first crop of clover for hay,and to let
his second
almost to maturity, and then feed in the
growth come
manner
spoken of. His experienceis, that land so treated is as
rich
in
removal
condition
of
crop
as
of
when
hay.
pastured all
This
is
no
the
season
without
the
testimony,and
solitary
346
The
Manure
Applicationof the
Farm,
of the
I feel
justifiedin statingthat, under a judicious system

of folding,we
an
safelyanticipate
equal distribution of the
may
the
of
stock
which
increase
in
number
be kept,
can
an
manure,
the production of more
considerable
a
improvement in
manure,
therefore
the
food
the
qualityof
and
grown,
consequently a
able
valu-
more
manure.
Another
folding
carried
in
out
some
intended
by the system of nightextensively and advantageously
south
and
south-eastern
day the flocks graze

at night
leys,and return
stubbles, or
commons,
land
is
the
During
England.
the
of
the land
is
practicewhich
"
enriching
of
mode
for
sometimes
or
corn
for
counties
the
over
In
roots.
downs,
folded
be
to
of
some
upon
cases
vetches,mustard, or roots ; but

the
the
in either case
of the
at
cost
tillage-landgains manure
The
should
take
to
care
shepherd
rougher grazing-land.
always
in
the
fold
his flock about
for
before
time
some
move
gently
the sheep thus deposit their
for the day, as
out
turning them
they
Another
without
to
consume
it is wanted.
where
manure
floors
back
brought
are
in which
form
when
with
is met
straw
bedding.
clay, peat ashes,
burnt
such
with
the drill.
being
have
Some
with
mixed
caustic
condition
exposure
of the
of
dry
material
the
ashes
that
imagined
ashes
fresh
the
animal
upon
such
"
of
manures
the
coal,
peat char-
as
weeds
is
"
is
manure
have
may
contained
air in
generally
of
means
injured by
arisen
in the
shed
sparred
open
applicationby
this
alkalies
the
ashes
kept
are
facilitate its
to
manure
or
with
deal
to
stock
Some
without
mixed
have
we
from
ashes
the
; but
by
this would
be
a
soon
dry
of
soluble
is
best
being
character,
manure,
very
applicationon lightland, in moderate quantity,and
to
This
overcome.
for
adapted
with
in close connection
the seed.
Liquid-Manure.
This
"'"'-aw.
nixed
constitutes
the
It consists
of
with
ank- water
-s
more
or
from
the
tanks
these
act
-''ûldotherwise
""aTnp\ya
"antage.
;"uch
-.
an
The
ipphwâon.
that
redings is,
He
n
K"
solid
li"Mf/^
^nc
reservoirs
for the
value
is
the
which
upon
It has, however,
in
lost,their
be
drawn
rule
it is
the
to
upon
not
oorHons
that
stock
inter-
of the
the
we
separate
box
manure
or
be
carried
that
'împortant
of
safelybase
they can
a'dopted
been
limits
may
to
be
not
may
cases
many
it becomes
where
the
of
liquidwhich
unquestionable; and there
indicate
desirable
of
drainage
system
which
manure
modifications
*oHf
the
it is often distinguished as
; but
in which
it is collected.
So far
receptacles
portionsof
the various
without
manure
of
liquidexcrements
injuriousextent,
should
^ne
animal
varietyof
less water
as
be
farm
third
the
the
successful
our
profrom
liquid
used
together,
pit system, by which
are
kept together,we
find
that
which
either
than
plant
After
into
passed
it
ment
the
the
the
solid
food
solid
excrement
consequently be
phosphates, which
deficient
to
certain
in its
be taken
Under
certain
the
out
caiTy
to
excrements
}x"int;
cannot
do
matter
from
being
various
than
better
which
again
The
not
vegetation.
advisable
adoption
this
solid
the
The
and
to
away
is a puted
dis-
runs
liquidmanure
to
me
that
think
with
it in
liquid
is generally
former
latter
to
of
we
the
solid
is
pensable
indis-
been
the
assume
of
being duly regulated ;

for preventing
appear
the
the
two
that
conjunction
on
separated. The solid manure
animal
soon
undergoes a fermentation,
forip adapted to the support of vegea
table
this
the product depends on
process
employ
value
of
thus, by
induce
reasons
it had
from
removed
it may
life.
using
life into
support
separationof
of
animal
re-combined
are
maintained.
extent
mode
best
but
for the
manure-pit,whilst
the
to
The
tank.
pit system
and
again
are
the
of
animal
these
; and
will
alkalies
the
food
of
it does
the natural
great
removed
when
only
fullyadapted
or
have
stalls,6cc., we
it is
stitutes
con-
residuum
type of the perfectplant,
the
as
circumstances
box
The
the processes
by
system the
as
and
nuti'i-
unabsorbed
the system
into
up
urine.
growing
digested
This
substances
in the
may
divided
been
portions; and
becomes
manure
that
being
been
remains
taken
plish.
separatelyaccom-
has
animal.
the
in such
voided
extent
has
distinct
the
of
originalstate
which
the
after
to
general
haVe
we
of the
wants
the animal
yield to
portion which
the
form
liquid can
animal
the
for the
advantageous
the
or
of
intestines
contains,
the
is most
347
Farm,
of the
vegetation. In this combined

more
completely suppliesthe
of
manure
which
combination
purposes
Manure
Applicationof the
The
and
the
presence
of
moisture
To
this
rapid or violent action.
what
end
liquidcan be as beneficiallyapplied as that which will
have
those
which
of fertility
elements
restore
passed away from
undue
it into the urine, at the same
time
that it checks
heating.
be easilydistributed
hose the tank-water
and
can
By the aid of a pump
which
the fermenting manure,
should be moderately
over
but
not
so
compressed,
tightlyas to prevent the passage of the
so
Many manure-pits are constructed
liquid through its mass.
This
that they
is a good plan, for it
drain into the tank.
may
the
enables
liquid to be freelyused without fear of adding too
much
of the
for the use
advocate
I am
decided
to the heap.
a
liquid-manure with the dung of the farm, for I believe that in
their combined
both act with increased
use
advantage.
The
the
of
mode
of
this
adoption
using
liquid-manurewill,
the necessityfor
imder
careful
of
course
remove
a
management,
a
too
'
further
cases
water,
VOL.
question as
in
which
or
XXT.
in
to
the
it is allowed
which
of
use
to
it is wished
this
become
to
fertiliser ; but
intermixed
apply
it
to
for
with
the
2
land
B
those
other
in
The
348
condition, further
gradually brought to
does
manure
ally
exist
such
in
its value, and
that
distribution
gravitation,or
becomes
In
land
in
consider
to
although liquidyet these g^[ierof
cost
it is
the
over
important
dilution.
the
have
appUcaticMDi
a
very generally accepted rule
be accomplished by its own
of
power
When
cheap pressure.
liquid-manure
some
distributed
be
can
We
necessary.
that
state
hence
must
under
is
Farm.
conclusion,that
fertilising
powers,
diffused
exceeds
the
the
valuable
possess
of the
comment
separate
been
Manure
Applicationof the
it
inexpensive
an
the
manner,
exerted
by
influence
its
the
observe
the
general practice of irrigationwe
the land,
to
fertilisinginfluence of the ingredients,thus added
much
of their being presented to
in
increased
very
consequence
the roots
of the herbage in a very diluted
condition
form
in
a
"
which
it
is
especiallyfavourable
Nor
plant
are
given quantity of liquid-manure

by a similar dilution ; but
of this experience we
have
first to
and
increase
then
the
that
the
in
the
of
any
creased
in-
be
manner
practical application
the
consider
in
of
action
like
in
may
dilution
the
reauirements
the
evidence
without
we
for
of distribution,
cost
the
proportionto
porosity
of the land.
This
in
addition
the
alter
simply
water
there
liquid-manure, but
its
similar
what
in
observe
we
moniacal
fermentation
salts
chemical
must
not
takes
It
it.
allowed
be
mechanical
to
has
in
been
take
which
A
overlooked.
be
place
change
changes
liquid-manure
farmyard-dung, whereby
in
formed
should
this change
efiects
are
which
and
composition,
somewhat
to
of
we
have
before
place
am-
whether
doubted
or
after
If the
liquid-manure is to be
application to the land.
applied to a light soil,it will be desirable for this change to
it is used, because
it too well
take place before
have
cannot
we
It
for
at
once
not
prepared
promoting vegetable growth.
may
^^
when
soils
admixture
to
as
an
applied
containing
necessary
at present in a
not
01
clay ; for, although we
are
positionto say
will take place in the soil,
Kat the same
production of ammonia
its
"cill we
have
"hitherto the
believe
to
reason
evidence
of
that
experience
direct
no
has
been
loss will
ensue.
stronglyin
favour
liquid-manure in the tank until it has fermented,

keeping
this experience,
be added, has been
it must
chieflyderived
the
ii
ût
trials
ôm
that
yr-^\
.-^
-.
iO"
"""
ivAt
notice
-.r'êssfuL
âl
iAr"'%"in^Mi
to
^V
possible
more
the
Here
is
that
adhesive
greater advantage
distribution
I'-^ê
ha.
with
Jtci'
'^"ci.itt.wjkvr4
and
stronger
upon
i"""H fresh
"xc
It is
light soils.
on
; but
future
at
generallyaccepted
manure
present the feras
the best
plan.
which
its emph"yment
upon
have
conclusive
evidence
that
crops
we
artificial grasses
its use
has
''"alittn ""ve-flrwio"
^""" nTr*^*tced under
and
trials may
soils,the
been
its
most
lating action
land
applied to
large
for if the
necessary,
growth of straw, there will
There
use.
are
from
is straw
there
provided
producing
a
as
stimulant
be
for
to
good yield
such
; upon
It
made
before
must
this
these
as
com,
straw-
looked
be
not
ference)
re-
of
upon
(forits
of
com
production
a
growth of grassy
encoure^
straw),but it may be taken advantage
in the
the
aa
production of com
to
named.
The
apjdying liquid-manureis during the period

crop's growth, and
especiallyin the earliest stages.
and
land during either of
nourishment
added
to the
best
the
Moisture
those
I have
be
increasing the
tendency
herbage, and therefcMre of
of indirectlyto
encourage
instance
sure
suitable^
is rather
immediate
of
is
enough
will
manure
direct
there
have
quality; and
been
produced.
successfolljvbut great
land
is naturallydisposed to
be considerable
danger in its
(towhich
soils
many
which
and
conikcrops
is here
care
a
satis"ctory results
most
been
349
Farm.
of the
unparalleledweight
of
crops
grass
upon
It has
also
Manure
Applicationof the
The
in which
the year
the climate
relied upon
as
being valuable
of
months
growth,
for
time
be
may
favours
rapid
assistance
for
for growth
disposition
will these supplies prove, and
the more
welcome
consequently
find the use
of liquid-manure (ifproperly diluted)is most
we
the energies of the plant are
in the summer,
efficacious
when
most
most
grateful,and the
active, the supply of moisture
increasingthe
nourishment
growing
ing the
The
crop.
of
the
crop.
Some
proper
time
supplies of
natural
active
more
most
manure
the
needed
for die
of. the
structure
in selectFdiscretion,however, is necessary
the
observe
for its application. If we
moisture
in
the
of
form
rain,
see
we
the
moist
atmosphere,
degree prepared for it,by a
in
applying liquid-manure,we should
a
cloudy sky : hence,
the scorching
this example, and avoid
far as possibleimitate
as
by reserving our suj^ly until the coed and moist
rays of the sun
This
hours
of evening are
precaution*i" lesa
approaching.
then
but even
die ground has just been
when
mown,
necessary
it is desirable.
Aldiougfa, as I have stated,,
liquid-manure may
the
of vegetation
be applied to the best
when
advantage
powers
not
its emplojonent in the winter may
in full activity,
always
are
plant
in
some
and
be
objectionableif
that
remembered
from
its
there
it is
Sandy
use.
not
is
an
every
soils,for
abundant
supply,but
soil which
example,
can
which
it
must
derive
have
but
be
benefit
weak
derive
little advantage
preservation of manure,
except during the period of vegetation,but this objectiondoes
retentive character.
not
apply to soils of a more
powers
for
the
Queen's College^
Birmingham,
_____
350
Cliemical
XVIII.-7-0;i
the
Commercial
Compositionand
Chemical
Valtie
of
Commercial
Compositionand
Valtie of
other
and
Norwegian Apatite^Spanish Phosphorite^ Coprolites^
PhosphaticMaterials used in England for AgriculturalPurposes.
Voelcker.
By Dr. Augustus
.
first introduced
into agriculture,
superphosphate of lime was
from
boiled
it was
bones.
raw
or
exclusivelyprepared
then
under
the
of dissolved
sold more
name
frequently
and
of German
compost than under that of superphosphate.
When
It
was
bones
Animal
black
materials
valuable
as
In
refuse
matters
from
refuse
soon
nised
recog-
artificial
of
found
were
even
for
now
making superphosphate. They are
and
ployed
extensively emby manure-merchants,
other
of phosphatic and
manufacture
artificial
superior to bones
eagerly bought up
the
in
for
respects these
some
the
shape of
bone-ash, were
the
production
South- American
and
sugar-refineries,
manures.
in
bone-charcoal,
or
manures.
The
timely discovery
in the
Suffolk
abundant
crag,
of
source
and
fossil bones
of
chalk
of
the
of
manufacture
phosphorite
and
are
American
of
bones, animal
meet
to
owe
lime
an
the
their
which
black, South-
Cambridgeshire coprolites,
are
employed at the present time in
superphosphate.
Sombrero
Estramadura,
from
which
phosphate
boiled
nodules
provided
country,
own
artificials
valuable
that
only materials
the
not
our
those
for
phosphatic
coprolitesfurther
in
phosphates
yearly increasing demand

eflScacy principallyto the
But
and
they contain.
raw
American
bone-ash, Suffolk
and
of
phosphates
Apatite from
Norway,
phosphate or Crust
various
certain
kinds, and
likewise
are
phosphatic guanos,
imported into England in considerable
and converted, by means
of sulphuric acid,
quantities,
of producer and
into valuable
the mutual
benefit
to
manures,
guano,
consumer.
Manure
manufactories
'breadth 'of the

vmder
ases
country, and
whatsoever
of
out
his kind
of
are
name
spread
now
all these
in
it may
be
manure,
large as
it is
at
the
works
out, is in
sent
ten, superphosphate of
the
over
The
lime.
present, is
length and
stapleproduct,
reality,in nine
consumption of
increasing every
It must
be
not
likely to increase for years to come.
for phosphatic manures
is the
^'^pposedthat the large demand
the
of
the
"^sult of extraordinary exertions
on
manure-merpart
and
it
is
due
be
to
a
prevailing,
passing,faith in
;liants, or
may
the universal
It rests
his class of fertilizers.
on
experience of
is
'ear, and
orrr***!
"rs
J*
ti
.î^""
th*"*
af
no
Kis.
t\r\tif, ^f
descriptionof
when
"^specially
'^îlizers
manure
ha^"*
repays
applied
been
to
tried
judiciousoutlay
root-crops.
on
Whilst
large scale.
352
Cliemical
Commercial
Compositionand
Value
of
^krten, legumine, and indeed all albuminous

compounds.
for those constituents
which
How
even
large then is the demand
We
thus
the best soils supply but in scanty proportions!
can
êir
in
is
available
condition
direct
understand
an
why
supply
vital importance to
cultivated
thsai that of
of more
our
crops
substance.
other fertilizing
any
Generally speaking, phosphatic manures
produce a more
men,
effect
marked
it
the
from
be
that
supposed
was
is
taken
of
as
the
small
is
that
of
much
very
wheat.
be
benefit
I do
Into the
in
they
to
not
are
in
as
efficacious
for
in
consequence
their
disposal
supply
to
average
that
seasons.
phosphates,produce
what
do
the
when
and
cereals
in
poor
present
character
generally
not
turnips,these
naturally very
at
at
quantity
grown.
bone-dust
institute
quantitiesin
find
matter
no
extent
land
or
cereals,especially
our
small
soluble
and
very
purpose
relative
in
root-crops,
are
not
look
rich
same
soils
of
mangolds,
do
sufficient
now
which
the
to
light sandy
acid.
in
we
on
on
phosphatic manures
on
acid
superphosphate
wheat
and
distributed
that manures,
of the soil may
swedes
the
is
which
strikingeffect
Although
that
and
bulbs
Hence
the
up
in
food
phosphoric
of
of
roots
is
white
is thus
soil,turnips,swedes,
large mass
the peculiarities
of their growth,
it is
nation
expla-
account
no
the
of
this
enabled
wheat-plant
in a considerable
depth oi soil,and
its organism the requisite
of
amount
which
acid
than
shorter
of
weight
The
soil.
the
Whilst
proper
accumulates
phosphoric
such
which
of
for
available
in
wheat-plant,
deep penetrating roots
fibriles,feed, comparatively speaking,upon
the cultivated
soil,and their whole
period of
numerous
by degrees
But
phosphates.
others
required to
account
the
portion of
search
in
command
vegetation
to
as
that
acid
phosphoric
more
vegetation of green and

respectiveperiods
take
in which
these crops
the different mode
their
their
all
on
time
one
of
turnips, unlike
with
and
crops,
supplied with
little correct
and
at
root-crops
At
cereals.
upon
removed
white
abundantly
more
crops,
food
than
soil
than
root-crops
upon
are
other
grown
phosphoric
inquiry
minute
various
organic and mineral ccmi"îf-ioi;itg

the
which
constitute
food
of plants,nor
extend
the
to
offered
observations.
pivôtJing
as
They are merely
suggestions
'vhich
iiie
fact
that
the sale of
to
at
some
least,
explain
extent,
has
been
to
steadilyincreasing from
pnosphatic manures
year
and
has
assumed
dimensions.
now
gigantic
nroar^
iTie supply of bones
is totallyinadequate to meet
the present
aige
demand
utilityof
for
superphosphate
'-^rtunate,
therefore, that
phosphates
in
the
the
-Ârk^vQifc,oncl
-"ipi^'^lifr-
England
extensive
and
similar
possesses
Suffolk
an
and
fertilizers.
abundant
It is
source
Cambridgeshire
of English-
*hf"*"t^*^ ^n*'*'T"r^*^^^?
'^^^racter
PhosphaticMaterials
available
renders
men
used
for the
for AgriculturalPurposes.
use
the
of farmers
353
discoveries
of
other
phosphatic deposits in Norway, Spain, America, and
The
countries.
of the phosphatic materials
composition of most
which
used
are
has
England
been
present time
by
carefullyascertained
scientific
in
scattered
are
the
at
manure-manufacturers
; but
journals,and
in
of the
many
analyses
readily accessible
not
to
Several
agriculturistor manufacturer.
phosphatic materials
have
been
into
only recently
again
imported
England, and of
these
as
trustworthy analyses have been
no
yet published. Of
careful
others
from
we
analyses made
picked specimens,
possess
of the
but no
published account
composition of the materials in
the state
in which
in commerce.
I propose,
they actually occur
of all the
therefore, to give an account
more
important phosphatic
materials
in use, and
their general
now
brieflyto describe
and
characteristic
more
physical properties,stating
appearance
the
localities where
their
found,
they are
composition as ascerand
which
tainetl by me,
be of interest or
some
particulars
may
maker
the
of
to
or
practical importance either to the farmer
The
artificial manures.
following is a list of the substances of
the
which
I shall
treat
Norwegian
2.
3.
Spanish phosphorite.
Cambridgeshire coprolites.
4.
Suffolk
coprolites.
phosphate (Maracaibo guano).
Sombrero, or Crust-guano.
American
6.
Mooria
7. Kooria
Other
8.
Animal-black,
11.
Bones.
are
find their
all
other
few
into
way
guanos.
bone-ash.
American
10.
Inhere
at
guano.
phosphatic
9. South-
refer
apatite.
1.
5.
then
"
bone-charcoal.
or
phosphatic
but
commerce,
and
Apatite, a hard
composed of phosphoric
l5evonshire,
Cornwall,
({uantityto
In
allow
America
jjranite
its
of
it is
found
at
and
not
Milford
Topsham,
in
mentioned
in detail
acid
and
Maine,
well-crystallisedmineral, chiefly
lime, is
Scotland, but
and
imbedded
in
mica-slate
near
as
technical
in
at
Baltimore,
On
other
the
in
; in
Connecticut;
various
Mineralogie.'
purposes.
Greenland
West
Newhaven,
granite, and
in Dana's
not
granite
in
in this country
yet in sufficient
found
for
collected
being
Mills,
in
Apatite.
often
in
Germantown,
ijfnciss at
now
I shall (either
these
to
only incidentally.
or
1. Norwegian
in
which
materials
at
localities
Continent
354
Chemical
in several
it is found
places in the Tyrol

Saxony, Bavaria, Sweden,
Bohemia,
in
Commercial
Compositionand
it
commonly
volcanic
thin
in
occurs
rocks,
sufficient
in
working.
Mineralogists distinguish several
specimens are regular crystals,others
cost
and
of
Switzerland, also
Most
Norway.
in crystallineor
and
imbedded
seams,
seldom
but
Value
quantity to
the
repay
of
varieties
of
apatite.
Some
foliated
others
crystalline,
its
conchoidal.
much
as
as
or
crystalline
has
structure
a
light green or a
; but, generally speaking, apatite
The
reddish
is
which
colour.
at
apatite
imported into
present
England from Norway is found chieflyat Krageroe.
Two
apatite furnished, on analysis,
specimens of red-coloured
the following results :
The
colour
varies
"
No.
Hygroscopic
of combination
Water
Lime
fChloride of calcium
Magnesia
Phosphate of iron
'40
41-88
41*74
53-45
54-12
1-61
1-61
'20
and
siliceous
alumina
'66
'45
1*24
matter
'97
Alkalies
Equal
-30
to tribasic
phosphate
of lime
(bone-earth)
t Containing chlorine
specimens
These
yet
samples
had
contained
they
of
Krageroe,
bright
but
red
little
very
99-67
100-22
90*74
90*44
1*03
1*03
colour
oxide
like
of
found
to
contain
i'"^"^
2.
*298
'198
-23
acid
tChloride of calcium
of
No.
1.
-19
water
Lime
Oxide
other
"
of combination
"Phosphoric
Two
wlvite,apatite from
No.
Hygroscopic
ironstone, and
iron.
light green-coloured, almost
very
were
Water
2.
'43
'40
"Phosphoric acid
Insoluble
No.
1.
'43
water
41*25
42*28
50-62
53-35
6-41
2*16
*29)
.q"
.
"^^
*38;
Alumina
..
Potat,.
-04
"Jodi
'13
-lo
.
"82
no/Ai
.
100*36
li^^
A^
iiloa^lC
î-ôpiM.^
)t
AAAUC
'^'-ifa;riinQr pKlorine
-111
iiOiAkit
!""'
K^
-ory
uf
"""
-99
100*196
^L/uu"i'Ca.ilh)89*37
91*60
1*38
4-09
apatite consamples of Norwegian

high percentage of phosphate of lime, only a small
whatever.
of lime
foreign impurities,and no carbonate
"ccii
al""i
iiiat
these
jf^rfo'^fiyfr"p
from
fluorine, which
is
present
in
PIiosp/uUicMaterials
used
355
for Agricultuml Purposes.

,
other
most
calcium,
of
varieties
find,
apatite.
2*16
from
varies
The
to
of
amount
6'41
chloride
in
cent
per
of
pieces
block, showing that large blocks are not

chipped off the same
uniform
in
their
composition.
always
The
made
Quite
some
preceding analyses were
years
ago.
recently I analysed a sample of ground Norwegian apatite,which
yielded the following results :
"
(driven off
Moisture
at 212"
F.)
-24
of combination
Water
'66
Lime
45'12
..
"Chloride
..
of calcium
2*53
..
..
Magnesia
Oxide
*74
'
of iron
1*29
Alumina
1*53
Potash
-36
Sulphuric acid
t Phosphoric acid
Insoluble
'29
35-69
11*62
siliceous matter
100*07
*
Containing chloriiie
Equal to tribasic phosphate
P O,
bone^rth)
1*62
lime
of
(3 Ca 0,\
This
sample,
I have
It
hitherto
siliceous
the
of
oxide
more
the same
imported from
reduce
impurities necessarily
lime, which,
mentioned
however,
sample.
already noticed
still
is
the
very
iron
''^
and
fluorine.
of
contains
more
alumina
localityin
former
percentage
of
considerable
which
Norway
trace
but
lime,
of
cargoes
These
of
also
and
matter,
contain
not
carbonate
from
in
Krageroe
from
does
examined,
free
is likewise
all those
like
-7.00
than
years.
phosphate
the
in
last-
composition of the unground

In
mineral
is not
some
pieces fragments of
quite uniform.
be seen
with
quartz, hornblende, and other foreign minerals, can
the
misled
naked
In order, therefore, not
to be
by the
eye.
to reduce
to a fine
analyses of picked specimens, it is necessary
of
five
the
considerable
ten
or
mineral, say
powder a
quantity
I have
cwts.,
and
have
to
that
the
analysis made
an
of
such
mixed
average
sample.
Phosphorite
2. Spanish
This
mineral
Tuxillo, in
apatite and
in
occurs
It is
quartz,
and
structure,
and
quartz.
forms
This
Phosphate).
quantitiesat Lagrosa,
immense
Estramadura.
limestone
luirdness.
(Estramadura
here
solid
associated
beds
that
with
foliated
alternate
Spanish phosphoritehas
near
with
fibrous
degree of
light yellow colour, and a considerable
Reduced
to powder, and
placed upon a heated piece
356
Chemical
she"?t-iron,it
of
Commercial
Compositionand
Value
of
beautifully
phosphorescent
becomes
"
Whence its
name.
phosphorite has been

employed as a
Professor
of
in his clnsical
Hausmann,
Gottingen,
building-stone.
of Mineralogy, published in 1847, sa3rs with
Handbook
respect
the
are
to
probably
Spanish phosphorite,that building purposes
this mineral
be applied.
the only use
can
to which
how
know
We
in England of course
to turn
phosphoriteto a
than
of building houses
that
with
The
it
better
fact,
purpose
mineral
is, or, more
however, that such a valuable
correctly
not
speaking, has been, used for building purposes
many
years
immense
shows
layers it is to be found at
plainlyin what
ago,
of adequate means
Lagrosa. It is to be regrettedthat the want
difficulties
other
have
hitherto prevented this
of transport and
in
valuable
from
to the
large quantities
being brought
deposit
market.
English
Several
of Estramadura
phosphate, it is true,
large cargoes
the importers lost
hither
their way
but
found
two
years
ago,
sold at a
was
by the speculation,although the mineral
money
rate
quitehigh enough in comparison with the then current
price
In
this
Estramadura
of bone-ash
other
and
phosphates.
The
made
following analyses were
the composition of
fairlyrepresenting
from
the
samples,
average
different caigoes
:
"
Compositionof Spanish(Estramadura)FJiosphorite.
No. L
Moisture
and
of combination
water
Lime
"Pbosphoric acid
of iron, alumina, magnesia, and
Oxide
fluorine
determined
by
42-08
41-47
36-36
53-55
)
g
Eanal
tribasic phosphate of lime
it will
be
lOO'OO
the best sa^n**\lî of

"
'
nera
(bone-"arth)
72*69
78*79
..
Spanish phosphorite is not equal to

Norw^gi^^n apatite. It is,however, a valuable
that
seen
18-37
11*47
siliceous matter
to
diflferenoe J
100-00
*
8,
1'42
g.g^
I
Insoluble
No.
'68
the
I'c -Jo
and
..loenhnto
free
from
carbonate
imp
-"jcLiiiA.,
"
afterwaro^
'
"
"
^;ai^d
)f
iht
powerful
with
i^"auiuudura
machinery
sulphuric acid,
for manuring
cxi*^loyed
A"iiomically
îbrous
jo-varia.
^re,
that
nining
L-ja"
phosphoritehas
also
phosphoritemust
fine powder,
a
to
before
it
can
be
purposes.
found
Amberg, in
This phosphoriteresembles, in compositionand strucbut
is distinguished from
it by conof Estramadum,
some
\r^"n
been
at
iodine.
been
phosphoritehas lately
raised
in
some
quantities^
PhospJutHcMaterials
far AgriculturalPurposes.
357
for the
Germany
making of supeijôsphate,but
as
yet it has not found its way into England.
Another
of
species of pho^horite, distinguished by the name
discorered
some
near
Hanau, in
osteoiithjwas
years
ago
in thin seams
in a volcanic
It occurs
rock, is soft
Germany.
and
is used
and
almost
in
used
the
to
the
repay
has
of
seams
of it
made
under
CaMB"IDOSSHIRE
the
physicalcharacter
name
and
of
The
carbonate
than
in
of
others, Mid
the
chalk
lower
in
coprolites.Their
Cambridgeshire
they are
dwell
these
not
on
points.
different
samples,
average
lime
known
are
localities whero
composition of
reducing to powder several
more
CoPBOItITES.
of
the
that I need
known
cation
applipi^ctical
yet
as
phosphattc nodules
commerce
well
tunately
Unforvery lich in phosphate of lime.
this osteolidi are
of sufficient tliickness
not
ezcavmtion,conseqaeniiy
no
of
cost
been
3.
The
and
white,
tons, varies
and
to
insoluble
consequentlythe
siliceous
of
are
obtained
In
extent.
some
amount
found
matter
so
by
some
occur
phosphateof lime
in different
samples fluctuates to a certain degree.

the amount
of
analyses it is usual to determine
lime
of
bone-earth
the
or
phosphate
by digesting
finely-powdered
off the solution from
the
coprolitesin hydrochloricacid, filtering
In commercial
insoluble
ammonia.
ammonia
with
the
siliceous
However
matter,
the phosphates with

precipitating
careful
perfectlyfree
air,some
and
from
carbonate
die
analyst
carbonic
of
lime
be
may
acid, and
to
to
avoid
invariably falls down
the
employ
contact
with
precipitatedphosphates. It is necessary, di^ôre, to redissolve the latter in hydrochloric acid, and

them
down
to throw
a
time
If this be neglected,the amount
second
with aibmonia.
of
and
in all other phosphaticsubstances
phosphates in coprolites,
of lime, is determined
too
containing carbonate
high.
of
the
commercial
By way
example,
following
analyses of
powdered Cambridgeshire coprolites
are
given :
"
General
Compositionof Cambridgeshwe Ccprolites,
358
Cliemical
Commercial
Compositionand
Value
of
contain much
Suffolk-coprolites
of phosphates
fluoride of calcium, by determining the amount
fluoride
of
calcium
is thrown
in the usual way
by precipitation,
in
of which
the amount
down
with the precipitate,
consequence
is stated three to four
of phosphate of lime (bone-earth)
per cent
'
and
chalk-coprolites
both
As
true
amount
higher than it is in reality. The
the
estimated
correctly
by determining
percentage
acid which
calculating from
they contain, and
of bone-earth.
amount
bone-earth
of
In
constituents
other
quantity of
order
to
coprolites,and
in
ascertain
the
at
which
of
this acid
the
the
proportion
true
the
time
same
take
only be
phosphoric
can
exact
the sulphuric acid

up
in the manufacture
of
mixed
coprolitepowder
have
several
made
detailed
I
superphosphate,
is
which
with
results
and
Cambridgeshire coprolites,
of
samples
analysesof average
the following
obtained
"
Compositionof Average Samples of Cambridgeshire

Coprolites,
Detailed
No.
and
Moisture
organicmatter
..
3*52
43*21
45-39
46-60
1-12
-48
1-06
2*46
1-87
2-08
1*36
2*57
1-41
25-29
26-75
27*01
6-66
5*13
6-49
-76
1-06
Magnesia
of iron
Alumina
"Phosphoric acid
tCarbonic acid
Sulphuric acid
of sodium
Chloride
8.
4*01
..
Lime
Oxide
No.
2.
No.
1.
4*63
{aete^ned
-09
traces
Potash
-32
-84
Soda
-50
-73
1 determined
6-04
siliceous matter
Insoluble
and
Fluorine
loss
8*64
6-22
4*96
4*95
traces
not
6-79
'
100-00
*
^rhl^fw^'^phosphate of limej
(Done-eartn)
t Equal
of lime
15-13
..
12*47
11-66
..
phosphates, determined)
usual way
by precipitationj
the
that
seen
phates obtained
that
53.
^^
of
It will be
cent,
^^.g^
to carbonate
Amount
m
100-00
100-00
percentage
the
second
sample
the
60-81
of
amount
phos**
by precipitationis, in round numbers, four per

in the third sample two
higher, than
per cent
higher, and
resultingfrom
of
in
the
method
accurate
more
phosphoric acid,
and
of
determining the
calculatingfrom it the
of bone-earth.
amount
Powerful
machinery
is
required for reducing coprolitesto a

fine powder.
Coarse
coprolitepowder is not easilyacted upon
fore
by acid, and has little or no effect upon vegetation. It is thereadvisable
and
sufficient
to
to
to
reduce
digest
saturate
coprolitesto
them
all the
minute
afterwards
with
carbonate
of
lime
state
of
quantity of
and
other
division,
subacid
con-
360
Chemical
In
varies
matter
Value
coprolitesthe
Suffolk
of
good samples
siliceous
Commercial
Compositionand
10
from
14
to
; No.
cent.
very
Besides
of
iron
with
the
ammonia,
case
the
true
value
of
of
in
is usual
as
amount
latter
the
phosphates when
with
if
correctlyestimated
accurately determined.
the
at
analyses, which
Detailed
deal
thrown
has
be
been
time
same
in
stated
done
in
and
contain
with
of
trace
Lime
detailed
/o
acid
of iron
tCarbonic acid
acid
38-20
1*34
28-32
24-24
4-87
4-81
3-72
..
5*08
5*37
-87
1*40
..
Potash
Soda
:.
Chlorine
-78
-56
-25
1-18
'07
traces
Fluorine
loss
and
Insoluble
siliceous matter
3*02
4-31
10-01
12*27
100-00
Equal
to
tribasic
t Equal
to
carbonate
No.
a
,,'\A nloptf
which
(bone-earth)
of lime
is
the
61*30
52*52
11*64
12*20
very
I find
"
No.
siliceous
1.00H
100-00
superiorsample ; No. 2 represents

sample of Suffi"lk coprolites. In two other
of insoluble
amount
and phosphoric
matter
seen,
determined,
WOP
of lime
phosphate
1, it will be
gôd average
in
I'amples,
,.v.
v*.rMTN"*i/i;"fT
tr
No.
12-56
matter
acid
^V^-^sphoric
hone-earth..
"
x"
/folite"
"
23-48
24-26
50-87
52*56
respectingthe
superphosphate apply, with
uivâQj
''
Aiivv,
;udo-coprolitesof the
"
new
lures
if.
liiade
Suffolk
2.
11*05
..
^ hx^
2.
o.ro
-34
Alumina
Sulphuric
position.
com-
No.
40-70
Oxide
is
subjoined
-,"/,
organic matter
Magnesia
"Phosphoric
be
of SuffolkCoprolites.
Composition
of combination
water
only
the
their
represent
The
excess*
No.
Moisture
down
tion
by precipitaanalyses. In thi"
commercial
therefore, can
pseudo-coprolites,
the phosphoric acid which
they
This
of ozide
determined
are
will
phosphates
these
fore,
5, there-
inferior
specimen.
fluoride of calcium, they contain
a
good
which
and
at
alumina,
partially, least,are
be
to
appears
insduble
of
amount
per
of
conversion
equal
of
chalk
force,to. the
crag.
converting phosphatic nodules into efifectiTe

process
has quiterecentlybeen communicated
by a Frenchman**for
Roblique-
'"oninT'^ni1"
Hi
-in
the
mix
'Comptes
Rendus.'
This
pulverisedphosphatic
gentienuui
nodules
with
Phosphatic Materials
50
ture
of their
cent,
per
to
temperature
If,
as
weight of sea^salt,and to
steam
placed in a furnace
little below
sometimes
is
361
thi3^ mix*
expose
cylinder
or
at
heat.
red
the
silica,the
sufficiencyof
the
of
current
for AgriculturalPurposes,
used
the
case,
deficiency
nodules
be
must
do
contain
not
made
previous
up
to
operation.
M.
Roblique remarks :
sodium
(salt)in contact
of
resultingin
known,
In
acid.
of
rise
chloride
to
acid
phosphoric
sometimes
The
of
The
reaction
with
the
silica
of
of
vapour
silicate of
specialcase
the
it takes
equivalentsof lime,
biphosphate of lime.
calcium
two
and
forms
not, however, combine

considerable
quantityof
soda
and
the
on
does
is well
water
of
latter acts
chloride
on
formation
this
which
from
lime,
the
"
with
chloric
hydro-
phosphate
and
gives
All
the
the
lime
phosphate
of
; it
soda.
the
in
dry state, without
excess
process thus furnishes
both
which
silicates
and
acid,
phosphates,
readily yield
same
of
plants not
only
able
been
not
scale
large
to
considerable
alkali."
quantityof
I have
phosphoric acid, but also
silica and
and
learn if this
to
plan has
been
tried
on
found
been
practicable. If, by any

cheap
of sulphuric acid, coprolites
could
be brought into a state
in which
the phosphates they contain
be readily taken
be
can
up by plants,a great saving would
I question,however,
effected.
much
whether
this
new
plan
very
be successfully
carried out on a large scale, but think it well
can
method
necessitating the
not
worth
use
trial.
5. Maracaibo
Monk's
or
(American
Guano
Island
Phosphatb).
singular phosphatic
This
into
under
commerce
known
Columbian
as
is sometimes
It occurs
rock
in
millated
of
exterior, resembling
structure.
porous
It is reduced
under
brownish-gray powder.
the
an
imparts
natural
Monk's
are
enamel.
millstone
with
chocolate-brown
Island
in
an
that
and
have
compact
grayish-white mam-
Between
interior
Burned
It is- also
Ghiano, and
American
Phosphate.
are
frequentlypiecesof quartz-*
as
compact
beautifullywhite, showing
which
Guano.
hard,
colour,and a
lumps
chocolate-brown
and
also
Guano,
looking portion
turns
name
These
originallyintroduced
was
of Maracaibo
as
simply described
large lumps, in which
imbedded.
interior
the
mineral
is
this
enamel-
lighter brown
difficultyinto a
platinum capsule, it
open
it contains
organic matter,
colour
some
to
the
lumps
in
their
state.
fair average
Sample, prepared by reducing
to
powder
por-
Chemical
362
taken
tions
several
from
analysis,which
Commercial
Compositionand
furnished
Value
submitted
blocks, was
the following results :
of
to
careful
"
Moisture
2-39
..
"Organic
aod
matter
of combination
water
7J)3
..
..
Lime
39-48
Magnesia
Phosphoric acid
Sulphuric acid
41*34
1*17
4*57
silica and
Soluble
sand
2*28
99-16
Containing nitrogen
Equal to ammonia
*139
*169
in hydrochloric acid and

By dissolving this mineral
tating
precipithe sand, with
the solution,filtered from
76*71
ammonia,
lime
and
of phosphate of
cent,
magnesia (bone-earth)were
per
The
obtained.
but
whatever,
It is thus
which
basic
lime
clear
has
the
found
united
with
36*28
with
From
these data
of
and
There
the
total
of
The
magnesia
yields
3*28
of
remains
quantityof
ducting
de-
lime
left,which
are
acid.
thus
phosphate
ordinarytrisulphuric acid
that
lime
of
cent,
per
contains
lime
uniting the
sulphate of lime, and,
sulphatefrom
phosphoric
unite
fi*om
On
cent,
per
analysis,36*28
phosphoric acid,
(2 Ma, O, PO5).
to
of lime.
7*77
Guano
Island
constitution
different
in the
lime
in the
no
phosphate contained
of phosphoric acid.
cent,
per
Monk's
that
obtain
we
4*90
less than
no
the
from
bone-phosphate
or
with
filtrate
takes
are
2*1 1
up
of
of
magnesia
phosphate
of phosphoric acid
39'23
of lime.
it
appears
that
this
singularand
highlyvaluable
pyro-phosphate and
of
chiefly of a mixture
Since
this substance
tains
conordinary tribasic phosphate of lime.
a
phosphate richer in phosphoric acid than ordinary or
bone
phosphate,and is free fi*om carbonate of lime, it is rendered
less sulphuric acid
much
than
soluble with
is required for dissolving
Island
bone-ash, apatite,and other phosphates. Monk's
is
valuable
and
excellent material
a
Guano, therefore,
peculiarly
that are rich in soluble phosphate
for preparing artificial manures
phosphate
consists
of lime.
6.
This
Indian
in
some
valuable
in
been
of late years
quantities. Sombrero
islet of
as
Crust
has
already, and
or
Sombrero
occurs
been
Rock,
Sombrero.
quarried away
England
Crust
or
phosphatic material
Islands, and
quarried in the
has
Rock,
Sombrero
Guano.
in
one
imported
as
the
name
of
into
England
implies, is
large portion of
sold
Guano.
both
in
This
West
the
diis islet
America
is not
and
a
very
PhosphaticMaterials
used
Purposes.
for Agricultural
deposit,but in
guano
islet of Sombrero
consists
for this material
appropriatename,
is not
the
realitythe rock itself,of which
almost
entirely. Although fragments
found
in the
imbedded
be
cannot
in my
doubted
collection
pieces
that
is
latter is
white, and
perfectly
free from
of
England,
I have
pieces of
bone
rock
The
matter.
external
it
several
in which
Rock,
These
organic
into
often
not
are
bone-breccia.
true
of Sombrero
in
bones
imported
distinctlyvisible.
are
considerably
the
specimen
of bone
which
rock
363
are
varies
characters.
colour, texture,
and
siderable
friable,other specimens are of cona
density. Most samples have
lightyellowish-green
which
varied by a bright green
is, however, sometimes
colour,
the
On
or
a
bright yellow,
violet,bluish, or pinkish hue.
tolerable ease.
to powder with
whole, this rock is reduced
I have
and
examined
sam^
some
carefully
minutely
average
taken
several
the
from
of
which
bulk
a
following
pies
tons,
gave
Whilst
other
is porous
some
results
and
"
Compositionof Sombrero
Rock
Guano,
Crust
or
No.
7.
Moisture
Water
of combination
13-08
and
little
organic
matter
*Phosphoric
acid
34-34
Lime
37-52
Magnesia
Alkalies
Oxide
and
fluorine
11*73
of iron
.
Alumina
"
Carbonic
1*45
acid
Sulphuric acid
Chlorine
siliceous \
Insoluble
matter
1-88
)\
100*00
Equal
to
tribasicphos'l
phate of lime
earth)
treated
as
Rock
it
is
has
been
with
in
used
America
for
agricultural
simply
when
considerable
said,
success,
mended
powder. Such a practicecannot, however, be recommineral
for
phosphates,requiresto be
this,like most
;
with sulphuric acid in order
to become
reallyefficacious
to
It will be
manure.
of
lime, but
good deal of
VOL.
74*40
..
Sombrero
purposes,
reduced
(bone-[
XXI.
good
oxide
deal
noticed
of
of iron.
that there is not
alumina,
The
and
in
much
carbonate
samples also a
phosphate of lime
some
proportionof
364
in
this
rock
is
Commercial
Compositionand
Cliemical
as
in
good samples
similar
in
composition to
high
as
Value
of
American
South
of
bone-ash.
Phosphatic rocks
have
in the
discovered
latelybeen
of the Leeward
means
Anguilla Isles,forming
Guano.
MooRiA
portixm of the Koorui

England
bought up by manure
of sulphuric acid converted into
Mooria
considerable
is
Kooria
form
of
soluble
iipported
guapo
and
manufacturers,
useful
be used
Although this guano
by
may
turnips or Swedes, it is better to ^.dd to
(say one-third of its weight),with a view
of the insoluble
it
phosphates,iq which
efficacious
p"rt
Islands.*
7. KooBiA
into
Rpck
Sombrero
the
tumip-manurÂ.
itself
it
by
as
Cor
manure
sulphuricacid
changing a portion
some
to
is rich, into
th(s
more
phosphate.
varies considerablyin composition,a"

guano
in my
made
followinganalysis
laboratorywill show :-:-
the
Mooria
Composition
of Kootîa
Mooria
Kooria
irganic matter,
"dth in
jiiates
in
commerce
^^
h^^
tu^xi.
eadily
-^-
will
be
coutains
seen,
little
but
It is generallymet
hardly any ammonia.
fine
a
tolerably
powder, offeringits phos-
finoly divided
vhi'*^
^\cf r-iKq,.
..
it
guano,
and
Guano,
Mooria
state
th^n
l^*iv*
_.
which
tho^
v"rniD-
enables
found
in
late
plantsto assimiother
coproliteg
or
""ompletelyfossiliBcd,
Hi''
..^".
ûo
^M""c.t"
""t
v;de
/A
occasionallyused
iiitf
C^mmtmi"*Ation
African
""ud
in
Indian
West
the
^
hy
Sir B'^nck
guanoi
manufiBMsture
z
Morchisooi ia JotiniaI"to1" xx"
""
of
"'
p" 8h
Phosphatic MfitBrials used for 4gricaUuralPurposes. 365

artificial
They
manures.
Peruvian
almost
the
by
phosphates,by
large proportionof
the
the
without
manure
of
e^msider^ble
"
of lime
soluble
and
quantity of
If
besides.
further
any
guano
to, does
add
not
and
gypsum,
is to be
the presence
preparation,
it does
lime, though
its value
ammonia
organic matter, and by the

phosphateswhich they contain. On
v^jiue of these guanos
chieflydepends.
latter the commercial
of
Quantityof
insoluble
They usually contain

occasionallycarbonate
as
absence
entire
small
the
gpnerallydistinguishedfrom
are
used
of
detract
not
bonate
car-
from
if the
is to be employed as the basis for
guanp
superphosphate, or for drying artificial manures
containing soluble
; but
phosphate,the
If
carbonate
phosphate
a
drying
as
added
the
which
amount
Bay
Island, Baker
acid.
the
other
their
the latter
is
of lime
African,
Pedro
are
guanos
be
mi^y
been
either
used
ferior
in-
selves,
them-
sulphuric
of
these
is of
the
as
which
phosphatic guanos
by
some
cargo
well
of the
some
particularsamples
Swan
Keys,
treated with
over
employed.
are
guanos
no
general
analyses of
find
occasionally
the market
into
way
any
be
again, if such a guano
containing soluble phosphate,
acid
the
taking up
guano,
carbonate
whijch
pass
of
kinds
sulphuric
before
tion
requiredfor the producif
than
wanted
is
phosphate
acid
them
with
acid
with
Island
having
better.
soluble state, renders
South
of
anstlysis
I therefore
interest.
in
the
is mixed
composition of nearly every
greatly,the
varies
some
after
the
of
soluble
Island,Birds'
better
or
manure
free from
guanos
lime
; and
more
guano,
phosphatic
As
case
of
phosphaticmaterials
Saldanha
to
lime
of
it contains
saturated
formed
material
either
given
be
can
phosphate
the
In
insoluble.
be
must
carbonate
keeps
of
of lime
containing carbonate of
guano
acid, all the

soluble
less carbonate
9. BOKE-ASH.
is one
of the most
good qualityunquestionably
materials for making superphosphateof lime.
Indeed,
too
in any
good to be used for agriculturalpurposes
Bone-ash
valuable
it is
far
other
South
of
form.
Most
America,
of
and
the
bonerash
of
like
odiev
possesses,
commerce
composition,arising chieflyfrom
variable
such
as
sand
and
earth,with
which
from
comes
commercial
the
articles,
a
mechanical
it is
purities,
im-
always more
or
less contaminated.
The
South
following
American
variation
commercial
bone*ash
will
analyses of
give an
different
samples
idea of the extent
:"
of
of this
Chemical
366
Commercial
Compositionand
Composition
of South
American
Value
of
Boneâsh,
{Commercial Analysts,)
The
above
commercial
were
lime,
poor
lime
not
the
in
of
"c.
of
found
of
and
in the
It is well
the
be
usually adopted for

that,generally speaking,
also
are
phosphoric
phosphate of
poor
acid, and
lime
in
carbonate
of
alkaline
likewise
Thus,
bone-earth, yielded 7*13
of
salts ;
contain
a
the
sample
carbonate
sample containing 64*70 of bone-earth,

of lime, "c. ; whilst that which
g^ve
in which
10*72
75*05
of carbonate
of
that
of
some
of
per
of
the
cent
of
bone-earth
made
for the
were
"c.
be
bones
bones
latter constituents
the
lime,
must
course
composition
known
seen
lime
of
yielded
allowance
manner
latter constituents.
of
carbonate
sample
yielded 12*02
variations
the
the
bone-earth
Considerable
ash.
of
in
66 '33
another
and
with
rich
samples
yielded 7*63
70*45
will
united
contained
lime,
It
phosphate
higher percentage
which
in
analyses.
samples
and
made
which
contain
natural
produced
more
the
carbonate
firstanalysis,
mote
The
Value
Commercial
and
Composition
Chemical
368
of
has evidently been

especially,
done
in
for bone-ash
bones
prepared from pm"
very careless manner,
does not contain
so
high a percentage of phosphate of lime as
sample
of
The
proportion of
numbers.
in round
pure
Deducting
these accidental
97*66
less than
no
fot pure
If these
of
Were
But
usuallysold
is
the
percentage
the
interest
those
as
of which
iricorrectness
evidence.
Bone-ash
results
of
matters
10
cent,
per
constituents,and
contain
It is hardly
in the
contained
lime
to
have
the
ceivable
con-
first
chemist
analytical
take
further
no
notice
abundant
is
proved by
unfortunately this is not the
by importers at a price depending
phosphateof
dealers
of
"
to
bone-earth.
to paper
by an
would
instances
I
solitary
analytes the
internal
per
three
the latter would
committed
be
analysis can
bone-ash,
of
cent,
stich absurd
how
sand
bone-ash, amount
calculatingthe results
contain.
reported to
and
charcoal, moisture,
properlybelonging to
not
article is
commercial
the
this
in
upon
it is not
hence
it,and
determination
case.
bone-earth
of
the
but rather
amount
states
correctly,
by a chemist who
and incorrect
to employ an
sinalystwho, adopting an expeditious
of
the percentage
6
method, makes
phosphates 3, 4, and even
made
higher
cent,
per
subjecthas
led
than
t6
me
of Commercial
and
The
it
iii
is
examine
reality. The
minutely
importance
of this
compositionof
the
pure
bone-aifth.
mineral
has
bone-ash
or
portion of pUre bones
pure
examined
The
been
various
chemists.
more
repeatedly
by
Professor
researches
o
f
deserve
tieintz,
Berlin,
recent
by
cial
espenotice.
According to Heintz, the phosphate of lime present
of 3 equivalentsof lime
is a
combination
in bone-ash
and
1
acid
its
formula
of
is
phosphoric
equivalent
consequently
;
chemists
still retain the older
O5. Alflioughsome
formula
8CO+3PO5
assigned to bone-earth
by Berzelius,
in considering the chief constituent
with Heintz
of
most
agree
of
bone-ash
lime"
In
the
to be the tribasic
phosphate
analyses of
other
human
and
the
obtained
certain
same
bones,
a
gentleman
neither
united with
was
proportion of lime, which
phosphoric
3 C
-f- P
acid,
as
of lime
Thus
cent,
tribasic
phosphate, nor
he
in
states
of fluoride
of
with
in Heintz's
is Calculated
place
one
calcium
that
; in
carbonic
analyses as
human
acid.
bones
another
This
fluoride
excess
of calcium.
3*52 per
contain
analysishe
gives
3*82
in bones
of fluoride of calcium
dried at 2l2" Fahr.
It
per cent,
should
be mentioned, however, that no
ditect fluorine tion
determinahas
by
been
calculation.
bones
contain
attempted, but that the result has been

is acquainted with
the
Every chemist
small
quantitiesof fluorine
considerable
difficultyis
with
bones
recent
but,
at
the
occasionally in
experienced
deep etching upon
glass,
even
obtained
fact that
time,
same
obtaining
if
large
Phosphaiic Materials
of bone
auantities
It strikes
uorine.
such
least
calcium,
in bone-ash
methods
for
; but
although
determining small
all
utterlyfailed
in
proportionof
fluoride
than
smaller
of
place
mention
to
small
numbers
which
lime,
to
portion of
entirelyin
the
and
as
it is
verify this
lead
is that
of
calcium, and
much
tion,
supposi-
of calcium
the
is not
the
the conclusion
bones
contain
3J per cent, in
is certain,that
quantityof lime,
not
much
certain
that the
ascertain
to
recent
This
acid, nor
is
with
phosphoric
composition
ammonia
caustic
should
of
to
phosphate
usually called
he
combination
the
lime
of
chemists
of the
supposed
practicalimportance
that the
to
is obtained
exist.
on
adding
in
of bone-ash
hydrochloric
precipitate,
sisting
conlittlephosphate of magnesia,
and
It
considered
was
lime
formula
by
and
accordingly is
3 C
8 C
O
formula, and consider

phosphate of liitie,that
"
Oj.
O5. Indeed,
good reasons,
to be prince
to
-f- 3 P
bone-earth
is
Berzelius
equivalentsof
present day have, for
older
ipally tribasic
contains
certainty.This
it the
assign to
different tions,
proporbasic
in their character,
basic
equivalentsof
; its formula
chemists
scientific
with
are
lime
more
solution
bone-earth.
of
acid
j)h()sphoric
i^Îvenup
known
be
is
Other
dilute
many
in
question
As
it occur?
been
precipitatewnich
the
of
exists
calcium, the
of
bone-ash
considerable
of
lime
of
excess
does
hitherto
has
than
matter
combination
probable that
highly
this
that
together in so
these compounds
of
many
of lime
phosphate
most
bones
is very
precision. This
experiments,but
unite
acid
phosphoric
think
to
able
was
of fluoride
state
naturallyarises.In what
acid
then
carbonic
phosphate.
highly improbable
If it be
It
in recent
to
tribasic
as
bone-ash
and
To
be.
contains
with
of at
endeavoured
bones
recent
Heintz.
by
bones
united
is neither
in
tolerable
stated
inclined
am
and
of fluoride
as
admit
would
carefullytried all known

quantitiesof fluorine,I have
details of my
they seem
amount
mineral
acid
of
the
which
to
round
per
per
over,
More-
Heintz.
finely-powderedfluoride
of
3'85
to
I have
it to
imagines
fluorine with
amount
the
of calcium
of calcium
cent,
phosphate
pure
by
calculated
attempts, and
Heintz
I added
only
3*52
from
I have
approximate determination.
the proportionof fluorine
quantitatively
determine
to
contain
as
in testing for
would
be readily
etching
an
fluoride
of
proportion
an
and
of
fluoride
of
cent,
reallydid
369
employed
are
such
that
me
if bones
produced
bone-ftsh
of
or
for Agricultural
Purposes,
used
combination
of
equivalentof phosphoric acid.

In commercial
of bone-earth
is usually
analysesthe amount
but
chemists
since
determined
some
by precipitation
;
very properly
of
ascertain
the
acid
total
in
amount
to
phosphoric
prefer
the article
and
calculate
submitted
to
to
analysis,
subsequently
3
equivalentsof
lime
and
370
the
phosphoric acid
which
precipitate,
phosphate of lime,
tribasic
as
is
Value
still erroneously
of
the
am;
assumed
by many
tribasic
as
O5, is recalculated
phosphate of
for it le
be strongly condemned,
This practice deserves
to
of
the
tribasic pho"
amount
results,
giving invariably
wrong
much
higher than it is in reality. Great
discrepancies
in bone-ash, "c., by dii
of phosphate of lime
determinations
of constant
and
analysts,are a source
frequentdii
annoyance
As
seller and buyer.
between
long as the practiceprevi
ascertaining the phosphates simply by precipitation,sucl
of almost
remain
matters
daily occurrence.
crepancies must
It is,of course,
much
more
a
expeditiousplan to dete
than
ascertain
the phosphates by precipitation
to
correct
8 C
Commercial
Compositionand
Chemical
3 P
of
amount
that
be
of 3
error
an
the value
to
phosphoric
of
or
acid
sacrificed
of
cent,
per
ship'scargo,
consider
we
the
phosphate of lime
shall admit
we
expedition.
to
if
; but
There
diff"
will
that accuracy
mi
oug
is,indeed, ground
analyses are carried out in a too commercial

nay, ofter
calculated
such
is
to
as
bring
spirit,
analytica
mistry into disrepute. It is therefore the duty of all desir
com
analytical investigations in a manner
carrying out
with truth to raise a strong opposition against the mode
in
and
more
analyses of bone-ash
a
especiallycommercial
that
"
interested
"
charcoal
I
have
at present.
frequentlyexecuted
myself repeatedly analysed the
arrived
and
bone-ash,
from
the
are
favourable
most
the
at
circumstances,
ammonia
preci
conclusion
it
that,
contains
never
lesi
equivalentsof lime for 1 equivalent of phosphoric

Generally,however, it contains an additional quantityof
of lime,
for I f
more
correctly speaking, carbonate
or,
3
"
extremely difficult
from
falling down
latter with
air from
the
This
effected
in
of carbonic
absence
and
pitation,
prevent
with
ammonia.
cipitationis
entire
to
the
more
phosphates when
is
hot
of
when
case
ammonia
used
precaution
every
th
Notwithstandir
solution.
in the
of
precipitatir
the
especially
acid
observance
less carbonate
or
to
for
exclui
the
additional lime b
precipitated
phosphates,some
the proportionrequired to combine
with phosphoric acid t"
in the precipitate
tribasic phosphates is invariablyfound
ob
from
after the precipitate
has
a
boiling-hot solution,even
and
re-dissolved
thrown
the contrary, the
phates
thrown
water,
from a dilute cold
with
tribasic
again a
second
or
third time,
is effected in the
precipitation
re-dissolved
are
and
down
in
acid
down
again a
solution,I find
phosphate
of lime.
after
second
their
Thus
cold,and
washing with
time
with
pure
composition
from
the
amn
am:
agrees
sample
of
used
371
of phosphoric acid corresponding

yielded an amount
of tribasic phosphate of lime, I obtained
82*48 per cent,
to 82*59
of phosphate by precipitation.
But
unless
diese precautions are
the
and
carefullyobserved
with
phosphates are washed
strong ammoniawater, discordant
At
results are
obtained.
the
of determining
best,the method
the amount
of phosphate of lime
by precipitation is liable to
furnish
results
be relied
that cannot
lu proof of these
upon.
the following instances
be cited :
statements
may
which
ash,
"
Two
73*29
and
in bone-ash
determinations
separate
of
cent,
per
bone-earth
per cent,
of
ordinary method
the
by
precipitation.
In another
sample, I obtained,by throwing
79*03
once,
75*84
gave
down
the
phates
phos-
cent.
per
By re-dissolvingthe
acid
in
phosphates
and
precipitating a
obtained.
76*21
were
time,
per cent
the
79*03
34*95 per
cent,
analysing
cent, I obtained
per
phosphoric acid, correspondingto 75*72 of tribasic phosphate
second
On
of
the
whilst
precipitatedphosphates
cent.) furnished
(76*21 per
corresponding
A
sample
75*59
to
34*89
per
gave
of
direct
animal
77*46
phosphate
the
high if
tolerablynear
too
that
approach
is
phosphate is
Since
to
all
for
the
of
would
may
suggest,
of
of
sake
is
calculated
of bone-earth
down
only
down
it the
; that
phosphates
second
time
obtained
are
is stated
once
if the
obtained
from
the
should
phosphoric
bestowed
be
constituent
that
bone-ash, the
of
of
amount
honest
cent., which,
if the
and,
phoric
phos-
of tribasic
amount
acid
to
obtain
chiefly
are
which
they
tain,
con-
accurate
an
which
mainly regulates their
dealer
generally guarantees
value.
purchases
question
sample
same
charcoal, coprolites,
"c.,
animal
possible care
ommercial
certain
in the
calculated.
determination
In
72*96
..
per
results
and
..
time
72*23.
thrown
determined,
bone-ash,
purchased
..
third
thrown
are
truth
and
in acid
73*63
the amount
that
lastly,perfectlyaccordant
acid
the
33*34
lime, gives
show
phosphates
re-dissolved
are
thus
results
These
of
time
phosphoric acid
of
furnished
charcoal
tribasic
as
determination
phosphoric acid,
phosphate.
of
"
once
Phosphates precipitated
and precipitated
Re-dissolved
a second
down
a
Again re-dissolved and thrown
determination
second
cent
per
of tribasic
cent
charcoal
of animal
in the
phosphate
arise
as
far
dealer,
to
as
more
that
phosphoric
the
the
of
lime
or
bone-eardi
precise meaning
satifactoryboth to
seller
acid ; or,
to
should
render
of
the
; but
these
terms,
purchaser and
guarantee
the
since
change
the
in
age
percentpresent
372
Chemical
of tribasic
cent,
analysis,and
of
bone-earth
the
the uncertain
would
acid
the
as
be
76 per
fo
or
If this
be.
may
that
found
actually
was
of tribasic
reliable
had
precipitation,
of
process
squabbles respectingthe
aside.
set
By stating the
be
once
of
all
which
at
seen
74
say
case
corresponding percentage
it would
lime,
lime,
generally adopted,
phosphoric
of
of
phosphate
suggestion were
composition of
amount
Value
abrupt, phosphoric acid, equal to
less
usages
Commercial
Compositionand
phosphate
and
method,
been
the
id
not
the
employed by
analyst.
The
a
good
on
the
correct
determination
deal
trouble, and
of
part of the
The
is attended
phosphoric acid
of
necessitates
much
and
care
with
experience
operator.
which
I have
analysing bone-ash
adopted in
results
be
satisfactory
laboratoryyields most
; and, as it may
my
useful
of it.
to others,I will give a brief outline
determined
and
usual.
Moisture
Albout
are
as
organic matter
are
carefullydissolved
twenty grains of finely-powderedbone-ash
the
in hydrochloric,
solution
in
better
acid
is evaporated
nitric,
or
;
to
By this means
dryness in a waterbath.
pyrophosphate
any
method
which
of
be
may
in commercial
is taken
up
sand
the
heated
the
to
of
or
liberated
the
by
precipitateof
precipitatedwith
The
ammonia.
acid
oxalic
is thrown
potash or soda, by adding afterwards

potash or soda, and boiling. The oxalate
caustic
of
by
and
filtration,
bulk,
sulphate of
the
an
add
1?**^
^*
tartaric acid
T--*nf'-'l
îc
-'I
""
Ml
"
an
of lime
is removed
oxide
prevent
.parates
*
very
Âr^-Â
a^^*^'
lar^-
an
formed,
^'I'^t
*^^t%.
.s
of
irv
of
which,
with
of
excess
the
the
;iics'
or
bone-ash,
to
be
set
has
to
be
ammoniacal
used
aside
on
for the
sulphate of
phosphoric acid, oxalate
standing for a
phosphate of magnesia,
r^'
iron
is desirable
after
amrr'^^^'J^'^pl
.-.
ammo-
safely collected
be
potash
.^
"*"llsdown
""
of
small
the
precipitating
has
magnesia
it may
determination
to
of
any
in commercial
of
oxalate
in
the
of oxalate
excess
liquid before
before
^'^nrs
he
magixôii
the
phosphate
"jk.xj%Jo:
Tâgne**!
to
)f Hn.o, and
''
-eiuiiiixx-
held
with
down
"'^mina, which occasionallyare present

with the phosphate of magnesia, it
"uiii
fallingôwn
o
of
excess
washings evaporated
To
magnesia.
and
filter is
acid precipitated
with
phosphoric
finallythe
and
liacal
filtrate and
the
acid,
lime
of
residue
by neutralisingthe liquidwith
of lime
oxalate
oxalate
the
occurs
dry
nitric
solution passing through
and
boiling-point,
potash
solution
always
The
possiblequantityof
filtered off; the
oxalate
first
smallest
in the
into
converted
insoluble.
is rendered
bone-ash
is
silica which
soluble
the
ordinary phosphate,and
bone-ash
the
in
present
salts
is
I find,
this kind of
present.
-^t?"inp'^ fu
time,
unless
analysisis
contaminated
always
almost
therefore
make
it
for AgriculturalPurposes. 3t3
used
with
of tnagnesia,
p:s:alate
general practiceto redissolve the par*

tially-washedprecipitatedphosphate of magnesia in ammonia,
it down
second
The
time.
and
a
to throw
magnesia precipitate
and
strong ammonia
with
washed
be
must
water.
precipitategenerally continues a variable and often

altogether insignificant proportion of phosphate of iron and
In ordinary analyses,it is hardly necessary
take
alumina.
to
of phosphate of iron, which
notice of the traces
exist in good
any
The
white
lime
For
of bone-âsh.
samples
analyses, I dissolve
very minute
been
weighed, in hydrochloric
after having
precipitate,
acid, precipitatethe solution with
the
lime
ammonia, collect precipitate

wash
and
and
redissolve
small filter,
on
a
filter,
on
precipitatea
The
of
time
in the cold.
and
iron
second
phosphate
alumina,
lime.
Its weight is determined, and
after washing, is free from
from
the first weight of the lime
deducted
precipitate. In order
and
little tartaric
in
As
is
added,
the
desired.
of
the
hydrochloric acid, a
finallythe phosphoric
bone-ash.
this
bone-ash
of
sample
and
of iron
and
ammonia,
plan of
accuracy,
A proof of this is futnished
same
phosphate
phosphate of magnesia. If necessary,

acid and
of carbonic
sulphuricacid is
regards
be
then
in
as
determination
separate
made
acid
is determined
acid
a
in the
phosphoric acid contained

is dissolved
alumina, the precipitate
the
obtain
to
analysisleaves nothing to
in the subjoinedanalysed
of
; two
first assistant, Mr.
them
Were
made
by
Sibson.
myself,
by my
taken
in
is
preparing a sample for
Though all ordinary care
obtain
a
perfectlyhomogeneous
analysis,it is next to impossibleto
results of the four
The
the
in
triflingdiscrepancies
ix)wdcr.
due, perhaps, in a higher degree to this
separate analyses are
two
method
to the
than
circumstance
of
analysis.
Compositionof a Sample of
l0t
"*
Moisture
."
."
(chieflycharcoal)
Organic
*PIiosphoric acid
matter
"
Lime
Magnesia
..
Insoluble
..
Carbonic
termined
"
(sand)
acid and alkalies (de-)
by loss)
../
siliceous
matter
..
Analysis.
3rd
AnalyBis. 4th Analysis.
6*^4
6*84
6*85
8*88
2*83
3*26
34-95
34*48
44*35
43-
93
6*88
2*84
34*89
34*83
43-59
43*99
"71
"97
1"12
1'19
8*43
9*34
9*39
8*83
1*43
.1-89
1*81
2*19
,.
"'""""
100
"
^d
.i
..
Analysis.
Bone-ash*
phosphoric is equal to tri-j

basic phosphate of lime (bone-"
00
i I,?
lOO'OO
i;
.aM"fi
100*00
100*00
The
^5*59
.)
earth)
Averngc
T4-71
percentage
of bone-earth
75*32
75-40
Chemical
374
The
Mr.
bone-ash
same
to
was
of
submitted
by myself and by
ordinary precipitation
likewise
was
Value
the
analysis,in which
adopted, and the following results
Sibson
method
Commercial
Compositionand
an
obtained
were
Voelcker.
3*09
79*03
76-70
3-18
5-34
Organic
Phosphates
of lime
Carbonate
2-68
2*52
8*43
9*39
103-04
103-39
salts
Alkaline
siliceous matter
Insoluble
6-35
3*38
matter
that
observe
explanation of these results,I may
due
in the analyses is principally
to the circumstance
with
which
is not
united
lime
phosphoric acid is
the
In
here
carbonate
as
increase
the
in
occurs
amount
The
direct
obtained
have
been
high.
reality commercial
too
In
2 per
1|
to
in
union
therefore
of
be
it, no
silicate
present
is
bone-ash
contains
of
some
present
as
produced
silica, which
sand,
which
of lime
lime
is
of
not
bones
'"ometimes
hav*
.\n
is not
acid,
calcium
normal
reduced
are
must
Some
and
some
as
constituent
in
ash
to
of
large
in
to
raw
usually
high temperature, decomposes some
bones
naturallycontain,and gives
burned.
'ôved
attached
But
this is
lof'irjil
wcll
-"qttt'%1'"^
as
as
bones
"t-
"Oi,
"lai
"
^C"XA
"
"
^^
rWr
^mîe
"isi
.V
xiiost
^cial bone-ash
at
some
which
the
after
amount
having
there
car-
moistened
been
contains
case,
of
ash, the portiontreated

yielded a larger amount
analysed in its natural
identical
the
any
with
of
state,
results.
a
little sulphate of
lime,
quite insignificant.
"
It
contained
generallythe
Had
ammonia.
"
not
repeatedly by determining
*\\f
apir
which
silicate of lime.
ar*-
than
more
carbonic
might, perhaps, be supposed that bone-ash

niistic lime, arising from
the
high temperature
'
alkalies
of combination.
state
fluoride
gives
-'ones
the
phosphates
the
seldom
with
nor
is
at
to
alkalies
the
the
the lime
lime, and
other
when
fine
which
removed,
of
carbonate
to
'"'se
is
help
phosphoric acid,
therefore
; silicate
lime
bone, but it
heaps. The
the shape of
of the
in
introduced
the
liquidfrom
phosphoric acid,
doubt,
of
the
of carbonate
cent,
with
in
of
all the
analyses already.
is
thoroughly-heated residue, which
the
of
with
union
mentioned
evaporationof
on
lime
the
and
weight
or
is
which
of
total
such,
as
in
excess
that
salts likewise
realitythe greater part
for in
excess,
bones
alkaline
The
lime.
of
"
Sibflon.
6-34
Water
'nr
'"nol''
j^îd
"fcl^-^qpH^rjo
and
lime
have
constitution
of
means
desirable
to
of
than
own
distilled
cold
soluble
this
purified
heat,
then
moistened
ash
any
caustic
ing
into
with
to
d,
me
ready
mor^
tions
investiga-
derived
from
week,
time
they
in
horse
and
ox
after
bones,
in
order
to
ammonia
have
been
at
thys
bones
moderate
distilled water,
repeatedly with
of
any
powder
to
platinum capsule
washed
remove
The
water.
soaked
were
reduced
were
distilled
a
bones,
fully
being care-
pieces,which
carbonate
which
lime
of
The
small
with
again
was
in
order
to
convert
might
produced during bimithat
experiments, however, showed
not
sufficientlystrong to drive off
Direct
employed
carbonic
was
acid.
both
Although
great deal
bones
the
it
of water,
was
the
hitherto
been
not
able
washed
this
in
the ash
of horse
way,
found
of :
to consist
state, was
perfectlydry
Composition
of
the Ash
acid
Lime
bone-ash
in
"
Ox-bones.
40-29
39*81
55-01
56-43
-80
Potash
-25
-49
..
Soda
-03
Carbonic
nished,
dimi-
of
Magnesia
,.
and
quantities
*84
..
remove
bones,
ox
"
Horse-bones.
"Phosphoric
small
and
to
be
may
obtain
to
with
potash
some
alkalies
of
perfectlyfree from alkalies,though I have

for longer than
a
fortnight on a filter.
Prepared
washed
were
contain
bones
amount
have
ash
impossible completely
hardest
By long washing,
but
their
and
found
the
Even
alkalies.
soda.
that
carbonate.
heat
the
for
burned
next
were
the
the
into
repeatedlywashed
was
appeared
calculations
upon
hardest.
water
After
salts.
affords
^nd
results of direct
the
prepared samples
selecting the cleanest and

broken
scraped, were
in
by
of
bones.
view
this
It has
it
base
Value
known,
errors.
to
of
published analyses
With
such
this assertion
prove
my
is well
bones
pure
phecking
for
Commercial
Compositionand
Chemical
376
add
-60
2-99
3-52
..
Sulphuric
add
Chlorine
,
..
traces
-04
teaces
'0^
99-41
The
water
rather
ash
as
more
they have
of
the
that
of
ox-bones
the
was
horse-bones,
potash
actuallyobtained
and
been
soda.
washed
not
quite so
contains
and
These
100-75
results
in the
are
for
long
this
here
with
reason
stated
as
analysis* In bdne-asbi
the
phosphoric acid
the
carbonic
in
acid,
chloride
all
is united
lime.
with
used
with
The
paagae$ia and
of
traces
a,re
probability,
pres^pt
By uniting together the analyticalresults

of
In
86^
constituents
of
cent,
per
noticed
be
than
of lime
in
occur
and
bone-ash
pure
the commercial
it is the
acid
thus
in the
hone-^^h,
find
we
of lime
phosphate
that
accidental
carbonic
out
sulphuric
soda
apd
manner
same
for the
obtain
we
"
It will
ash,
the
perfectly pure
other
and
sulphate of
as
lime, and
of sodium.
in which
ash
with
chlorine
377
bone-ash
is much
article^,after
There
silica in the
shape of
the
is
carbona^
than
more
np
richer
fine sand
of
lime,
to
in carbonate
of sand
deduction
silica
85
(bone-earth)"
magê^
and
impurities.
from
no
in
and
bone-
pure
which, driving
causes
the
ence
differ-
and
the
in pure
of liijiefound
proportionof carbonate
commercial
bone-ash
respectively.
After
uniting the lime and magnesia with phosphoric acid, and.
the carbonic
acid with lime, it will be seen
quantity
a considerable
all this
that
remains
it
of lime
I
do
think
not
probable
over.
in
lime
The
the
is present
state
of
in the
shape of
combination
fluoride
in
which
of calcium.
it may
exist,is
of
com-i
378
litUe
paratively speaking
artificial
I believe
in
also
for the
first
bones
themselves
lime
from
than
bone-ash
theory.
theory of
The
the
is in
in
and
certain
be
to
manufacturer
out
in
bone-ash,
in the
of
the
and
of oil of
vitriol
phosphate
according
to
vailing
pre-
insoluble
from
phosphate
course
considerable
phosphate
necessary
of
analyses,
my
and
of soluble
amount
of soluble
formation
of
the
larger proportion
appears
Value
bone-black,
lime
the
above
explain why
for producing a
used
be
there
that
time,
and
over
importance to
fact
the
pointed
will
carbonate,
must
But
manures.
of
excess
Commercial
Comjwsitionand
Chemical
it is not
some
perfectlywell known
years ;
theoretical
between
so-called
by apparent discrepancies
and actual
calculations
practice. In the case before us the simple
fact is, that in all the analyses of bone-materials
considerable
a
been
overlooked
or
supposed to be
quantity of lime has been
has
bone-earth
been
affected
united
As
with
phosphoric acid.
pointed out as existing in
this
lime, which
of
excess
phuric
bone-materials, takes up sulfor
soluble
acid
making
employed
than
is
been
acid
has
hitherto
supposed.
phosphate, more
required
of
manufacturers
of
It is a common
complaint
superphosphate,
that the materials
do
which
not
they use
produce the quantity
of soluble
ever,
phosphate which
they ought to yield. There is, hownothing surprising in this complaint, for it originatesin a
in which
calculations
neous
proceeding that rests on
altogethererrohave
when
data
is
Instead
employed.
are
all
material
such
of 77
lime, as supposed, the bone-ash

73 per
cent.
only contains
; and
of
carbonate
to
any
lime^
is
there
of carbonate
8 per cent,
soluble phosphate can
be
Animal
animal
The
in
instead
of
to
10.
employed
additional
an
or
of
phosphate of
all probability
or
3 per
cent,
of
quantity of lime, equal
lime,
to
be
saturated
before
produced.
Charcoal
charcoal
of
cent
per
(Bone-Black).
bone-black
which
is used
by
sug^r-
decolourizing crude sugar is far too valuable a material

used
for agricultural
When
it has
served
for
to be
purposes.
considerable
time
it
loses
its
as
a
some
decolourizing agent
and
then
is
in
This
revivified
effect,
cylinders.
vivifying
reby heating
boilers
for
is
process
in the black
carbon
manufacturers
The
I have
Some
is burned
refuse
refuse
samples
of
amount
found
all
Like
charcoal.
greatly.
as
repeated
sand
is
are
times, until
many
off;
material,
it is then
sold
under
name
very
usually
large proportion of
very
in
of
to
manure-
its
of
the
animal
composition varite
phosphates,others poor.
small ; in some
samples
materials,
rich
the
most
carbonate
of lime.
Phosphatic
The
Materials
of various
and
Animcd
No.
1.
organic^ 30*26
of lime
and\
Carbonate
of
lime, mag-
nesia, "c.
ference)
Insoluble
60*75
magnesia
siliceous
"
ter
mat-
crushing,
in
out
12-54
55*01
49-69
68*53
68*41
70*16
14-27
12*77
4*69
4-53
6*03
100*00
100-00
11.
Bones.
9*42
13-90
4-67
8*43
100-00
100*00
agricultural purposes
100-00
100*00
in
the
following
Bone-dust.
Bone
is
presence
and
removal
Shavings.
Bone^Dust
or
open
of their
valuable
value
raw
Bones.
butchers'
cauldron,
an
iifreat measure,
no
:no. 7.
"
Before
has
6,
12*63
1*81
a.
most
No.
5.
17*38
3-03
",
the
No.
4.
27*98
8*81
b. Boiled
No.
30*15
6*19
a.
boiled
(^Bone-black),
8.
5-96
for
used
are
No.
2.
82*48
100-00
Bones
in
found
dif-
(by
Charcoal
9*52
Phosphates
differences
"
No.
matter
the
:
qualities
Compositionof
Moisture
379
illustrate
subjoined analyses
samples
stites
used
fat.
and
As
by
are
this
means
article
an
As
of bones.
constituent
bones
whatever, or perhaps, more

it
as
undesirable, inasmuch
solution
of the
the
of fat from
Far
fat is
commerce
manuring
agent
it
strictlyspeaking, its
retards
the
sition
decompo-
the
being injurious,
their
tural
agriculdecidedly improves
bones.
bones
of
a
generally
deprived, in
now
from
value.
The
following
samples
is the
of bone-dust
composition
average
analysed by
me
of
"
Moisture
12*06
"Organic matter
Phosphates of
Carbonate
number
29*12
lime
of lime
and magnesia (bone-earth)

(determined by difference)
magnesia (chieflycommon
salt)
49*54
..
6*99
..
Alkaline
salts and
1*91
-38
Sand
100*00
*
VOL.
Containing nitrogen
Equal to ammonia
XXI.
3*69
""
4*49
""
of
380
In the
is
table
next
Commercial
Compositionand
Chemical
given
the
Value
of
composition
"
of
"
1. Sound
No.
3.
foreign bones.
Decayed foreign bones.
Decayed and sound
foreign bones
4.
London
2.
mixed.
bones.
5"
No.
No.i.
Moisture
"Organic matter
Phosphate of
lime
and
magnesia (bone-
No.
2.
4.
No.
8.
12^02
12-15
12*13
12^31
28-71
27'27
27-80
30^
49*28
52*99
52*70
49*72
73
earth)
Carbonate
of
Alkaline
lime
(determined by
ference)
dif-
salts
Sand
4-37
4"35
4*17
4-25
4-55
259
2-84
2*78
1-07
100-00
Containing nitrogen
Equal to ammonia
In
decayed
bones
in
sound
great
so
But
as
the
differences
In the
comment.
solution
the
after
been
determined
lime,
it
"21
100*00
100*00
100*00
3*44
3' 31
3" 43
3^73
4-17
4' 02
4' 16
4*52.
is not quite
organic matter
bones, and the phosphates are rather higher.
not
are
sufficientlystriking to require any
is left in
preceding analyses, the lime which
been
removed
has likewise
phosphates have
the
of
proportion
quantitatively.
Calculated
four
to
in
amounts
"36
"65
the
analyses
as
carbonate
of
8*60, 8*71, 7*50, 7*78,
respectively,
h. Boiled
The
from
bones
portion
of
the
under
that
-^ver,
irîiQl
dec
h'
"
Organiv/
*j-
..
,-"^nc"i
""
"o'^c
bones.
do
bones
r\irn
i/M
+"
ÎMI
"\^"
of boiled
boiled
on
\*
glue-makers have
nearly all the fat are
which
gelatine and
name
Bones,
'
not
It
must
contain
not
any
extracted
known
be
in
certain
commerce
supposed,
organic
matter,
hownor
used
Bone
c.
Bone-shavings
381
Shavings.
produced in button-works, manufactories

knife-handles, "c., "c.
Being the turnings of hard bones
they contain rather more
phosphate of lime and a little less
or
nitrogen dian ordinarybone-dust
organic matter
are
of
Composition
of Bone
Shavings.
Moisture
13'12
"Organic
26*12
matter
Phosphates of
Carbonate
lime
and magnesia
58*74
of lime
Alkaline
5*39
salts
'78
Sand
*85
100-00.
*
Containing nitrogen
Equal to ammonia
Purchasers
for it is
has
no
3*28
.'.
of this valuable
mixed
frequently
appreciablevalue
as
Statistics of Live
"
in the
have
months,
have
been
last
season
owing
to
parts of
field
were
exhibited
the
beef
higher
was
by
the
than
no
ruled
has
in
1859.
direction, though
that
This
admit
we
from
of
in
is
an
that
recognised
for
markets
our
during
the
past
active,and
prices
Although
years.
fattening live stock,
rain
beasts
have
abroad
of
most
beasts
somewhat
quantitiesof
enormous
kinds
England, most
decidedly superior
in
stock
of
favourable
means
so
for Consumption
previous five
the
which
resembles
Herbert.
English
with
guard,
substance
be
Meat
Robert
scale, and
trade
cannot
Dead
the arrivals
fairlysupplied
six
admixture
their
on
which
and
manure,
the
extensive
an
on
been
be
"
Stock and
that
should
vegetableivory
Metropolis. By
Notwithstanding
continued
refuse
with
closelybone shavings that

by simple inspection.
XIX.
3*98
which
fell in
disposed of
in
most
Smith-
and
condition to those
weight
important step in the right
even
further
improvement
will
important
prices. When, however, we
upon
itself
to the Devons, Herefords,
improvement extending
before
the
to have
us
seem
6cc., as well as the Short-horns,we
promise of steadier prices than have
prevailed during many
The
previous seasons.
greatest improvement as regards weight
have
influence
no
find
this
and
qualityof meat
those
especially
more
it would
appear
that
has
been
derived
effected in
from
the
the North
cross-breedinghas been,
various
of
on
crosses,
but
Scotland, where
the
2
whole,
2
more
382
Statistics
successfullycarried
in London,
of
animals
young
in
than
out
shown
Stock
Live
of
Dead
usual
smaller
would
stock
the
Amongst
much
it
hence
Meat
England.
observed
have
we
than
and
number
that
appear
the
their operationsupon,
grazing community have of late conducted
in our
opinion, a comparatively safe principle ; and, unless we
are
greatlymistaken, that principle will eventuallybe found more
conducive
the
to
profitable to themselves, and certainly more
interests of the consumers
generally,than a too rapid forcing.
the bulk
of the hay-crop
The
inferior and
musty state in which
secured
was
of
adequate
severely
these
is,
that
fall almost
re-opening
advised
there
the
that
is
beasts
are
sheep
or
three
at
be
the
likely
months.
present
no
want
be
to
With
all
for
cause
much
in
suming
as-
than
higher
price
likely to be very scantily
though, of course, consumption
home-fed
wholly upon
the
navigation on
large numbers
very
is
beet-crops
or
will
markets
our
feature, whilst
the
two
of meat
either
of
next
however,
kind
any
or
supplied with
will
the
during
drawbacks,
now
unfavourable
an
fullyto ripen
warmth
felt
that
it
is
last year
stock
until
continent,from
of
after
the
whence
we
sheep chiefly
spring in admirable
in
The
of
of fattening
numbers
condition.
beasts, too,
process
market
for the London
are
represented as unusually large. The
Dutch
in producing sheep of
graziers,by crossing,have succeeded
great weight and very full of fat,both internallyand externally. If
such
the crossing of sheep,how
marked
has attended
is it
success
that some
efforts are
made
to improve the beasts
not
by a similar
to improve
process? Again, no attempt has as yet been made
the qualityor weight of those wretchedly poor
importationsfrom
be
in
low
via Hamburg.
must
Germany
Surely mutton
very
the
whole
of
when
be
continent,
price on some
sheep can
parts
in
markets
of
from
23s,
and
18^.
at
to
our
each,
disposed
yet
leave, after paying freight,commission, "c., some
profitto the
are
with
English
breeds
will be
"
crosses
"
in the
shipped
shippers1
With
the
to
respect
production
and
consumption
of
mutton
that the former

observe
has
months, we
past
may
has continued
not
kept pace with the demand, which
remarkably
Prices
the
further
and
have
old Downs
best
advanced,
healthy.
during
reached
have
in
must,
even
six
the
the
great
amongst
fat ; a
the
to
low
tallow
in
spite of
the
this
kind
market,
8 lbs.
the
best
our
high
breeds,
The
butchers.
rates, since
supply of
3*. 2id. per
of
some
operated against
of at
be
measure,
of
6*. per
attributed
to
high figure
and
This
range
they
has
to
tended
run
has
have
posed
dis-
sheep
give
the
up
high price
in the
and
prevalence of
which, of course,
carried
to
of
very
is
been
rot
little internal
considerable
value
for fat
value
advance
the
rotten
have
This
8 lbs.
support
of
rough fat to
likely to continue
money,
since
we
find
384
Statistics
We
that
understand
selling
been
at
too, that
when
arrivals
imports
last
of
half-year
home
our
The
value
follows
7000
over
beef
each
and
:
year
mutton,
per
shows
place,
it
sheep
compared
but
the
rise
Prices
of
foreign
if
was
The
decline
to
This
great
be
must
sheep
in
of
with
1858.
the
the
in
addition
lai^.
ruled
carcase,
as
Mutton,
and
of
the
5*.
in
1860,
about
6^.
value
competition
of
the
we
in
previously
qualities
be
foreign
168,000
over
last
the
six
months
1860.
Both
"i*pplied with
.rinfiV'io/?
each
cofT""'vâf
kind
of
rj-^Jve, at
"*"^'
have
markets
Leadenhall
and
Newgate
meat
vcry
nevertheless
full
ûa"*'*^'**'
the
extensively
and
beef
has
demand
Scotland,
prices.
'if
been
mutton
we
may
than
ji.
.tt.
eVio'^
-morr
than
8rf.
must
the
of
that
and
instance,
stock
part
state
London
into
5^.
inferior
first
half-years,
For
prime
the
beasts
previous
against
and
on
when
obvious
inferior
of
animals.
4rf. in
the
In
one.
five
really prime
imported
were
head
seasonably
been
value
the
average
advanced
solely attributed
graziers.
prices
mutton
lbs.
the
beef
seen,
2692
of
important
an
by
be
increase
an
remarkable
somewhat
with
the
lbs.
of Beef
falling off
in
average
middling
per
is
statement
has
It will
show
still
has
and
England,
compared
is
stock
"
Average
This
when
This
have
in
deficiency
however,
head.
Sfc.
country
home.
at
5908
which
supplies,
of
in
stock,
foreign
of
of
show
of
and
that
than
rate
Ireland
1859,
of
parts
higher
from
with
compared
The
to
the
most
Meat^
Dead
and
chiefly disposed
been
consequently
in
much
Stock
Live
of
average
385
XX.
On
"
Course
of Cropping adopted
R.
object of
The
of
the
carried
and
the
communication
present
both
L.
Mr,
Bells, Esq., of which
attempting to detail the numerous
E.
the
before
to
800
of
which
witness
the
this
side
land.
After
the
of the
that
state
of
that end.
out
consists
parts, of
two
river is
light land,
years' experience,the
ten
of the
crops
bear
adopted.
course
in
cleanliness
that
premise
to
into
fruitful appearance
and
of
increase
an
carried
Medway
river
western
efficacyof
however,
must,
essential
land
of the
to
the
on
been
has
system
the
by
heavy
east
cleanliness
divided
itself
suggested
farm
Without
may
view, and
steadilyin
this
the
experiments resorted
established, I
was
fications
modi-
introduced
been
is manager.
trials and
that
means
which
portion
the
on
best
on
acres,
the
that
the
crops
farm
The
system
throughout kept
profitwas
green
present
have
Freeman
the
show
to
light soils,on
and
heavy
is
which
system,
on
By
in Kent.
Heathorn.
four-course
out
farming
is
the
as
plan has been, as soon
is removed, to have
the stubble
(orgratten)carefullylooked
crop
and
the couch, crowsfoot, "c., spudded
and brought off
over,
hand
The
burnt.
is
and
work
broadshare
then
to
set
(for
by
man's
Colewhich
I
effectual
have
found
as
no
implement as
purpose
and
the
cleared
t
he
stubble
is
scarifier),
and, finally,
crops
under
Our
system.
sown.
We
been
have
enabled
by introducing
by stacking the corn
tion
that
we
enabled
are
strength
it
which
the
in
to
to
use
the
cultiva*
this system of autumn
of one-horse
in harvest-time,and
carts
adopt
field where
the
carry
I thus find
grown.
one-half
about
of the
was
with
com
originallytook
it
and,
without
increase
in the
permanently kept, we can apply the services of

In spring,
the
of early cultivation.
to
nearly one-half
purpose
and
horse
be kept in constant
hoe must
likewise, the hand
action,
the
weeds
until
be
that
the
standard
so
kept down
may
crop has
afterwards
assumed
be disturb^.
an
ascendancy which cannot
number
I will
the
of horses
detail
now
cultivation
of
first the managament

one
field,of from 30
of
to
light land, following

40
acres,
through
an
course.
eight-years'
sions
1st year.
A barley-stubble,
or
gratten, of the required dimenand
then
is carefullylooked
weeded
and
over
by hand,
"
cultivated
as
before
stated
with
ploughed and sown
with
trifolium,one-fourth
remainder
is
subjected to
; after
rye,
is
a
which
is harrowed
one-fourth
ploughed
of the land
onenfourth
and
winter-fallow
sown
for
and
is
sown
tares, the
This
mangold.
with
386
On
Course
of Cropping adopted
of
succession
provides
for
been
off,the trifolium
fed
when
the
trifolium
is
comes
these
drilled
are
(the nightsoil
filled with
acre
with
is
of
for
rye
trifolium
for swedes
.dried
nightsoil
a
bay
in
purpose
about
drilling being
has
follow-
tares
superphosphate
of
cwt
and
this
die
and
rye
ploughed
ashes
of
these
time
and
dried
and
To
the
dunged
compost
; the
added
are
When
is
collected
ashes).
spring-feed ; for, when

into its prime, and
consumed.
disposed of, the ground
are
in Kent,
June
to
the
20th
particularlyin the
year,
year
dew,
swedes
1*857 and
1858, that these late-sown
escaped milyears
The
those
whilst
earlier
sown
were
severely affected.
the
swedes
in
after
that were
foregoing crops, were
1858,
sown
with
the
until
firsted
not
out
August 6th, and
hoe)
(set
yet
of
the
finest
in
the
One-third
district
they proved one
pieces
of this
in the
carted
beasts
for the
is
home
yard, the
crop
the tares
remainder
are
being fed off with fatting sheep. When
for swedes, and
is treated
fed o% the land
in the same
manner
as
off
be
with
white
eaten
sown
by fattingsheep.
turnips to
land
The
under
for
mangold, after its winterpreparation
fallow, is dunged and ploughed and treated like that for swedes,
I have
and
observed
with
the
addition
Let
here
me
which
stock
applied
sheep,
3rd
the
will
In the
cwt.
the
year,
^The
horse
vhilst
sown
of the
and
course,
the
by
of
the
growing
with
clover.
yet the
food
for
manure
high-fed fatting
enrichment
to
the
crops.
twice, and dunged for wheat

^Wheat, followed by turnips.
year.
enable
with
the
us
advantage to get this succession
crop,
and
hand
hoe
have
been
must
actively brought into use
the com
and
the land
be in good heart.
must
was
young,
land
s
"
wil
cut,
is
clover
^'^^
mown
present
^""
iiv""
Joq'-
"""*"''
...t
"
.^,
"
"
"
^-
""'
and
the
when
if it
the
had
cultivation
single ploughing will

or
turnips.
of
to the
-sci
turnips, I have
come
x^kxons
'y sorts
adapted for the wheat
gratten
'Vhite-stone
of the
turnip, on account
^^^j'-^V
^hicr
kinds
two
to
come
maturity. The
with
the working
of
'^'Hg -^/ tbi" crop, ^'^qêther
u\i
^p("" ^'ivr^^prare
in gfeneral
-
'ttcoi
different
very
appearance
it would
have
assumed
-tiofgardly
manner,
"'-
'vhich
^;*t
"'
is
use
of
"
To
""
by
for the
quantity of
great
elements
withdrawn
barley
this
more
time
the
ewes.
left behind
and
imparted
been
2nd
in
at
guano
clamped
the
to
raised
root-crops,
have
and
breeding
attention
of
acre
per
is all drawn
been
have
year.
4th
call
has
to
soil than
orr
crop
yard and
the
in
beasts
of
This
sowing.
"^"i
more
"
"
Thr
and
after
iici.^-
^.'-
less.
On
off with
fed
5th
"
removal
the
for
oat
for
the
or
of
in
land
or
time
average
trefoil
immediately
the
on
tons
that
and
half
the
follow
of
else
and
If
drills.
that
I find
; for
if mustard
interposed,than
is
dunged
other
between
should
if rape
peas,
land
turnips
rape
As
acre.
per
The
for
cut
beans, or
mazagan
is carefully hand
or
the
with
sown
after
invariably
we
is broadshared
for winter
sown,
prefer
An
raised
be
wheat-sowing
delay
description, I consider
finished
wheat-sowing by
the
that
till
the
feeding
period.
late
that
of this
have
we
objectionmay
the
must
rape
if
an
with
sown
by fatting sheep.
are
land, however,
sôod
2 to
the
Wheat
"
turnips
On
on
tried.
are
year.
crop
removed,
dunged
This
from
then
better
turnips
7th
is
and
does
trefoil.
consumed
is peas,
crop
is
crop
cleaned
and
of
If beans
hoed,
wheat
be
gratten
peas.
horse
this
of
average
an
is
hay
turnips to
the
the
com.
One-half
"
as
an
387
in Kent.
spring, and
ordinary fallow-crop.
broadshared
year.
it
produces
;
soon
in
One-half
is
of the
6th
hay
of
Oats.
year.
other
half
of Crapping adapted
fat lambs
and
ewes
three-fourths
produce
the
Course
are
we
in
week
second
December.
Such
has
will
show
vastly benefited
manifest
are
the
been
for
by
for
of
course
the
itself
this
land,
if
spected,
in-
impaired, but
advantages gained
the
land, light and
been
not
The
adopted.
system
first,by
it has
that
the
and
cropping,
management
800 tegs ; to
from
700
to
to
heavy together,
lambs
their
and
keep 300 breeding-ewes, and to fat them
; to fat
of lean
head
yearly from 40 to 50 beasts, besides
keeping many
I
stock
of all this
stock
in
and
the
roots
yards, chiefly on
;
calculate
fattened
that
is kept and
one-third
by the succession
is
enabled
fatten
crops.
cultivation
weeds
cannot
have
The
with.
entirely done
away
land
of the
moving
so
keeps the surface
which
if they would
; the nourishment
grow
taken
rubbish
maintain
to
being
by the
up
The
2ndly.
gone
varied
is
fallow
that
the
would
standard
crop.
We
3rdly.
fed
are
extra
upon
we
(^n
These
now
the
grow
green
land
heavy
tares.
Rye and
prefer manuring for
1.
crops
the
The
this
so
than
rotation
land
crop
years
soil
fatting sheep
hardly
I need
land, and
receive
will
from
the
consume.
are
com
more
the
they
eight
the
on
which
which
of
course
times
benefit
cake
and
com
4thly.
that
the
the
in
six
less than
no
enlarge
that
see
good
the
under
is
is
rather
as
preparation for
old
follows
than
system.
:
"
and
manured
the
cereals
ploughed.
succeeding
ones
"
388
On
or
horses,
"c.
One-third
the
this
should
crop
be
the
for
mown
by fatting sheep.
white
or
Kent,
in
turnips
is carted
crop
drilled
are
and
home,
the
on
as
the
light
off
fed
rest
land.
After
and
of
this
of
part
consumed
rest
swedes
tares,
land.
on
the
of Cropping adopted
mangokl.
swedes
After
Course
follows
rye
the
mangold
As
drilled.
mangold
The
mangold.
pre-eminent
stands
safe,
sure,
for
is
ground
deep,
ploughed
and
cheap
in
breeding-ewes
the
crop,
it is
spring
invaluable.
2.
the
The
Oats.
soil,
horse
and
when
the
that
so
hoe
is
crop
carried
inches
4.
Wheat.
5.
Barley.
6.
The
clover
7.
Wheat
8.
Oats.
I
gratten,
I have
of
aware
it
plough
stated
profit
to
tne
be
for
great
be
the
then
soil
own
my
as
opinion,
rotation
very
artificial
of
its
variety
to
be
that
and
crop
manure,
is
still
HcM
be
about
18
of
may,
Famiy
venient,
con-
as
fed
Turnips
drills.
for
I have
and
wheat
the
found
I
climate.
found
in
the
on
profitably
slight deviations
oats
after
however,
well.
purpose
Preston
few
introduced.
must
soon
broadsharing
which
system
observe, however,
four-course
and
wheat
heave.
the
the
and,
dunged
after
rows
the
most
Ayhsford,
chalky
qualities
maintained
could
wheat,
even
soils
there
aided
here
be
ducive
con-
well
too
am
in the extreme,
whilst
others
(some being tenacious
are
that these
methods
pliable nature) to believe
universal
it cannot
farming
application. With
poor
with
advantage to any soil, but that objection is very
purpose.
I may
the
action,
gratten
in
the
between
sown
convenient
as
on
clean,
kept
twice, and
soon
thus
of
Here
oats.
constant
drilled
dung,
should
mown
As
in
kept
cultivation
with
turnips should
fat sheep.
off with
be
of
crop
fertilize
and
lighten
out.
They
apart
to
good
to
the
Manured
Beans.
for
ought
carted
tend
crops
look
we
hand
vigorously
3.
foregoing
of
of
soils
paratively
com-
admit
be
applied
little
of
of
to
Kent
and,
in
the
tbe
my
beneficially
top-dressing
occasionally answer
by
389
XXI.
On
"
suitable
tlie
its
to
Composition (^ the Yellow

Culture.
By Dr. Augustus
and
Lupine^
Soil
Voelcker.
The
ornamental
yellow lupine {Lupinus luteus\ a well-known
l)lant of our
flower-gardens, is now
extensively cultivated
as
a
in
several
of
and
field-crop
Belgium ;
Germany, France,
parts
in
the
more
especially it is largely seen
sandy districts of
Northern
it is considered
Germany and Prussia, where
a
very
the
it will
thrive
riantly
luxuas
farmer, inasmuch
important crop to
other
which
on
no
blowing sands, upon
leguminous
poor,
be
can
crop
A
grown.
short
is grown
crop
this
in
Journal.
Herman
of
It
manner
Germany
will
found
be
from
appears
which
in
the
account
this
in
this
vol.
field-
new
(1859)
xx.
of
given by Baron
Magdeburg, that
account,
Nathusius, of Hundisburg, near

the blue, are
two
species of lupine, the yellow and
in Prussia.
The
yellow lupine (^Lupinus luteus),
being
grown
leaves
than
covered
succulent
with
and
and
more
more
larger
blue
the
(^Lupinus angustifolius^Linn.),is generally jpreferred
the
for
to
as
latter, especially if grown
food, and not
green
von
distinct
seed.
Lupines
grown
seeds, which, like
the
a
in
are
nutritious
very
as
c[ualities,
from
far
of
all
and
in
their
have
been
these
Occasionally
It is considered
the
very
useful
rarely lupines
food
to
afFording green
I think, however,
not
ticable
"::reen
of
plants, constitute
leguminous
nutritive
and
composition
ascertained, do
yellow lupine
More
am
sake
the
differ much
not
lentils.
and
peas
principallyfor
those
food,
as
Germany
mistaken, the
for
is grown
manure.
green
For
cattle.
sake
of
this
is well
yellow lupine
field-culture
for the
Germany
grown
sheep and
are
the
as
that purpose.
latter pose
purads^pted. If I
lupines will, if at all jnracin this country, be found

of
chiefly valuable as a source
soils
nutritioui? food for sheep and
which
cattle,on
upon
clover
and
refuse
to
inferior
The
the
finer
more
altogether, or
grow
green
and
of
nutritious
only
furnish
Nathusius'
respecting
account
This
in
gentleman, as
1858, successfullyattempted
in
this
Germany.
to
country.
the
of grasses
either
of
scanty supply
food.
English agricultural community

Crisp, of Butley Abbey, for the
Thomas
kinds
Mr.
farmer,
the
fieo:as
their
is
indebted
publication
cultivation
I
to
know,
of
was
introduction
Baron
lupines
the
as
of
Mr.
first
in
who,
field-crop
ance
import-
of their
Crisp speaks very highly

their
strongly commends
and
cultivation
390
the
to
notice
has
pleasure
been
not
made
of communicating
undertaken
by
my
Lupine,
occupiers of lightBandy
of the
mendation
of
Yellmo
Compoiitioit
of the
friend
the
and
I have
r
no
experiments
pupil,Mr.
former
This
soils.
vain ; and
results of an
in
Ki
James
Warren, Oxfordshire.
Tubney
questions reJat:
the c
cultivation,and practicalfeeding value of lupines,
f"
of his land, "c., Mr. Kimber
has kindly addressed
At
the
ter
request, and
my
letter,which
contains
in
to
answer
much
many
information
valuable
thes
on
other
topicsinterestingto the practicalagriculturist.

I make
no
apology for appending to this paper Mr. Kii
assured that it will be read witli
communication,
interesting
and
deal
with poor,
who
have
to
sure
profitby many
in eight
clover will not grow
land, on which
even
once
either
affected
fail
become
turnips
by ahboi
altogetheror
and
which
it
is
next
to impossible tc
fingers-and-toes, on
a
few
fair
average
corn-crop.
detailed account
The
given by Mr.
Kimber
relieves
necessityof myself describing the experimental trial.
the
I may
observe
that the trial was
intended
merits of lupines as a green
food
and
sake
the
test
to
as
crop
compa
J
grown
of its seed.
Unfortunatelythe dry weather at the time of sowing

mu
spring,and the subsequent cold and wet summer,
so
tarded
the blossoms
the (
that all hope of carrying out
had to be given up.
The
ments
as
originallyintended
se
the lupine ripen
in
wet
seasons,
very unequally,especially
it is not unusual
almost
to see
ripe seed-podsand yellow bli
the
on
same
plant. Though a quantityof ripe seed-pod
gathered, yet by far the larger portionof the pUnts did nol
their seed
this season,
the experiment was
and therefore
sarilyconfined to testing the feeding value of the green ii
as
well
as
produce
this
in
green
could
be
in
done
one
by weighi
season,
ascertainingits
food, and
chemical
sition.
The
24th
lupine plants submitted
to
down
cut
analysiswere
4
feet
high and
nearly
September. They
The
lower
yellow blossoms.
part of the central
and woody, so much
that
so
sheep would not have
soft
and
succulent, and there
quite
tops were
of
leaves and
It
of
were
tender
side-shoots
on
stem
eaten
were
ws
it
pie
the central stems.
desirable
ascertain by weight the
to
appeared to me
would
plantswhich
probably be rejectedby anima
likelyto be consumed
by them.
the
that
I therefore
detached
the
leaves
and
soft tops from
the
392
Yelloio
Compositionof the
In the next
both
in
natural
Detaikd
is stated
table
Composition
of
detailed
the
Yellow
212"
Lupines(cutdoton
in
at
of
composition
Fahr,
dried
and
state
Lupine^
In
state).
green
Natural
State.
Water
lupines,
"
Dried
at
2120
F.
89-20
-37
3-42
1*37
12*68
Oil
,
"Soluble
albuminous
compounds
Soluble mineral
(saline)substances
t Insoluble albuminous
compounds
Sugar,
bitter
gum,
extractive
fibre
digestible
Indigestible
woody
Insoluble mineral
fibre
6*64:
'61
.
9'85
1*01
..
matter,
..
and)
(cellulose)
".oc
oa.ao
^^
^^^
3*29
30-48
'19
1*75
..
..
matters
100-00
100-00
The
juice
is due
which
after
With
rape,
so
the
principle,
the
nutritious
as
nutritive
small
amount
their
favour.
of
matters
taste,
I have
mine,
to
lupine,and
this kind
refuse
qualitiesof
of food.
lupines,
green
by Mr. Kimber
clover, lucerne, sainfoin,green
as
crops grown
green
fibre and, comparatively
like it
even
not
are
rye,
food.
and
The
speaking,the
in these
lupines,certainlydo not speak in
hand
other
they contain quite as large an
of sugar
the
On
or
flesh-formingmatters
the better
as
the amount
food ; but
green
has been
stated repeatedly in
as
grown
in food, as
of
nature
other
most
of albuminous
crops
bitter
of which
plants grown
large proportionof woody
amount
somewhat
pigs,it appears,
; out
the
to
indeed
and
has
get accustomed
soon
that
observe
nearly
plants
bitter
time
some
respect
would
green
cattle
and
Sheep
much
to
3*oa
1*48
examined.
further
not
the
of
*22
-16
be
cannot
regarded
as
kinds
of albuminous
former
butions
contri-
trustworthy indication
feeding or fatteningqualitiesof any kind of green food.

tious
men
as
food, described
good, sweet, nutriby practical
herbage, like good roots, I find, invariably contains a con*
The
siderable
deficiencyof this constituent
proportionof sugar.
of woody
with
fibre and
the
in lupines,
large amount
coupled
in considering lupines decidedly inferior to
me
water, justifies
of the
Green
clover
as
valuable
more
useful
These
country
will not
crops
thrive,will
doubt
no
be found
auxiliaryfood.
observations, it should
especiallyto
to
in this
usuallygrown
artificial grasses
for cattle and
sheep.
under
stances,
Nevertheless, lupines cut down
peculiarcircumgreen
for instance, on
when
sandy soils,on
grown,
very poor
which
a
other
and
food
lupines
the
grown
specimens
under
be
examined
other
and
remembered,
by me,
probably
and
more
apply more
not
generally
ffivourable
and
It is well known
circumstances.
of
condition
has
soil
the
the
of
equalities
Soil suitable
Culture.
393
that the chemical

influence
mighty
raised
crops
to its
In
it.
upon
on
like
and
physical
the
nutritive
the
manner
kind
applied to the land tend to modify the

composition
produce, and with it its nutritive properties.
it ought not to be forgotten that the past summer
And, finally,
was
favourable
unusually wet and cold, and consequentlydecidedly unthe
and
of
the
abun*
to the proper
ripening
herbage
it contributed,no
formation
of sugar, whilst
dant
doubt, to an
of
in
all
water
food.
unusually large proportion
green
We
have yet to learn to what
the composition of lupines
extent
is affected
changeable climate, by the soil, time of
by our
"c.
"c., before a generallycorrect
cutting down,
opinion can
be expressed as regards their value as green
food.
It is well to bear in mind
of water
especiallythat the amount
in every
descriptionof vegetableproduce varies immensely with
and
of
amount
manure
of the
the
of
chemist
of water
it is raised.
in swedes
water
87
from
turnips,
which
under
circumstances
to
root
to
centage
per-
91 per cent. ; in
85 to 90 per cent.
varying
; in mangolds, from
swede
and
finding the amount
particular
be 91 per cent, and also analysing a turnip
to
94 per cent
analysing a
in that
86
from
I find the
Thus
in this turnip,and
not
finding only 88 per cent of water
in
the
the
and
fluctuation
of
amount
to
water
matter
knowing
dry
which
derive
both roots
from
are
liable,might thus incautiously
that turnipsare
these analysesthe conclusion
nutritious
than
more
and
In the
swedes.
unusually good
may
be
opinion
91
as
instances
does
therefore
beware
analysesof
as
we
meet
what
the
who
next, poor
might
But
to
farmer
arrive
is
vast
one
consumes
year
swedes, containing it
the
preciselyat
in
true
perfectly
of
majority cases
deducing generalconclusions
from
and
the
the
same
Professor
kind
of
must
we
isolated
facts.
and
in
also
the
foin,
clover,lucerne, and sainand
Anderson,
myself,
Dr.
Way,
by
following differences
same
particular
of water,
especiallythe amount
constituents,varies considerably. Thus
more
recorded
with
apply
of
one
the
of water,
analyst.
not
In green
food
that
of other
turnips,and
cent,
per
the
manner
same
"
394
Yellow
Compositionof the
It is
by rejectingunusual
of
average
of
percentage
to
amounts
obtained.
are
analyses often
of different
averages
the
data
in
water
the
results,and
of
determinations
numerous
useful
practically
the
abnormal
or
Lupine^
the
strikingan
produce, that
same
Proceeding in this
agree very closely.
various
clovers
on
way,
Thus
average
an
"
According
to
Way
78*25
Voelcker
78-65
"
green
in a
analysisof lupinescut down
the
given above,
expressed opinion can
particularcrop analysed, and our judgment
state, besides
apply to the
only
respectingthe
with
the
on
of lupinesin comparison
qualities
nutritive
average
food must
other
other
of any
that
In the absence
remain
suspended until the data are

which
a
trustworthyopinion can
strength of
produced
be
formed.
the Soil suitable to the
On
It has
Cultivation
of Lupines.
that lupines succeed

already remarked
light,sandy, and even
poor, blowing sandy soils. The
of
capabilities
grown
the
in
state
The
The
The
ainute
first
can
from
two
and
respectively,
contained
sample
described
are
therefore
proceed
samples, taken
then
well
of
percentage
at
at
in
once
1-12
2*07
darker
was
coloured,
"
Water
-81
Organic matter
-81
the
gave
depth
"
Water
second, which
the
mixed.
Organic matter
mixture
tural
agricul-
yellow lupineswere
the
discussion
imder
letter.
made
inches
which
on
on
composition.
analysiswas
12
soil
experiment
its chemical
of 6 and
The
the
Kimber's
detail in Mr.
to
well
been
following
results when
submitted
to
analysis:
"
^f^nrîhifYfiq
"
Sandy
Tj
Cit
Soil
which
on
T"ihnet
1^
"^T"
Lupineswere groxmi successfully

by
Abingdon, Oxon.
"?n, near
*06
/itjKi...
"Vgan^
Qo*
I
.
"xidei
ji
'^"-
"
iiv/i
..
1*84
luc
..
acic
"^'^phoric
..
..
.oonateofli
'17
-23
sîphatf'^^ ^^"
iâgnesi'
'04
"
..
..
""tas}
'24
-12
..
jnlorif"
1-46
"i
Qii
naoiii--"
..
traces
bvîuii
*af-'M
i~
,
.(pflf
'inn
nr'^rtz-sand) 95'OX
100-07
yuiiu""".^
""p""
to
uiirOT'
*07fi
ammoni'
.
-Oî
and
It will
this
that
seen
siliceous
insoluble
of
cent,
be
to its
Soil suitable
soil contained
no
chiefly in
matter,
395
Culture.
less than
95
the
of
form
per
fine
The
is,
proportion of all the other constituents
small
find
in
Thus
indeed.
it
we
therefore, necessarilyvery
of potash, little phosphoric acid, and
than traces
hardly more
is seldom
constituent
which
deficient in
a
so
barely any lime
quartz-sand.
"
soil.
any
As
field had
the
received
dressing of farmyard
manure
vious
pre-
of the phosphoric acid,

sowing of the seed, some
the
and
due
to
lime,
manure.
potash probably are
Analysed in
its natural
condition, it is likely to exhibit in a still more
this general deficiencyof all the more
striking manner
important
it
soil-constituents.
valuable
and
Notwithstanding, produced a
of lupines,weighing
luxuriant
in a
about
state
crop
green
the
to
21
tons
per
acre.
small
The
proportion of sulphate
and
carbonate
of
lime
in
that the
striking,and it is certainly remarkable
succeeded
well.
Leguminous crops, to which
crop, nevertheless,
improved by a
lupines belong, are, generally speaking, much
I
of
lime.
cannot
or
help thinking, therefore,
dressing
gypsum
of these substances
that a good dose of one
increase the promay
duce
and
materially improve the feeding qualitiesof this crop.
It
of sulphuric
be partiallydue
total absence
to the almost
may
lime
in this soil that the analysis of the lupineshas not
acid and
for throwing out
furnished
favourable
results.
My reason
more
the
that
fact
this suggestion is based
on
descriptionof
every
in
some
by applying lime
agriculturalproduce is increased
this
deficient in
is peculiarly
stance,
subshape or other to land which
observation
less
of
the
farmers
and
no
on
good
important
this
soil
is
that
turnipsgrown
land
on
poor
very
in lime
possess
low
ing
feed-
value.
recommending the
increasing the produce and
Whilst
of
of
use
gypsum
improving its
or
lime
as
qualityon
means
land
like
I would
experimental lupines were
grown,
and
mention, however,
chalky
marly soils,according to the
do not appear
to be well adapted
experience of trustworthymen,
that
on
which
the
that
to
It is likewise
this
crop.
does
not
land
suit
lupines do
not
it,
and
stated
that
on
that
wet
land
or
in too
high
tion
condi-
imperfectly-drained
succeed.
naturally dry or
perfectly-drained soil is
deep, porous,
the
as
essentiallyrequisitefor growing
crop to perfection,and
often
soils
and
rest
wet
on
impervious clays or
chalky
marly
the excess
and
of
is
due
it
these
to
not
to
latter,
probably
peat,
lime, that lupinesfail in chalky or marly soils.
From
the preceding observations, the following general conclusions
A
may
VOL..
XXI.
be
drawn
"
896
1. Green
lupines
with
England
are
much
useful
lupines
useful
are
in
grown
soilsion which
be
may
of
sandy
produce do not
as
poor
on
kinds
other
Lupine
which
crop,
advantage
clover, sainfoin,and
2. Yellow
Yellow
qfthe
Compontwn
for
food
green
well.
succeed
and
sheep
cattle.
remains
by future
experience
all,by
an
extended
in
green,
other
green
down
cut
and
determined
be
to
lupines
of
numerous
of
parison
com-
food,
analyses, and,
and
clover, lucerne, sainfoin, rye,
with
above
value
nutritive
3. The
practicalmen.
the
application
of g3rpsum,
lime, marl, and
road-scrapings(provided the
the proconsists of limestone)is likely to increase
road-metal
duce
of the lupines.
enhance
and
the feeding value
soils destitute
On
4.
To
experiment
they
were
My
south
some
Rag.
inquiriesreqpectiiig
your
Let
farm
as
of
the
about
of the Thames
the Coral
of
idea
1860.
Voelcker.
Augustus
lupines
grown.
is situated
farm
2 miles
with
place
first
in the
Dr.
pleasure in answering
great
HAVE
my
sulphuric acid,
A^ricHltural Ccikpe, Cirencester, DeeenAer,
Boyd
and
lime
of
crop.
of
nature
the
south-west
7 miles
is
on
you
wUtth
of
Oxford, aad
neighbourhood
geologically,in the
with
mostly sandy land, intersperied
;
Ours
give
me
soil
stone-brash.
The
soil of
blowing
sand,
the
this
of
farm
so
called a
commonly
that high winds
very
is what
fine
is
nature
ligbt,
-much
cause
oondry weather, and sometimes
injury to young
growing plants to turnips more
ecgieThe
sand-beds
sandstone
rest
on
a
cially.
rock,
mostly
porous
and
therefore
the
often
no
on
we
draining;
require
contrary,
in the summer
suffer from
of hot, dry weather
drought : one week
has
is enough to check
This
the
not
season
growth of com.
ê
tested
weather
of
hot
withstand
on
dry,
lupines to
powers
habit
of
it
is
their
light sands; but, considering
growth,
poor,
likelythat they possess this power in a great degree. They have
than a foot in length. This sandy land possesses
tap-root more
low
Much
of it has been
brought into
agriculturalvalue.
very
disturb
in
surface
siderable
"
"
"
^Îtivation
here
are
leaths.
in
ê
/i
acre.
field
medium
^ti"ii#ki"" '^
within
the
last
still
acres
to
be
The
value
of
this
My
is made
farm
in which
the
^n**!
'^'^
years
"T''
; and
at
the
g^rowing nothing
seen
kind
up
of
averaged
"^""n
land
varies
principallyof
lupines were
It has
val"''.
few
bat
from
the
and
furze
10s. to 30^.
lowest
be
class.
considered
may
gprown
bushels
of wheat
20
fartned
time
present
û the four-course
and
28
rota*
ami
lion, wbich
I do
consider
not
it is often
although
the
following
Saii suitable
well
A
here.
adopted
:^-First
to its
inches,
Cuturt.
suited
for
section
of
rather
poor
soil,
stone-pitgives
soil ;
cultivated
; below
helow
of
so
dark
this, 2 feet of a somewhat

lightersoil
rock.
yellow sand, resting on sandstone
897
'
this, 10
feet
here, I may
regard to the crops generally grown
say
A
and
of
be
the
wheat
favourites.
fstir
are
barley
peas
crop
may
occasionally,but the land does not bear a repetition of
grown
for a long time.
in eight or
Clovers may
this crop
be grown
once
Sainfoin
takes
and
ten
well,
generally
yields good crops
years.
with
and
when
top-dressed
road-scrapings
yardrmanure. Carrots
well suited
Above
to the soil.
are
all,turnips grow to perfection
With
land
if the
is well
to
appears
after
sands,
well,
grow
have
they
and
most
ike
subjectto
them
for
manured
suitable
in cultivation
been
not
are
the
be
well
and
prepared
; superphosphate
On
manure.
for
some
disease
of
these
years, turnips
anbury ; but in
altogeth^. On
plants generally
places,on
newly cultivated land, they fail
attacked
where
turnips are
by anbury, the
look
healthy and well until the time of hoeing ; the leaves then
turn
a
pale or yellow, and the roots seldom
get bigger than
finger.
some
land
As
you
wish
previous to
the
of
to
the
the field
how
years
:- "
În 1856
1857, wheat, top-dressed with

In
the
autumn
drilled
vetches
the
it
1^
give
Peruvian
cwt.
croj^ped
account
an
you
acre.
per
and
winter
guano
cleaned,
was
were
and
clover, unmanured.
in
was
pared and
top-dressed with
stubble
; these
cultivated
was
planted, I will
lupines beii^
five
last
know
2-horse
10
1858, vetches,
cart-loads
the
land
by
with
cultivated
broada
sheep the land was
share, cleaned, ploughed with a shallow fimrow, and turnipsdrilled
with
3 cwt.
superphosphate. The turnips having been eaten "on
land
next
the
ploughed as
by sheep having hay, the land was
shallow
the
as
passed across
possible. 1859, the broadshare
1860, 10 2-horse cart-loads of wellfurrows, and barley drilled.
the
of March,
in the last wedc
made
acre
pig-manure applied to
and
ploughed in with a furrow 4 inches deep; the lupines drilled
the 3rd of April in rows
13 inches
on
apart ; 1^ bushel of seed
of
yard-manure
sheep. After
acre.
an
eaten
on
the
acre.
per
Three
weeks
aboveground,
May they were
crop ;
the end
I
to
am
long
passed before
and
so
thin
however, they
of six weeks
informed
time
by
coming
only
then
up
few
io
the time
seedsman
; but
came
increase
of
in
numbers,
there
yellow
mention
appearance
the Ist of
On
quite despaired
planting
that th^
I may
up.
that I
ground
continued
from
the
on
their
plants made
the
that
were
lupine is
in
this
E
and
of
at
enough.
always a
instance
Compositionof
398
the
land
was
dry
dry
was
very
cold and
very
the
at
for
Lupine^
tJie Yellow
time
of
time
some
the
planting,and
weather
afterwards.
plants appeared they made

very
their
the
that
time
became
end
of
little
at
nishingly
astogrowth
;
progress
of August
they were
rapid ; and by the first week
just
luxuriant
beginning to bloom, and the piece had a most
ance.
appearof
the
so
thickly
By the middle
August
lupines were
with
covered
flowers
in
continued
they
weeks
first six
In the
after
to
as
this
the
almost
appear
the
until
state
of
yellow, and
weighing. Sept
mass
time
of
.24th.
.
give
I cannot
much
you
information
of green
lupines. Having had a wish to save
view
of testing the feeding
for seed, with
a
the
and
seed
I did
season,
the
in
were
I had
yield
not
per
much
in
September)
show
of
abundance
in
to
as
the
propertiesof
obtain
state
green
I could
as
many
seed
the
at
feeding.
penned on a portion of the
fresh
a
piece every night;
nights, giving them

good work, eating all
week
also
feeding properties
for
dry
next
time
they
for
state
ewes
some
acre,
consume
best
and
the
on
but
main
the
rather
was
stem,
which
At
hard.
for
crop
and
at
few
they
made
this time
this time
there
(first
was
of
but
seed,
the
was
season
too
and
wet
cold
I had
ripen it. When
given up all hope of obtaining seed, I
early in November),
again put the sheep on the lupines (thiswas
off
cleared
all
leaves
soft
and
the
and
branches, leaving only
they
Four
the woody
in
heifers
bare
stems.
yearling
a
pastur^field
with
have
been
a
supplied
quantity every morning during the last
three weeks.
to this as
to hay or
They come
they would
turnips,
to
and
clear
up
since
all but
the
main
lliese
stem,
heifers
have
proved
im-
had
the
they have
they rcjceived
lupines,which
instead of hay, the pasture not
being sufficient to keep them
up
the
refuse
in condition.
Pigs
lupines.
With
of this crop,
it
regard to the cultivation
to
appears
than
is
bestowed
beans.
more
care
no
on
or
usually
require
peas
than
bestowed
not
Indeed, in this case
more
ordinary care
was
them.
would
favour
their
Probably deep cultivation
ipon
is
the
inches
drills when
the
a
good width for
growth. Thirteen
crop
is intended
of
rrowth
for
seed, 20
food ;
green
is not
inches
too
^'"illing.
"before giving
vipines,
"iiow the
ield
'*-'^p
was
rr
IP
I must
that, as
produce
of seed
selected
where
-"r'
Urff**
results
the
you
mention
""
when
wide,
and
intended
the
Perhaps dibbling might
singlyin the drills.
"tand
but
as
the
on
well
be
better
than
weighings of gên
intended
experiment was
the
of
plants
the
the
plants should
the
of
as
for
food, a part of
green
stood
wider
apart and
ffr'âter
portion
of
the
to
the
the
field,but
400
Yellow
Compositionof the
First,
other
the
to
ad
The
question.
wheat
from
twice
their
already on
tendency
wane
affected
season
kindred
and
cold
to
the
Next
can
as
cannot
and
only
the
almost
was
in
think, therefore, that
the
for
the
the
all
because
more,
tares, when
of
crop
fall in
never
to
wet.
result
leguminous
the rain
the
hand
at
regard to
burning land
11
usual
the
for
aU
in
which,
one
close
grown
; the
farm
and
125.
worth
was
adjacent barley was

unusually grood
land
405.
and
worth
sacks,
upwards, on
than
155. per
to
acre); the layers had more
the lupines were
quantityof feed ; moreover,
before
the season
had developed its extreme
the
good piece on
(between 10
it
singularly favourable
was
crops,
season
Lupine^ Sfc.
such
on
grown
"
soils,
excess.
land
the
management:
appropriated
the
to
periment
ex-
reserved
for
portion
green
rape
district the ryebleak
and
feeding the ewes
lambs, until in our
grass
flock was
The
receive
them.
layer was
nearly ready to
in good
liberallysupplied with extra
keep, and the land was
heart, as the adjacentbarley-crop clearly shows.
2 bushels
of seed
The
the 5th of May
on
:
sown
lupineswere
12th
the
of
in rows
9 inches
On
May a grass
apart.
per acre,
with
in
the rest of.
these
sown
over
common
9^ acres,
layer was
the barley-shift. Shortly the yellow lupinesappeared, a tolerable
form
to
came
so
as
a
plant ; the blue never
plant from the
up
the
was
bad
last
qualityof the seed.

By the early part of
4 inches
and
long
upper
than
end
high,
the
of
June
and
the
plants of yellow lupine 8

roots
were
more
large,fleshy,and
point they all stopped : those at the
the
chalk
to the surface,
near
was
there
their
At
stem.
the
of
this
field,where
were
the black
sand
lower
down, where
being
; those
this point the
was
following that example. From
deeper, soon
layer and weeds
gained the ascendancy. In the first week
grass
in July the lupines began to die
when
the layer was
and
away,
off on
fed
the
If it be
visible.
of July not
23rd
a
lupine was
the lupines, I can
'objectedthat the layer choked
only say that
with
in like manner
/hen tares
have
been
sown
layer this was
the
the
iot
case
lupines started with a good
; and
moreover,
if
have
could
their deep and
it
and
'"od, they
kept ;
strong roots,
well as their stems, ought to have
their ascendancj
mai ntained
the
first stunted
"
for untoward
\t
f this
circumstances.
suited
is not
crop
hardly
assigned to it,
if
"ivantageously ; especially,
--vs
it will be of
""yer,
'id more
convinced
"m
^'li
hould
he
p^'i
TT-^nVtan^nu
the
place
know
where
to
it cannot
little service
that
'n
on
heath
whole
i^'^nntA?'/
in
-^'"
be
can
its
eyes,
far
as
and
as
that
which
inserted
against
own
because
my
^Tiorc
rotation
our
it
hold
land,
furrow
i*
in
am
possible,a//
in
importsuce
hot
than
more
the
season
almost
Culture.
iêam
is
soils
small
their
appeared to
the
plant was
lime
of
in
will
writes,
prevent
form
other
network
plantsfrom
chieflyto
tap-root struck
to
me
soil is not
on
Yoelcker
Professor
Allow
^'
either
the failure
the
poisoned.
He
view.
this
under
attribute
to
desideratam, therefore,for
of
com-*
its shade.
that when
me
chief
least,not
at
career
disposed
was
plant, that
new
itself,
or,
roots
mencing
I
fertilisers.
of
supply
anj
these
401
the
does
that
suggest
be
the chalk
the
; it
chalk
rock
confirm
not
the presence
of the failure
cause
likely
I
not
am
experienced.
acquainted with a single
you
cultivated
that is injured in any
of
by the presence
crop
way
lime
in the soO, and
would
I imagine that a leguminous
be
crop
the least likely of all to be hurt by lime.''
that we
considers
He
look
of sterility
is connected
which
must
deeper for the cause
these black
with
wise
to
soils, not only in reference
lupines but likeother
that
he
will
has
and
to
kindly promised
crops,
your
which
to
have
endeavour
to
trace
the
out
influence.
baneful
Camhridge*
XXII.
On
"
By
Four
have
years
Aspect of Steam
the Present
Frere.
H.
p.
passed since
now
Culture.
Mr.
Fowler's
Cultivator
Steam
by Mr. Smith, of Woolston),

(in competition with that invented
the
first appeared on
trial-ground of the Royal Agricultural
Society at Chelmsford, and again at the adjourned meeting at
the
since
500/. prise was
Boxted
Lodge; and it is two
years
awarded
Mr.
to
was
time
the
for the
Essay
inventor
of that
turned
manner
Steam
the
oyet
for the
substitute
horse-plough
practice so
our
autumn
the
Society of
Forces
has
plough or spade."
appeared in this Journal,
finally, in
paper,
*
The
read
on
Use
Arts
it
as
to
which
Moreover
a
established
Mr.
down
J. C. Morton
to
has
account
an
the
close
read
of
before
*
very
the
London
great
of Steam
Moreover,
Power
statements
Central
had
Farmers'
Club
valuable
bestowed, on
evidently been
in Agriculture.'
have
in
appeared in our
newspapers,
of pounds was
spoken of as realised ;
cultivation is still strugglinginto notice,
pains
profitof thousands
yet practicallysteam
a
was
2ndly, rendering
; and
The
strikingand suggestive paper on
in Agriculture,'with specialreference
Steam
to
; and
of
Booth
Mr.
Wells,
June, 1860,
Ferry House,
used
Howden,
far
of 1858.
the
and
efficient
most
able
very
the
as
"
substitute
which
the
Chester,
1859, by Mr. J. A. Clarke, giving -Ist,a history of

XX.,
various
different principles,
to
on
efforts,made
provide a
vol.
of
at
economical
an
that
Since
in
which
Cultivator,
soil, and
Fowler
Culture.
Steam
402
with
the
and
misgivings on
obscurity about its path, with many
who
consider
themselves
of
bystanders
practicalmen^
part
I trust, the
best-founded
the
with
and,
as
brightest
yet
of
much
promise
for the
It may
be
in
questionedhow,
which
regarded,
state, and
future.
are
far
how
this
confessedly
Journal, subjectsshould
in
should
statements
be
be
transitional
somewhat
sanctioned
and
viewi^
To
larger experience may
modify.
it may
be replied
this objection,
1st, that the principle of prcK
imperfect, of an
existingAgricultural
curing a record, however
Status, has been recognised in our
long series of County Elssays;
it
be
that
it
is more
and
important that the
urged
2adly,
may
the
accomplishment of a design by
Society should
promote
already promulgated, and
testing statements
by suggesting
which
admitted
hereafter
"
those
inquiry on
than
The
diat
it
heads
should
object of
on
which
information
chronicle
simply
still defective,
triumphs already
these
the present
is
then, is to review, however

pages,
cultivation, not with
aspect of steam
fected.
per-
fectly,
imperthe
hope
points at issue, but

enlisting public attention,
sion
discusin anticipationof the larger experiments and
exact
more
the next
which
Leeds
Meeting promises to afford.
has
far other
The
already assumed
subject
proportionsthan
and
it
those which
caught the eye at Colchester
Boxted, where
held
that because
was
(accordingto an estimate
accepted by the
judges),the ploughing could be done by horses for 7s, per acre,
it was
estimated
the
whereas
at 7^. 2d,y therefore, that
by steam
not
won
according to the terms
specified in its an-:
prize was
will
that
Most
the
admit
nouncement.
now
thoughtful men
main
clay lands shall, for the
question before us is whether
in the history of civilization,
receive
first time
an
adequate and
of tillage; and
of our
that one
reasonable
difficulties is*
amount
this improvement:
soberly to estimate the indirect gain to which
if the
will lead, even
employed should be as costly,orpower
it replaces.
that
which
"earlyas costly,as
Whether
we
appeal to science or to history,we shall alike be
soils have
been
old that, of late, strong
unduly depreciated,
of mineral
i^he chemist
wealth
speaks confidently of the stores
the
in
knows
them
and
ocked
well, that when
antiquarian
;
up
Jl
alike
the
were
rude, the strong soils were
^'iT-Ttiing
processes
often chosen
-.r---*
by the gentry for their residences, and
the
hand
-'hich
of the
hiôtax"gatherer lighted most
r'artial improvements adapted to light soils have
for
'-""vi"j.
disturbed
balance
this
tiu
but
"le
a
capitalistseeking in-*
;
}tiryA
^T
I
Vjp pr'ôe
^lô sig*^^'^^ thc times,
-inent
even'
may
speaking authoritativelyon any

and
rather of promoting investigation,
of
"
jijv
of
the
Steam
now
cause
see
consequence
of
that
preference to strong soils,and
of the prospect opened for them, by the
united
cultivation.
improved drainage and steam
in
place
of steam
for
short
land
be
to
for horse
conferred
of
clay soils by
on
should
power,
in
fluences
in-
first
the
occupy
profitis bright
direct
ill-defined.
judges
benefit
anticipations,the prospcK^t
our
if somewhat
The
indirect
the
substitution
the
403
the
give
to
whilst
But
Culture.
Canterbury
at
time,
requiring
^'
under
the
rather
more
from
their
calculation
the work
on
done
of competition,estimate
that
pressure
than
the traction
of 4 horses
power
an
moving at the rate of 2J miles
an
hour," to draw
ordinary
iron
be
of 11
Mr.
Fowler
rate
at the
plough, can
ploughed by
of 45. 6cf.
the
other
On
acres
hand,
per day, at a cost
per acre.
the value
when
of the work
that
the
fact
be tested
done, may
by
vating
cultiof a
Fowler
besides
some
Warwick,
spiritedowners
near
their own
farms, find that their neighbours will gladly pay
them
for ploughing
stiff land, besides
20^. an
acre
providing
coal and
which
add
less
than
is,
an
together cannot
water,
acre,
total
of
less
is
22^.
Smith's
Cultivator
Nor
cost
making a
highly
its
earliest
of
and
most
one
appreciated
practicalemployers,
Mr.
work
and
of his apPike, having done
supplied the use
paratus
for the
to his
neighbours, at the rate of 25^. per acre
double
operation of breaking up and crossing,diey finding coal
"
and
beer.
Intervalla
"
4^.
between
the
in
vides
6^.
of
case
stimulate
and
to
ensure
beset
all human
And
yet if
we
and
breakages
first time
the
alternative
the
the
to
value
hirers
the
But
of
cost
augurs
shows
Mr.
do
doing
well
22;.
(with probably a
Pike), is sufficientlybroad
not
wide
for
very
or
very
to
margin
dissimilar
excite
one
attention
between
the
value
work
the
and
much
we
are
of
interested
The
the
the
to
and
; let
rather
that
assert
limit
work
when
us
than
it
the
is
then
of
the
done,
likewise
economical
there
aspect
between
the
anticipations of
practicalquestions
self-evident
its extent,
will
steam-culture,
as
sea
us
theoretic
divergence
and
prejudiced.
discrepancy suggests
its origin and
diminish
at
are
wide
the
of
development
of
?
worth
discrepancy
subject,and how
estimates
of the sang^ne
wary
done, which
when
get their money's
not
the
work
of the
the
the
Surely
"
not
only
enterprise; surely it is sufficientlybroad
those
risks
which
and
man
contingencies
against
likewise
but
to
enterprises,
guarantee a good profit
the extra
take into account
strain,and the risk of
breaking up a hard pan for
stoppages arising from
to the extra
depth of 2 or 3 inches, or if we look to
horse-labour
of
under
such
cost
circumstances, or
of the
if this
how
and
commoda."
humane
try
enlarge
which
to
this
examine
upon
them.
Steam
404
Those
thrown
be
can
vators
the
intend
who
as
the
upon
will
trade
hire
to
Before, however,
it may
well
be
We
point
"
of work
amount
the
overtaxing
2ndly.
credit
results
estimate
of
short
by
average
comparing
of
work
the
not
steam,
power.
In short,
exerted,
as
As
"
animal
can
number
only
credit
same
estimated
prime
in
We
"
the
the
or
the
must
we
power,
the
:
look
not
and
much
so
oom"
application
the
to
ploughs kept going,
of
bat
differenoe
the
for
cultivation
to
put
eiîne^
the
uneconomical
which
trim,
of all
cost
farm
account
hey would
6thly.
have
In
"
the
steam
the
on
hone
and
the
-r^nns
done
for their
estimating
at
power
hope
we
either
^"rse
valuers
used
or
and
a
writers
of
the
horse
in
its
their
is
fairly combine
implements used by
made
by
on
one
side
total
of
the
sale of horses, credit
the
the
drills,
as
still less, the
and
not
of
amount
which
work
keep.
of
amount
home^
make
to
the
muft
horses, such
by
"c.
for
side
capital saved
offisrs substitutes, but
caused
keep
other
steam
us,
those
entry be
an
the
fat.
apparatus
If
average
an
with
capital saved
before
of
hoes, "a,
forget that by early
ôt
that
implements
of
the
made
problem
steam
saving
given
be
nust
the
that
not
what
deal
must
bullocks,
horses
carts, horse
waggons,
^êad stock
die farm.
on
of the
value,
when
not
in
the
with
horse
the
disposed of, the
are
average
of
case
may,
of the
cost
for
them,
the
in
working
5thly.
with
their
on
; and
value
way.
horses
When
"
on
work
of
farm
that
thorough
good
fallow
calculate
with
on,
will be
cut
given size, we
cultivation
by
more
fewer
farmers
or
out
must
this
operations
execute
by
power.
calculating the cost of a

at the
consuming
cônerallyvalued
^"^ly. On
"
-.-"."*
without
workmen
cultivator
overdriving^we
without
the
engine
4thly.
'^n
that
trial,bat
ffeneratedby
must
we
the
to
we
do
in
or
the
on
done.
3rdly.
be
not
acre,
at
spurt
horse
force
directly applied to
plough
between
the
wasted
two
being
by
in
steam
plicated means
emplojred
power
at
per
"
competent
the
the
question in detail,
arrived
cost
^^
and
steam
that
of
costomen
engine.
In
"
the
of
during
the
on
their
un*
misconcepticms, and
calculation,wluch, if admitted,
of the
our
with
into.
gone
examine
the
calti"-
let oat
who
better
light that
of
degree
any
those
certain
out
value
done
accomplished
to
methods
base
is
subject
proceeding
to
must
welcome
subject, whilst
the
practica]and inaccurate
but impair the
cannot
Ist.
will
{xrobabljstand
thoroughly
more
CuUwre.
"' -'"T.-
for
rkxxx
pnmosft
"hp
com
must
keep, his food has

price,with the ezceptioa
horse's
be
likewise
reduced
to
Cukun.
Sieam
that
of
rate
else the horse
cliarge,or
[405
have
must
credit for the value
bj its consumption.
imjârteclto the manorey
8thlj. ^The interest,depreciation, and cost of repairs should
the whole
be charged on
those
not
on
days (or weeks)
year, and
which
the
the
If
work.
at
year's work
only on
implements are
is but small, the repairs may
be set at a lower
rate, but the interest
the charge for dejHreciation
will remain
the same,
and
will not be
"
affected.
much
Before
9thly.
framing
general estimate based on reports of

different
and
degrees of ccnrrectness
authmty, a good deal of care
be
nating
must
exercised, in scrutinising these constitu"[its,and elimitheir inaccuracies
:
otherwise^ the least trustworthy report
"
tell most
will
consists
problem
pretty well
to the work
hours
differs
work
"
that
of coals
done
of evidence
in
as
of ten
day
^^ty
the
this work
qualityof
the
points are
some
over-taxing
or
the
to
^be it
of which
executed
be
average
As
inaccuracies^
iiûence.
ploughing' or
required to
bears
there
pretty
is
men
it
as
horse-work.
out
carry
of
it is die
crultivating
of liie labour
of the
cost
; "nd, again, the
inasmuch
known, and deemed
satisfactory,
is well
cost
an
opinion
kind
little from
The
on
lads.
farm
of
its
employed
not
may
its
greater
elements
subject The
complicated^ and
very
Vfe have
a
large amount
our
are
the
straining the engine
difference
of
to
which
heavily-shod
no
its individual
determined.
without
best
result,and
the
upon
the greater will be
To
then
return
ratio to the
constant
of
amount
the engine is working

at
a
high
practically,when
the
fuel
of
be
to
seems
proportionately
consumption
pressure,
rather
interesting law with respect to the
larger, although an
latent heat in steam
might lead us to a different anticipation.*
The
sufficed
times
5^
to
the
latent
of
heat
of
expansion
of
water
is 1000,
as
could
would
the
constant
indicated
heat
words,
example,
the heat
if with
60
and
These
212^.
212^
that
to
would
180
is
raise
1000
"
"
"^ 1212^,
heat
which
The
heat
that
the
990
1000
as
in
if the
degrees
times
pressure,
as
making
much
as
1000
water
a sum
|;iTes
appear
steam
estimated
there
atmospheric
this
into
Steam-EDgine,'
of the
its oonstitnent
common
5}
therefore
la
it is meant
if
quantity
cated
indiit
sum
increases.
we
work
indicated
with
of 45
pressure
'Book
the
of
Farm
important
truth
Ihs.
the
on
square
inch
( s3
pheres),
atmos-
937^, making together 12 12^;

indicated
heat will be 294^, latent
the
atmospheres),
will
be
275^, the latent heat
lbs. pressure
(= 4
their sum,
1212^, still the constant
observations
an
are
adapted from
Stephens's
deduced
d20to
at 212^
is,under
that
"
918^,
water
Catechism
raise
added
heing
thermometer
'
preTcnted, or
he
Under
degree."
his
which
hj
at
steam
It would
interestiag.
very
cooTert
it represents the sum

any condition of pressure
in other
heat
that
and
of the indicated
to
latent heat
;
proper
pressure
latent
diminishes
the
heat
and
exactly
as
at higher temperatures
pressures
is
appears
of the
For
of
heat
of steam
water
one
the
by
the
180
definition from
steam
given quantity
any
heat
latent
adopt Bourne's
to
the
through
is
regards steam
is reqaired to
degrees, t.e. from
as
much
as
raise it
nearly 1000,
or
or,
heat
of latent
law
first,that
Implements.'
that
by
no
quantity.
able
account
The
alteration
author
of
of
the
continues:
pressure
will
steam-engine
in
this
is
'*From
a
greater
eco-
406
Culture.
Stemn
These
the
of labour
and
that of
cost
slightlyvariable items
coals
exercise
influence
the aggregate
a mutually compensating
on
of the
rule, wages
a
are
day's expenses
higher in the
; for, as
coal is cheaper.
manufacturing districts where
"
"
The
in
considerably
order
the
deal
to
size
adapted
The
different
fields
in
small
cultivator
steam
the
and
different
at
condition
of
the
vary
In
seasons.
must
we
will
but
compass,
localities,and
the
fairlyby
the
of
lies
removals
of
cost
that
assume
roads
well
are
its introduction.
to
questionablepoints are
more
in
above
1st, How
"
much
the
vator
culti-
its
to pay
working expenses,
value
in
;* and, 2n"lly,
depreciation
how
this
be
distributed.
over
working days
charge may
many
these
In both
of a cultivator
worked
by a prorespects, the case
prietor
his own
farm
the implement
on
only will differ from that where
is let out
full
for hire, and
in
work
during the whole
And
unless
there
definite
be
economical
season.
advantages
yet,
the
in
mode
of
the other,
or
one
or
disadvantages
management
the charge per day must
be identical.
Another
difficultyarises with respect to the actual available
of the
engine when
economically worked, the difierence
power
between
nominal
real horse-power being ill defined, and
and
must
earn
of
interest,cost
the
on
increase.
it with
the
its
value
average
of
icres
be
obtained
for
the
to
; but
be
that,
good
water
on
into
the
pare
com-
the
and
And
year.
latter
'
times
be
must
comparison.
our
Work.
On
contrary, the
steam
strong land
day's work,
average
is the
tsing given quantity
is hardly self-evident.
pressure." This conclusion
r'he object being to generate
and
steam-power,
of
of
purposes
Cultivator.
a
to
subi^titute at those
Day's
Folder's
seems
as
pairs,
re-
steam-
value
the
of the
seasons
especial request,
Average
of
case
ploughing
of fael
"my
the
in
is
An
First, in
available
be
still
of which
power
different
considerablyat
will
of
cost
have
we
of
expenses
the
acquired,
is determined
horse-power,
horse-power
above
set
of force
this
the
elements,
two
amount
of
steam-power
which
these
When
that
efficiencyvary
in
On
depends.
power
season,
repairs,and
"c., and
since
consomption
whatever
same,
be
five
allow-
of
the
fhel
in
amount
'
"ujtic force, and
that
force
on
the
pressure
is economical
which
with
process
of ** increased
pressure;" the
agency
be effected.
a
great economy
may
'ât any
*-"
..
it may,
Fowler*s
Mr.
fuel by working
to economise
)e this
\y
as
wear
expression
separate considerations
The
"
raich
*'
**
**
"-""""
'*"'-
*o
to
which
the
same
that
power
it is
heat
depending
subjected, it would
creates
consumptioH of fuel may
its
on
seem
force by
and
identieftl,
greater
be
engine at Canterbury did not appear

prmctithan his competitors.
at a higher pressure
and tear
the
hardly represents, in a definite manner,
of the annual
outlay on repairs, and that depredation
-"odern
improvemer"s as to the general wearinic oat of
"
'
408
Culiure.
Steam
ploughed 4^ acres
day to a depth of 12 inchet.
per
This
on
was
a
free-working sandy loam capping the chalk.*
Fowler^ 8 Cultivator
for breaking up failows and wheat ttMlm.
this system the plough is generallypreferred to the cultiUnder
vator
J. King
finds, in Warwickshire, that the
; although Mr.
and
of wheat
and
beta
smashing up of all seeds at midsummer,
of
after harvest, is especially approved
stubbles
by those who
either
his implement, although it does
that Us
hire
not
appear
tilled larger,than where
the plough k
charge is lower, or the area
When
is used to cross
work
the cultivator
used.
already ploughed,
that it will go over
10
it is calculated
rities
authonearly
acres, but some
that
be efiS^cted
state
dragging only 4^ inches deep may
than
When
bean
more
a
cheaply by horse
by steam
power.
in 1859,
"
stubble
is broken
Smith*
Mr,
8
the
up,
With
"
this
-horse-power engine provided

5
strong land, about
on
to
up
acres
of
acres
inches
or
be
may
Smith's
Mr.
of
depth
work
will
quantitystirred
Cultivator,
got
with
about
an
implement
double
cylinder, working
be
layer or stubble may
in a day ; in crossing
This
over.
acrcs.
efiectm
and
4smadied
the
same
is based
statement
Lord
corroborated
estimate,
be
upon
Hatherton, who
by
of 6 acres
at
a
gives a general average
depth of 12 inches on a
lighter soil ; of Mr. Pike, who, speaking from long ezpeiienoe,
to
breaking up to the depth of 7 or 8
assigns from 5 to 6 acres
inches ; 8 acres
to
crossing; and from 10 to 12 to scarifying at
with
lesser depth
this cultivator
When
also.
a
dragging is to
less
be subsequentlydone
and
at a
depth, practical
experienced
sometimes
owners
prefer horse-power.
of these
When
one
implements, belonging to Mr. P. Faux,
Whittlesea-mere"
that light peaty soil as he intried on
forms
on
was
îtstirred
12
7
erf*
8
acres
me
or
inches,
per day to a depth
that without
and
into
the
field.
f
going
own
"
Thus
arrive
we
does
as
Does
On
than
in
that
of
this
of
an
the
case
Work
himself
of
owner
rather
in
a
the
be
the
Unless
would
niwÂiler had
n
^jacent
this
have
supply
been
worked
district
fields
will
of
at
manure
if the
g^wn
below.
excellent
hardly
bear
hand
horse's
have
to
point of
let out
large, perhaps
liad
been
weight.
not
of
own
for hire.
been
the
season
greater weight of
so
thiok, and
a
some
aiade, whilst
oultlvator,
a
Sach
view
cultivatinghis
limited,Ist,by
furrow-slice
roads
new
was
Season.
the
from
main
surprising?
it out?
in
cultivator
will
amount
Is this
bear
done
wots
than
attainable.
steam-threshing
of
the -cultivator
average,
half the work
indicated
the
that, on
more
question
confines
that
much
maximum
Amount
the
who
farmer
i""Tn
analogy
consider
us
êt
theoretical
the
not
conclusion
accomplish
not
the
the
at
of
oit
the
hroai
409
iJukure.
Sieam
of work
which
adapted to ^le work, and, 2tidl j, Isf the extent
comnHmfy
provide.
existing occnpatiens can
is the most
few stolen
With
The
autumn
a
season
important
in
September, October,
days in August, and 20 days on an average
and
November
65
cured,
leverally,
working days may
probably be sein
and
less
number
and
not
June,
March,
a
April, May,
in all 130 days in a
if
be
then
more
or
making
required
more,
often
cause
But would
as
days as this be
required ? ^bemany
year.
the
here
of
operations performed by
superior efficiency
hav"
Saltmarshe's
into
I
Mr.
comes
authority
play.
steam-power
would
suffice for the steam
for saying that 90 days' work
tion
cultiva"
"
500
on
of
acres
land
of
kind
any
with
Fowler's
of
one
Holland
Mr.
assigns (approximately)90 days

cultivation
of 400 acres
of arable
of an
to the
unusually tenacious
estimate
suffice
130 days would
quality. On Mr. Saltmarshe's
of arable, a very
for upwards of 700 acres
large holding on those
we
are
specially considering. It is for lliis
strong soils which
culture
on
a
(to modify a French
phrase) that
great scale
Fowler's
plough is speciallyadapted ; here there will be breadth
the
in every
engine will not generally interfere
"Tang"nent;
with
the
fixed
stead,
machinery in constant
requisitionat the homeselves
will adapt themand
roads, fields,ponds, and watercourses
10-horse
engines.
"
^'
to
class
requirements.
new
? To
occupations
class,say
of
question
will
secure
400
from
to
"
what
is the
market
500
Will
arise,
But
acres,
which
on
have
you
100
despatch your work in 80, 90, or

?
it can
generally useful where
or
"
engine
then
and
days,
descend
you
2nd
economical
powerful
will
this
first-
the
include
must
we
of these
total
to
make
itself
to
rior
infe-
an
power?
In
the work
will
first case,
manual
done, and with less
called
be
for
the
he
of
action
little
It
80
or
In the
extend
more
In
last case,
is,therefore, the
90
the
in
days
the
case
season
which
the
the
may
as
may
of
can
find
before
long
in
is put, the
heavier
that
and
wish
on
though
modes
he
enough,
power
work
do
the
suffice to
policy to get
may
this view
and
second-hand
that
rather
ideas
our
steam-engine.*
of Smid^'s Cultivator, Mr.
confirmation
engine
press
owner
is received
had
of
a
command.
wisest
elevators, donble-dreasen,
eight-horsepower
horse-power engme
at
his
at
to
first,still
enlarge, be
and
steam
uses
contribution
depreciationmust
armed
sufficiently
to
In
other
and
interest
cultivator.
is
the
of
tually
seasonably and effecbut more
capital will
most
labour
therefore, unless
and,
"
consideration
items
be
the
it
the
waj
combined
be
asked. How
lu
considers
now
that
signed
as-
90
in these days of
is a fidr
ohaff-outting,
comparison with a six-
and
threshing
engine depreciated
simply thresh?
Pike
though
much,
410
rate, 100
suming
that, on
an
nearly enough for 400

for both
smashing up
be
average
whole
788
cultivated
den,
November
season
636
up
may,
and
between
and
acres
its task
worked
60
for about
little
roads, where
in
year
of the
cost
its task
if there
case,
but
days,
employed
costs
incurred
for
in
farm
cost
tackle, but
vation
culti-
his
than
of the
the
case
only
Labour
will
into
com
generally
In either
half
as
engine,
many
may
cultivation
two-thirds
be
will
of those
Water-Cart.
and
theoretical
estimates,
rather
are
incurred.
practically
the
Chester
3^. for horse
including
Ibe
may
than
season.
more
force
the
18*. per day ; Mr. Holland

'or labour
12s., for water-cart
/r.
forces
in each
days
that
engine,
Smith's, will
or
in which
see
fixed
no
arrangement
who
work,
shall
we
farmer
much
as
is
purposes
This
steam-power,
Manual
of
Fowler,
the
100
half
arising for
the engine.
of the
excess
For
than
other
head
this
On
no
Cost
The
other
rally
gene-
engine being charged against

will
which
lighter uses
it Fowler's
be
in about
more
on
all
pay
be
not
other
exercise.
generally suit any but the needy

market
directlyafter harvest.
accomplish
for other
against
than
more
will
there
and, consequently, the
days
cultivator,then,
Cultivator
days on occupations of the

adapted ; .that is, good-sixed
moderate
of the
; two-thirds
cultivation,and one-third
The
330.
100
it is best
power,
be
crossing,.
and
is
Smith's
that
for which
water
sometimes
amount
crossed
in about
clay farîs,
'providedwith
or
at-
nature
steam
; and
acres
of
account
therefore, assume
accomplish
size
acres
; and
half,
1859, broke
We
1859
23,
and
at that
land;
tiUage effected
as
generally given of
HowMr. F. T. Robertson, near
8 inches
deep between
April and
Messrs.
Armstrong and Topham, in a
26,
August, 1858, and November
the
600
be
of strong arable
acres
day's work,
as
large an
acres,
year'sperformance, although
form
acres
would
a
would
days
350
for his
sufiSce
work
days'
Culture.
Steam
Report
them
sets
at
3^. ; Mr.
in water-cart,
estimated
these
items
at
14*. 9rf. ; Mr. Saltmarahe,

Risman, at 12s. for men,
15*. ; and
these
instances
i"ay suffice.
For
Smith's
hester
it at
sets
lIs. 8rf.
15*.
)ossiblymust
"pc''
day
per
be
the
that
14.?. ; Lord
(besides beer,
^he Chester
*vi
exceed
slightlyto
icems
xaps
cultivator,
may
added
about
be
"*'^
i"
in th's
'âse
Fowler's.
Hatherton
2*.); and
considered
3*. for
Report assigns
cost
average
of
the
II. Is,
at
the
to
these
decidedly
to
manual
Duke
16*. ;
Faux
Mr.
horse
of
The
labour
of
Mr.
at
Man-
Pike
15*.
at
Pcr-
but
this
to
average,
in
used
water-carting,
items.
be
The
evidence
preferred.
Steam
But
155. is
and
The
day
of the
cause
Report provides
the
with
whole,
be
wages
may
from
arising
the
between
for
trained
estimate
I85.
good
attended
employed,
the saving
for repairs,
at
though probably
reason,
with
5^. per
at
engineer
3*. is
intelligentfarm-labourer
practicallyan
on
difference
411
of notice.
worthy
Chester
and,
in
chief
the
Culture.
increased
some
cost
imperfect management
of 2s. per day does
not
nearly represent the cost
of retaining an
the
that for cultivation
engineer. We have seen
will
be
than
90
100
not
engine
or
generally required more
days
in a
70
if
60
of
work
done
for
other
be
or
days
year ;
purposes
added
200 days, and
to these, the
aggregate will still be under
for 100 working-days more
the engineer will be a dead
weight.
200
On
will
2*.
then,
cost
an
working-days,
engineer
extra, or
if he makes
himself
20/.,and on the remaining 100 days, even
The
extra
cost
useful, and
earns
will
to
come
engineer
Is. 6"f.,the
difference
10".,making the
10*., or, supposing he
17/.
37/.
that
between
total
trained
harvest, 35/.
in
help
can
5^.
and
sum
for
cost
extra
at
least.
When
will
skilful
again
such
yet
the
of the
case
of
would
amount
engineer
the engine.
cent,
the
be
may
admit
circumstances
an
us.
repairs of engine, this

These, it may
be,
rougher work, will

cent,
on
380/.,the
per
allowance
usually made
arrangement
an
of
and
about
year
item
before
come
management
(or
engine) above
a
the
to
come
we
of,
have
that
liorse
and
that
the
that
20/.
at
10
economical
see
we
set
less
a
price
for machinery,
nearly double
to
from
of
most
for
be
to
ration
conside-
cost
extra
10
or
sum,
the
j^r
on
For
the
coals
theoretic
the
the
safest,for
of Is. per
estimate
cost
average
of
cwt.
the
delivery on
halt*
on
spot
is
ton
must
not
overlooked.
be
Farmers
tlifferent
well
will do
consider
to
coal
qualitiesof
to
in the
power
difference
the
generate
heat
their
"
of
evaporative
power.
Thus, according to Stephens* (1964),Newcastle

8^ lbs.,nearly,to raise a cubic foot of water
caking-coal
takes
Staffordshire
stand
to
takes
another
one
than
more
in the
lbs.
11
Diflerent
relation
extreme
of
into
steam.
coals
Welsh
nearly
6 to
10
in
Mr. Stephens wisely suggests

respect of their heating powers.
that our
institute
experiments ^^ as
agriculturalsocieties should
the
to
the
evaporative
various
It
may
how
cart,
powers
qualitiesof coal
be
asked,
much
water
VOL.
XXI.
in
and
used
connexion
in
our
with
of
'
Book
of Farm
of
management
agriculturaldistricts."
this
item
generally be requiredin
will
Stephens's
method
best
of
a
the
day
Implements.'
2
water-
The
412
Steam
concise
most
Bourne,*
of water
1 lb. of coals
into
rough
good
will
can
calculation
be based
may
for water
wasted.
deal
Cost
head
this
for assistance^ as
much,
The
draught.
horses, according
for
for
allow
to
circumstances
perhaps
4#. ;
the
cause
will
if
take
we
of
aid
the
as
from
days occupying half

for half a day may
horse
in 4
once
thetny,
at
perhaps CMt
engine adapted to a Smith,
charge of 1
average
for Fowler's
these
of
items
sum
The
will
require the
will
latter
the
day,
season
horse-drawn
former
removal
2^.
than
estimate
lower
Fowler
self-propelling
ing
information^ allow-
this
on
9i lbs.
for
suffice
Removals.
of
Here, again, practice gives in a

the former
allowing at the rate of
between
difference
a
dry and wet
than
this.
greater discrepancy
On
will
best coals
1 lb. of the
(
water).
steam
10 lbs. of
or
give is that, according to

generally raise from 6 lbs. to 8-Ibt.
which
answer
Culture.
and
mean,
day,
be
to
the
set
at
sulting
re-
Ss.
would
plough
s.
of
Labour
Co"\s
and
men
15
water-cart
10
delivered
Removals
Oil
28
285. per
or
day.
Cost
We
than
the
as
in
ture
of
analysing
writer
of
as
various
elements
our
important, fea"
the
and
which
on
fully
able
system
to
which
the
the
experienced
total
anticipate
to
Ate
its introduction
simplici^ of
and
neatness
ever^TBiyin|^
equally
not
or
lead^
on
most
with
exists,
be struck
by the
may
"estimates of cost which
accompany
vill
the
it
depends,
steam-power
look
cannot
familiar
cus
the
modifications
various
well
as
horse-labour
of
in
-"ost
subject.
which
obscure,
most
our
conditions
that
to
come
now
Power.
Steam
of
of
accounts
die
steam-triid%
basis, estimates
hardly perceive that, on a purely
might be prepared equally simple and precise,
-K horse-labour
of the mark.
less wide
"'hI probably not
theoretic
'^d
\s
ork
^
"
to
defects
the
calculated
represent
rly than
by
of
rule
the
that
these
of three
average
of the steam
'atfeb*""^
from
day's
of "^t
of
theories
work
:"J.ft"
cost
short
of
trial
the
day's
probably does
season
threshing-machine can
Stp^m-Kupi**** Question
-The
146.
more
any
be dedoced
Culture.
Steam
well
as
which
fixed
practicallj
hirer, of
theory 10, 11, or even
made
the
to
sacks
12
for
us
ruption
inter-
guide
work
day*s
average
alternative
offer
reputed
sacks, by the
35;. per day, or
70
at
without
sacks
few
perhaps serve
may
The
illustration.
an
fill
required to
instance
an
"
time
die
noting
from
413
as
is here
commonly
6d. per sack ; although in

in an
hour:
be
threshed
may
work
day of 10 hours ought to produce half as much
again as is piucticallyaccomplished.
2ndly. ^These calculations are commonly based on the estimate
conditions
what
in a year ; but
done
under
of 200
days' work
of
(especiallywith great dispatch of work) is such an amount
on?
If on the lands occupied by the
employment to be reckoned
be
that
must
not
occupation
quiteexceptional? if on the
owner,
of hiring be
lands
of several
occupiers, will not the condition
the
that
so
"
of
the
conditions
the
necessitate
and
introduced,
cost
greater
the
which
under
revision
of
of removals
and
many
the
in
items
the
(and peihaps
workmen
quence
conse-
less economical
engine
are
itself)
engaged ?
overlooked
be
calculations
In making these
it must
not
Aat,
of
the
book-estimates
be
amount
to
to
ploughright as
supposing
which
to
went
making
rollings,
hairowings,
"c.,
ings,draggings,
foul
fallow, not on
spots only, but throughout the shift, yet
fectual,
efthe
that
being more
operations performed by steam-power
a
will
demur
not
or
provided
be
The
such
for
such a
on
year
annual
charge cannot
assessed
be
ploughed annually,
the
same
L cannot
would
woik
of
ajnount
that
as
area.
the
therefore
axiom,
an
as
be
days' work, then,
of
number
to
steaoi-power
that
on
1000
stated
whether
Consequently,
number.
estimate
an
has
acres
anticipatethat
in
fewer
to
600
of
farm
be
will
farm
have
be
reduced
somewhat
at
will
which
to
be
furnished
in
but
the
diminished,
be
and
iHX"portiQD,
in like
Higher rate
must
each
upon
ing
work-
day.
It is very
for wear
chinery
ana
; but
different
how
Some
aside.
In
home
an
any
being
average.
management,
horses, and
in
how
Again,
and
yet
Ae
in
our
as
out
worn
of
name
before
they
chinery
ma-
that
are
about
is indifferent
ma*
those
we
laid
their
that
smaller
much
case
prospects
common
for
of
they will be superseded

abroad.
Again,
general use
much
in qualityand
durability
feels pretty sure

into
they come
(even twins)differ
two
the
manufacturer
the
he
before
machines
as
on
cases
and
the outlay
thoroughly established
so
are
or
nature
under
their
20
on
per cent
the general allowance
the
are
come
machines
other
export, because
at
being
different
fairlyreckon
15
down
say, set
tear, that
to
objects which
!
can
easy
class
it is harder
depends
it has
been
uss^
upon
that
shown
2
to
strike
and
agricul-
414
Culture.
Steam
tural machines
it is not
that
5 per cent,
Before
engine
and
of
hands
rough
to
to
drum
is
little
and
rough work,
othetwise,
arrange
look
particulars,let us
steam-threshing. In this
the
for
if
even
extra
an
involved.
to
come
we
thirds
while
repairsis
on
from
derived
entrusted
are
worth
outlay, is
300/.
over
the
case
experience
united
the former,
well-established
the
at
machine
of
cost
costing twolatter,
; the
The
costing one-third, still in a state of transition.
repairs on
their
each
bear
about
to
an
probably
equal proportion
prime cost.
let out
The
30*. per
two
at
are
commonly
day; if they arc
severed
is charged for the
for the
much
lOOZ. drum
20021
as
as
Thus
hire
is
the
of
l-200th
of
the
whole
charge
joint
engine.
alone
the drum
1-1 33rd, at this rate
of charge.
cost, but that on
An
instead
would
himself
10".
of \h$. for
owner
probably charge
of either at leisure
been
I have
home
times.
use
challenged to
have
who
made
point out owners
by lettingthreshings
money
well-informed
machines, and this challenge from
a
quarter went
is not
show
that success
to
general or profitexcessive
; it could
had
those who
best
had
be taken
because
and
not
managed
up,
I think myself happy
to show.
most
experience, had no accounts
in
in meeting with
Mr.
one
Tumill, of Sawtry, and
exception
from
make
the following extract
letter written
to Mr.
a
by him
.
J. M.
"
Heathcote
We
for my
information
"
have
three portable engines of 8-horse-power

each, with thresbmg,
with
each ; one, bought in 1856, the engine
winnowing drums
cost 255/., the drum
120/., together 375/. ; the second, bought in 1857, the
256/.
cost
5"., the drum
128/.,together 384/. 58. ; the third we bought
engine
in
less
than
half the originalcost, but it cost near
lOOL
at
secondhand,
1859,
the
used.
With
it had
been
to
to put it in repair,because
badly
respect
of
the
first
the
of
the
two
two
we
working
repttSrs
bought new,
repairs
years
shaking, and
each
on
the
engine amounted
third
and
annum
fourth
making
per
16/. 55. for the
wo
jtnnum
hey
dmm.
will
years
replacing.
each
years
an
10/. per
to
average
I have
for
no
the four
be greater than
all repairs,I believe
Besides
10
the
to
12i
of
course
F-'-nn
this
."c
?k^
on
in mind
bear
above
not
^cdults
fournal.
I
and
of
my
find
drum
~igine
"558-59,amounted
.11
til?** IT
ict
infer
the
that the
average
of
cost
of
the
the
whole
that
on
a^^pri
to
were
the
average
33/., or
ôr
say
of
two
30/. =10
-lenronjation
of
12
in the
only
are
and
fourth
per
engine,
in
period.
me
repairs
on
1857-58
years,
cent
at
year,
used
management
working
the
per
years
engines
our
third
recorded
experience
that, after deducting oil,
own
cent,
or
are
I should
want
parts
per
10
continually in work for eight months

-vhich will increase the repairs and depreciationover
those that
deal
A
his
farm.
own
depends on
^y a gentleman on
very great
"lmachinery as to cost of repairs."
ire
hire, and
from
in
20/.
engine, and
repairsin the next
years
that
; for
of 20/. for the
doubt, however, that the

of the
in the two
last^ as many
be set down
for depreciation,
as
may
will be unfit for use.
Mr. Frere
must
let out
drum, 12/. 10s,

30/., and each drum
each
; on
cost
annum
engine has
on
10
per
last
one
and
300/"
cent.
I!
416
Steam
"c.,
of these
some
india-rubber
20
and
the
cent,
per
on
Lastly,we
have
about
well
such
fittings,
small
open
A
established.
less
as
im"
rste
be
assigned
hardly
depreciation of these auxiliaries.
100/. for a plough, shares, mouldbosrd,
5/. will
be
requiredfor
interest
new
"c., snd
breasts,shares,prongs,
Srobably
for depreciation.
cent
per
Thus
the
cultivation
steam
would
be
charged
:"
".
For
steam-engine (2-3rds of full
season)
d.
".
70
Rope
40
Tackle
38
Implements
15
.0
..
"163
To
to
are
some
(about 38/.)can
5/. for
less than
not
some
this head
Under
"c.
prongs,
reverse
and
189/.
and
interest,
repairs,
the
to
changes
; other
durable
very
springs, are
provements
than
are
Culture,
levy
this
it must
charge
be
assessed
upon
"
".
at the
100
days
The
labour
valued
of
d.
".
12
..
horses,coals,oil,"c., has been
and
men
of about
rate
18
at
.1
"3
And
farm
own
owner
as
Thus
that of
than
machinery
fet I
confident
"
they
go,
will
lower
excess
of
our
such a steamrate, too,

I should
the sum
charge my
day
threshing apparatus.
raise
the
to
charge
"
50
per cent,
that, if these
on
estimate.
on
former
for
estimates
calculations
the
the
of
sound,
are
of
this
use
of
writers,
so
far
as
be"
promote
"'
the
employment
agent,
when
in
its
so
^nse
implement
right place, if
powerful an
than 5/.
more
'^nrged3/. per day, will easilyearn
10-horse
of a
cost
might
Kn tb** âse
engine the annual
power
-V"oK
-educed
of
diminished
the
23/., chieflyon account
strain of the engine; leaving 140/. to be
and
ope
iOO days at the rate of 1/. Ss, per day.
"Mgv,.
hey
.*.
for
"
in
be
1/. per
ventured
have
bowler's
am
day's work.
steam-engine highly
of 3/. for
reason
my
it
will not
its powers
there
the rope may
of
the cost
A
charge of 1/. 12^. is at a
cultivator
think
formation
why, on the very scanty inbe
On
lower.
set
can
hardly
loams,
us,
there
engine may perhaps be reduced, because
be so severely taxed
the other hand,
; but, on
given
the
of
charge
may
before
now
charge
total
some
I have
charged.
the
at
scheme
this
In
arrive
thus
we
on
.Qn""v/'?
^v*c;i
Cultivator.
o.i^me,
Mr.
"
255/. ; rope,
^natchblocks, rollers, "c.,

..."i^""tr"r
1"^/
'
No.
Smith's
1400
135/.
'*"'lHvato^
apparatus
consists of 8-horse
yards, 61/. ; windlass, anchors,

S
turning bow, 21/. ; No.
;
505/.
17/.; the whole
costing
Steam
outlay the engine, such
this
Of
one-half
costs
purposes,
the rope is described
beside
general
opinion
an
more
417
Cukure.
Pike
Mr.
less corroborated
or
of the
remainder
; all the
by
suitable
is most
as
one
an
ratus
appa-
durable,-i"
very
evidence
as
the
by
for
of
other
owners.
With
the
wear
almost
tear
in the
as
6s, per day, "c.

"c.
cost
The
of steel
substitution
however,
better
have
to
used
rope
less strain
still from
the
thickness,
its cost
decided
have
and
seems,,
promise
to
Smith
by
put
is much
longer than Fowler's,.

its consequent
it, and
upon
less
will
diminish
much
probably
windlass
is
wesLr^
allowed
to
not
in the
risk, as
no
to
and
the
case
land
grate along
the
of the rope
is due
of
side
stony furrow.
either
soil,how
how
case,
much
grip,and
to
wear
machinery,
the
to
much
how
of the
much
the
and
how
alone
discover
investigation;
at
for rope
same
at
the
"
all these
present
can
of 26 per cent,
Engine, 2-3nls
Rope, 6U
255;
on
135Z.
coals, oil, "c.,

46^. per
day,
to
the
".
8,
d.
42
27
20
10
10
..
on
54/.
..
,.
Total
sum
much
"
Shares, "c
100
close-biting
how
Fowler's.
as
Windlass, anchors, "c., 15 per cent, on

Cultivators,and tumbow, 15 per oent.
say 11 on
If to this
the
engineer will notice,

practice and observation
remain
as
points for further
only charge Smith's cultivator
must
thus
to
the
proportionalrate
will stand
account
we
to
slack rope,
changes of direction which

much
to
contingencies which
will
The
much
how
risk of the
pulleys and
be
acres
future.
"
In
or
been
manufacture
improvement,
neatly coiled round the

rope
kink
after being slack ; and
there
the Fowler, of the rope being allowed
of
nearly
I!
in their
is
"
900
or
ditions,
con-
have
; ropes
800
of
different
between
is smaller.
management
if the
Fowler
the
for iron
for the
the
Although
Careful
been
results
average
of
case
cultivation
the
by
out
worn
although placed under

have
to
seem
ranged
rope,
and
limits
same
the
to
respect
its
.,
..
for
the
..
101
days.
26^.*
the
be
total
which
at
Labour
added
daily expense
charge against
rate
land
may
Smith's
be
broken
15
Coals
Oil
Bemovals
26
of
cultivator
up
men,
will
for 9^. 3d.
Culture.
Steam
418
crossed
and
acre,
per
accomplished for lbs,

7 inches
on
clays to 12
On
Cost
the
5". 9"Z. per
for
at
acre
per
process
will vary from
loams.
on
Horse-power
of
double
which
depth
the
or
acre,
Ploughing
for
and
Scarifying.
We
have
what
consider
to
now
the
work
same
that
the
It had been designed

by horses.
should
discussed
have
been
horse-power
this Journal, its importance demanding
done
of
in
intention
this
as
has
subject,confining myself, however,

essential
to
to
This
present purpose.
our
costy if
general
economy
separate article
distinct
notice
; bat
touch
the
on
out, I must
that portion of it which
is
carried
been
not
in
would
will
be
safe
more
than
to
of a general statement
conclusions
adopt the broader
; for, at the
it
is not
that
often
arc
so
rude,
best, agriculturalgeneralizations
desirable to supersede specialinvestigation
by the assumption of
formula.
In
is to
there
the
considered
and
efficiencynot
of the year,
the
on
work,
average
average
average
when
horse
but of the stout
ploughing
adapted to clay land, only
those
in
and
when
and
autumn
at
seasons
or
cultivating,
spring
the demand
for horse labour, and
consequentlyits value, are far
heavier
the average.
Now
above
the
clay horse costs rather more
deal
to buy, and
to
more
a
keep than that adapted to li^ht
good
his traction
soils ; there is some
ground also for doubting whether
in a plough does
not
considerably exceed that assigned to
power
him
that
based
are
told, was
theory, we
by theory,although
by
the performances of heavy London
Stevenson
horses.*
on
case
our
horse
of the
Mr.
mile"
2^
hour.
per
going at a
Worses with
In
lorse,
33,000 lbs., lifted
lbs. where
at
800
over
less rate
Canterbury
the
lbs., or
lbs
2^ miles
than
'"6
ill be
horse-labour
drawn
cwt.
'
per
found
16,492
given
lbs.
substitute
we
may
calculation
on
Were, then, the horses

subsequent private trial,three
as
there
elsewhere
^f in the
in
Whitfield
'^***nate,
-M**"it.
."
jpy*
on
o
Farm,
annum
per
300
days
Morton, amounted
to
For
the
continues,
done
each, and the work
Mr.
says
he
; and
of 9 hours
*'
have
been
equal to the lift of 135,450 lbs. 1 foot
time, which, as 7 horses tcere
employed, teas
135,450 lbs. (the correct
aggregate) divided by 7 gives,
than
stated, but 19,350 lbs.,that is to say, a larger amount
to
all
round
that
numbers
only (Mr. Melvin's) where
nstance
gh
horse.
a
be corrected.
Whitfield
lifted) 1 mile
minute
during
per
492 lbs. a-piece." Now
^c
on
'
annum
ugh
Qat
per
At
exert
annual
okMS
f^
hour
is
plouglicompeted with these four-horse Kentish ploughs. Did

of our
a force
coosiderably in excess
theory ?
Morton's
Mr.
calculations
much
the number
of pounds
so
depends upon
which
is equivalent to the average
1 foot high per minute
of the
efficiency
that it becomes
arithmetical
mistake
in his Artide
important that one
The
'
200
per
Journal, vol. xix., p. 464) should

-
foot per minute, is equione

valent
working a ploueh at the rate of
draught on ue
lightestfouraverage
the horse
iron
an
three
'ôt these
ifted
that
shown
Now,
was
cost
at
of 150
draught
plough
horse
has
Morton
to
be
schedule
he
"hp^
other
"""\v
some
hand
as
the
maximum
that
was
in
known
the cartage was

clearlyexcessive.
is
of the work, such
as
root-carting,
on
every
be '"8'''*âa*"*f*
farm
the
horses
have
to
set
one
at
perform
inbotu*,in carting materials for roads
Steam
Again
ploughing
have
we
and
do
to
with
the
of his
labour
when
the
efficiencyof
cultivatingonly, which
in consequence
419
Culture.
be
may
the
above
other
applied to
in
horse
average,
fanning
poses
pur-
being equally effective ; but then unquestionably the

is
efficiencyof the steam-engine for ploughing and cultivation
not
which
that
above
present it does
But
is to
than
labour,
On
**
[jairof
To
the
months
are
wanted
in the
horses
the
that
of 240
does
exist
to
value
the
much
need
the
on
of horse-
Mr.
from
of arable
acres
not
more
tions
of varia-
amount
considered
work
much
very
striking passage
Agriculture.
in
used
and
but
consequentlythe
most
Forces
farms,
be
may
and
year,
at
the
which
at
illustrate
examining the horse-labour of a farm

husbandry, it will be found that it
alternate
of
all
upon
quote
the
on
paper
which
farm-work,
considered
be
which
demand
to
venture
Morton's
tells
months
soils,in the
I
is to
lightlands.
on
other
at
undertake.
to
season
this
in different
former
exhibit
venture
executed
heavy
on
not
all the
above
be
it could
land
under
days
500
exceed
for it is distributed
among
per month
month
are
Not more
than 35 days of a team
extremely unevenly.
December, January, and February ; about 45 days a
and
wanted
iu March
in
April, May and June ; about 15 days are wanted
in
90
55
60
in September; and
in October,
July; about
August, and
December.
and
and
November,
August
September stand highest; and as
there
in
24
than
generally more
working days in
be a provisionof at least three and a
not
are
mouths,
there
all the year,

in order that the work
of August
which
Now, the two-fifths of the horse-labour
"]joing
merely
not
for the
ploughing
fifths,but
more
and
half of the labour
and
April, May
amount
something
pairs of horses will
two
will
and
than
August,
like 35
to
more
encumbered
of the
September and October,

days' work during each month
than easily accomplish."
of
take
not
months
and
West
two
pair of horses
and
be done.
September may
is proper for steam-power,
is
horses
the
through
seven
year ;
displacetwo-fifths of these
cultivatingbeing done by steam,
to
of these
each
half
must
and
so
of
two-
March
the
reduce
of the year,
which
Journal
(vol.viii.,
of mentioning
the error
knowing where
December
twice, originates. Assuming that the last mention
shall have
of that month
total of 560
a
ought to be erased, we
in
horses
1120
for
work
of
for
horse
a
one
on
a
days'
pair
year, or
where
and
the
4
farm
7 were
of
to
to
according
kept,
theory
100
acres
arable, 9 at least ought to have been kept : these 9 (on
Mr. Morton's
hypothesis)being capable of doing 300 days' work
apiece, or 27,000 days in all in the year.
I quote
the
from
part ii.,page
303),
Bath
and
England
without
and
for
addition
timber
repairs of buildings,drainiDg-tiles,
to
of traction
the
on
direct
farm
farm-i-oads
work
seems
there
as
"
with
improved
the
load
given of work
carts,
my
own
they commonly
done
in the
year
and
ably
perhaps it is rather understated

of this work
is practically postponed,
that the cart
estimating
weighs as
by
admit,
half
detailed.
2-horse
carry.
gives a
fairly calculated
for the
an
rough,
error,
much
wet
if it be
as
its
Croskill's
On
and
brushwood,
coals,"c., in
Moreover, although the amount
the
total which
as
to
season
one,
which
not
it is
then,
not
the
easy
much
compensated
hardly the case
much
weighing
whole,
so
is
is
load, which
circumstauces
which
to
more
aggregate
ameud.
than
here
420
Steam
prepared
not
am
evident
to
how
me
Culture.
endorse
to
it arises out
this
statement
the
schedule
of
self-
is not
it
executed
of work
Farm, given in Journal, vol. xix., page 464.

As a light-landfarmer, I have
known
that, though our demand
for horse-labour
is unequal, the claj-land farmer
has
to
provide
for much
I
But
think
that,
can
hardly
greater inequalities.
twice
the
have
than
more
practically,even
clay-land farmers
if
and
that they can
their farm
on
beneficiallyemploy ;
power
that
to me
man
came
saying I have thoroughly ascertained
any
Whitfield
the
on
'^
the
circumstances," (apartfrom
my
be
culture),I should
disposed to answer,
such
question
are
revise
of management
scheme
your
^'Surely
so
little,
steam-
could
you
it
make
to
as
of
more
economical."
Whether, however,
it stands
estimate
this
take
we
conclusive
be
to
as
suggestive, as pointing to the great

advantage of occupationsincluding a variety of soils,on which,
if well
be cultivated
at
managed, a portionof sandy heath
may
little extra
than
leave
three
to
or
hardly more
cost, so as
very
four
idle weeks
in a year ; as putting in the strongest light the
value
of a subsidiary agent, which
but little except when
costs
at
work
which
is
and
to
rate
our
as
justifying a
specialpurpose
;
of charge much
the average
of the year
for those
above
months
in spring and
where
be
substitute for the
steam
autumn
a
may
not, it is
or
most
"
"
horse.
In
farming calculations,
item
at
lower
rather
in
treatises,
be
made
seasons.
its maxima
distinct
short-comings,and
of
than
more
average
Indeed
Jo,
^?ing
1
^n
tf
fill
^T-
day
cart
the
therefore
ihc
labour
of
farms
but
to
when
gauge
the
our
sciousness
con-
very
reason,
over-estimate
to
do
our
"
we
horse
and
man
all
might
primary object
to
attempt
both
and
of
average
men
be.
may
in harvest-time
end, although
''
pitch in
to
in
waggon
"
than
more
lifts
p"r
hour's
an
sheaves,
"
or
weigh
^(\f\f)
to
abilityto accomplish
lead
economical
sound
tural
agriculseems
over
the
little inequalityas
as
Jiis
wheat, tied
be
le
for
distribute
to
one
the
commonly
performances.
do
not
we
generally even
with
-*i-
and
every
favourable
such,
as
energies;
our
in
Agriculture
to
view
done,
done, may
may
the
on
our
be
is
that
and
stimulate
what
under
is rendered
under
almost
distinction
done
is done
service
brought
are
sufficient
be
may
what
and
exciting influences,
and
hardly
what
between
disposed to set
is generally found
am
than
rate
which
to
and,
an
"
ninute
"
lbs.
average
and
-to
one
an
for
common
acre
of
full
man
good crop
6 feet,on
height
together,such a crop
in doing
this
lbs.,"and
in
hours'
ten
high
time^
com
5000
"
foot
quote
it is
of
straw
2 tons,
say
300,000
time
one
of
Mr.
Morton's
illua*
Steam
of
tratians
liand*power,it
Culture.
421
is
the
to
common
see
by no means
three
preceding illustration pfut in practice,according to which
will
lift
100
cubic
fill it into
men
jards of farmyard-"lung, and
in
hoars'
fall
time.
The
cubic
33
which
carts
ten
to each
yards
man's
14
cwt.
share, at about
a-piece,weigh 50,000 lbs.,and
is lifted oyer
this
the
edge of the cart, or 4 feet high, equal
foot high, or
330
lbs. in a
to
200,000 lbs. lifted daily one
''
minute."
So
long
in
as
ago
vol. iv. p. 315, that

loads
nine
or
yet
very
farmers
why
far
as
the
as
he
expense
does
him,
yard
not
and
wintry
taken
it is the
each
of the
ventured
from
about
penny
he
when
requires an
cart
and
and
and
off-hands, and,
; either
for
his work
over
;"
jog-trot pace
indifference
of
matter
farmer
o'clock
time
has
horse,
extra
way
and
filling,
before
from
the
roads.
precise which
this
introduce
to
rather
man
old
of leisure-time
in the
out
three
or
the
at
on
work
hurry
to
want
state
labourer
goes, it is
will cost
the
perhaps
I have
whereas
generally keep
Because
cubic
Journal,
filled eight
commonly
cubic
yards apiece, he
Pusey pointed
day, measuring If
per
fill ten such
loads by two
well
might
Mr.
1843,
^^
from
than
horse-power,
itself
have
of
my
because
meaning,
it is the
what
might be done,
and
what
was
done, both distinctlystated on good authority. I
affirm
that no
venture
to
place since
general change has taken
have
1843, and
so
we
men
day after day fillingabout 15 or 16
cubic
yards, when
they might fill 33, and consequently'working
half-strengthat the slack season.
This
equalizationof labour is,indeed, a principalpoint in the
most
economical
offered
illustration
we
neither
skill in
which
land, without
stock, or vigilance in seeing that work
of
management
producing good crops and

It is
is properly done, suffice to produce a good balance-sheet
key which
practicalmen
explain to outsiders why shrewd
may
is good in itself. Such
often slow
which
to adopt a hint
are
men
wait
to
think
what
the
effect
device
new
would
have
on
their
general derangement, or calls

for labour
at
a
busy time, they instinctivelyreject it,without
exactly defining the higher rate of charge for extra cultivation,
Avhicli
ought to stand on the debtor side of the account, to the
Hence
of profit and
loss.
of the balance
probable disturbance
also farming operations are
often
not
performed at the very best
that wittingly; because
in
the
moment
prudent
abstract, and
of
element
of the
much
farming, like statesmanship, contains
compromise.
general scheme,
In
so
the
case
of
if it
and
the
by palpable
sensitively,that
causes
horse,
attention
The
self-interest.
it is
at
least
to
as
forced
principle is enfluctuates
market-price
cheap
this
to
hold,
as
to
sell in
422
Steam
the
dead
if
horse,
kindness
and
to
and
up,
do
tome
man,
of not
^'
discernment,
him
from
destitution;*
save
well
as
may
the
and
again;
buying
of the
backs
drawfeeling some
has
to
tnut
chattel,"
being a
with
the
ground,
poor-law in the back-
The
advantages
as
of
prospect
fairlykept
his livelihood.
well
as
to
the
be
kept, must
for
work
with
season,
Culture.
and
his
for
sake
it is
and
combine
humanity should
speciallyimportant that wisdom
check
to
a
dispositionto short-sighted saving, and, by a happy
him
of
adjustment
steady employment
farming operations,secure
In this point of view
detail
connected
with
vation
steam-cultione
has
it
been
is really a misfortune, rather
than, as
monly
comMost
of
writers
matter
congratulation.
regarded, a
have
that nearly as
stated
satis"ction
much
correctlyand with
manual
labour
that
as
that
done
months
in
horses
by
is
the
year,
if
but
we
effected
be
to
connection
in
required
now
cultivation
this
busiest
is
hardly
can
with
may
in
the
rightly assume
six
their
share
tivation
cul-
steam
or
seven
feeling.
dfered
auxiliary which
at our
tne
to diminish
busy season, or
We
it at our
dianks
be to
slack time.
to increase
no
longer suffer,
absolute
at
God, from
an
plethora of strong willing hands;
social
moral
and
the
turn
to
extent
well-being
present our
upon
which
of our
wants
at one
forces, confessedly not in excess
time,
should
hail
with
equal
be
may
satisfaction
demand
either
utilised
to
restore
this
as
it may
seem,
labour, the
To
the
less the
it will
to
base
the
to
cost
estimates
my
part of England ; on
my
have
just alluded to have
it is.
steam-cultivator
the British
that
on
of
Paradoxical
requires of
manual
labourer.
horse-power.
which
that
such
custom
tends
steam-power
more
valuable
more
benefit
however,
return,
any
labour
The
seasons.
equilibrium,the
more
endeavoured
other
at
for
have
is customary
considerations
in
as
a
probably exerted
greater influence
of.
exertions
at
we
are
aware
By slackening our
times
have
more
we
nearly gained continuityof action, and in
economic
so
doing have acted on sound
principles,although this
has
slackness
become
too
probably
habitual, so that increased
rf^xertion when
being
required could not be freely made, from
from
it
would
that
would
be duly
not
suspicion
not,
; or
ôrange
/"i-'"d and
for.
paid
of days' work
performed in a year.
J^rst, as to the number
the effects of rain
for
sickness
and
and
lameness, "c.,
allowing
..J snow,
to estimate
on
clay soils,I do not propose
particularly
ourselves
than
pf
rt*"eo
~^ViQf
ij_
11
""f*
"
!."
\îM
than
Tôre
u""
250.
Next
which
nxanagement
garden allotment,
\\tt ^fr-jTt^
\r\ *i"A
\utt
as
he
may
""^t%%mr\
to
the
number
commonly
verj well do
m)^ Winter.
all the
of
hours'
assigns 7 J
heavy
work
work
hours,
required
StjeeuH Culture,
424
Now
if in
three
horses
these
extra
of the
as
where
kept
were
horses
does
cêr
not
other
times,
double
cost
thoroughly
horse
the
during harvest),and
I
only
propose
whole
the
be
not
should
it
that
calculations, the busy

set
admit
rate, will
It would
steam,
Let
seem
the
at
this
the other
horse
of the
cost
horses
weather.
restricted,on
the
that
migency
simplify our
to
year,
think,
three
dry
on
amount
the
as
per
is here
much
more
conclusion
that
to
wim
12-hor8e
engê
stiff clay in ten

very
four horses
could
attain
of
acres
greater depdi
specialcase.
one
Fowler
plough
average,
so
the
per
hour
not, I
bad
in
two
4dL
the actual
are
much
too
some
few
estimated
been
will, on
is
by
as
roads
half
and
days* work, charged at a higher

of the
of keep being slighdy augmented.
cost
then that horse-labour,as
witib that of
contrasted
than
less
6d.
fairlycharged at not
per hour.
apply
now
us
It has
hours,
be
may
when
5d,
well
at
mouths
will
that
carting than
in halving
season
it may
be bought
rather
low, so that a
hand
in
mind
(tiz.,
account
some
oi
difference
the season,
instance,
appear
to
average
in
borne
efficient
more
the
if
since
work
extra
the busy
charge
months, viz., 6d.
of
differ wilh
For
work.
that
If
will
done
for
slack
amount
if it be
excessive,
appear
of work
will
This
year.
Bnt
rate.
for
again as
respectively,maintaining
hour
suffice,and
remaining half
is proposed
steam
turned
be
monthsy
the
usual
provide
to
seasons.
six
otherwise
the
can
to
the
for
much
as
would
two
biuj
these
of
exigencies
the
at
done
substitute)would
steam
it bears
utterlyuseless during
by them (for which
were
woiic
the
the
of
consequence
year,
of
that which
with
but
horse-labour,
of
than
be looked
S-horse work.
on
as
theory it may
horses
would
over
f of an acre
day;
go
per
much
How
time
would
agreed.
they spend
to, that in
Four
all
are
With
11
miles,
8^
or
the
furrow
9-inch
distance
If
miles.
we
would
traversed
allow
incidental
2}
hours
for
on
this
over
it?
be
about
of
sixty
delays, we
turnings
travelling 6^ miles, requiring less than the rate of 1| miles per
The
hour.*
horses, therefore,may
just as well accomplish their
in
time about
âsk
it
more
7} hours, as waste
four
of
horses
the
The
cost
working 7} hours, at 6d. apiece
for
would
15*.
be
1"
,er
hour,
or
f of an
acre.
acre,
per
done
5-horse
steam
to
as
le
by
being
ploughing
work,
equal
and
shall
have
hours
left for
ould
cost,
if,practicablefor
iierefore,costing only
^^rses
-A
the
"A.-v"H.
of
13s.
safe
^^'
an
acre,
12^. per
or
reduce
will
still be
aî-"
acre,
more
side, we
-'^st
horses, 25^.
the
under
or
tlmn
of
The
steam-plough,
60^.,shows
half;
and
even
steam-power's day's
again over
if,to keep
work
13^. 6rf.
"fta*-"*'"^""
be
sdaplcdi^
stem
culture.
to
4^
Let
the
in
for
us
would
moment
modus
operandi
seem,
does
Culture.
consider
where
of
these
move
at
two
425
chief
die
The
powers.
ê
of
rate
difference
lies
heavy horse,
than
more
it
miles
two
half as fast again, or, when

than
plough more
the
it works
best advantage, even
On
fast
to
as
nearly twice
the
latter
the
essential
this, perhaps,
chiefly turns ;
snperiori^ of
for whilst
the traction-power is only the
of the
in the case
horse
hour
an
residue
of
steam-
in motion
increased,
when
speed
the
other
subject,
is
without
suffers
in
professing to
beHeve
to
venture
increase
not
diminishes
which
steam-power
required
such
no
his
as
to
pace
dimination
augmented.
hand,
I will
"
that
above
and
over
power
residue
a
fixed
the
its
On
does
muscular
the
himself
keep
is
the
not
Steam
that
the
equal proportion
have
investigated the
resistance
die
to
of
soil
the
velocity
the
of
that the more

works
at a
plough, and therefore
rapid instrument
to this brandi
great dynamical advantage ; zaoA I invite attention
diose
who
of the subject, that it Biay
considered
be
are
by
adepts
such
tested
well
at
as
calculations,as
by experiments, if,indeed,
our
are
sufficientlyperfected and proved for large
dynamometers
to give us
secure
grounds of assurance.
pressures,
In
these
Mr.
with
Smith's
Mr,
whereas
would
be
horses,
would
It is
by
more
no
two
of
admitted
with
in his
defects
were
would
of die
Mr.
than
and
mensurate,
com-
Mr.
which
arrangements
as
which
they
; each
will
within
have
that
its
sphere
The
has
Fowler
be
not
systems
two
sphere of action, each has merits

rightly give it the preference.
skill
rather
similar
fiur easier
first
merits
the
between
decide
first
comparison ;
generally
operation
and
die
first
second
which
to
a
ploughing,
together
than
scarifying,as done
by
equivalent; whilst
of comparison.
be too
delecdve
to adnut
widun
of
this Essay to attempt to
the scope
means
Smith's
equivalentto
and
the
trasted
chieflycon-
been
steam-ploughing,
Fowler's
dierefore
has
horses
of
work
cultivating,because
and
proper
will
the
calculations
iadeffttigableenergy
remedied
sncoessivdy dhe
became
will
afyanait,
Bridsh. engineers
aeeiire
and
inventors.
place amongst
about
kis
and
a
oonpleteness
apparstea, a com*
is
whic^
ateacdve
binatioB
of ingenuity and
simplicity
very
which
it is to work
but the farm
ought to have bodi finiA
on
it jnstice.
in order
size in propcnrtioii,
and
to cb
the
other
On
hand, whilst ihe spiritand
vigour widi which
him
There
Mr.
high
is
Smith
finish
himself
threw
occupatioB, ought
English farmers,
indicated
now
by
imitatioa.
hedge
"
into
in itsdf
the
the
to
stoam-cnltivation
make
"Ai/^
sncxâs
safart
him
of
all
is
man
on
of
agrkultaxai
reatj small
note
attending
his
amoi^fst
plan
criteria--aver-
ia
426
Culture.
Steam
In
has
least
at
taken
In
two
the
of
nature
The
advantage.
desirable
for
lies
cost
is
root, and
other
a
Mr.
used
is
If
the
limited
be
to
reported by
little for repairs in comparison
if
Thus,
the
we
involving
one
rather
to
be
fast, the
the
and
tackle
is
"
cost
very
the
of
are
sale
of
the
farm,
dimensions,
on
moderate
which
only 250/., of
of
decided
would
as
of
rest
durable,"
risks
outlay
by the
system
engine."
engine already exists
and
additional
an
has
out
; the
very
with
the
investment
of the
rest
that
assume
"
he
an
wears
rope
compass
Pike
such
just
his
own
centres.
required
investment
uses.
his
several
from
spreading
the
engine
within
adjacent to
counties
three
or
lOOi
may
horses.
Moreover, this
it
adult
if
rather
far
is
more
as
rough, it is
system, as
;
goes,
fields and
roads
ready ; and, moreover,
are, comparatively speak*
farther
ing, ready for it. It is not susceptible of much
ment,
improvetherefore
liable to much
and
not
change.
If throughout these
of
the inventor
the name
has been
pages
probably
used
replaced
be
been
from
desire
of
competency
ability to
for
prepare
soil, a point
the
Mr.
give
to
exhibitor
the
of
of
Smith
this
cultivator, it has
due, without
his
putting
others.
slight upon
The
that
than
rather
on
cultivator
this
wheat,
which
make
or
opinions
reminds
hand
depends chiefly
fallow
much
seem
without
on
our
inverting*
On
divided.
the
Mr.
that
us
experience
guine
sanover*
Pusey was
he
in
vol.
xi.
Journal,
hopes
expressed
p. 424, "c.,
of
of superseding for the future the numerous
the orthodox
ploughings
and
fallow, by new
early cultivation,so long as horse-power
the other
On
alone
must
to be
was
not
depended on.
hand, we
the
well
as
forget
greater velocity, as
greater depth, at which
If
works.
only we can
produce such a dislocation
steam-"power
and
disruption of the soil that the lumps shall not run
together
influence
the
have
under
of
no
we
longer any object
again
wet,
in turning in weeds
to plough them
out
again.
one
the
in
there
That
effectual
to
admits
îrdly
of
which
"ithin
soils
are
this
and
end, where
a
this
doubt
ultimately they will not

\s
from
regards season,
ugust, perhaps, there is no
-""
""ake
-""""uit
"
*ight;
"4.ace
)"o
-,
of
of
v,p^
effectual
most
heavy
it
has
and
been
breaking
'h "^*"rried.
up
is
applicable:
found
be
soil
economical
recalled
to
Kyer
"
on
limits
impression
is
my
old
own
the
to
is
this
end
"
smashing
fallow.
part put
three-year
This
June
of
which
on
in
my
defective,
the
narrow.
middle
the
has
root-crops
be
debate
distinction
is
steam-power
horse-power would
can
only turn
; the
Âat
which
for
seasons
laudable
point
invariably
layer
and
of
out
observation
sainfoin
will
up
Our
of
by
as
soon
inevitably
Steam
foul, and
yet
make
we
Culture.
cheaper
and
427
fallow
better
ttan
here
on
harrowordinary wheat-stiibble. Instead of having endless

rootlets as
they bring
ings (which break and disperseas many
the
and
knots
f
ollowed
to
surface),
by costly
imperfectpickings,
the
we
with
can,
agencies
the
"
min-fall
is then
farmer's
all
but
cultivatingto
sun's
after
assistants
best
is very
considerable, evaporation
the
of
leave
management,
pheric
atmos-
If the
all.
active, and
the
shine
when
being very great, the

they
of withering goes on
rapidly,and the land may be stirred
process
intervals
with
short
such
circumstances
at
advantage.* Under
of the soil is not indispensable,if it is not a waste
the inversion
In most
this same
of time.
rule would
seasons
apply to the
of
month
September, and probably to March, though that is not
power
time
the
to
rays
commence
fallow.
Yet, after all,time
observation
and
the autumn
; and
such
observations
:
just past
will alone
decide
this
tion
ques-
for
singularlyunfavourable
the
few
which
I
opportunities,however,
to written
me
enjoyed, in addition
testimony, make
hopeful of
but
the result,not
also in preparation for
only for root-fallows,
wheat
strong soils.
on
There
is
yet another
steam-cultivation
the
on
aspect
The
attention.
early
time
and
and
the
now
Our
the
parts, have
timber
the
but
feudal
of
the
the
fairlyby
of
way
its
to
and
the
not
more
only a
condition
In many
direction
use.
the
of the
parts this
is
active,
powerful.
chiefs,the
natural
been
the
in that
movement
require
steam-plough,
the
fields,and
most
distributed,and
never
has
the
will
which
do
to
especiallywith strong
the
were
much
deal
various
earliest
they
has
fairlyadapted
case,
affair is
occupied by
he
situation
be
incentives
the
in
stand
chieflymechanical, dependent
agriculturalengineer. In order
or
introduction,the owner
occupier of
To
outlay.
size,shape, and
roads, ought to
is not
whicn
calls for
enterpriseof the
skill and
land
both
which
question
the
solelyor
not
are
of
difficulties
for its
the way
pave
will often find that
to
was
the
soils
these
coveted
most
by
the
were
their
subdivided
first
ants,
depend;
over
more-
sites of
forestsând these, in some

partiallycleared,whilst in all
but to
tendency to perpetuate itself,
than
neglected comer.
the feeble precursors
Here, too, began and multipliedditches
of drains
whilst
the readiest resource
the attendant
hedge was
either
for
wanted
these
for the
were
growth of bushes, where
in
were
fire-wood, or to fill the primitive drain before
pipe-tiles
re-occupy
any
"
"
in
as
his pastures
trefoil for early sheep-feed to save
clay-land farmer, who sows
he
trefoil
will
find
after
has
the
itself,
that,
yet make
spent
May,
perhaps
may
and
the
the whole
to
work,
cheap and good a fallow as if he had devoted
year
A
that
at
VOL.
time
XXI.
when
he
has
little to distract
his attention.
Culture.
Steam
428
timber
has
the
where
Moreover,
use.
with
maintained
been
and
most
roads
like
in
have
influences
These
of
road-making
in days of greater
and
which
stimulus
the
For
of
such
receive
prepared
to
admitted
that
perfected and
is important
subject,that
the
owner
task
asked
4-horse
work
what
is
content
of
rate
it
speak only
to
acres
much
rapid
more
uphill and
horses
to
But
their
has
where
yet been
good
it
farm-houses, homesteads,
all pretty much
task
If
setting them
of
to
around, we
transition,from
stage of
which
11
stroke
to
The
its
gress
pro-
with
his
"
them,
dynamometer,
"
at
ploughs
require six
means
or
that
in
starting-points
inferred
be
blame
is
On
done.
cottages, drains, fences,

all
of
rate
it would
no
be
to
which,
attain, three
of
worst
light
that
maximum
the
trust
which
by
for
the
at
it made
executed
could
furrow
must
that
necessarily
such
and
this
estates,
roads, were
required attention,so
that
the
the work
of years, if not
lives.
rights was
to
easily find farms
represent every
may
the
the
of
status
eighteenth century to
(itselfthe
revised
taxation) often
arterial
drainage, which
too
advance
the
to
of
rate
steam-plough
to
put
the
finishing'
development.
brick-kiln
it,being
still it
that
whereas
power,
2-horse
work, at the
and
acres,
horses
a
calls for the
now
that
"
piece, and
look
we
that
of
the
grapple
at
day
Canterbury
remains
deal
sufficiently
purchase,
speciallydirected
with
own
pace.
soils had
the
done
yet
it be
"
than
heavy
improvement,
nothing
due
at
turn
is not
of its increased
to
with
down,
if these
of
race
four
presence
those
least
improvement, and ask himself

be in working order
before
not
a
becoming reception.
of the steam-plough,
the progress
ît
acres
rate
the
of
impracticable for horse-power

day, drawing, if we
may
per
was
difficulties.
argument's sake,
compare
per
the rate of
at
withdrew
often
note
way
will
give
to
it seemed
maximum
and
proprietor,
too
soils may
strong
making,
ready
shown,
Boxted
of
of
be
the
in the
immediate
an
should
cultivator
if it be
be
may
at
warrant
of
state
stood
districts where
are
district.
of the
these
required
most
attention
new
is
estate
And
the
to
complicated
more
whether
his
matured
that
those
the
of
one
proprietor'sabsence
overcome
the
remove,
the
upon
it ; and
even
if, for
method
of cultivation
this
it is
which
own
is
to
where
and
become
the removal
the
is it that
reasons
acted
requiredto
steam-cultivator
the
too
to
exertion
was
them
often
difficulties which
first contributed
halls,the
least attractive,in the
the
manner
rather, the natural
; or,
driven
has
parish in which
old
special vigilance ;
has
damp of the spot

lived
they had
of
one
neglected, because
cold
the
the
still occupy
gentry
often
creature
the
of
railroad
of
this
extensions
root
lay at
progress;
have
in hand
hand
to
ought
gone
circumstances.
baulked
by untoward
and
that
with
With
Culture.
SUam
drains
for the
the
In
few
fuel
their
the
elm
real
cost
bushes
disappeared.
made
were
the
home
at
price,
by
minor
many
inferior tops,
their]
roots, became
the soil it
intrusive
the
of
tceed
nuisance.
ingly
accord-
rated
was
being required in its

than
dear at a gift,in
larch, or lightly-tasTed
foreign
timber, great judgment
and
seasoning
competition
and
was
as
even
fences
tiles
cheap, the pollards,with
became
gnarled trunks,
Where
their
at
of
doomed.
were
As
delivered
favour
tall broad
and
way,
tunnel
gave
in which
and
machinery
ditches
soon
cases
prejudice in
tiles,the
of
ready supply
429
to
use
the
with
it otherwise
render
home-grown
timber.
Science
portion
has
late
of
shown
and
aid,
is carried
rain-fall
of the
her
given
away
even
outfalls,
large a portion
well-drained
of
small
the
in
an
circulation
free
enclosures
and
high
has
enterprisingtenant
enlarging his fields
unconscious
ally of
One
and
therefore
air, and
of
On
fences.
how
upon
their
sion
admis-
the
removal
of
grounds, therefore,.
his
ventured
already
improving
that
much
the
on
many
even
the
through
field,*and consequentlyhow
off
by evaporation; and she also teaches us
passes
evaporation is under our control, and dependoit
of
small
how
own
money
shape,thus becoming
steam-culture.
consideration, however,
the
in
stand
to
seems
of
way
much
and
that not
for their
so
changes
viz.,the trees
value
English scenery.
as
timber, as for the part they play in our
the
hailed
has
who
The
cheery landscapes of Ken(^
Englishman
Belle
La
after a journey through
France," not by the railroad
running in the valleys,but by the hill-climbing pave, or who has
western
to find that some
portions
opened his eyes in amazement
but a succession
Emerald
Isle show scarcely any feature
of the
these
"
"
**
stone-barriers
nothing
of
more
our
trees.
But
then
"
such
there
is
class
are
with
are
wide
difference
issue
the
with
not
less at
the
agriculturalreformer.
the
vistas,at
getting distance
has reluctantlycalled
in
all
from
of
the
the
axe
as
beautiful
is
many
are
English
is
to
ear
between
economist
an
his
mpreciation
an
and
and
French
oevotees
they
present day is
bent
hazards,
as
the
tree-worshipper
services,is bent
sis
keenly
as
possible. Conceptions
ductaating. How
in
1^l"
i-~
preserving
on
almost
Bailey Denton's article on " Hinxworth

Society'sJournal, toI. xz. p. S75" and tablts.
*
See
Mr.
gonistic
anta-
this respect ! where

--^"
"
"
of
of this
than
landscape-gardener,
of his favoUriM
diverse
and
behalf
appeal on
an
individual-tree^worship
; and
"
who
deaf
landscape-gardenerof
The
on
he
unless
"
^will hardly turn
and
picturesque,
the
man
"
the
of
Drainage/ Royal Agriciiltnra
430
Culture.
Steam
cries
one
!"
beautiful
I how
romantic
How
"
the
other
exclaims
1
Happy is it then for steam-cultivation
que c'est triste
"
"
^^ breadth
^^ distance
is in the
and
ant.
ascendthat the school of
"
Ah,
"
These
old-fashioned
the
thus
and
They must
give place ;
unexpected auxiliary in
small
with
quite incompatible
are
steam-plough
landscape-gardener.
an
be nearly as often pained
Moreover, the real lover of trees must
looks
the
he
stunted
at
hedge-row timber, with
as
pleased when
of
the
billhook
wounds
from
the
hedger, who
wide-gaping
he
well up
time
lays the quick, or firom
primes them
every
the ditcher's
mattock, who
polishes off the roots till they coincide
enclosures.
will find
the
"
"
with
the
his
of
face
If the
work.
greater consequent
secure
to
could
woodman
amateur
attention
in
planted
trees
only
parks
and
for the
plantations kept up in masses
sake of sport or rural beauty, he, too, will hardly be an
opponent
of the steam-plough.
of operations
the introduction
to
necessary
If value
be
to
given to large regular supplies of water, and
collected
the
be
from
in
this end that derived
drainage
ponds
pastures,
to
or
that
fences
in
drains
tunnelled
from
"
having
noir,"
bete
of
more
of
will
green
With
respect
roads, it is
to
grumble
vermin
and
drive
to
crops
which
marking
ditches,
open
not
game
power
well of steam.
think
of
instead
harboured
which
some
and
woods
but
keeper,
game-
loss of
alike, and
the
they
way
the
at
the
even
will
few
rejoice
partridgesinto, and
; and
go
questionof
he, too, will
time
and
monejr"
materials
view,
may
the
aJt
near
spot, delivered
in so many
other respects,
point
They are
important
every
raised
if
be
not
had,
on
always now
in
hand
the
which
railroad,
as
this,
by
has done
good service to agriculture.
of 5000
In proof of this I may
which
estate
say that an
acres,
within
had
hard
of
100
road
within
its
hardly
yards
memory
my
it
metal
10
of
miles
to
border, has now
railroad
along
conveyed
with
8 more
the superiority
miles of carting ; and yet, from
of the
the
feel
not
materials, does
charge excessive, whilst it looks
shorter distance
much
forward
at
from a new
to being supplied
a
in
of
and
i^tation.
n
the
has
"iroad
'^li^cr
lable
J,
not
i--*
.c
ni/"'"oa"'*i11i
so
their
Their
worse,
"
Fowler, although
r*
Tnn$t
from
fancy
as
from
which
twenty
obtained
fences, "c.,
in
of
even
a
other
College estates
Mr.
Cambridgeshire
(Journal,
much
ît is
now
changed
prepared to
yet they are not
8 horse
or
engine might be
is
aspect
but
in
respects, the
ally of steam-cultivation.
as
broad, high
Farming
the
well
drawn
Downing
for
-"nn'"''""""or^
as
useful
most
much
Â
notoriety
for the
those
"Report on
jart
i.)
'--i#^^ kiot
";oeive
itself
shown
\;rifi
Tjk^wxca
--
then, of roads,
matter,
O^ th** fields.
"
Culture.
SUam
432
be added
the
plant already given, must
exchanging my old for improved plant :
of
on
Fowler
Mr.
))aidto
sum
"
Expended
old for
(and
I
of
many
of a bad
Fowler
".
steam-ploiighed
have
these
18
10
40
19
"619
18
140
acres
exchanging
on
last
Michaelmas
have
778
last
to Mr.
paid
plant at
sum
new
/Since Michaelmas
days
Michaelmas
to
up
Additional
iôrt
been
..
about
winter
in
imyder
days),
31
the
the
being land lying on
of a hill of considerable
inclination.
side
ihese
Notwithstanding
the average
drawbacks,
day's ploughing, accomplished according to
this statement,
above
amounts
to something
4^ acres ; and I think
Fowler's
I am
that, with
improvements,
justified in stating that
influence
(including
5
and
crop,
ploughing,
we
day's
may
work
inches.
10
the
from
of stiff land
acres
com
removals
it may
are
day
; at
steam
put
at
10
total
of from
for
if, instead
or
acres
arable
my
that can
cultivation
(approximately)
stated
land
be
is imder
400
Titju
20
100
..
100
20
..
100
20
..
..
100
10
..
..
100
20
..
500
90
..
""urse
it best
taken
in my
year upon
base
calculation
the
on
the
four-course
generally understood
confine
myself to
jultivation
.Ilo^va
"
system
still I
;
four courses,
must
(scuffling)
of
expenses
:
done
work
land
the
to
The
the
estimating
as
1 hav9
I have
system
basis, that being
:
to
state
with
the
work
at
that,
of
as
the
I
rUu
cugine-man
no
and
?wo
men,
3oy
with
steam-ploughing
iorse
"
2s. 6rf.
at
2".
2rf. each
water-cart
''vfxa labour
Tj"Kaf/xT
"
wi'*h the
'
45. 4rf.
"
Is.
llrf.
water-cart
.ofil
"otiî
"1
.....
more
means
that
of
are
as
seasons.
3$.
"
thought
one
by
ploughing
the
therefore
Vloughman
in
plough
steam
occupation,
the amount
vary
the
some
ought
day's
by
own
my
to
"
..
of
acres
beneficiallyapplied
wheat
thus
to
(one ploughing)
For roots (ditto)in wie
autumn
Spring cultivation land (scuffledtwice)
Extra
work
(foul land scuffled once)
For barley (one ploughing)
In
of
our
(or scuffler),
average
from
of
at
8
a-day,
a
depth
Acres.
For
average
for
6 inches
4 to
roots
an
on
cultivator
of
area
plough
can
depth
inches
10
to
a
steam
thus
be
it
of
field)I
field to
using
be
The
of
amount
in
from
much
and
season,
II
10
Steam
Yon
that
latelysuggested
bo
sufficient
of
machinery
6(f.
the
2Z. 125. 9d, being

ploughing 5 acres
for
acre
steam-ploughing; and since
double
the quantity ploughed,
(scuffle)
of
cost
10^.
to
an
cultivate
be considered
may
About
here in ordinary
They
get
of IZ. 10s. per
of interest, repairs,and
cost
tackle.
added
433
dajn^Tonld probably
depreciation
I am
this
to
estimate,
willing
adopt
(11, 2s. 9d.),gives as the
day's expenses
charge
the
cover
and
when
which,
total
to
Cultwre.
over
on
ploughing
bs. 3d.
or
average
the cost of
ploughing
can
cost
day
vating
culti-
of
acre.
used
in
acre
acre
an
in
the
are
an
(say)
of
cnarge
we
an
four horses
three-quarters of
an
that
it is reckoned
one-half,
as
be
may
in
team.
day,
put
at
and
205.
of jêom-ploughing is
showing, the cost therefore
According
be
6d.
It should
10s,
an
against Aar"6-ploughing at 20s.
acre,
the plough and
tackle are
not at
remembered,
however, that when
work
the engine is useful in other departments of the farm ; I ought
not
therefore
properly to charge the ploughing, as I have done, with
the whole
of the interest and wear
and tear of the engine.
cost
The
on
advantage of employing steam-power
heavy land is not
confined
to a reduced
expenditure in cultivation, and to increasing
the depth of tillage,but by accomplishing so
lai^ a daily acreage
the
slower
liable
in
less
of
are
(than
ordinary ploughing)
jou
process
and
in
in
the
of
to
weather;
by
changes
stoppages
consequence
tion
keeping off your land the heavy treading of horses, that consolidais avoided
which
is so
stiff clays.
injuriousto crops on our
is a
stabled
in the number
of horses
Then, again, the diminution
calculates
of
Mr.
Morton
that
-a
source
working
gi'cat
economy.
this agrees
be kept at a less cost than 30^ a-year ; and
horse
cannot
with
I
commenced
When
steamaltogether.
experience
my
I
I
had
in
horses
have
stable
now
;
ploughing
twenty working
my
that is,my
stable expenditure is reduced
ten
:
by one-half. Wishing
able to reply more
that I were
fully to your queries,
to my
I remain,
my
dear
Sir, yours
truly,
very
Holland.
Ed.
F.
II. Frere,
XXIII.
"
Esq.
On
Composition of OxeUy Sheep and PiffSyand of

whilst Fattening. By J. B. Lawes, Esq., F.R.S.,
tite
their
Increase
F.C.S.,
More
than
this
Journal,
the
of
the
chemistry
the
J. H.
Dr.
and
ten
years
we
F.R.S.,
commenced
expressed objectof
feeding of animals,
of
manufacture
ago
Gilbert,
meat
branch
and
of
mojiure
the
1.
"
The
amount
in relation
to a
of
food,
or
series of
which
was
considered
"
and,
of
business
highly important
proposed to investigateexperimentally"
a
F.C.S.
of its several
given weight of animal
articles in
to
elucidate
as
the
for
process
such, constituting
as
the
farmer.
It
was
constituents,consumed
within
given time.
On
434
Compositionof Oxen^ Sheep^ and
the
PiffSy
consumed
constituents,
to produce a given amount
of increase in live-toeigM,
3. The
proportion, and relative development, of the difierent
their
chemical
or
;
parts^ of fattening animals
composv'
organs^
their
of
increase
the
and
tion ;
during
probable composition
the feeding
process.
that is,
4. The
composition of the solid and liquidexcrements
The
2.
food, or of
of
amount
its several
"
"
"
"
the
manure
the
by
the
in relation
"
5. The
loss
exhalations
cutaneous
The
here
food
consumed.
constituents, by respiration and

that
of
sustenance
is, in the mere
expenditure of
or
living meat
of the
that
to
and
discussion
of
enumerated,
"
making
manure
the
fourth
and
still be
must
machine.
fifth branches
postponed
to
of
the
inquiry
future
some
tunity.
oppor-
^namely, that relatingto the composition of

whilst fattening
the animals
themselves, and of their increase
constitutes
the special subject of the present paper.
of these
the consideration
Before
questions we
entering upon
of the facts and
shall give,by way of introduction, a brief summary
the first two, or preliminary points of
conclusions
bearing upon
The
third
branch
"
"
main
the
I.
On
inquiry.
Amounts
the
Nitrogenous
Nitrogenous
of
Compounds,
and
Compounds,
Dry
Total
of
Non-
of
Substance,
consumed
a
within
^
in
"
relation
to
time
given
"
and
to
given
weight
produce
of
given
animai^
amount
Increase.
OF
To
of the
relating to this branch
animals
sheep, and pigs were
oxen,
months
or
consecutively,with giveii
composition ; and the weights of the
themselves
also taken, both
at the beginning and
at
were
of the experiments.
For
full particulars
of the results,
acquire the necessary

hundreds
of
subject,some
weeks
supplied for many
quantitiesof food, of known
animals
the
end
the
reader
this
is referred
Journal,*
to
our
data
"
detailed
"
Reports, published partlyin
and
partly elsewhere.!
of the
Table
I. (p. 436) gives a summary
results relating to
those
and
of
Table
II.
Sheep,
relating to Pigs.
(p.437)
In these Tables
food
is only subthe organic substance
of the
main
classes
the
of
"divided into
two
1st, Total
nitrogenous
It is
and
mbstance;
2nd, Total
non-nitrogenous substance.
"
that
ôvious
this
is
very
imperfect classification
of
the
con-
^^tituents of food.
of
Journal
the
*"!.xii.,part ii. ; vol.

*
...J
Keport
for
1***"
**
^'^
Rojral Agricultural Society of England, vol. x., part i^;

ziii.,part i. ;^vol. xiv.,part ii. ; and vol. xvi., part u
British
""sociat?'*":
or
the
Advaiicement
of
Science^ for tS52^
aiid
whilst
Increase
of their
435
Fattening.
nitrogenoussubstance, calculated from the amount

of nitrogen the food contains, must
obviously be of very different
In ripened
character, according to the descriptionof die food.
of the system
products it will probably be available for the purposes
in unripened or
succulent
in larger proportion than
In
ones.
unripened vegetableproducts a considerable portion of the nitrogen
in which, if not injurious,it is,to say
often exists in a condition
it may
Even
in ripened ones
the least,certainlynot
assimilable.
exist in very different degrees of digestibility
and
assimilability.
so-called
include
the
s
ubstance
Tion-nitrogenous
Again,
may
The
so-called
"
"
cellulose
have
(or
chemical
similar
very
starch, sugar,
woody-fibre"),
"
composition
all of which
gum
bodies
of
; also various
or
"
class ; and
fattymatter.
pectine
that a considerable
investigationshave demonstrated
delicate
cellulose of our
current
food-stuffs,
proportion of the more
value
it
is
its
and
far as
constituent
be digested ;
as
a
so
so,
may
with
that
of
of food will probably range
and
pretty closely
sugar
of starch.
But, a large proportion of the woody-fibre, included
under
term
our
non-nitrogenoussubstance, is passed by the animal
entirelyundigested.
So far as can
be judged, the pectine
compounds have, weight for
less feeding value than either starch or sugar.
weight, a somewhat
of fatty matter
for
a
Lastly,
given amount
practicalpurposes,
in food,
be
considered
as
equivalent to about 2^ times its
may
weight of starch,or sug^r.
the
Recent
From
the
had
the
to
actual
the
reading
known
employed)
foods
and
referred
the
to,
"
of the
called
with
to
call attention
to
to
the
genous,"
nitro-
this
and
point ;
the
food
far
so
as*
which
of
indigestiblewoody-fibre,we
so
non-nitrogenousconstituents^
and
the non-nitrogenous substance
not
have
the different
matter^
the
be
as
respectively
fuller Reports,already
"
concerned,
are
in
more
we
proceed,very briefly,^
general conclusions
to
comparable
the
be
from
drawn
results.
the
It is
much
seen
more
that, in all
of
cases
uniformity
nitrogenous substance,
the
our
explanatoryobservations
these
With
to
In
attention
pigs
distinguishedbetween
give the fatty

fat,separately.
as
that,
obvious
comparativelylittle
contains
far
classed
substances
non-nitrogenous."
experiments
be
figures given in the Tables, regard must

character
(according to the descriptionof
have
we
it will
considerations
above
of
and
amount
total
This
nitrof/enous substance.
within
on
the
columns
dry substance^ than

is the
case
both
is
point,there
in
in
of
nanr
those
regard
to
of
the
given weight of animal within a given

to producea given amount
time^ and to those consumed
of increase
The
the general regularityin the
from
in live-iceight.
deviations
quantitiesconsumed
"
to
"
amounts.
436
Table
I.
Dry
100
On
Nitrogenons Oomponnds, Non-Nitrogenous Compoondfly and Total

(1) per 100 lbs. live-weight,per week ; (2} to produce
of
Âmonnts
"
Compositionof Oxen, Sheep,and Pigs,
the
Substance, consumed
lbs. gross Increase.
"
Sheep.
Consumed
OF
DESCBIFTION
FOOD.
per
donsuinod
100 Iht. live"weight,

week.
per
to
prodooe
Not.
Quantitj.
Total
Dry
Non-
Nitro-
Snbnitrogenous
genous
sinnoe
Sub(tnSubstance.
stance.
clodlng
Given
ltd libitum.
in Limited
Given
Ua.
Nltro-
Noonitro-
Sal
Mab8ob-
stanoe.
Series
Sheep
3.
"
"
Series
4.
Sheep iu each pen,
in each
"
pen,
Sheep
10
iu each
19
weeks
10
stanN
in
weeks.
(no limited
pen,
Niln-
Food.
SUtter).
2.
"tanet
tol
^SC
Rmoua
Mhifiru
Series
NobNitRh
Sob-
Total
Pen
100
foods).
weeks.
Series
5.
"
Different
Breeds
of
Sheep.
46 Cotswolds"
Weeks
20
""^
3*99
12*40
17*07
1G6
S89
8*51
3*37
11-16
15*68
197
619
8*31
3*53
11*69
16*43
1"6
616
S-31
3*48
11-51
16-91
185
610
3*90
8*38
11-07
15*63
187
613
3*87
10*99
15-55
190
3-44
11-47
16*09
183
eicesters"
"0 Weeks
.
-"SB-bred Wetliers
WeekK
-20
.
''w"-bred
0 Weeks
Oilcake
.
Downs"
Weeks
"'M8ex
Dow
clover
Swedish
.
Ewes"
.
and
chaff
"
"
"
turnips.
-lants
26
"
Weeks
)
M"Hau
9T7
610
859
3*98
and
II.
Table
Âmounts
"
of Total
and
(2)
to
of
of
whUst
437
Fattening.
Nitrogenous Compounds,
-(1) per
of
Substance, consumed"
Dry
Non-nitrogenous Compounds,
lbs. Uve- weight, per week
;
100
lbs. gross Increase.
100
produce
their Increase
Pias.
Conmnad
DESCWFnON
Consnmed
live-weight,
"perI"X" 1^
FOOD.
OP
per
produce
to
week.
groas
Iba.
100
Increaae.
NonNitrogenoua
SnbTotal
Pen
Nos.
Nonaitzo-
Nitroin Limited
Given
Given
genoua
liUtam.
ad
Quantity.
"'"o*^
Sab-
I"ry
S"batanee
(in.
atance.
eltMUng
atanoe.
Total
Non-
Nitregenona
Sub-
Organie
atanee.
Sub-
None
tndifui-nieal
.
;;;
Bean
meal
Bran
nA. bran
bran
and
Indian -meal
None
and lentil meal
Bean
...
lentil
(inMinena
"
8 we^s.
8*84
1*99
8*13
2*43
7-71
2*31
6*87
2*91
6*61
4*Sft
4*65
3-95
5*69
5*20
4*26
5'19
2*64
3*90
4*77
4*96
3*43
6*12
3*28
5*69
3*30
Series
bran,
2.
"
Pigs in eadi pen, $ weeks.
None
3 Iba.
barley-meal
1 lb. bran
.Bean
lentil
and
meal
....
lbs. barley-meal,
lb. bran
...
None
3
4
""
lb. I"e"n, and li lb.

lentil meal
1 lb. bran
Barley-meal
....
lb.
lb. bean.
U
U
1
lentil meal, and
lb. bran.
.....
of
Mixture
1 part
bran, 2 parts barl"*v-meal,
and
and lentil meal, ad Hb. .
3 partii bean
"
Duplicate of pen 9
and lentil
Mixture
of 1 pari bran. 2 parts bean
and 3 parts barley-meal, ad liK
meal,
.
'7
10
Duplicateof
pen
3-;
rod-fbh
coa
run
2*29
6*80
3*04
3*91
"*02
517
3*87
4'06
"*71
4*64
3*71
[6*65
is*
10
7*03
[5*66
|3*e6
...."""."
"*15
Series
DriPcl
Uried
8*73
6*00
11
Means
2*17
8*72
""{
12
6*69
8*29
"
6i
Sababmoe
in Food.
Matter).
2*91
Mean*
genous
stance
I dudlnc
'2
tol
Nitro-
'
Kran
Indian-meal
......
lentil )
Bean
and
meal
and
bran
j
lentil meal
Benn
and
;\
1
Indian-meal
1
.
.
Bian
Bean
and lentil meal, I
|
'
and Indian-meal
J
"
and
lentil meal,
Bean
hdian-meal.
each ad libitum
"{;
9
and
Pigs in each pen,
"
'
I !
'
1.
Sob-
atanoe.
Jdnend
Matter).
Series
Dry
nitro*
feno""
atance
Ditto
...
cod-fish"
bran
Dried
parts)" each ad lib
3.
"
Pi^
*"* Indum-meal
^^^^
^pult).
Indian-meal
Indian-meal
and
(equal
f
i"
B**"
in each
8-32
pen, 8 weeks.
5*30
16*6
8S-7
104
386
4*36
16^
28*1
73
887
5*71
19*5
27*0
106
of 2 parta barley-meal, and 1 part I "5*95

bran
21*0
88*9
08
5*78
85-7
33*0
80
5*48
19*"
87*0
"
"
"
464
3*13
368
511
8*41
346
476
3*53
357
458
4*47
SS7
496
3*62
: r Mixture
4
Dried
cod -fish
'
.
"
"
"
(
5
Ditto
...
Meant
Barley-meal
...
438
On
Pigs^
and
Compositionof Oxen^ Sheep^
the
figures ;sIiow,
is made, both
for those of the non-nitrogenoas
when
due allowance
which
would
constituents
of the food
probably be indig^cstible
and
unchanged, and also for the
through the animal
pass
different respiratoryand
fat-forming capacitiesof the portions
which
are
digestibleand available for the purposes of the animal
amounts
less
liowever, much
are,
actual
the
than
economy.
It
ance,
still
further
must
such
all
the external
always
variations
many
interfere
other
with
numerical
accurate
were
the
themselves,
suitableness
the
uncontrollable
to
bring
results
the
measurement,
of
liarities
pecuwell
as
the
within
in
amounts
which
circumstances
attempts
any
individual
the foods,
of
must
differences
different
the
from
allow*
amounts
from
arising
experiments, from
the
of
to
if all due
that, even
made,
whether
"
animals
according
up
the
from
supposed,
conditions
the
in
stored
is here
as
cover
remembered
be
those
as
must
range
of
processes
its influence.
life exerts
principle of animal
in
the other
with
the amounts
On
hand,
a
general uniformity
consumed
of available 7Z(m-nitrogenousconstituents
(by a given
animal
within
of
and
to produce
a
given
weight
a
given time,
constituents
of increase), those
of the
amount
are
nitrogenous
the
under
in
found
the
to vary,
circumstances,
same
proportion
in
which
of
from
subtle
the
to
great variation
Nor
or
3.
be
attributed
in
substances
nitrogenous
(excepting in
to
difference
regard
to
few
cases)
digestibilityand
this
can
of
condition
in the
the
assimilar
bilifv.
pig requiresmuch
the sheep.
or
The
the
ox
animals
is
less of
Whilst
mere
the
principally
composed
roots, with
of
hulk
in his
fattening
grass,
or
small
food
of
food
hay
or
than
either
the
straw,
latter
and
that
of cake
a
comparatively
or
proportion
com,
pig comprises a larger proportion of corn, and its dry
substance
consists,weight for weight, of a much
larger proportion
of dig"?stible
convertible
constituents, (starch,sugar,
or
"c., and
and
much
contains
highly-elaborated nitrogenous compounds),
less of effete woody-fibre, than
that of oxen
does
and
sheep.
the
richer
his
of
character
Notwithstanding
food, the
generally
much
to consume
"atteningpig is found
a
larger quantityof dry
in relation
his
""^bstance
than
the
to
weight
sheep. He at the
time
of iiwrease
in proportionto the
ne
yieldsa laiêr amount
of
the
"
*^y substance
of the
food
consumed.
?or
it
be
practical purposes
assumed, that sheep, when
may
food
liberallyupon
good fattening
composed of a moderate
chaff, together
jroportionof cake or corn, a little hay or straw
other
vith
succulent
will
roots
or
a
food,
yield, over
con*
liderable
period of time, 1 part of increase in live-weight for
ed
'
^
-km
*o
1 0
n8-*s
of t^c
dvij substancc
of such
mixed
food.
The-
440
On
It
should
sideration
Compositionof Oxen, Sheep^ and
the
be"
here
the
with
the
of
of
cost
many
which
those
of
that
observed,
particularly
foods
low
are
also
the
of
the
PigSj
that
taking into
are
high,
which
their
in
value
con*
pared
com-
percentage
of
of
the
higher
manure
is
it
almost
are
nitrogen,
invariably the
stock-foods
for the farmer
to employ
most
profitable
containing a
-even
larger proportion of nitrogenous constituents"
up to the end
is essential
for the maximum
than
of the feeding process
rate
and
from
in
rich
which
those
"
of increase.
From
of the
view
whole
evidence
this
upon
stock-foods
bearing
subject,it maybe concluded, that when

certain
contain
of nitrogenous substance
below
which
amount
a
found
few
of our
it
is
food-stuffs
to go,
current
their
are
fattening
rather
than
that
their
of
of
available
genous
nitrowon-nitrogenous,
supply
both
rules
the amount
constituents, which
of the food conr
in live^ceight
sumed, and the increase
produced.
When
is
it is considered
how
large the share of influence which
of the respiratoryprocess
have
the amount
the demands
must
upon
it can
of food
consumed,
hardly excite surprise that, at least
be chieflyregulated by the
supply of compounds
consumption^ should
in
than
rather
rich
carbon
and
nitrogen.
hydrogen^
branch
of the
That
the
the
to
of
amount
of
amount
nitrogenousconstituents
with
the
that
is
of the
compounds
genous
The
the
required for
amount
questions
animals
the
whilst
'he food
here
arise
fattening?
be
to
what
"
of
the
sistent
incon-
the also
the
frequently
proportion
to
supply
the niteo-
organism.
what
"
and
"
that
to
likelyto be often insufficient

of
production,or restoration,
animal
feeds?
farmer
ship
relation-
highly nitrogenous
food-stufis
current
closer
appear
of the
especiallywith
and
in the
nitrogenous substance
the
food, will doubtless
of
Tion-nitrogenousthan
the
bodies,
implied assumption
of
also bear
notion
generally-adopted
of animal
character
should
increase
the
is
the
composition
composition
the relation
what
of
of this
of
their
to
that
the
crease
inof
consumed
I-
On
PHE
Proportion,
the
O'^'^
TiTTTFERENT
Jie
^N"
^^nd
ND
Relative
PaRTS,
DEVELOPHfENT,
OF
FATTENING
^.iCi/iiuulcomposition of the animal
op
OXBN^
bodies,
it will
be
well
consider
the
to
proportion
other
(or
arbitrarily
more
separated
organs
the
entire
in the different
bear
to
of
body,
descriptions,
jttiija)
the
also
and
and
of
"nima],
proportion,
tendency
development,
th**
ccmdition
In fact, it is
of
fatness.
to
tccording
growth or
^f" r\y^Tnn*g"r -"f ^"h"i slaughtered animals
v"" {it/irrmnnf
in these
^,
^"^h
"
ti-^
'Tin'âse,
Y^riotis
r\,
of their
and
respects wliich
obtain
To
determines, in
value
qualityand
Increase
whilst
the
of the meat
view
Fattening.
of
the
that the feeder
441
practised eye,
has produced.
the
the
of the
experimental data relatingto this branch
2
14
and
1
lamb
and
249
calves,
subject,
heifers,
bullocks,
and
59
have
been
The
sheep,
pigs,
operated upon.
plan adopted
determine
the
before
to
and,
slaughtering;
j
ust
live^weight
was,
as
soon
as
possible afterwards
(so as to lessen the error
arising
determine
from
the
the
of ea^h
of
evaporation)to
weight
carcass^
other separated parts.
of the internal organs^ and of some
The
classified
animals
are
dition
according to description,breed, conof food ; and, in the Tables
of maturity, or
kind
which
(III.-IX.inclusive, pp. 443 to

only (both actual and percentage),are
follow
For
further
details
Transactions
the
weights, and
and
organs
the
of
actual
the
reader
the
449),
results
average
given.
is referred
the
to
'
Philosophical
both
Royal Society,'Part II.,1859, where
the percentage proportion,
of the separated
parts, of each
the
of
327
slaughtered animals,
are
recorded.
few
words
first be
may
prominent points
more
animal"
of
the
and
amount,
and
organs
recorded
of
offered
distinction
These
the
to
different
scriptions
de-
pigs în regard to the

body, of their respective
"
whole
illustrated
are
the
between
sheep, and
oxen,
proportionin the
parts.
directing attention
by
the
results,
average
of 16 heifers and
by side,in Table III.,respectively
bullocks, of 249 sheep, and of 59 pigs.
The
and
their contents
constituted
proportion of the stomachs
in
the
in
and
in the oxen
about
the
about
7^,
11^,
sheep
pig only
of the entire weight of the body.
The
1 J per cent,
about
portions
proin the opposite
stand
of the intestines and
their contents
relation.
to about
Thus, they amounted
6^ per cent, in the pig,
to about
3^ per cent, in the sheep,and to only about 2^ per cent,
in
the
side
oxen.
These
distinctions
are
intelligiblewhen
the
food
of
and
oxen
sheep
woody-fibre, and
and
at
the
same
the
an
leaving
intestinal
Taking
and
their
average
than
there
is
so
of the
with
are
the fact
large a proportion
fectly
per-
that
in
of indigestible
well-fed
less,
pig so much
comparatively larg^ proportionof starch
"
the
of
which
stomach,
and
supposed
are
more
or
to take
less
place
throughout
canal.
together stomachs, small intestines,large intestines,

respectivecontents, the entire bodies of the oxen
yielded
of rather
more
cent., and
in the
this great variation
more
interest,and
connection
in
in that
transformations
primary
chiefly after
the
time
considerable
of
taken
11
per
than
14
of the
per
cent,
pigs about
proportionof the
of
the
7 J per
sheep
cent.
receptaclesand
little
With
first
442
On
laboratories
their contents, the further

them) with their fluids,
food, with
of the
(if we
organs
much
and Pigs.
Compositionof Oxen, Slieep^
the
call
so
may
elaborating
be
to
appear
proportionin the
in their
three
cases.
equal
illustrated
in
the
fact
that, taking
point is approximately
heart and
aorta,'' lungs
together the recorded
percentages of
and
and windpipe,"
liver," gall-bladder
contents," pancreaSy"^
more
This
"
"
"
milt
*'
7 per
about
was
the
sheep
6|
per cent.
than
one-third
other
the
animals,
enumerated, would
about
7^
this
list
of
is for the
sum
exclude
we
the
closelyfor the
more
the
pigs
bloody which
in the
per-cent. lower
of the percentages of the
still
aboat
oxen
for
cent., and
per
sums
agree
the
blood,"
"
If from
more
the
for
cent,
"
the
spleen,"and
or
**
than
pig
other
three
in
partsr
tions
descrip-
of animal.
Lastly,in regard
of animal
the
of
distinctions
the
to
masses
the
its
of
the different
between
internal
^'
scriptions
de-
loose fat," with
about
connecting membrane,
yielded
average
4J per cent., the sheep about 7 J per cent, and the pig little more
than
The
less propor1 J per cent.
pig, therefore,with its much
tion
less proportionof the fat
of alimentary organs, has also a much
surrounds
With
them.
which
regard to the much
largeramount
of this sort
be
that
remarked
contribute
in
oxen,
A
of
to
these
more
rapid survey
the
several
and
recorded
than
averages
taken
be
next
and
in the
proportion of
were,
correspondingdegree of
may
organs
sheep than
considerable
the
on
in the
fat indicated
of
oxen
parts,
as
of the
it may
sheep which
oxen,
the
compared
maturity and
relative
the animal
with
the
fatness.
development
in
progresses
turity
ma-
fatness.
of the Tables
(IV.-IX.) shows that the internal

other
parts pretty generally increase in actual
organs
animal
from
the store
the
or
lean, to the fat or
weiffktas
passes
the very
to
that, excluding the loose fat
fat, condition
; but
actual
in
which
increases
not
only
weight but proportionally
their percentage proportionin the whole
body as invariablycfimt*
An
examination
and
"
"
offal
"
"
nishes
The
iûal
Tie
the animal
carcasses,
and
in
above
the data
3Ui
TT^n
as
"W"/ll
ii.achs and
-^
*'A
Aiixx
about
aorta,
"ôn**^"**-
the
'hf
and
other
remarks
the
for their
actual
intestines,and
or
lean
niiT"oren"i
animals
and
both
in
mature.
sheep, and pig^ ;

sheep comprise the most
complete
oxen,
illustration.
weights
their
sheep,
to
16i lbs. among
lungs
as
the
apply generallyto
relating to
average
fattens.
hand, invariablyincrease
percentage amount,
lbs. in 5 store
to
the
on
dationary series
Iius, the
matures
45
per
head
contents,
about
15|
of
the
increased
lbs. in
100
collective
from
about
fat sheep^
Again, the heart

fat ones.
windpipe, the liver,the gall-bladderand
very
the milt
("wA*"fV"""ul),
or
spleen,and
the
bloody
and
of their
Increase
whilst
Table
Nummary,
Actual
Mean
"
HI.
Weights (lbs.and
Mean
ozs.),and
Bodies, of the different Organs and
in the entire
443
Fattening.
PercentageProportion
of different
Parts
Descriptions
of Animal.
Sheep,
OxEx,
Pigs.
and
Mean
Actual
Weights
Means
J"ESCRIPnON
OF
Means
PARTS.
lbs.
/Stomachs
35
lbs.
OZSL
13*9
of
Sheep
of
lbs.
oxs.
Means
Breeds.
and
Pigs.
69
conditioiM
of
of
Pigs.
Fatness^
Age, "c.
oxs.
12-3
10-4
con
Heifere
16
Bullocks.
"
../
intestines and
69
of
of
Fatness,
Age,"G.
stomachs^
..
Means
Breeds.
fat
Caul
Small
of
the
different
conditions
Ballodcs.
(and vomit)
219
Means
different
and
of
Percentage Proportionsin
Fasted Live- Weights.
Means
of
Heifers
IS
Contents
Mean
on.)
of
Sheep
249
of
(lbs.and
3-17
2*45
8*34
4-98
10-4|
1-28
1-8
2 --3
2*02
4-63
0-54
7-6
8-4
1*60
1-61
2-20
tents
intestines
Large
contents
and
Intestinal
fat
Heart
and
Heart
fat
aorta
and
Lungs
13
7-0
15-2
5-7
1-24
1-92
4-04
26
5-4
2-2
5"6
2-24
2*04
1*06
10'6
10-4
9-6
0-50
0*43
0-29
3-8
7-8
0*31
"0-32
""
..
..
..
3-6
8-3
0-81
0*99
0-76
45
12-8
1-6
10-1
4*01
3-97
3-63
14
13-3
5*4
4-5
1-31
1-52
1-57
15-7
1-5
2-1
0*09
006
0*06
3-3
6-6
009
0-14
0*19
4-7
0*16
0-16
0-14
2-5
0*05
0.03
0*08
7-1
windpipe
Blood
Liver
Gall-bladder
and
con-'t
]\
tents
Pancreas
1-0
10-7
5-5
("*sweetbread")
9-1
/i
(*'heart-
Thymus-gland
bread
Glands
")
0-06
the throat)
about
("throatbread")
Milt or spleen
..
0-03
..
13-9
91
40
0-8
..
Bladder
Penis
Brains
Tongue
Head
Hide,
Feet
skin
or
and
and
wool
"
in
Offal"
("skirts")
parts
..
..
by evaporation, error)
j
weighing, "c
Live-weight
*
in
In
the
the
other
t These
18
""{
case
after
of
the
festing
Pigs, the
..
20
3-4
15-3
3-0
439
14-0
61
ll"5
680
12*0
91
12*5
20
7*
2*2
head
1141
1*1
2*93
7-49
11*73
2*9t
0*48
1-77
0-08t
0-10
["2-69
0*4
..
Carcass
Loss
10-7
20
^.Miscellaneous trimmings
Total
0*06
84
Tail
"
0-21
12-0
1
30
hoofs
Diaphragm
"
;153
(with brains),feet"and
10-2
8-8
0-41
014
0-30
0'12
0-26
35
4""*
38'85
40-17
16-87*
176
5-3*
59'3l
59-74
82-57*
2'1
212
tall, are
1*84
12
Included
0*09
100*00
with
100*00
carcass,
and
not
with
0-56
lOO'OO
the
offal,a"
animals,
quantities relate
to the toes
only.
X Penis
ot
womb
Included
here.
_
VOL.
XXI.
444
Mean
the
On
Actual
Composition of Oxen,
Weights
(lbs.and
Calves,
Table
IV.
ozs.)
of the
Heifers,
and
and
Sheep,
different
Pigs,
Organa
OF
of
PARTS.
2F^t
Fat
a^
Bullocks.
Means
DESCRIPTION
Parts
and
14
SHetfen
Fat
and
Ballocks.
Heifeni
Calves.
UBollodu.
lbs.
/^Stomachs
Contents
Caul
of Stomachs
fat
Small
intestines
and
contents
J^rge
intestines
and
contents
Intestinal
Heart
and
Heart
fiit
Lungs
-windpipe
ftood
and
Pancreas
_
"
**
Ibi.
6-7
35
13*9
70
12
95
15*2
99
U-8
9-2
23
23
2-7
13
2*9
5-5
15
18
1-7
17
12-0
12
13
10"0
26
26
5-8
4
14
13
7*0
5'4
7-7
14"
3*5
14
6"
3*8
4-8
10'
3.6
15'
6*5
12*5
30
12
47
2-8
12
15
15
10-8
13
10"S
12'8
45
l- 6
14
13"3
I6i7
0*
")
Thymus gland
(" heartbread
Glands
the
aboat
ozs.
12-1
4
contents
(" sweetbread
36
11
Liver
Gall-bladder
lbs.
aorta
and
ou.
32
6'5
fat
lbs.
ozs.
")
throat
("
11
13
throat-
1-6
11
It*?
9-2
5-7
5*5
15*8
13"f
9-"
9-1
7-5
5*5
brM")
Milt
or
sploeii
""
..
Bladder
(2
Penis
Brains
li
12*1
IS
13
9-5
21
32
0.5
17
6*2
65
14
87
4-3
7-5
14
10
20
Tail
5-2
12-8
1^3
1-9
Diaphragm
1-5
9-5
3' 2
U-S
Tongue
ao
10*7
84
9*"
SO
0*"
Head
Hide
F"etandhooft
("skirts^)
trimmings
Miscellaneous
^
ToUl**Ofl"a"
#"
""
".
by evaporation,
error
in
weighing,
"c
Live-
84
0*5
351
158
3-5
474
parts
Carcass
Loss
a""*naai
250
weight after iSuting
'^""
13
Includr-
"'"'"
'"^b-
'"f
8-0
12
tho
6'5
10
27
13
853
14
T'"""f(P-" one
"
of which
452
13*6
439
13fO
710
3M
680
IS
19
5*
1182
was
14*3
with
0-8
1*5
Calf.
SO
1141
7-1
I- 1
and
of
their
whilst
Increase
Table
Mean
Actual
Weights
(Iba. and
oza.)
Fattening,
445
V.
of the
Sheep,
different
and
Oiî;aiis
Paila
of"
446
On
Actual
Mean
Compositionof Oxcn^ Sheep, and
the
(lbs.and
Weights
Table
VI.
ozs.) of
the
different
Piffs^
and
Organs
Parts
of-
PlGS.
Fattened
Moderatelj
"
Pigs.
12
with
Bean
PARTS.
OF
Quantity
of Bean
Meal,
or
Quantity
of Indian
Meal,
both.
Ibc.
Original weight
Final
weight, unfasted
Fasted
live-weight
UO
Stomachs
limited
Sngar, or
Starch,
or
both,
Quantity
with
Meal,\v-ith
both.
or
lbs.
0X8.
of
and
Bean
Meal,
Bran;
lbs.
Pigs.
3Pig8.
Food:
Put
to
Dried
Feed
in
Cod-fish,
with
Indian
or
or
Quantity
of Bran
ozs.
7-5
142
9-4
143
191
71
239
5-4
235
10*7
182
12-4
227
6*9
234
12-7
and
Bran
half
of
3Pfff".
Put to
Feedwbeii
Indian
Fat.
OIIMUaM
FstkMd
Food
Pm
last.
as
Fattened.
aadmo-
derately
Fattened.
Lentil
and
Meal.
lib.
12-5
or
Means
half
Store
condition,
and
only
Meal.
limiUd
Lentil
all ad
of Food.
lbs.
Ibn
Ibc
ozs.
10"7
5*3
135
185
181
5*3
177
6.6
172
10-8
95
""
5^
134
10
\ii
\nt li
Contents
Caul
ozs.
Meal,
Bran,
or
11^8.
12
descriptiODB
Food:
Indian
MeaUwitb
Indian
or
and
limited
Lentil
and
Pigs.
Food:
Lentil
limited
DESCRIPTION
15
Food:
Food:
Bran,
Pigs.
different
on
of stomachs
0-6
11*4
0-8
ii-a
15-2
..
6*2
0*9
14-S
10-3
14-8
14-9
13*2
contents
10*8
14*3
3*6
ts
ISl
r4
10*3
5*:
1*7
8-2
5'6
..
and
intestines
Small
13
fat
..
intestines
Large
and
9
contents
1*4
5-4
..
Intestinal
ikt,
mud-)
**
10-8
8-5
9*9
8 9
8-1
91
9-7
10-2
9-5
6*4
12*3
9-1
3-8
0*4
5-2
12-7
7 lO-i
13-5
14-3
5*6
0*1
10-1
41
21
2*1
1*7
2*4
S*4
T\
51
61
7*5
5-1
Cl
*7
5-4
4*7
3*7
4-S
4-;
1-9
3-1
2*7
2*2
2*6
6-8
81
5-6
6*8
15-7
0*3
0*8
15-2
29
3-3
2*9
2*3
C8
geon/' "c
o
and
Heart
Lungs
aorta
and
windpipe..
Blood
10*4
\ Liver
Gall-hladder
and
tents
con-
es
Pancreas
Milt
("
spleen
or
bread")
sweet-
Bladder
Penis
.
Tongue
Toes
..
..
Offal
"
with
Loss
in
"
parts
(including
CarcnFs
hrains, feet,and
by
evapomtion,
weighing,
Live-weight
21
8i
41
"
tnm-
51
11-8
11-7
mings
Total
13-6
"
im-^
Miscellaneous
6-1
.^
7-5
40
4*2
35
15-8
30
186
14-4
197
12-5
'144
11*4
37
10-4
31
tail)I j
9-5
239
!l35
10-4
10*2
27
3-8
35
9*5
144
6-2
176
head)
51
error)'
q
"c
after
35
3*5
14-8
4-3
0-4
1-:
15*6
4*3
fasting
182
.
12*4
227
6'9
234
12*7
177
6*6
278
170
172
0-8
10-8
212
1
12
On
Mean
the
Comfosition
Proportion
Percentego
of
the
Live-
DESCRIPTIOS
OF
different
weight
rAETS,
killed
Stomiclis
of
Contents
Etomnchi
..
Cnulfat
Siniill intestines
iulealines
L"rge
Intestiiml
and
and
cov
coi
iUc
..
Heart
nnd
Heart
f:it
Lung,
.,
nu
Bloud
.
Gall-bladder
Slid
oontents
..
Pancreas
Clauds
(" Bwe"tbread
about
the
")
(" throat'
Uiroat
'.'. '.'. .'. '.'.
Mlltorfplceu
BlaJder
Hrad
Skin
Wool
Foet
and
Disphragm
Miacdlaueons
bv
hoof^
("ikirts")
irimminga
evaporation,
ogtke.
error
it
..
Slieep, and
of Oxen,
Id
Oigans
nf
"
and
Piffx,
Pai-ts
ii
and
of
their Increase
Table
Ill
Peroentago
Proportion
of the
whilst
449
Fattening,
IX.
different
Live-weight
Pigs.
of
Organs
"
and
Parts
in
the
Fa"te
450
On
blood, all
taken
lbs.,and
for the
in actual
increase
of
rather
the
collective
decrease
in
percentage
the
of
fatness
other
not
that
of the
with
that
for
as
body
Thus, the
classed
sheep 8*44,
store
the
collective
with
animals.
above
parts
so
whole
the
to
much
of
forty-fivevery fat
it
the
parts than
is,for
the
stomachs,
hundred
ones
6*55.
in
7*71,
ones
"
and
heart
of
average
fat
"c.
weight
the
of
the
for
Still,they
increase
percentage
rate
is, therefore,
fatten
or
organs
and
contents.
intestines,
and
The
12|rlbs.
of
last-mentioned
stomachs
though
"
an
forty-fivevery fat ones

weight as the animals
these
for
greater
of
sheep
store
Pigs^
acft/a/ weight per head

average
of
7J lbs., for the hundred
fat ones
together,give
five
for the
"
the
and
the
five
and
for
in both
fat alone increases
of the
actual weight, and percentage
proportion, with the progress
in actual
animals.
It averages
weiylit for the store or lean sheep
for the
about
about
8} lbs.,and
4^ lbs.,for the fat ones
very fat
In
it
for the
I4i
about
lbs.
ones
percentage proportion
averages
lean sheep 4*52, for the fat ones
6*03, and for the very fat ones
Of
parte, the
internal
the
loose
"
"
7-44.
The
the
regards the collective

parte, respectively, are
resulte,as
total
carcass
offal parte
increased
42| lbs. in
the
lbs. in
123
or
the
store^
increase
much
was
lbs. in
85}
head,
from
58| lbs. in the faty and

The
carcasses
to
"
weigltisper
condition.
very
the
49 J lbs. in
from
as
actual
average
lean condition, to
fat
corresponding
of the
weight
store
the
68} lbs. in
to
in
total offal parts, and

^The total
follow:
or
the
in
actual
greater, namely,
and
fat^
nearly
to
condition.
fat
internal organs
is,then, that although the collective
offal parte increase
other
considerably as the animals fatten^
with
so-called
frame
ite muscles, membranes^
carcass
or
The
and
the
very
result
"
vessels, and
It
the
follows,
entire
Thus,
increases
"
of
course,
of
body
of the total
centage
the
numbers
fat
fat
"
ones
much
very
that
is
there
total
the
parte,
carcass
of
percentage
offal
as
more
a
rapidly.
diminishingpercentage
parte, and
collective
the
increasingper^
an
animals
the
and
mature
offal
in.
fatten.
is, in
parte
round
the
of the lean sheep 45*5, for that of the

average
The
35*8.
40*5, and for that of the very fat ones
percentages
of the
the
hand
other
for the
carcass
on
parte were,
for
"
corresponding
lio
ij(itones
lean
*"
."-
It will
be
quoted,
-al
t
...
do
IT
noticed
not
the
for
fat
58*9,
ones
and
for
64*0.*
,.^
iro^f*
53*4,
animals
importance
nnother
that
the
quite make
of
these
form.
sums
up
of the
100.
facte
Thus
it
will
better
follows, from
corresponding
The
be
offal and
complen^'^ntar^
amounts
seen
the
carcass
if
data.
partly
repreteiit
qf their
(jmd
Involved,that
of the increase
of the
and
cent,
per
79*8 per
estimated
Increase
65
that
70 per
to
sheep,liberallyfatteningover
will
be saleable
months
head
and
the
together)In
the
but
would
loose
in the
percentage
would
be
12*17.
On
the
other
is, excluding
the
from
Lastly,
the
From
the
store
the
to
fat
fat
fat
to
way,
the
of the
fat condition
very
other
animals
offal parts (that

41*03, and in the
of these collective
parts in
; but the percentage
be only 21*96.
the lean to the fat condition would
the
of
28*34, whilst
the
fat condition
offal
same
very
the few
be
statements
the
parts In
In the
percentage
would
summary
is sufficiently
obvious
that,in the
increase
only
8*97.
that
have
been
fat
very
from
the
adduced,
it
feeding or fatteningof animals,

reception,the transmission,
apparatus
the elaboration
Increase
of the food, does
not
so
rapidly as
saleable
framework
with Its covering of flesh and
or
carcass
which
it is the object of the feeder
from
that
store
to
up
the
which
and
the
for the
subserves
"
fat
"
It will be
food.
the
position of
main
the
seen,
obvious
that
The
organs
drawn
the
the
of
character
"offal
of
order
the
results
the
to
That
the
given
In
"
parts,
at
of these
Jot
this
com*
obtained
different
ages
character
the
character
only
few
two
Increases
"
it Is
section,
it
least,
Is the
fat
rapidly.
most
of
chemical
development
of
the
different
parts of fattening animals, given above, have
and
from
reference
facts
Internal,or
illustrations
sheep, at
period
of the
increases
of the
or
iiiejlesh
"
the
treat
increase, which
of their
carcasses
From
to
come
we
and
of the
rapidly.
most
when
animals,
constituents
which
of
(including
cent
per
three
or
though the average

sheep was
only 7*44, the
same
In the lean
fat)was
percentage
was
the
the
in
two
carcass.
from
the very
from the
fat in
increase
loose
34*49
animals
increase
In
last
oxen
time,
regard
loose
hand, the percentage
fat animals
increase
the
kind
of
Jot (caul,intestinal,and
slaughtered,w^s only 6*03
of
sheep, as
8*91.
be
of
percentage
fat
In
percentage
condition
fat to
the
saleable
as
percentage
mean
the
90
of
period
similar
less than
reckoned
be
of
during
increase
feeding,little
feet)may
Again,
their
of
liberal
of
heart
that
Increase
gross
considerable
Calculations
carcass.
pigs, show
the
68*8
the very fat condition

It may
perhaps be
to
carcass.
of
cent,
and
to
the fat
saleable
be
451
Fattening.
the lean to the fat condition
from
increase from
would
cent,
whilst
of the
of
weeks
on
slaughtering large
maturity, without
degrees of
and
the
"
food
special
employed.
fattening
has
been
numbers
food
marked
"
even
influence
within
the
the
upon
that of the
development, and consequentlyupon

meat
produced, is shown
by a careful consideration of the results
in Tables
the
VI. and
IX.
relating to
slaughtered pigs,recorded
of
the
In
On
452
Table
the
Composition of OxeHy
X.
Amounts
"
and
SlieepândPigSj
Fat
the
of
Proportion
and
the
of
Lean
p"to;
of
(Average
GENERAL
EXPERIMENTS.
THE
OF
PARTICULABS
Nott-
NitrooenDESCRIPTION
OF
FOOD.
NumFen
Pbt
Gnt.
ousiMtb-
berof
fttanceto
Pigs.
gvnous
I Niiro-
for
100
Dry
Substance
in
Food.
upon
100
UrMnal
InFMted
WeSht.
Subktance
Ibe.
bean
10
Iba.
Indian
and
bean
2 lbs.
meal.
meal
lentil
2 Ibs.Indian-com
None
Bian
Iba.
Iba. l"an
/ !
lbs.
"
"
and
"
l"ran, and
Iba.
None
2 lbs.
bean
lbs.
bran
and
Iba. bean
and
f Bean
\ dian-cum
dried
cod-fldi
.
18*5
48*1
81*8
I'M
2r9
2*43
84*8
78*6
88*0
2*81
\T1
47*4
81-2
2*91
80*2
arc
88*8
6*61
28*1
51*8
85-4
4*65
83*8
87*0
84-4
5*69
24*9
74*5
88-7
4*26
25*3
80*3
88*5
3'2d
81*1
58*7
8r9
3*13
81*6
51*1
84*6
3*80
86-2
80*1
f7*S
81*9
lbs.
dried
lentil meal.
meal,
Inbran
and
and
Indian-meal
(Bran
(equal
parts)
.
S'43
"
None
81*0
meal
.
U".
meal
.
lentil
and
14
87^4
meal
l"ntil meal
and
bran,
2 lbs.
78*5
12*7
"'Indian-corn
"*8
4'77
dian-corn
In-
meal
lentil
"
"
13
13*0
Bean
2*64
maal
Indian-oom
12
Food.
."""""
*{
in
meal
II
and
Ubitam.
ad
meal
lentil
com
and
Given
Quantity.
limited
in
Given
1
.
Indian-meal
ood-Otli
.
Means.
with
r Bran,
Pens9,
10. 11
or
r Bean
1.2.3.4
..
5,6,7,8,1
t"
12
quantity
lentil
or
bran,
meal,
or
or
Dried
meal
of
bean
and
lentil
meal.l
uoth
or
with
J
limited
quantity
of
J
of bean
quantity
and
lentil
Indian-meal,
or
bran
and
80*8
63*7
tt*l
08*6
"4*8
\
j
or
cod-flsli.with
30*9
Indian-)
botli
with
limited
{Indian-meal,
all
meal,
bran,
[
.
and
meal,
13, 14
limited
Indian-meal,
Indian
"
J
55*6
88*0
56*5
tl-0
cmd
respectively,
3
Pigs
in
each
Pigs
fed
whilst
different
on
OP
PARTS
SEPARATED
descriptions
of Food.
OF
Parts.
CENT.
PER
CARCASS.
Fat
453
FaUening.
case).
WEIGHTS
ACTUAL
Increase
their
Careassesof
tho
in
of
Total
Fat
IN
Total
Parts.
LeanParta:
Lean
kfg;
Inside
Fat,
"'
or
ImV?
Parta.
'^
Hitch.
KidneyH).
lbs.
oz"".
LoMbf
Evapora*
tion, "c.
"
Fkre
(witli
lbs.
Shoulders,
Shoulder-
blades,
ozs
Ibe.
oxa.
Iba.
oxs.
lbs.
on.
15
57
81
"5
S5
11
90
69
81
10ft
82
95
10ft
10
11
bb
91
1ft
ft
11
10
64
74
96
14
ft
10
12
TO
88
12
bl
93
13
75
88
14
12
82
96
11
13
75
12
10
88
14
114
47
10
12
13
83
tion,
"C.
Feet
by
Evapora-
blades,
and
Head,
HeaS^d
47
40
Parts;
Loss
Total
Carcasa.
feet.
CARCASS.
TOTAL
Iba.
018.
13ft
61*7
3*15
11
143
ft7*0
3*15
13
161
86*4
2*80
10
10
196
13
3r7
4-90
II
8("8
80*8
3*60
163
S6*t
3*46
178
14
ftft*3
3*14
ft
"
ft
183
8fi*l
8*80
ft
10
806
"ro
8*78
10ft
ft
199
S8*8
8*T8J
15
110
ft
10
213
"1*8
8*63!
87
97
ift
187
ftl*9
1*57
101
113
ft
219
ftl*6
8*30
129
ISft
ft
8ft9
48*8
"*e8
9ft
107
18
Means.
ft
146
6*13
3S*ft
38*6
56*4
3*03
100
186
14
6*81
86*0
4r8
54*0
3*77
103
ft
197
13
6*30
88*9
45.4
9e*i
8*30
119
ft
839
ft*68
48*8
47*9
49*9
8*19
13
ft
169
10
6*28
37*8
43*4
63*7
2*93
8ft
100
454
On
Compositionof Oxen^ Sheej)ând
the
In order, however,
the
on
to
point,the
1. Inside
fat
or
2.
Outside
3.
Legs, ribs,
fat
4. Shoulders
5.
Table
these
Head
X.
into
"
*'
flare
"
(with kidneys).
flitch."
"
or
experimental evidence
slaughtered pigs were
of these
of most
butcher
direct
further
some
carcasses
the
separated by
get
Piffs^
shoulder-blade.
and
hands."
"
or
feet.
and
(pp. 452, 453) gives
the
of
summary
results
of
separations.
The
the proportion of non-nitrogenous

general result is, that when
in the
food
to nitrogenous substance
was
comparatively
also comin the live-weight was
paratively
high, the proportion of carcass
the same
themselves
time
at
high ; and the carcasses
less
and
the
the
of
of
one
a
fat,
comprised a larger proportion
There
lean, parts.
the
yielded
consisted
in
the
the
by
highest price.*
has
already
the
of
price
food and
Attention
the
it would
be
the
highly nitrogenous
the
other
foods
that
non-
of
amount
food,
now
further
and
tho
seen,
in
substance
weeks
with
connexion
of
"rc
were
fed
the
here
of
that
had
very
be
In
less.
mentioned,
experimentally upon
the weights of the
determined.
been
The
fattened
the
animal, upon
further
upon
that
cooked
was,
w\fi
which
%"^ff\^t
had
fed
been
inr"/%M"if
*\
upon
jT^^f
of
in the
less,
during
proportion of
should
food, and
the
the
rate
food
and
case
of
Taluc
of
tome
very
th^ cha-
of
the
of the
selected
meat
sheqt
animali
dripping, and the loss by

loin of a
the
the leg and
mangolds, and which
a
gave
the
meat,
both
that
dry barley, and

witKS^'
It is
was
any
foods, joints from
steeped barley, and
in^"""""^
to
gplven
consisted
character
several
less cooked
rapid increase,save
per cent,
fat in the form of dripping, and of water, than the
aeep
on
amount,
for
carcass
pigs, the
enr
'
of
fact, at
influence
the
different
result
stated
that
itself
of
more
nous
proportion of nitroge-
of
question
the
the
little greater.
proportion
carcass
roasted, and
vaporation,
"neep
but
the
the
development
/reduced, it may
hat
of
or
excessive
also
was
exceeded
live-weight obtained,
an
get
tion,
considera-
employ
to
to
ittle exceed
In
the
into
manure
fattening
in the
non-nitrogenous substance
that existing in the cereal grains.
nitrogenous
.("r
food,
fat parts,
last few
the
the
would
that, taking only

fact,,
farmer
food
less
with
of
the
in
that
proportion
valued
more
the
in
those
shown,
liberally. It was
of
nitrogenous
proportion
pretty
either
was
the
of
when
increase
proportion of
of the
value
interest
hand,
the
the
the
to
be
the feeder
for which
which
carcasses
fat parts, would
of the
called
been
whose
and
carcass,
and
consumer,
animals
those
that
doubt
largest proportion of
the larger proportion
valued
most
be
cannot
tUo
meat,
and
lost
more
both
corresponding joints of a
mangolds, and whicn
only
gave
CQ^Q
Dcriod
of timc.
On
456
tlie
Compositionof Oren, Sheepând PtffSy

Table
XI.
Matter, Nitrogenons Compounds, Fat, Total

Porcentages of Mineral
and
Water, in the Carcasses^ and in the
Dry Substance,
Offdj
in different
of different descriptions,
or
respectively,of 10 Animals
conditions
of Growth
Fatness.
and
NiUoMineral
DESCEIPTION
OF
ANIMAL.
Total
gcnoos
Matter
(Ash).
Per
Calf
Half-fat Ox
Fat
Fat
Ox
Fat
Lamb
Cent,
Sheep
Store
Sheep
old
Half-fat
Extra
fat
Store
Pig
Pig
Fat
Sheep
of all
in Offal
(=:sum
Sobstanoe.
Water.
16'6
16.6
37-7
5-56
17"8
22*6
46*0
54-
4-56
16-0
34*8
54*4
45'
3" 63
10-9
36*9
51*4
48*6
4" 36
14'5
23-8
42-7
57-8
4" 13
14-9
31-3
60-5
49-7
11-6
45-4
60' 3
39-7
33-0
45
62* 8
2' "77
9-1
66-
67- 0
67
14-0
28'
44
'7
55-3
1' 40
lU-5
40-5
61
"4-
38-6
3-69
13-5
34*4
61-6
..
Cent,
Per
Dry
(Dry).
4-48
Means
Fat
in CaroRss.
..
..
Sheep
Fat
Cumpounds
(Dry).
of Parts, oxcluding Contents
48*4
of Stomachs
and
Intestines).
Calf
Fat
Ox
Half-fat
Fat
Ox
Fat
Lamb
Store
Sheep
old
Half-fat
Fat
Sheep
Extra
fat
Store
Pig
Pig
Fat
and
..
Sheep
Means
For
Sheep
..
more
3-41
171
14-6
35-
4.05
20-6
15*7
40*4
59-6
3.40
17*5
26-8
47-2
52-8
58' 5
..
..
..
of all
2*45
18-9
20-
41-5
18'0
16'
36*3
68*
2-72
17*7
18' 5
38-9.
61*
2*32
16*1
26'
44-8
55' 3
3*64
16*8
34
54*9
45-
..
3- 07
14-0
16' 0
32*1
67-9
2-97
14*8
22'
40*6
59-4
3-02
17-2
21*0
41*2
56-8
..
of
full discussion
especiallyfor a
the questionof
results upon
consumed
the
meat
as
human
64-9
2-19
..
the
composition
consideration
the
probable
food,
and
of
of these
the
average
10
animals,
bearing of the
composition of
to
bretxdy
its relations
of the
Paper in the Transactions
We
here
do
little more
can
Royal Society,already quoted.
call attention to the compositionof the animalsând of their
than
the
reader
is referred
to
our
increase^
and
of their
o
ft;
Increase
Mil
t"
o"
"
""
whilst
00
Fattening.
"If p
lA
e"
00
c"
Abl
i"*
CD
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a So
ciS
es
On
453
Compositionof Oxen^ Sheepjand
the
its relation
increase^ and
in
is,considering them
by the farmer
All
results
the
that
to
the
light
certain
from
tend
to
show
proportionof the mineral
the
of the
constituents
rise
body
fall in the
or
food
the
when
mineral
first to
considerably
was
In the
than
and
in
and
the
Of
and
the
or
twice
fat
there
ox
as
pig,there
lean
in
and
much
of
half-fat
the
four
sheep
as
pig,
there
and
five
of the
that
the
Lastly,in
nearly
was
fat than
more
old
In
sheep, there
much.
as
times,
much.
much.
as
one-fourth
was
that
twice
was
of the fat
fatter animals, the carcass
much
one-third
as
dry fat as nitrogenous
times
or
sheep, there was

more
substance
nitrogenous
lean
or
the
fat
rise
Carcasses,
the
store
as
half-fat
matter
than
more
time
store
of the
nitrogenous
the
even
half
of the
that
carcass
was
more
of
carcass
one
the
with
composition of the different earcasseSf it

instance,excepting that of the calf,there
of dry nitrogenous
of dry fat than
pounds.
com-
the
in every
that
is seen,
matter,
It has
Compositionof
Looking
between
of the
already been
nitrogenous compounds.
and
the
more
fleshy parts were
developed
bony
somewhat
was
highly nitrogenous.
the
that
articles,produced
nUrogenooM
general dispositionto #
of the
fall in that
seen,
that
and
being
of
that
connection
prominent
consumed:
materials.
matters,
percentage
food
of manufactured
raw
there
"
the
of
PigSy
twice
; that
substance
of
six
sheep, even
moderately fat
as
fattymatter
nous
nitroge-
much
as
contained
fat
very
of
carcass
times
ox
the
compounds.
From
the
of
carcasses
less
seldom
times
of
twice
dry
fat
than
more
much
In the
dry nitrogenous substance.

conclude, that the fat would
as
should
sheep we
to
amount
times
perhaps, be safely inferred,that in

reputed good condition, there will be
and
as
much,
frequentlynearly three
beefôf
than
much
as
it may,
results
these
three,
and
four
frequentlyto
casses
car-
generally
even
or
more,
it
be
Finally, may
the
nitrogenous matter.
of pigs hilled for fresh pork^ there
times
about
four
much
fat as nitrogenous
vill frequentlybe
as
in
those
--impounds
fed for curing^ the fat will be in a
; whilst,
-aiderablyhigher proportion.
as
that
estimated
as
in
the
carcasses
""
^hefat
of the
vhole
carcass,
"
"
not
aaps
the
is
"(:ty m"itters, all

n
the
.oônoA*
ca
whilst
less than
animal
^"^ss
of
"Viilai
bears
bones
of
but
the
one-fifth
whole
will be
matures,
the
increase
in
actual
mineral
matter
both
Viat
'^f
*'Vi#"
small
proportion to
the
nitrogenof
in
mineral,
that
of
carcasses,
their bones.
the
amount
ar'^
fe* in^re?""-î
nitrogenous, and
; but
the
nitrogenous
K"
as
to
the
percentage
substance
much
more
of their
and
than
The
oi total
In
result
is
of the
of water
leaner
cent,
and
of
solid
in the
increase
animals
namely, in that
pig 55^, and
of all the
carcasses
That
459
Fattening,
that of the other
an
those
other
the
of
there
of the
animals
fattest
the
of
57j, of the store
sheep
The
in
decrease
is,that there
carcasses
cent,
per
whilst
ters.
mat-
percentage
substance.
dry
the
the
for
compensate
Increase
were
calf
half-fat
40
than
54
of
the
62J,
store
54 per cent
50 per
ox
of
cent,
per
contain^
the
62
to
less than
contained
less
from
water.
the
fat
moderately-fattened ox
45^, of
half-fat
of
the
fat
and
of
48|,
sheep 49|,
sheep 39|,
the
fat sheep only 33, per
of water.
cent
Lastly,in the
very
of the
carcass
moderately-fattenedpig there were
38J per cent
the condition
in which
Between
of water.
these particularcarcasses
lamb
of the
taken
were
be
sold
the
by
would
water
The
analysisand
lost
bones
in which
that
2 per
cent,
by evaporation.
a
higher percentage
contain
fatter
of
increases
as
From
The
animal.
the
animal
whole
the
the
safely
perhaps
will
contain
caTcaLSs-beef
substance
rather
still
that
55
say
"
of
60
to
than
more
than
matter
is the
the
highest
in
is,too, the less the
dry
matter
data
on
the
adduced
that
50
the
average
rather
or
cent,
per
mutton
properly-fattened
of
that
cent
pigs
;
per
sheep
Lamb
more.
of
more,
the
in
bone
matures.
of
concluded
be
of
percentage
would
meat
perhaps
dry
soft parts.
The
proportionof bone
less in pigs. It
still
and
sheep,
the
the
or
less in
oxen,
beef
1 to
from
butcher,
be
collective
for
carcasses
than
dry substance
or
pork. But, of all,the
proportion of dry substance
in
of bone
is higher than
of
the
; and
sides
of
point,it
of
dry
than
more
for
fresh
killed
pigs
of
more,
rather
killed
may
well-fattened
pork
curing
for
smaller
to contain
a
appear
tion
proporeither moderately-fattenedbeef, mutton,
of
carcass
and,
at
the
the
calf
contains
same
least
the
time, its
proportion
other
of the animals.
of any
Such, then, is the composition of the carcass, or that part of
the animal
which
it is the objectof the feeder to develop as much
that
possible.
as
Compositionof the Gffal.

the
Upon
comments
The
the
on
bone,
collective
ficrures
records
percentage
proportion of
the
in
adventitious
carcass
the
Table
of the
and
from
especially
XXI.
of
is
oxen,
but
given
mineral
collective
in the
matter,
It
parts.
indicate
more
offalparts
Table
need
collective
is,too, in the
; for
these
include
was
that of the extra-fat
less than
the
in
the
quantity
from
remove
wool
on
few
offal than
former
impossible to
the
from
particularly
it
very
made.
be
mainly dependent
generally less in the
dirt, which
hair
VOL.
the
composition of
of the
one.
of
the
sheep,
460
On
The
Compositionof Oxen^ Sheepând
the
dry nitrogenous substance

the fat very much
less,in
greater, and
that of
than
collective
the
in
parts.
carcass
offal
the
is in
of
percentage
very
in
PigSj
every
collective
the
larg^ proportion of
cases
nearly half
remainder, perhaps,
of the
some
the
Of
wool.
to the pelt and
hair, or
will
much
the average,
be used
as
as
only about
will not
of the nitrogenous substance
be consumed
"
is due
on
as
of the
"
human
food
of the
bones
carcass.
With
the
of
larger percentage
less percentage
less percentage
of
fat,the
of
total
than
of water,
It
is, of
fattened
collective
It
interest
process.
the Farmer
to
in relation
Table
the
to
XII.
the
fat^
compounds^
genous
the entire body of each
of
time
same
how
shows
was
of food
of
the
ten
of
in
matter
of
be
to
in its
expended
mineral
of^'
total
much
mineral
the
has
matter^
considered
prodnctiofL
of dry nitnh
dry sitbstanceând of
animals
analysed.
the
total
"
of
percentage
of
bodies
entire
the
this, therefore,
in the carcass,
and
^There
Matter,
is a
Mineral
the
of
contained
TTie
Bodies.
that
percentage
of
invariably a
a
larger proportion
it is this which
constituents
shows
the
product of
gross
that
is of the
most
is
; and
and
parts.
Ute Entire
represents
feeding
have
therefore
and
carcass
composition
which
substance
offitl parts
dry substance,
the
the
course,
animals
nitrogenous
collective
Compositionof
the
ofiU
much
how
marked
the
It at
each
of
amount
waterj
body
parts.
in
ihe
as
the
tuent
consti-
in the ofial
diminution
entire
in
the
ftrnmatl
matures.
It
be
may
âccording
fattened
breed
to
the
will
oxen
figures that
condition)of
and
calves and
adventitious
from
judged
3J
the^fasted
mineral
to
live-
per eent.
weight of
Excluding'
matter.
the
proportion of mineral matter

in fattened
lambs
and
she"^would probably be often as little as IJ,
seldom
In pigs the
and
than
3 per
cent.
more
proportion of
is still less.
In a well-fattened
mineral
matter
pig of good breed
it may
to only IJ per
amount
less,of its standing'
cent., or even
In
found
2*67
unSsittened pig there were
a
live-weight.
young
of
animal
mineral
of
in
but
cent,
matter
worse
ner
an
breed, or
;
leaner
condition
there
it
be
that
still,
n
a
might be
judged
may
'
Vs
an
average
off
5
^
heep,
to
A.S
tO
matter
wool,
the
cent.
oer
-old
of the
be
from
or
per
and
brought
cent
2^ to
general
of
per cent
^},".".^v"nf?o oîr^
of
estimate
of
on
the
3 per
the
the mineral
farm,
we
li^'c-weightof oxen,
for pigs.
cent,
estimate,
average
";he mineral
matter
iTid 5 "o
T"er
in
matter
should
be
store
disposed
3 to
3|
per
animals
to
adopt
cent,
it may
diat 35
be assumed
of the entire bodies
will
*^nt,
potash.
for
to
be
cf their
and
Tlie
as
Increase
NitrogeTWUSCcmpounds,
"
well
total
as
mineral
conditions)rather
matter,
than
more
whilst
Of
total
seem
oxen
sheep, and
461
Fattening.
nitrogenouscompounds,
to contain
(in parallel
rather
than
more
sheep
pigs.
Including bones, pelt,hair or wool, and internal organs, the
15 J, of a moderatel
about
entire body of a fat calf contained
j-fet
fat
of
fat
of
12
fat
lamb
of
one
a
a
ox
sheep
J,
14|^, a
12J,
very
the same
11, and of a moderately-lattened pig about
amount,
namely, 10*9 per cent, of dry nitrogenous substance.
The
contained
animals
store
from
than
2 to
3 per
cent
more
of total
the
moderately-fatones.
fat constitutes
The
Fat.
The
prominent item
by far the most
of the fed and slaughtered animals.
in the dry or solid matter
Of the animals
not
ripe for the butcher, the entire body of the
than of dry
half-fat ox
contained
18| per cent, of dry fat,or more
much
of
stance
and
as
nitrogenous subnearly as
mineral
and
matter
put together. The entire body of the
than of
store
nearly 19 per cent, of fat,or more
sheep contained
other
solid matter, and that of the half-fat old sheep about
23j^per
stance.
of
much
time
than
1
as
as
dry nitrogenous subJ
cent., or more
about
The
store
23^ per cent of fat,or
pig contained
old
half-fat
the
the same
about
amount
sheep, but a somewhat
as
largerproportion to the other solid matters.
fit for the batcher, the entire body of the fat ox
Of the animals
dry nitrogenous
substance
"
rather
contained
more,
and
that
of
the
fat lamb
less,than
rather
of fat ; that of the fat sheep 35 J per cent., that of the

per cent,
that of the fat pig 42 per cent.
fat sheep 45 1 per cent, and
very
The
only 14J per cent, of fat,or
body of the fat calf contained
30
in actual
less both
and
amount
in
proportion to the other

animals
analysed.
of any
of tlic other
analysisshows that the entire bodies
than
matters
that
Thus,
important
animals
when
reputed lean
in
fed
and
of the
some
for human
slaughtered
condition, may
of
contain
food,
dry fat
more
solid
most
even
than
the case
with the half-fat
This was
dry nitrogenouscompounds.
half-fat
old
lean young
sheep, and a stc"e
store
or
sheep, a
ox,
the half-fat old sheep
lean young
or
pig. In fact,the two latter
the store
and
dry fat as
nearly If time as much
pig contained
dry nitrogenous matter.
rather
contained
the animals
Of
ripe for the butcher, an ox
twice
than
much, a moderately-fat sheep nearly three
more
as
tlian four times
times
as
much, and a very fat sheep rather more
A moderately-fat
as
much, dry fat as dry nitrogenous substance.
genous
much
four times
about
as
dry fat as dry nitropig also contained
than twice
fat lamb
Even
as
substance.
yielded more
a
contained
The
calf alone, though professedly fattened,
much.
rather less fat than nitrogenous matter.
a
"
"
On
462
the
Taking
the
lamb,
the
the
fat
namely,
"
3 per
numbers,
dry nitrogenous compounds,

live-weight, 49 per cent,
=
of the
called
^^
animals
have
been
fat
pig
13
dry substance,
to
the
ox,
fat
have,
we
"
of
cent,
per
fat,in their
of
cent
exclusive
show
conspires to
"
"
fat
matter,
per
assumed
fasted
that
of
intestines.
experimental
fattening of animals
"
lean
total
evidence
the
All
33
and
and
of stomachs
contents
the
mineral
of
cent,
calf, the
sheep, and
fat
very
Pigs.
six animals
composition of
sheep,the
fat
in round
mean
butcher
the
fit for
be
Compositionof Oxen^ Sheepjand
the
is
contain
the
fat than
more
150-
Even
designated.
properly so
to
seen
that
genous
nitro-
fattening process, the

body is considerably
dry
percentage
in much
accumulates
increased
the fatty matter
larger
; and
is
the
fore,
thereIt
than
obvious,
compounds.
nitrogenous
proportion
contain
of the
that
the increase
must
a
fattening animal
and
of
lower
of
a
higher one
percentage
the
entire
the
of
both
fat and
total dry substance, than
body
the
with
small
animal.
Moreover,
comparatively
slaughtered
After
compounds.
of the
increase
soft
in
the
total
of
amount
nitrogenous parts,
mineral
also
matter
tening
Composition
is obvious
animal
when
small
the
in
accumulation
the
expect
small
150
lbs.
of
the
Sheep,
that, provided
it
again, when,
say
actual
should
very
or
the
of
and
bone,
we
be
Oxen,
It
feeding
of
of
percentage
the increase
of
the
fat^
animal.
Estimated
IV.
to
the
substince
Increase
and
knew
we
the
weighed any given weight

fattening, it had reached
"
after
"
the
it would
be
very
easy
Fattenino
of
Pigs.
matter
of
composition
say
100
another
to
lbs.
"
an
and
weight
calculate
"
the
composition of the 50 lbs. that had

The
been
gained.
practicaldifficultyrests in the fact that we
the
know
the
exact
cannot
at
composition of a fattened animal
time
it was
it had reached
fatteningfood, or when
put upon
any
the
given previous weight. Exercising a careful judgment on
have
the
of
the
applied
K)int,we
composition
respectiveanimals
the
in
the
lean
known
to
condition,
analysed
weights of numbers
of the
)f animals
in a
assumed
be
to
same
description,when
In like manner
the composition of the
'^milar lean condition.
has
nf
been
animals
analysed
applied to the weights of the same
s after
being fattened.
here
^n die manner
described, the composition of the increase
""^ fattening
349 fattening sheep, and
80 fattening pigs
oxen,
into numerous
divided
classes,according to breed, con*
dtion
of maturity,
has been
calculated*
description of food
f^r
"^r^^prôoifiop
o
i"orea""*
calculated,togetherwidi some
and
percentage
-îx**
",".î.
^^
"
f^**
so
464
On
Tablb
ClaBsV.
o(
IhirAi
tlon
of
XIV."
(Seiiieb
the
the
"
difference
Fat
Sheep
Composition
the
EsdmaUd
4.tl"0rvfi'no/
between
"
the
analysed.
of
Composition
weight
"
Store
lafeen
and
at
"
Fat
the
Pigtf
Slteep, and
of Oxen,
the
Inartaae
compmition
Sheep
"
of
of
imalysed.
Fattening
the
Pinal
W
Shetp-pte
weight ai tlN CMBpo
"Store
cmd
[Note.
In all
"
Estimate
XY."
Table
Fimd
GENERAL
of the
Composition
taken
Original weight
cases
whilst
Increase
of their
PARTICULARS
OP
the
at
at the
weight taken
Fattening.
In/ereMe
Compoeitkm
ber
Pens.;
Food.
Fattening
Given
in
Limited
Quantity.
The
"Store"
and
**
Fat
in
ginalFrsted
Live-
libitum.
ad
Pig" analyseo.
Pig" aimlTsed.]
per
Cent,
Per
Cent.
Carcass
Ori-
Given
Pigb.
"Store
Fat
Calculated
upon
100
mals.
**
EXPERIMENTS.
THE
Duzmtion.
of
Ani-
Fattening
of the
Composition of the
Inof
Description
Num-
of
4S5
Nitro-
Non-
Total
nitrogenous
genous
Mineml
Matter
(Mh)**
in Increase.
Com-
pouods
(dry).
weight. weight.
Dry
Sub-
Substance
stance.
(fat).
Pig" actuaUy analysed.
wks.days.
75*7
of bran
f Mixture
0
10
and
barley-meal
lentil
and
I. bean
3 parts, ad libitum
meal
2,
j
.
85*4
62*8
0*53+
7*76t
63-1+
IV
84*1
71*9
""8
A^
1
2
12
II.^
Se"ikb
I
None
;j
Barley-meal
Bran
:"
CvVlO
0"^
and
None
and lentil meal
Bean
Bran
and lentil meal
/ Bean
I bran
{Mixture
and
of bran
{Mixture
and
barley-meal
\
/
barley-meal 2, and
parts, ad libitum
3
lentil
and
parts, ad libitum
" 8
Dried
cod-fish
Tlie
2,
of mineral
"5-7
-0*17
5'71
761
64*9
0*07
6*46
71*6
77-8
56-6
-0*08
5*96
74-4
80-3
66*0
0*07
6-46
71*3
77-8
4*49
84*4
88-2
k-0*64
81
63*7
006
6*38
71*8
78-3
74-6
0 27
7*05
67*4
74-8
5-95
74-6
-O'lO
to -5
III.)
dianIn-
(equal partft)
Cequa
Indwn- i-ineal
61*1
84'"
-0*87
5*26
791
84-1
60*1
87*3
-0*05
6-lS
73-6
79-7
-0-21
5*69
76*3
Sft*7
86*0
81-8
iy."
is probably in many
too
low, see text,
corrected
those giv"i in the Report of the
from
"
Composition of the Increase of this analysed
matter
7k
amount
73*8
meal
sebi"8
meal
Means
6*07
bean
and
Bran
-0-04
61*1
Series
59-7
^"37
0"03
44*6
1,
1. bean
"0*66
Barley-meal
and
4'56
45*0
63*7
Means
36
meal.
bran
of bran
lentil meal
and
lentil
Barley-meal
Bean
468.
Brituli
p.
Associatum
for the Advancement
Kat Pig"
Science
Mineral
tor l^"2,
is given as follows:"
ToUl
a'ld
Halter
634
f
71-8
1
8*38
Pat,
33
about
Nitrogenous
0-43. NitroKen
equal
Compounds).
Dry Substancet For further
Society
of England,
vol. xi v. part 2.
Journal
of the Royal Agricultural
pRrticulars of the experiments,
see
s^ For
further
of Science
for the Advancement
see
particulars of the experiments,
Report of the British Association
Tliese
oT
for
1854.
figures
are
somewha*
where
the
466
On
the
the
estimated
composition of
fat condition
of the
single pig
nearly as could
store," and
analysed as
as
was,
the
increase
that
was
was
parallelstate
the
to
when
it
the
to
analysed
of the
that
with
store
fatten
to
up
itself afterwards
whose
and
the
from
put
in
judged,
be
^'
Piffs^
as
one
fat,"
animal^
"
composition,together
provides the data for application to the other cases.
Noticing first the compositionof the increase of the oxen^ it is
for the
is the
most
probable that the estimate
nearly correct
animals
that
36
under
were
experiment for 26f weeks, and
whose
the
100 original weight was
proportion of increase
upon
of all the 98 animals
highest. The
mean
gives, for the composition
of the
total
7
'4
of
increase, 5
cent,
dry substance, of
per
which
66'2 were
fat,7*69 dry nitrogenous compounds, and 1'47
mineral
These
matter.
figures may perhaps be taken as pretty
nearly representing the average
composition of the increase,
the
of animals
half
over
a
concluding period of
year or more,
fed on
tion
good fatteningfood, and brought at last to a fair condiof maturity and
In passing a judgment
fatness.
to the
as
that the fat and
should
probable direction of their error, we
say
total dry matter
be
stated
somewhat
too
high, and
possibly
may
the nitrogenous matter
somewhat
low.
too
An
examination
of Table
XIV., relating to sheep, will show
the
that
foods,
several
and
different
for
"
Classes
"
of
animals
fed
were
and
time,
different
upon
accordingly
proportions
original weight, and
upon
also different proportions of carcass
in fasted live-weight. These
taken
in adopting, from
into
consideration
points are of course
the data relatingto the animals
actuallyanalysed, a composition
for the
final
and
original
weights respectivelyof the different
different
periods
of
store
of
gave
100
increase
Classes.
in Class
Thus,
of animals
I.,large numbers
of
period
time
from
fair store
the
Accordingly
composition
applied to the original weights,
sheep" to the final weights.
In
of
Class
II. the
animals
in
fact,
the
lition
"
to
nutton."
In
thesd
calculated
at
the
^â^^c
^'.viciic*"*^'
condition
"extra-fat
IV.
^11^ and
oiidition,and
"1 i^lass
III. the
short
; and
fed
.ncr-"a"""*
nfiop
to
period
in
ively
for fattening.
"".dapted
"ttic
the
of
that
Hence
tli"^ irieî""!
of
sheep
the
the
''fat
animals
that
of
"'
"
fat
sheep
analysed
the
to
"
is
fat
**
very
^'
fat
con-
Christmas
original weights
sheep,"
the
and
are
final
analysed.
in
taken
moderate
IV. the
cases
partially
In the
fatness.
feeding experiment
these
siderable
con-
condition.
store
is called
were
of Class
in
^fat
what
therefore,
composition
of
that
from
of
to
fair
analysed
and
fed
were
cases,
at that of the
"^''"ights
the
fed for
were
food
the
w'^'o^htsaveraged only
was
was
com-
not
well
proportion of
about
half
and
much
Class
in
as
IV.
and
is taken
tliat of the
of the
that
at
From
Having regârdto these circumstances, the

original weights of the sheep of Classes III.
the
at
fat
^^
analysed
of
taken
"
'^
"
store
final
of their
that
; and
the
of
and
weights
itself.
sheep"
considerations
that
between
mean
"
sheep
"fat
'weightsare
467
Fattening^
I.
the
of
composition
whilst
Increase
of their
at
similar
a
a
Class
in
nature,
the
V.,
from
advanced
composition two^thirds
"
ginal
ori-
The
final
analysed.
fat sheep."
weights are taken at the composition of the analysed
The
in fasted live-tveiffht^
as
given in the
percentage of carcass
of the
the comparative jf^na/condition
Table, shows
pretty well
and
this
in
lots
different
was
respective
obviously not widely
;
Classes
I.,III.,IV., and V.
It must
the figures
be supposed that the differences
which
not
that of the
"
store
to that of the
fat
"
sheep
"
show
in
sets
taken
animals
variations
is, that
of the
and
that
Class
between
From
the
of
the
mineral
one
the variations
breed, food,
the
Class,
same
in
All
that
of
reallybe
may
attributable
composition
"c.
different
of the
increase
claimed
be
can
of the
give the best
increase of fatteningsheep at present at command,
differences
the
they pretty fairly represent
as
indications
whole
Class.
and
Either
matter.
quantity
the
and
figures in the Table, it would

appear
2
from
fattening sheep contained
too
a
in
results
the
composition
of
composition of
within
representing
as
the
to
the estimated
of
high.
The
dirt
the
in
these
of
error
wool,
the
to
which
added
3 per
to
that
fact
crease
in-
cent.
is, however,
estimates
is due
that the
doubtedly
un-
there
was
considerably to
the
happened to be the gnêater in that of

the calculations
the fatter animals.
Excluding altogether from
of mineral
in the
the
ash of the
matter
wool, the percentage
increase
be
of these
to
certainly
fattening sheep would
appear
sometimes
under
under
and
cent
2,
1^, per
In
the increase
estimate
of
of the
fatteningsheep the average
stance
nitrogenous compounds is 7*13, of fat 70*4, and of total dry subweitrht
of
its ash
7 9 '9
percentage
of both
fat
and
cent.
per
of
it
Thus
the
calculations
nitrogenous compounds,
total dry substance, in
and
and
the
It
sheep than in that of the oxen.
under
comparable conditions, such would
The
composition of the increase from
of the
analysed fat pig (see top
0'53
per
cent,
63*1
mineral
per
cent
increase
would
be
the
of
the
less
rather
higher
of the
one
ing
fatten-
expected that,
be
case.
store
to
Table
7 '76 per cent

fat, and in all 71*4
matter,
of
show
rather
the
fat
XV.)
nitrogenous
per
cent,
dition
con-
shows
pounds,
com-
of total
dry substance.
undoubtedly represent the truth
Against these numbers, which
which
to
closely for the particularanimal
they refer,the
very
468
On
of
average
all
matter, 6*44
fat,
and
matter
per
and
fat and
total
fat
increase
is thus
advanced
is
estimated,
According
mineral
in
mineral
with
the
to
in
fact, in
sheep
of
the
or
of the
the
increase
in fasted
carcass
the
the
Table,
pigs was
the
of
there
cases,
many
ccmclu-
live-weight
of
percentage
in
all
cases
apparently a
was
oxen.
actual
the
for
in
its
only
of
of
of
purpose
in the Table,
analysed leaner one,

The
following Table
estimates
numerous
fattening, for each

sheep, and pigs :
of
the
the
to
The
very
loss of
there
mineral
fat
theit
pig was,
light a
too
at
of the
view,
one
composition
three
fattening
the evidence
frequently
body
of the
matter
application of
shows,
upon
would
"
probable alternative
more
analysed
matter
either
of
assume,
of somewhat
the
that
that
total
the
fattening period.
the
cases
safe
animals,
two
reduction
in
than
case
it is not
mineral
of
storehouse
chief
the
"
Still
analysis
an
during
the
the
From
the known
during the fattening process.
when
the pig to fatten
rather
than
to
liberally
grow,
should
current
food-stuffs,
we
fattening
expect that
bony framework
would
develop less
the
of
in
figures
the
the
that
commence
at
matter
tendency
be
at
the
Table.
matter
small;
the percentages
further
somewhat
originalweights) and
the
by
by
seen
fact, in a
singleanimal, both
in
were,
the
than
shown
in the
recorded
fed
"
condition
sion,.as
mineral
cent,
per
nitrogenous compounds, 71*5 per cent, of

of total
fh^t is, less
cent
dry substance
and
several
cent*
per
the
in
of
the
than
substance
case
single
dry
of the animals, the composition of whose
Most
pig.
(as was
ment
0*06
gives
Pigs^
cent,
per
analysed
estimates
other
the
78*0
mineral
more
ami
Compositionof Oxen^ Slieep,
the
is,
composition to
compared with
frame.
the
results
mean
of the
descriptionsof
animal
of
whilst
increase
oxen,
"
"
XVI.
Table
Entimated
per
cent,
in Increase
whilst
Fattenliig.
CASES.
Total
Mineral
Matter
iveragc
"
i.verage"
98
Oxer
i**\
"'1.
"t'""l]
wi
""
75*4
1-47
Sh"
348
2 "34*
79-9
0'06t
78-0
0-53
71-4
I'lO
76-2
Probably 0*5 per cent., or more,

too
high, owincj to
of the Hhecp analysed, particularly the fatter
ones;
j"rr""".Mv
","
r-
^'
jj^jg
---
j^xt
Dty
Subslaaoe.
(Ash).
the
see
amount
text, pp.
of
adventitious
469, 460,
and
matters
in
tlw
467.
above.
.i^ly""P ftpHma^^rl
"hat
the
increase
of
fed
liberally
and
montlis
over
oxeiij
of 70
consist
parts will
65
lb
to
whilst
Fattening.
final
the
of which
dry substance
parts nitrogenoiiscompoonds,
to
469
"ftttemiig
period, will
total
cent
per
fat, 7
be
of
more
or
1^ part mineral
about
laerease
of their
"
60
to
and
matter.
plan of calculation the final increase of well-fed

sheepyfattening'during several months, will probably consist of
of total dry substance
of which
75 per cent,
65 to 70
more
or
7
and
8 parts nitrogenous compounds,
to
fat,
parts will be
minersd
about
matter.
If part
perhaps
of pigs fed for fresh pork, during the final 2 or
The
increase
be
taken
about
3 months
at
on
fattening food, may
67^ to 72^
60
total
to 65 per
cent,
cent,
to 8 per
fiat,
dry substance
6'|'
per
and
less
1
than
cent
considerably
per cent,
The
the last few
increase over
of high
of mineral
months
matter.
feeding,oi pigs fed for coring,will contain considerablyhigher percentages
total dry substance, and
lower
of
of both
fat and
ones
mineral
and
that c^
both
nitrogenous compounds
matter, than
the more
moderately fattened animal.
It is obvious, that the
composition of the increase of the
that
animals
will vary between
given above for tiie Jinalfattening
period,and that of the entire bodies (see Table XIL), according
within
the
the
estimate, and to the
to
length of time included
of food, and
the
character
of the
animal, and
consequent
age
of
the increase
The
character
of growth.
during
composition
will
of
be
the whole
existence
of
course
presented
course
nearly revery
of
the
time
animal
that
of
the
at
being slaughtered.
by
somewhat
The
indicate
latter will, however,
too
high a percentage
low
of fat,for
and
of nitrogenous substance,
too
one
a
the total increase
during life ; for at the time of birth the body
will probably contain
a
higher prop("tion of nitrc^nous to fatty
than
at any
matter
subsequent period.
On
the
same
"
"
V.
"
Relation
op
TO
in
consumed
those
stored
constituents
the
in
up
food,
the
by
the
crease,
in-
fattening
ANIMALS.
in the
Having,
that
cases
experimentallyfed,
were
constituents
of the
food
of
of most
sheep
the
the
determined
consumed
to
sumed
constituents
stored
up
in
the
arrived
in
of
amount
produce
live-weight, and having now

estimates
of
the
composition of the
of calculating the
obviously the means
increase
of all the
and
increase
certain
of
given amount
at approximate
have
itself^we
proportion
of
increase
pigs
the
of
the
con^
fattening
animal.
We
several
shall
consider
constituents
"
(1.) the probable
stored
up
in
amount
increase,
for
of
100
each
of
of
it
the
con-
470
t/te Composition
of
On
sumed
(2.)the probable
for 100
of total
of the
dry
each
of
amount
of food
substance
of fat stored
amount
Oxen^ Sheepând Pigs^
; (3.)the
ready-formedfiBitin
the
of
that
to
up,
stored up
relation
constituent
consumed
the food.
1. Amounts
of mineral
nous
for
In
matter
^^
total
substanceând
100
eojch consumed.
of
XVII.
Table
nitrogenous
food
increase
in
frame
leads
the
to
in Table
and
evidence
is
the
recorded
are
relatingto sheep,
There
nitrogenouscompounds^nonrmitroge'
dry substance^ dared up in increase
estimates
XVIII.
this head
under
relatingto pigs.
things being equal, a highly
tendency to a comparatively large
those
that, other
may
and
give
At
flesh.
conclusion,that
the
with
time, obsenratioQ
same
animals
fattening under
or^
in anything
dinary conditions^this tendency will not increase
like a numerical
genous
proportion to the increased
proportionof nitroin
consumed
be
excessive
these
to
constituents,
supposing
in the
The
of
the
amount.
nitrogenous matters
proportion
is probably more
increase
affected
by the age and habits of
animal
their
the
than
provided of
by
proportion in the food
in defective
that they are
not
amount.
course
Hence, and owing
also to the small
of the
proportion of the respective constituents
food
retained
in
the
increase, any error
finally
arising from
adopting the same
composition for the final weights of animals
fattened
in forming merely
on
foods, is immaterial
very various
and
estimates
the
of
general
sumed
proportion of the conaverage
"
constituents
Taking
of the
than
that will
figures in
the
in the
cent,
of
the
sheep
3
cent.
proportion
:he food
mineral
In
of
was
very
'^1^'-^
"
in
dry
large. Hence,
small
to
be
it may
fattening for the
be
^^n.r.f^ it not
"
3i.ili
v^"""Mg
ir*
""*""'
If
lie
in
of
on
the
of
less
than
the
was
up
1'68
concluded,
on
in
the
as
increase
in
consumed
is
com-
cent.
per
an
good
food, that they will not carry

'"pûentlyless,than 3 per cent, of the
-at'
the
of
average
.v.t**ent
,..
wool
proportionof the
the
stored
butcher
correction
given, and
digestibleorganic substance
namely, only
"
whole
an
alone
food
to
matter
ash
the
show
retained
be
to
matter,
the due
Assuming
would
IV.
reckoned
ipi'atively
very
^"K)n the
Class
mineral
matter
mineral
matter
result
they stand, the average

rather
more
sheep^shows
as
relating to
animal.
increase.
in the
up
XVII.
consumed
extraneous
analysed, the
per
the
of the
increase
account
of
stored
Table
estimates
numerous
3 per
be
estimate
average
mixed
diet of dry
off more,
consumed
and
permineral
that
sheep are now

generally fattened when
in the increase
growing, the proportion retained
of
would
period
fattening,
probably be extremely
iu
fp''*,it
-ân
V-^rdl^- ^"e erreater,
on
the
average,
than
aboYC
472
On
XVIII.
Table
Compositionof Oxen^ Sheep,and PiySj
the
Amount
Estimated
"
of each
stored up
of certain constituents
consumed
Amount
GENERAL
OF
PARTICULARS
EXPERIMENTS.
THE
stored
Nuni'
berof
AninuUik
Food.*
of Fattening
Description
Given
libitum.
ad
Com-
Total
At.
graoos
pouttda
(dry".
Sab-
Pia.**t
"Fat
analysed
Caab)j"
NODnitro-
genous
Matter
Given
in
Limited
Quantitiaa.
of eadi
elaaa of CuoilftMiiri
in Inereanefior
lOOoftbe
eonauniad
in Finod.
Kitio-
Hineral
Duration.
The
Increcue^ for ICO
up
"une
Pens.
in
Food, by fatteningPigs.
in
rks.da7S.
10
r Miztare
and
of bran
1. bean
meal
3 itarts, ad libitum.
None
Indian-meal
Indian-meal
3
3
17*6
14-9
and
lentil meal
bran
.
None
7*78
2*66
L^
Bean
'".
and
barley')
/
Series
2, and
lentil meal
Bean
Bran
Bean
0"
and
lentil
Indian-meal
bran
meal
lentil
and
.:
lentil
and
{Bean
adlibitum
12
m^
.
and
Indian-meal,
meal,
and
each
bran,
/
Means
Series
3
3
Barley-meal
Bran
Barley-meal and
Bean
....
and
lentil meal
bran
.
None
0"
lentil meal
and
Bean
Bran
3
3
"I
None
1
2
3
11.^
^Barley-meal
"
"
lentil meal
and
Bean
"
"
and
bran
dSelO
and
bean
1. barley-meal 2, and
libitum
Mixture
bean
and
of bran
Mixture
of
bran
1. tiean
lentil meal 2, and
a
meal
3 parts, ad libitum
lentil
of bran
{Mixture
meal
iMuta, ad
113c 12
'
! "I
barley-
Means
Ill.t
Series
and
Indian-meal
(eqaal parts)
IniiJan-meal
Bran
"
\
.
"1*06
5*06
"0*261
8*16
85-8
90*9
Means
-0*66
6*61
M'9
19-ft
The
For
amount
*"'*^-
of mineral
--*iculars
matter
of
the
isprobably
Experiment
in many
see
too low ; see

of the British
cases
Report
18-1
....
text,
pp.
468
Association
and
474.
for the AdTaBeanent
ft"rl8"P
"nlars
of the
Experiments
see
Journal
of the
Royal Agricultoral Sodety
of
Btigt^îî^
?aTt]
-^^^t
of the Experiments,
see
Repoit of the BritiiihAssociation
for the
AdTaneemcat
of
815
and
of
whilst
their Increase
473
Fattening.
of the animal
existence
supposed, during tlie whole
; that
period. The
is, including the previous, as well as the flattening
will
retained
that
be
consumed
in the
proportion of the amount
the
much
relation
of
more
increase, will, however, depend
upon
stance
the mineral
matter
organic sub.to the digestible and available
above
of the
At
any
food
the
in
farm
food,
rate, the
by
either
the
increase
or
sale
the
of
the
from
estimates
weights
known
average
retained
in
of
the
estimates
by
less
shows
than
their
increase.
With
the
the
liberal
in
in
amount
farm
of such
of easy calculation.
Of the nitrof^nouscompounds consumed
the
to
the
analysed
of
loss
annual
percentage
the
the
of mineral
animals,
the
in
off the
sent
From
animals
the
consumed
is
sheep,
comparatively small.
bodies
of
which
fattened
of fatteningsheep, the
from
matter
or
is
entire
conditions,
different
upon
store
bodies,
their
in
other circumstance.
any
proportion of the mineral matter
than
admits
fatteningsheep,
cent,
to be
per
mixed
diet of succulent
the
latter
dry food, it is probaMe, that when
other
consists
highly nitrogenous
chiefly of pulse, oilcake, or
will be
consumed
ihe
of
the
nitrogen which
proportion
matters,
off in the increase
of the animal, will be less than
carried
5, and
the other hand, when
4
On
less than
perhaps even
per cent.
cereal
consists
the dry food
taining
congîn or other matters
chieflyof
of
it
is
low
nitrogen,
probable
a
comparatively
per-cent.
consumed
of
the
5
that
than
cent,
nitrogen will be
more
per
either
off in the
carried
On
increase.
supposition the pn^portion of the total nitrogen consumed
by the fattening sheep, that
be
will be expired, perspired, or voided, will
considerably more
90
than
For
roots
and
per
100
cent,
and
it may
be
more
than
95
parts of wcm-nitrogenous substance
per cent
consumed
in food
there
that
the
were
on
fattening sheep, it is estimated
(excluding Class IV.),about 10 parts stored up in their
average
in the form
of course
increase
oifat itself.
in the
food of the sheep, about
For 100 of total dry substance
been
stored
have
increase
9
of
8 or
to
dry
parts
up.
appear
contains
of
the
food
much
of
The
substance
a
larger
sheep
dry
that
of
fibre
does
than
of
pigs.
indigestiblewoody
proportion
of the
There
is,therefore,a larger proportionof the dry substance
effete.
food
of sheep necessarilyat once
relating to pigs (see Table XVIII.),
Turning to the estimates
much
it would
that there
is probstblyfullytwice
as
dry
appear
by
the
"
substance
stored
in their
up
in the case
increase
for 100
in their
consumed
all the
sheep.
fattening food, as
average
stored
17'3 parts of dry increase
estimates
relatingto pigs shows
of
food
of dry substance
for 100
consumed,
against about
up
of the single analysed fat pig.
in the case
15^'parts
of
The
of
474
On
ami
Compositionof Oxen^ Sheep
tlie
Pigs^
100
For
to
stored
have
half
that
For
was,
20
up
food, the pi^ seem

the sheep yielded only
fat,whilst
of
more
proportion.
consumed
100
of mtroffenous compounds
according to the estimates, on
stored
much
that
or
of
constituents
of non-niXxogenoxis
in
up
increase
the
increase
the
of the
the
average
in the case
as
fattening pig
the
the
by
contains
indeed
there
pig^
about
1^ time as
of sheep.
Not
larger proportion
it is
more
sheep
likely to
the
of
total
substance
dry
larger proportion
for increase^
of the
pig is digestible and available
of it yields
and
accordingly, as already noticed, a given amount
total
of
with
increase
and
much
larger proportion
diis,a
a
dry
;
of nitrogenous increase.
larger actual amount
of the estimates
for the pigs shows
7*34 per cent*
The
average
of the consumed
nitrogen to be stored up in the increase,against
of the analysed fat pig.
in the case
7'76 per cent,
Jê greater
other
the
of
in
or
highly nitrogenous matters
proportion
pulse,
the fattening food, the smaller will be the ptojxniion of the whole
On
consumed
nitrogen, that will be stored up in the increase.
the other hand, the larger the proportion of cereal grain with its
comparatively low percentage of nitrogen, the larger will be the
that will
be
carried
nitrogen consumed
proportion of the whole
of
that
than
nitrogen
of
"
less ; but
a
of the
food
contain
off in the
elusion,
The
increase.
there
that
will
sometimes
cent., and
evidence
little
as
leads
command
at
almost
be
uniformly
6 per
as
the
to
less than
cent., of the
con*
10
per
nitrogen of
fatteningpig carried off in its increase.

It has already been
pointed out how
small, in all probability,
the
in
increase
of the rapidlyis the percentage of mineral
matter
were
given, however, for supposing that
fatteningpig. Reasons
than
indicated
lower
estimates
the case.
amount
a
really was
our
There
is little use, therefore, in examining
at all closely results
doubtful
that are
based
estimates.
Moreover, as
upon admittedly
of the
the
food
the
mineral
those
to
consumed
of the
the
by
will
which
variable
be
than
the
to
of easy
For
there
that
calculation
in the
100
to
500
rule
bodies
the
from
parts of
on
parts
data
of
fat
its
amount
proportion
and
mineral
other
by
will
matter,
animals)
much
be
It
more
be
may
safely
fatteningpigs,the proportion
will
llie
animals
recorded
in
of
the
up
in
reclaimed
that will
of the
average
stored
be
not
amount
ready-formed fatty
the
the
as
increase,
which
matter
entire
well
the
constituents.
of
case
immaterial,
probably,
were
pigs, 400
other
in
much
very
chiefly
the
in
mineral
in the
every
which
up
the
of
is almost
manure
varies
fattening pig (as
that
consumed
manure
the
food
increase, the proportiono{
stored
stated, however,
of the
the
constituents
character
the
in
matter
sold
is
be
matter
XII.
Table
matter
in
the
experiments
the
in
lost
increase
food,
with
of the
fat
the
in
from
body
To
tlie food.
whilst
this
other
some
point
shall
we
475
Fattening,
there
obvious, therefore, that
It is
animals.
Increase
of their
and
was
constituent
9l
of
formation
constituents
or
of
presently.
recur
Matter^ Nitrogenous Compounds^ Fat^ and

of Mineral
and
stored up
total Dry
in Increase^
Substance
of matter
expired,perspired,or voided" for 100 of total dry substance
consumed
in food.
Amounts
2.
The
results
different
sets
this
under
head
sheep,and
of
given
are
Table
in
XX.
in Table
XIX.
for the
different
for the
of
sets
pigs.
It
been
has
probably
was
of about
average
of dry substance
an
100
for
increase
that, in
already seen
the
cases
Taking
Table
description.
total dry increase, about
is,fat. It results that
food.
XIX.
would
little
be
mineral
and
there
wool,
of mineral
error
would,
or
the
was
substance
Of
together.
estimates
the
average
in increase
of
as
arising
of the
cases,
there
nitrogenous
due
ance
allow-
dirt in
the
be
"
food,
this, making
from
most
9 parts
that
about
total
in
fattening
the
of
with
non-nitrogenous
dry substance
were
the
on
that
fixed
substance
in
food
sheep, there
only about
the
0*2
matter.
Assuming
parts of dry
the
in
the
1 part fixed
put
dry
consumed
shows,
for 100
than
more
matters
for the
of the
case
9 parts
which
in
usual
the
parts of
of
substance
butcher, there
would
increase
dry
food,
of
when
be
course
produce of 100
sheep are liberallyfed for
91 parts expired,perspired,
be
to
the
voided.
pig,*100 parts of dry substance

Of this,13*2 were
14"94
of food produced
parts of dry increase.
and
mineral
0*11
From
1*62
matter.
fat,
be concluded
of this experiment it may
that
the
circumstances
the
actual
facts.
these
figuresvery closelyrepresent
the
other
all
of
the
these
estimates
numbers,
Against
average
relating to pigs 24 in number, and comprising 80 animals
indicates,17*27 total dry increase for 100 total dry food ; of which
estimated
15*81
fat,1*44 nitrogenous substance, and an
as
are
In
the
of the
case
analysed
fat
"
"
mineral
insiofnificant amount
tabulated
of
estimates
the
It is admitted
matter.
mineral
matter
that
the
assimilated
by sheep
probably in error
relatingto pigs are

high,
direction.
opposite
if put upon
when
food,will
highly-fattening
Pigs, even
young,
whilst
fattened
in
frame
little
as.
sheep,
comparatively
;
"::ro\v
tliev
at
pared
comwill,
a
comparatively early age,
generally are
of hard
Thethe pig, develop more
with
bony structure.
aio
and
too
that those
in the
now
percentage
was
VOL.
of
very
XXI.
mineral
much
matter
higher
in the
than
in
carcass
that
of the
of the
fat
lysed
sheep anafat
analysed
pig.
In
476
Table
On
XIX.
"
Composition of Oxen,
Eetimated
Expired,
matter
the
of
amount
Voided
Penipired, or
Sheep,
Blored
constituenU
"
for
100
and
np
dry aubsUnca
Pigt,
in
of
Tacraaae,
food
and
"
coDBumed,
fatteoin^ Sbbep,
III.
Class
Class
"
(Smira 4)4
Ml
USnw
inn
V.
(Seriea 1)4
I ;
WX,
iw
fM
ud
PH.
""."".
iSi''""""'
Krpnt
ortlw
"6T.
'"'-
tldiiih
^TH.
"''"
ro,
uid
I-^
Asociailon
tV".
"
""1
For Che
""P""
of 'ha
Briiub
AdrionmnitgrScieDn
A"ciitloi"
Tor
ibe
ASVucrmnit
-^ôh,
foe IKil.
n*.
and
Table
XX.
Estimated
"
or
Expired, Perspired,
of their
of
amount
Voided
Increase whilst
for
"
477
stored
constituents
of matter
up in Increase, and
of food consumed, by fatteningPins,
dry substance
100
Fattening,
Matter
lOO Dry
GENERAL
OF
PARTICULARS
of Food
EXPERIMENTS.
THE
Stored
up
in locreaw.
Ex-
Description of Fattening Food.

Num-
ber
Mineral
Matter
An" PurtUon.
^"^-
in Limited
GiTen
mal^.
Given
ad libitum.
Quantity.
The
wks.days.
I 10
0
of bran
(Mixture
meals
parts;
"
Analysed
and
1, bean
ad libitum
lentil meal
pired,
spired,
Non.
Nitro-
nitro"
Total
genous
Dry
ComInSubpounds
stance
Per-
genotts
(asli)."
(dry).^
or
Voided
(fiit).
Fat
Pig."
S, and
barley-) |
M*
n-
13*20
1 1
^*
8506
14-94
1
2
4
12
Series
Series
1
2
Dried
cod-fish
II4
III4
and Indian
(equal part.^)
Indian
meal
Bmn
meal
.
61-88^
79* 14
.
Means
Series
1
10
"^
Lentil- meal
Lentil-meal
Lentil
meal
Lentils
and
and
and
bran,
bran
bran
bran
sugar,
Sugar
80-51
"
IV.
Surch
and starch
ui libitum
Sugar
starch
; each
0-11
1*76
15
Oil
1*78
15 04
16*94
013
1-82
14
16*08
1%
1436
0-19
01
13
16-W
16
i
,
8312
8:roc
KJ-pa
50
S3
50
Mears
013
183
14
63
16-60
O'US
i-44
15*81
1727
8J-40
,
Means
of all
82
Ti
*
+
The
For
amount
lurther
b probably
of mineral
matter
particulars of the Experiment,
? ^.^^furtlier particular*
i Fur
f jr^lier p
i.
ticul
"rs
in many
see
too low ; see

eases
text^pi" 468. 474, 475, and 476for the Advancement
Report of tlte British Association
of Science
for 'R-"2.
Journal
of the Royal Agrtcultural Society of EnglHnd. vol. xiv. j)nit2.
of the Exp-^rimt-nts,see
ol the E\periraeuts, see
Uepjrtofthe
Britisli Association
for the Advancement
::
of Sicience for .tH"
478
On
In
the
both
of
case
Compositionof Oxen^ Shecpând Pig",
the
the
the
and
oxen
sheep, there
is
striking
nitrogenous
a
to the
uniformity in the proportion of the mineral
actual
In
the
is
the
of
of
matters
amount
growth.
pig, not only
mineral
much
matter
less,but its proportion to the nitrogenous
matters
decrease
to
seems
of mineral
the
sheep 0*30,
On
the
and
in
the
of
carcass
matter
of the
other
that
that
fat
of
the
nitrogenous
0*31, of the
sheep 0'30, and of
fat
of
amount
Thus,
the
substance
portion
pro-
in
was,
0*30, of the storethe very fat sheep 0'30.

the carcass
of the store-pig,
the proportion
to 1 of nitrogenous substance
was
0*183,
It would
fore,
therepig only 0*133.
appear,
mineral
fat
ox
in
matter
fatteningpig will be less than in that

portion to the total increase itself,and
When
fatten.
ox,
matter
the
of
to
in
hand,
mineral
of
lean
animals
the
as
the
the
of
sheep, both in promulated

coincidentlyaccu-
the
to
of the
increase
fatteningfood of the
pig
largely of ripened seeds, containing comparatively
little indigestiblewoody fibre,or
immatured
vegetable products,
it will not appear
surprisingthat 100 parts of the dry substance
increase
than
of its food
should
more
yield much
dry animal
100
of the sheep it was
parts of that of the sheep. In the case
is
it
remembered
the
that
usual
consists
(as the
assumed
most
91
that
kinds),that
about
only
parts
Calculated
of the
average
favourable
the
form
some
same
way,
pig, only 85 per cent,

expired, perspired,or voided.
lots
show
of
pigs, comprising
82' 7
only
per
perspired,or
The
relation
the
off in
and
scope
of the
was
the
case
substance
dry
taking
And,
80
animals,
voided.
of the
lysed
ana-
of the
food
the
of the
average
similar
calculations
of
the
in the total
dry
substance
dry
elements
different
very
various
object
of the
food
food
pired,
ex-
voided.
course,
the
in
were,
of the
the
of the ultimate
is, of
given
of
cent
the
sumed^
conparts of dry substance
increase
were
produced, and
expired, perspired,or
there
fat
24
100
parts of dry
in
were
in
wherein
cases
for
ways
of the
from
the
present
matter
ê
increase
'^'v
'
the
position
com-
illustration of the
the
between
produced
dry
from
substance
it,will
be
of
the
difference
in ultimate
the
and
brought
food,
to
that
light in
of
what
follows.
Relation
of the
FaJt^ and
in
Some
"vr"rements.
,x.^xvion,
,x/ii
out
from
within
not
consider
to
similated
as-
total matters
It is
system.
paper
inatters
in the
that
from
collectively
given
body, and
still less to determine
the
proportions,respectively,
expired by
he
the
voided
in
the
skin, or
lungs, perspired by
liquid and
/Jul
the
to the ready-formed
up in the Increase^
c
onsumed
in
constituents^
thefood^ Sfc,
majorityof
"f readii'fo^êd
stored
Fat
other
'
the
âtty
matter
experiments with
in the
food
was
the
pigs,the
determined.
amount
Com-
On
480
XXI.
Table
for 100
formed
in
compounds,
that
of Fat
that
proportion
been
have
must
FattoDiDg
alrpady
of
Fat
of
produced
the
required if
be
would
For
EXPERIMENTS.
THE
OF
PARTICULARS
GENERAL
the
Increase
the
in
np
fnyin other
Fat
produced
it.
from
formed
stored
consumed,
Starch
of
the amount
Food
of
of
and
of Fat
amount
Dry Matter
the Food, the amount
Pigs
were
the
Showing
"
Pigs^
Compositionof Oxen^ Sheepj and
the
100
Drj
Matter
oTFood.
Food.
Description of Fattening
Nam-
Pens.
ber of
Dorntion.
Animala,
ad
Quantity.
The
''^^H/
^
^^
bariey-meal
None
Indian-meal
Indian-meal
;7
'
13*10
libitum
ad
Bean
Bran
lentil
and
meal,
/ ;
Indian-meal,
meal,
and
lentil
(Bean
ad libitum
"
Indiannneal
and
(Bean
bran
meal
lentil
and
bran, each
and
\
/
Meana
None
Barie]^meal
lentil meal'
and
.Bean
.
and
meal
lentil
meal,
and
bran
of
meal
1, barleyHneal
parts; ad libitnm
bran
3
of bran
1,
{Mixture
barley^meal
parts
3
and
bean
and
bean
8, and
lentil
meal
8, and
libitom
; ad
Series
For
farther
for IKSS.
ftarth*
particulars of
lartknlars
17'48
16*76
16*83
"'15
11*"
sn-s
5'4S
s-si
11*31
16 *M
6*64
10*"
irjr
15'M
4*65
lO'M
f7*3"
16*37
4*8EI
irift
36*11
17*37
t*40
14*97
13*48
10*94
II tl
11*48
8ft*aB
14'fl0
1*56
1*86
1*08
15*45
8*83
19-88
31*86
16*81
11*40
18-83
S*90
15*60
8*81
1*87
iri8
S-18
14*08
86-fl6
i4*rr
8*90
11*78
89*45
15*88
8*08
18*80
S'OO
16*44
S-80
IS'M
11*16
lO-fll
80*57
the
of
Experiments,
the
Experiments,
see
1
j
IILf
Report
see
Means
SD*"
"*!"
"
(Mixture
I lentil
Scloice
t For
10*16
'Baiiej-meal
and
( Bean
lentil
"
1S'S"
None
13*01
8*6"
4-M
14*06
Bran
BarlejHDeaLandbnn
"" 8
r89
14*96
Il.f
Series
Bean
Bran
M-A
bran
None
"" 8
9'M
16*00
lS-98
meal
lentil
and
Bean
'
.
and
S'M
I.f
Series
2, and)
meal
lentil
and
1, bean
3 parts;
Pio."*
"Fat
Analysed
bran
of
Mixture
Given
libitum.
in Limited
Given
of
Journal
the
of
Britiah AsMjcIation
the
Royal
for the
AfridUtmal
AdvmeeaMBteC
of
of their
(md
9*94
the
of
whilst
Increase
fat.
parts of produced
481
FaUening.
thus
would
There
be
of
together, 28*11
starch, taken
ready-formed fat and
parts out
the
in
100
of food, directly engêd
of
storing
dry matter
if
add
fat
this
in the
to
we
body of the 13*2 parts of
;
up
time
1*73
mineral
at the same
matters
parts of nitrogenous and
fixed
of
dry
have
29*84
increase, we
parts
of food, directly contributing,in
the
in
matter
the
100
the
of
out
sense
posed,
sup-
parts of
*ln
dry increase.
production of only 14*94
here
70*16
implied, therefore,only
particular sense
parts
would
100
the
of
food
be
of
matter
dry
expired,perspired,
stead
thus
voided, without
directly contributing to increase, in-
the
to
the
out
or
of 85*06
14*94
parts
represents the diffisrence
which
"
actually stored
produce it.
parts only of dry substance
of
dry matter
Following
consumed
food
the
with
to
line
same
pigs,
the
fat
parts of
100
and
up,
all the
obtained
result
average
16*04
with
illustration
of
the
between
other
is,that
periments
ex-
100
dry
with
stored
of
3*96
only
up,
gave
in
the
least
12*08
At
food.
matter
ready-formed
fatty
parts
formed
from
other substances.
been
parts must, therefore,have
of
If from
that
for
would
30*2
substance
it
starch,
require
parts
formation
12*08
the
of the
readyparts of produced fat. The
formed
the starch tcêther would
fat and
amount
to 34*16
parts*
of
and
mineral
1*36
There
nitrogenous
further,
part
were,
In all,therefore, 35*52 parts out of 100 of
assimilated.
matters
in this comparatively direct
of food contributed
dry matter
gross
of 17*3 parte of gross
to the formation
dry increase.
manner,
starch
of
It will
that assuming
be observed
to be the source
almost
the produced fat,as
there
above
were
described,
exactly
thus
2 parts of dry substance
of food
directlyengaged in contributing
It appears,
of 1 part of dry increase.
to the formation
fed
of pigs
on
good fatteningfood, about
too, that in the case
of food
matter
of
one-third
of
devoted.
About
less
direct
whole
the
two-thirds
be
may
so
will, if at all,only in a
the production of increase.
to
less directly,for
more
or
serve,
therefore
contribute
manner,
consumed
substance
dry
large proportionwill
tions
respirationonly, or for the supply of material for the transformain die
body independently of any
constantly going on
Of
this
increase
permanent
its
solid
indigestibleand
digestible constituents, larger
voided
matters
of
as
character
of the
off unused
and
From
food
of
in
of both
increase
food,
and
to
the
the
and, besides
necessarilyeffete,a quantity
substance
or
smaller
excess
of it
according
consumed,
to
the
will pass
comparatively unchanged.
of the fattening
knowledge of the general character
in relation
and
to the amount
oxen
sheep, considered
the
it yields,and
to
probable composition of that
increase, it
may
be
concluded
that, in
their
case
as
well
as
in
On
482
of
that
pigs,
been
of
food
fact, be
than
speak)
appears
the
of
direct
consists
"
Of
food.
about
from
100
production
tlien,that
the
of
increase
much
as
as
large
very
beyond that
Since
it
increase
of
foocl.
fat,
substance
dry
of
that
bo
frequently
of the
much
as
pigs.
As
has
total
or
the
of
There
the
considerable
dry
ing
fatten-
will, in
of the
food
the
(so
to
proportion of
the
Jbt of
largely
"
so
fattening animals
of the
constitueiUs
formed
body from other
the other
hand, it is
nitrogenous compounds, on
of the
he
may
the
whole
of
will
of increase.
so-called
in the
probable that frequentlyas

of
half
of the
JPtffSy
of the
dry matter
aqimals, appropriated in
latter
tiie increase
which
only
sheep, as
proportion of
oxen
fat
constituents
and
far less
former
It
is obtained
of
amount
other
from
body
however,
seen,
increase,
considerable
in the
formed
Compositionof Oxen, Sheepând
the
will
consumed
the
little,and
In
animal.
they
do
can
of
be
less,than
even
finallystored
found
animals
fact, if the
matters
of
not
up
to
are
cent
per
in
store
which
must
is
"
probable, that
body is derived
of the
food
constituents
is
up
containing nitrogen, a
through the body,,
pass
nitrogen
in the increase.
finallyretained
that
the
far
is found,
larger proportion of the
by
is reallyâ^ itself; since
the fattening animals
amount
the
least
at
from
great
5/arcA, and
since
of
part
other
large an
the
fat
solid
it is
up in the
ents
constitu7W)7i-nitrogenous
of
stored
non-nitrogenous
of the
required
respiratorydemands
since the current
so
fattening foods contain
system ; and
very
is eventually retained
of nitrogen than
in the inmuch
crease
more
excite
it can
that
the
hardly
surprise
comparative value
does
their
of foods, as
not
such,
depend upon
j"ercentage of
of
Practically provided die amount
be
in ornot
actually deficient, which
dinary
nitrogenous compounds
foods
is
seldom
the
the
crease
of inamount
case
fattening
the
is much
more
frequentlydependent on
proportion in
of tlie digestible and
assimilable
the food
pounds,
??o"-nitrogenouscomthat of the nitrogenoiis
It would, in fact,
than
on
ones.
the
be
current
more
nearly true to say, that in our
food-stufls,
and
assimilable
constituents
are
non-nitrogenous
iigestible
nerally
gethe
in relative
than
that
and
to
defect,
digestible
say
'assimilable
nitrogenous compounds are so.
from
the manure
highly nitrogenous foods is the
*", however,
of the farmer,
it
becomes
the interest
valuable,
frequently
those
use
regard to it, to purchase and
having the
laving
of nitrogen.
"gher amounts
The
such, are, however,
even
as
comparative values of food-stuffs,
determined
be
the
to
^-i
unconditionally
by
j"ercentage of either
h*" f/xfc^lnitrogenous
to+nl no"-nitrogenous constituents.
or
The
;
"
so
to
meet
amount
the
"
"
"
"
"-
and
records
been
a
the
of
hitherto
of tlieir
Increase
whilst
ultimate
numerous
made,
it is true,
are,
of
examine
analyses of foods which have

of high value
and
interest in
now
possessing them, as the
But
point of view.
desideratum
is
to
general estimates, the next
the
into
condition
of
the
and
nature
more
closely
imate
proxwhich
to distinguish those
are
compounds of food-stuffs
statistical
basis
483
Fattening.
certain
"
"
digestible
and
assimilable
relative
the
replaceable portions
and
"
value
evidence
with
the
on
of animal
from
values
above
of
mpre
point, and
which
those
of
the
are
not
comparable
all, to
reference
fix
our
to
or
direct
has
been
hitlierto
to
"
termine
de-
mutually
standards
of
parative
com-
experimental
of
existing knowledge
to
bcKlies,than
so
the
usual,
or
position
comeven
possible.
The
conclusions
main
enumerated
as
follows
I.
"
1.
from
the
whole
inquiry may
be
briefly
"
Food
and
Increase.
Fattening oxen, fed liberallyupon

moderate
proportion of cake or com,
good food, composed of

some
hay or straw
chaff,
other
with roots
succulent
food, and well-managed, will, on the
or
12
of such
mixed
of the dry substance
lbs.
13
to
consume
average,
food, per 100 lbs. live-weight,per. week ; and should
give 1 lb.
for 12 to 13 lbs. dry substance
of increase
consumed.
so
Sheep
somewhat
similar
circumstances
(but with a
fattening under
15 lbs. of
about
loss proportion of hay or
will
consume
straw),
the
of the
mixed
foods, per 100 lbs. live-weight,
dry substance
considerable
week
should
period of time,
a
yield over
; and
per
in live-weight for about
9 parts of the dry
1 part
of increase
If the
be
of good quality,oxen
of their food.
food
substance
for a given
of increase
and
amount
sheep may give a maximum
of total dry substance
of food, even
amount
provided the latter
contain
much
genous
5 parts of total non-nitrogenous to 1 of nitroas
as
compounds.
2. Pigs, fed liberally
food composed
chieflyof corn, will
upon
from
26 to 30 lbs. per 100 lbs. live-weight, per week, of
consume
the dry substance
crease
of such
food.
They should yield 1 part of inthe
5
the
of
in live- weight for 4 to
dry substance
parts of
of increase
for a
food.
maximum
amount
They may
give a
of dry substance
of such
as
food, if it contain
given amount
5 or
much
6 parts of total non
even
-nitrogenous to 1 of
than
rather
more
[The cereal grains contain on the average
6 parts of total non-nitrogenous to 1 of nitrogenous compounds
;
2 parts to 1.
and
the leguminous seeds
often not
much
than
more
a
as
484
On
Oilcakes
Compositionof Oxen, Sheepând
the
Pigsy
than
contain rather more
six-sevenths,
foreign com
and
home-grown com,
hay, "c., rather less than six-sevenths,of
their
Common
turnips generally
weight, of "dry substance."
one-ninth
contain
one-twelfth
swedes
about
about
; mangolds
;
their
of
about
about
and
weight
one-fourth,
one-eighth,
potatoes
of dry substance."]
much
5 or
3. With
6 parts of total non-nitrogenons
as
as
1
of the fattening
of
to
nitrogenous compounds, in the dry substance
food
of oxen,
sheep, and pigs, the increase will probably
be
In the earlier
"it.
feeding, a
stages of growth and
very
lower
pounds
proportion of total non-nitrogenous to nitrogenous comand
"
is desirable.
4.
Taking
higher value
it is
even
"
the
of
the
to
most
of
end
the
of
cost
those
the
which
profitablefor the
feeding process
in
constituents
his
rich
are
farmer
in
to
Proportion
II.
"
1. In
their
proportionto
of
and
stomachs
of
weight
"
proportion
is
live-
in
Parts.
contain
oxen
than
contents
employ
stock-foods, than
nitrogenous
proportion of increase
yield the maximum
of food.
of dry substance
a
given amount
for
weight
gen,
nitro-
higher
"
the
and
foods,
to
necessary
more
from
manure
frequentlythe
up
of
the
consideration
into
sheep,
considerably
siderably
sheep con-
and
of intestines
pigs ; pigs considerably more
and
than
than
contents
oxen.
Oxen,
sheep, and sheep more
and
have
the
of
other
nearly
sheep,
pigs,
equal proportions
internal
:
namely, heart and aorta, lungs and windpipe^
organs
milt
and
or
liver,gall-bladder and contents, pancreas,
spleen,
have
also
taken
nearly equal proportions of
together. They
than
more
blood
; but
2. In
As
fat than
oxen,
organs
increase
in actual
to the
weight of
tlie animal.
4.
Of
the
the
').As
"
-.Tal
^hfi
.vurti
".
to
60
nay
shom^
internal
and
sheep,
increases
weight
weight,
Well
per
in
mature
oxen,
the
and
in
cent
and
yield
carcass
65
from
bIi/--iM
"
-g3Â
fat alone
proportion to the
weight
increases
of the
both
body,
aa
fatten.
and
actual
in
of
bred,
ternal
inweight sheep yield rather more
much
and
less than either.
pigs very
and'
fatten,the internal
pigs mature
in proportion
weight ; but they diminish
offal parts, the loose
and
weight
animals
least.
their
sheep, and
oxen,
in actual
the
rather
pig
proportion to
loose
3.
the
body
pigs mature
weight, but
; the
proportion to
"
fatten, the total

in porportion
diminishes
and
"
carcasses
the
both
in
of the
body.
should
yield 58
moderately fattened
oxen,
fat oxen
in fasted live-weight; excessively
70
fattened
to
Moderately
sheep
per cent
oVv-"n
^f{
Y""] êp*"
weight
increase
trarcass
in
fasted
live*
ajid
of their
Increase
whilH
Fattening,
485
weight ; excessive! j fat sheep may

yield 64 per cent, or more.
Moderately fat pigs,killed for fiiesh pork, should yield (including
head
and
in fasted
livefeet)about 80 to 82 per cent, carcass
weight; large,well-fattened
pigs, fed for curing, will yield a
considerably higher proportion. In each of the three descriptions
of animal, the
proportion will, however, vary much
according
breed,
to
7.
of
Of
condition.
age, and
the
the
increase
over
fat
moderately
(1J
reckoned
be
may
final 6 months
75
sheep,
Of
the
less
per
fat
than
3 months
or
70
to
feeding,
increase
(If
to
the
over
old)
years
saleable
as
cent,
per
carcass.
of liberal
feeding
(includinghead
cent,
per
65
the
fat
very
reckoned
be
90
saleable
as
Of
carcass.
may
final
the
pig", about
the
of liberal
feeding, of
cent
over
reckoned
When
8.
80
increase
be
may
as
6 months
old) sheep,
year
saleable
of liberal
to
moderately
1J
to
final
and
of
feet)
carcass.
fatteningfood
of
sheep, and pigs, contains

5 parts of non-nitrogenous to 1 of nitrogenous
for a given amount
proportion of gross increase
about
oxen,
compounds, the
of dry substance
with
of die food, will not
increase
the increased
the
of
nitrogenous compounds ;
proportion
proportion of carcass
the carless ; and
somewhat
to the live-weight will probably be
casses
and
themselves
will be somewhat
more
bony
fleshy,and
less fat.
Chemical
III.
"
Of
1.
total
the
intestines),
fat
a
ox
48^ ;
fat
very
cent.
per
40^,
of
total
dry
dry
Composition
substance
entire
of
(excluding
of
body
iat
the
Animals.
calf
stomachs
of
contents
contained
and
34
about
; of
sheep about 50 ; of
sheep nearly 60 ; and of a moderately "at pig about 55,
contained
Of leaner animals, the body of a half-fat ox
store
pig 39f per cent, of
sheep 36f and of a store
of
"it lamb
nearly
44
; of
fat
substance.
dn/ nitrogenous compounds, the

therefore, besides
flesh, the pelt,hair or
entire
body (including
ternal
wool, bones, and inabout
15^ ; of a fat
organs), of a fat calf contained
12^ ; of a fat sheep 12^ ; of a very fat
ox
14^ ; of a fat lamb
The
store
sheep 11 ; and of a moderately fat pig 11, per cent.
2 to 3
animals
from
contained
pounds
nitrogenous commore
per cent
than
the corresponding fat ones.
about
of a fat calf contained
3. Of
dry fat, the entire ^y
30 ; of a fat lamb
28^ ; of a fat sheep 35^ ;
14^ ; of a fat ox
of a moderately fat pig 42, per
fat sheep 45 J ; and
of
very
2.
Of
cent
4. In
probably
the
store
contain
condition,
from
3J
to
the
4
per
entire
cent
bodies
; of
oxen
of
calves
from
4J
will
to
486
On
"
; of
cent.
per
2i
to
per
the
5. In
lambs
IJ
and
3^
to
cent., of mineral
6.
reckoned
contain,
to
The
mean
fit
cent
of
water,
Even
of the
bodies
from
pigs
shows
animals
40
nearly
per
potash.
animals
analysed in
average,
of
cent
butcher,
cent,
and
on
composition
per
all, about
fat ; in
the
per
of
the
for
13
matter,
and
matter,
about
and
phosphoric acid,
7.
cent
per
1 J per cent., of mineral

matter,
The
mineral
of the entire
matter
to
be
from
sheep
Pigsy
of calves
bodies
and
fattened condition, the entire
of
from
3J to 4 per cent. ; those
probably contain
sheep from 2 J to 2 1 per cent. ; and those of pigs from
will
oxen
Composition of Oxcn^ Sfieep,and
the
about
33
and
49 per cent,
total dry substance, and
of stomachs
contents
of
dition
con-
mineFal
cent
per
may
cent
cent
per
51
per
intestines.
and
reputed store or lean condition, the entire bodies

of oxen,
contain
more
dry fat than. dry
sheep, and pigs, may
contained
entire
9. The
body of a moderately fat ox
more
8.
in
than
twice
much
; that
fat
The
10.
Tiie
50
from
55
times
; of
per
very
of
as
much,
as
of
cent.
fat
of
dry
65
from
2 to
of
fat
very
jork about
times
mutton
^f
to
moderately
moderately
fat
*o
)e
tr.
p-
fat,
as
of
fat
in
the
that
of
will
bodies
the
of
oxen,
nitrogenous
probably contain
more
or
fat
cent,
beef
will
of
pigs
of total
to
60
rately
mode-
still,
cent
dry
probably
from
to
more
50 per
about
per
55
from
mutton
cent,
fat mutton
stance.
sub-
contain
times
for fresh
pigs killed
pigs fed for curing, a considerably
of uitrogenous compounds.
"^"siTioN
times
OF
; of
Increase.
6 months
libtiallyfed oxen^ over
or
more
consist
will
of
70
fattening period,
probably
to
65
total
60
substance
of
to
jnt.
which,
dr}'
;
parts will
and
about
8 parts nitrogenous compounds,
to
1^ part
i.lm/t^$
to
of
and
^'-
"
"I
as
of very
of fat lamb
40
from
times,
proT^rfion
"it-orp
; of
per
and
;
of
twice
; that
moderately
pounds.
dry nitrogenous com-
moderately fat beef

; of moderately fat
mutton
of
carcasses
with
much
as
that
matter
falls
pigs 60 to 65 per cent.

The
of total dry substance.
carcasses
veal carcasses
and
only from 35
The
fat
than
more
times
; and
mineral
and
lamb
three
much
fat
12.
fat
sheep nearly
times
carcasses
to
cent.
per
four
proportion
pigs, rises
sheep, and
compounds.
11.
fat
sheep
pig nearly four
very
; that
much
as
of
\jOl,i'\J
yjv
488
5.
was
found
to
Pigs were
supplied ready forined
from
formed
were
in
contribute
that
half
only
of
in
the
of
fat
the
If
In
be
were
be
fat
required
for
of about
formation
here
sense
about
would
fattening food
the
as
produced
formed,
so
the
to
the
fat
much
as
would
the
of
increase.
directlycontributing
5 times
to
manner
would
of Implements
food.
substance
(instead of
food,
Trial
2^ parts
If
direct
dry
two-thirds
about
without
dry
pretty
amount
substance
up
their
starch, ahout
total
of the
one-third
store
of 1 part of fat
formation
the
and
the Exhibition
Rej)orton
supposed,
cent), of the dry

expired, perspired,or voided,
82
85
to
per
increase.
to
current
fatteningfood-"tii"b,
comparative values of our
a$
their
saleable
animal
amount
on
increase^depend more
a
source
of
assimilable
of digestibleand
t
han
that
of the
on
Tzon-nitrogenous,
their value
But, as a source
nitrogenous constituents.
of manure^
will be the greater, the
higher their proportion of nitrogenous
compounds.
The
XXIV.
"
Report
the Exhibition
on
B.
H.
By
Canterbury Meeting.
and
Trials
of Implements at the
Caldwell,
Acting Senior
Steward.
It
to
seems
been
ought
existence
in
to
success
that
me
"
be
Reports
of
twenty
be
difficult
information
my
in former
numbers
contained
the
of
Society
Agricultural Society
the Senior
years,
lengthened
this
Royal
tliat all
member
every
to
write
would
nor
the
upwards
able
consideration
when
of its
account
task
must
; but
be
of the
Steward
and
progress
on
has
taking
into
from
the
derived
Journal,
to
which
with
myself^
equal access
the
Canterbury Meeting.
has
remarks
to
to confine
my
purpose
much
regret that this Report must
of my
being compelled
consequence
the
bury
before
these
circumst;mces
incidents
of the
trials
Meeting,
points whi('h seem

I ought first to
yard, its convenient
proximity to
Those
the
of
I fmd
to
me
mention
trial
advantajjês
I
I
necessarily be defective, in
by illness to leave Canter*
Under
Implements were
completed.
it impossible fullyto detail the various
I shall
but
to
make
call for
the
fields,which
remark
on
those
special notice.
b(*autiful
distance
some
from
the
situation
the
of
well
as
town,
themselves
lay well
showas
its
together.
judges and
duly appreciated by
at
myself, have
previous Meetings
many
their
off
in
walked
More*
been
legs
passing from field to field.
itself
land
well
selected
the
tlie
for
of
was
over
testing
purpose
of
steam-cultivation, comprising various
descriptions
gfround,
smooth, flat and hilly, as is well described
rougli and
by the
officials,who,
like
were
the
at
Canterbury Meeting,
Report. The
humble
of
opinion, one
my
kept in view, especiallyfor
their
in
judges
taken
often
been
seldom
day, they were

at
Canterbury
A
so
far
I heard
great deal has been
from
situation
the
the
489
1860.
of
trial-fields
the
important objects
most
of
sake
who
exhibitors
is,in
be
to
have
the
implement-yard that, day after

in it
be found
short stay
to
During my
no
complaints on this account
said on the subjectof pointsfor the judges'
it may,
to the tests
however, be observed, that in addition
employed, "c. "c.,
supplied by the record of work done, power
selves
there have
always been points of investigationsuggesting them-
decisions
the
spontaneouslyto
judge's own
mind
results
the
as
of
not
knowledge, without
various
o
f
his
office
responsibilities
; and
in
those considerations, while
of being stated
they hardly admit
numerical
tables, are
yet indispensablefor arriving at a right
"lecision
the competing implements.
between
his
experience
that
easily done
the
ascertain
repairs, and
would
he
Agricultural Committees
Local
recommend
machines
which
be
the
undertake
fit to
and
out
come
by
each
man
well
ill-working
or
the
of
this
their
in
watch
to
the
various
neighbourhood :
speaking to his neighbour
may
others
be
and
would
its
sphere
of
at
market.
the
If, moreover,
in this
action
The
Royal Society
direction, great good
Reports
of the
Judges
extend
would
effected.
be
generally satisfactory,especially
and
Threshing-machines, both
on
with
I am
will
be
read
of which
interest.
sorry that the judges
include
the
do
of the steam-cultivators
not
charge of a second
of accidents,
engii^, which
ought always to be ready, in case
especiallyon large farms, or those chieflyconsisting of clay land,
for root-crops,
the land
the great object is to prepare
which
on
after
harvest
wheat
for
and
to plough
immediately
leys
; under
risk of interruptionin the work
becomes
such
circumstances,
any
imjx"rtant
that
here
remark
is now
1 may
steam-cultivation,which
has
the
exclusive
claim
to
no
deservedly in such
great vogue,
who
Those
have
merit
of augmenting
our
growth of com.
and
its powers,
judiciouslyapplied them, more
speculated on
especiallyin breaking up stubbles for the next year'sroot-crops,
immediately after harvest, have, without doubt, improved these
by careful and
latter,and also (ifthe land be properly cleaned
in succession.
follow
repeated lioeings,"c.) all the crops which
the
those
13 ut,
been
also
farmers
With
at
the
it
be
observed,
carried
in many
are
Steam-cultivators
this
forward
system
by horse-power,
in England.
counties
out
regard to the
adjourned Trial
Local
of the
Prizes
and
and
the
Reapers, I
has
has
for
made
Award
shall
say
many
of the
but
years
prosperous
Judges
little ; but
490
Report
they
to
appear
decision.
Exhibition
the
on
have
to
me
Trial
and
taken
of Implements
pains
great
arrive
to
experience, both
Koyal Agricultural Society'sMeetings, and as
and
Norfolk
in
in
will, I
of corn,
work.
the
has
in Wiltshire
It ried
too
was
side
say
Judge
farmer,
can
This
delivery.
bear
confident,
am
that
platform, so
work
not
that
little
see
remark
at
both
use
applies
Those
long and bulky straw-crops of Wiltshire.
the
labour
off
of
of
a
raking
experience
goad crop
had
have
I must
as
right
the
especiallyto
who
own
my
Wiltshire,
in
which
reaper
from
however
Speaking
the
at
had
man
for
severe
machine
the
witness
strong
which
only
to
severityof
the
drew
it
rake
keep
to
man
the
to
com
up
to
on
off,and
for
the
yet the
length
any
of time.
In
Kentish
the
trial,the
described
are
crops
that
the
the
by
Judges
only 3 to
as
4
am
longest wheat was
average."
1
foot.
and
about
the
barley
high,
in their
decision
The
doubt, influenced
Judges were, no
by
the cheapness and
portabilityof the Prize Implement, as well as
tried ; and
if these latter fairly
it was
by the crops on which
plement
represent the produce of the district,for such a district that imI
"
told
feet
It must
the
be
may
that
overlooked, however,
be
not
prize, awarded
best.
Local
by
fairlyselect
the
for
Judges
prize
; and
the
if,on
the
might
reaper
with
them, on the other
own
neighbourhood,
the
rest
Royal Agricultural Society),must
last fact
by
(and
perhaps
not
with
be
responsibility
found
makers
implement
some
their
chief
the
may
to
to
Prizes.
Loral
To
however,
return,
made
it take
three
Prize-reaper, the
the
to
two-thirds
of the
delivery,and
side
the
this
objection made
for the
reason
In
decision.
suited
hand
local
hand, they
one
best
"
of the
prize was
the
which,
of the
power
by the
dynamometer
machine
which
Judges' Report,
It
therefore
cutting
was
be
had
doubted
day.
per
may
generality of wheat-crops the prize imple-will be found
take the case
of a good
nent
preferable; but if we
with
clover
which
be
laid
left
and
must
a
ôf ley-crop,
ley,
strong
until it is properly weathered
swathe
for the stack, I think the
side
still graver
a
delivery will appear
^x)rtance of securing
by
more,
-whether
""
acres
for the
even
"
-tter
jcissage
in
the
i
th*-
jnii*'-"^
"
the
of
corn
^r
-nnc.
the
words
remarks
this
view
machines
aid
to
have
iftpr- Tin^niff Imc
must'
of the
be
let
will
be
man
made
who
refer
me
of
be
"n
much
self-acting,
now
perfectlytrue,
strongly advocated
*""'"
to
in Carlisle
delivered
Graham,
these
England, they
these
preceding
of
support
James
Before
without
I believe
lard."
n
"
farmers
deliver
of Sir
speech
think, 1851
"cO
In
of consideration.
iutercst, and
works
side
paid
CanterburyMeeting^ 1860.
at the
attention
its
the
to
subject,I
importance
harvest
I consider
; and
Royal
on
within
statingit.
I am
decidedly
devoted
are
Report
led
who
wish
to
that
the
of
his
of
I also
the
for
are,
well
get
much
through
Steward
deliberate
should
too
of the
opinion
shrink
not
and
time
see
their
from
attention
and
articles it
numerous
experience to
my
formed
department,
Miscellaneous
Journal.
articles
has
that
by
acting as
man
any
opinion
the
to
in the
space
what
been
Agricultural Society,if he
matter
those
to
have
491
"
that the
Department,
contains
occupies too much
that
hope
included
be
future, to
will
Council
the
in
the
decide
laneous
Miscel-
Department.
I
beg leave
their repeated
throughout my
best
express
my
of kindness, and
acts
and
On
thanks
to
of
term
support.
office,
they
head
this
for the
have
with
which,
their assistance
especiallydue.
are
I will
one
sorry
of the
conclude
now
me
upon
year
that 1 was
am
this
before
Lackham
Home,
the
has
devolved
Report (a duty which
time) by again saying how
proper
unable
Implements, and
Incomplete.
and
that
be
to
at
post during all the trials
my
of the
account
my
There
were
five
in the
No.
and
1.
Coleman
and
render
2.
tackle
cultivation
of the
new
Constructed
who
soil,**
describe their
work
when
Robey
double
5-prong culprincipleof the exhiChelmsford
; improved
Patent
"
on
the
by R. Coleman, of
; invented
and
is made
simple movement,
to
implement arrives at the laiid'send, so
novel
the
Price 42/.
turning unnecessary.
and Co., of Lincoln.
Complete
and
and improved by Chandler
invented
to
No.
poor
Ploughs.
Sons, Chelmsford, Essex.^
by exhibitors.
for steam-power
sideways into
pass
to the
original cultivator,but, by
biters*
so
followingterms.
manufactured
tivator
is
prize oflFered" for the class of
for the
competitors entered
applications of steam-power
entries
Meeting
Chippenham,
Report of tJie Judges for Steam
as
readiness
tendered
personalacknowledgments
own
my
all the officials for
to
set of
patent steam-ploughing
Oliver,of Bow ; and manufactured
lO-horse-power portable double-
"
of
Consists
by the exhibitors.
with
exhibitors'
The cylinders are
the
cylinder engine,
patent steel fire-box.
and
Oliver's
has
Chandler
of
It
boiler.
on
patent drum-ploughing
])laced top
and
driven
revolves
on
engine's hind travelling-axle,
windlass, which
by
with
is
fitted
from
link-motion, reversinggearing
fly-wheelshaft;
governors,
horse steeringin front.
with
Water-tank
one
is
gear, and is self-propelling,
while travellingby
fixed
the boiler to carry a supply of water
underneath
to
steam
"c. ;
fuel, stoking-tools,
spanners,
; tender
carry engine-driverand
snatch-blocks, anchors,ropewaterproof cover, strong wood travelling-wheels,
Price, inclusive of ploughs, 645?.,
yards of steel-wire rope.
IKjrters,and 1200
subject
Patent
VOL.
to
2i per cent,
3-furrow
XXI.
discount
for cash.
balance-ploughand
cultivator
combined
; invented
and
im-
492
Report
Trial
and
the Exhibition
on
of Implements
and Oliver, of Bow, and manufactured

hy J. and F. Howaid,
for cash.
61Z., subject to 2J per cent, discount
No.
3. Thomas
Eight-horse-poWer P^^l"
Beards, of Stowe, Bucks.
and
invented
manufactured
double
cylinder steam-engine ;
by Thomfti
250?.
of
Price
Bicketts,
Buckingham.
]"roveilby Chandler
of Bedford.
Price
"
Implement.) Apparatus for steam-cultivatingland ; invented

by the
Castle
Iron-Works
exhibitor, and manufactured
Company
by the Buckingham
One
of Buckingham.
set of steam-ploughing apparatus,
consisting of pairof
drums, with fixingsfor attaching to ])ortablesteam-engine, with set of pulleys
Priioe
900
and
yards of steel-wire rope.
blocks, anchors, rollers,"c., with
(New
lOOZ.
and
plough, invented
double-furrow
Iron
Bedford.
manufactured
by
Howatdli
of
62. 6".
Price
Eddington, of Chelmsford, Essex (New ImpIement).-^Wiiid*

ploughing or cultivating ; invented by the exhibitor, and manti"otand
Driven
by a portable iteam-engine,
by A. and W. Eddington, of Chelmsford.
FowlePs
for drawing ploughs or
anchor
complete with
any other implement
No.
Alfred
4.
lass for
by itself; or it may
being required. It
and
worked
be
field to field.
from
Price
with
combination
in
is self-shiftingwithout
the
no
following,
horses,both
any
the
on
anchor
heedlatid
200?.
by Clayton, Shuttleworth, and Co., of Linodii.

Steam^ngine ; manufactured
work
lbs. pressure
to
Double
made
at 80
extra
strong,
cylinder,
pet square
fitted
with
and
with
extra
safety-valve,
inch,
roversing-gear,
pressure-gauge,
whistld".*
and
Price
315*.
Four-furrow
plough
Sims,
by Kansomc,
Price
breasts.
And
and
invented
Co.,
and
by Clayton
Steam-engine ; manufactured
ceding. Price 316?.
Shuttleworth
same
as
pn-
Fowler, Junr., and mannfaotarad

by John
Ipswich. Fowler's ordinary plough with steel
of
84?.
lastly
"
A 12-horso
Fowler, Jun., 28, Comhill, London.
set of steaminvented
and
the
and
improved
exhibitor,
factured
manuby
;
and
Leeds.
Kitson
12-horse
Hewitson,
oi
engine (double
by
and tender, andto,
cylinder),with self-moving and reversing-gear,windlass
No.
5. John
"
cultivating apparatus
yards
800
field-tools
of
steel
roi"e, headland
complete.
Price
rope,
20
rope-porters, 2
snatoh-blooka,and
699?.
surface-plough; invented and improved by exhibitor,and

Sims
of Ipswich.
and
Fitted
also with
scMifier^
by Kansomo
traction-tackle.
The
iiUrnmB
hearts, adapted to be worked
by the same
of 9i to 12J inches wide.
Price 811.
capable of being set to plough a furrow
commenced
The
trials were
on
Wednesday, July 4th, on Folly Farm, tiie
field selected presenting groat capabilities
for testing the working powen
of
bo
tried.
The
soil
to
the implements
a
was
moderately strong loam
on
an
indurated
portions of the field was
gravellysubsoil, and in some
strongly held
About
two-thirds
of the
together by the growth of indigenous herbage.
inclination
considerable
end $ the
at the
level, with
a
lengths ploughed were
had
in old clover-ley; the other
been in peas
Avel ix)rtion
the
was
sown
on
4-furrow
Balance
manufactured
idge, and
raised
ostacle
"
in
old
grass
of the
portion of the upper

to the
working of
most
worthless
character.
part of the field,which

the
implement
An
old
presented
(Fowler*s) in whose
a
farm-toad
oonsiderable
allolmellt
vas.
^team-plough
**
K"
Neither
the
"""")plied.
"^^
trials have
become
horse-powerof
vêoiiied*
the
so
familiar
engines, nor
to the
the
agriculturalpublio
descriptionand
that
IfingUiof
.1
descriptionof
brief
very
is here
that
necessary.
cultivator
the different
apparatus entered
his
fully described
by
auxiliary implement by any possessor
Colernan's
an
as
Canierbwy Meetinffy1860.
the
ai
is
498
for
This
entry.
of
competition is
and
power
be
may
of
all
used
traction
tackle.
*
the imof traction, with
adopted Smith's
system
of
the rope.
a
triangularinstead of a rectangular arrangement
])rovement
iron frame
A double set of ploughs are
carried on
an
; the ploughs being shifted
of the ground at the end
of the
lx)ut8
of a strong
in and
out
by means
in charge.
lever, worked
by the man
The
engine had two cylinders,7i inches in diameter, with a 12-inch stroke,
Uobey
and
Co.
have
of
'*
**
and
driven
was
lbs.
50
the
on
the
at
square
working-power equal
mean
Beard's
apparatus
working
was
160
revolutions
for
at
of
pressure
would
friction,
give a
horses.
to 28
upon
minute,
per
3-lOtbs
This, allowing
The
arrangements.
hind
of
rate
inch.
the
principlealso,differingonly in its
winding-drums were
firmly fixed by screw-bolts
|iart of the engine, and
same
by a pitch-chain, driven direct

distributed
the
ingenious movement
very simple
the
of
in
surface
the
the
drum, preventing
winding equally over
overrojje
laj)pin2 so injurious to the rope and to the regularworking of the apparatus
"generally. The
plough used was a double one, made of iion isk the ordinary
the tackle was
manner
arranged so as to work merely up and down
; the
; and
to
the
the
from
shaft.
main
anchor-blocks
had
engine
two
driven
was
lbs.
50
and
requiringto be shifted frequentlyas the

with
cylinders of 5^ inches diameter,
the
at
rate
the square
on
worked
were
of
revolutions
160
inch, which
would
per
give
work
proceeded.
10^
inch
with
minute,
The
stroke, and
of
pressure
to 14* 109
working-power equal
horses.
An
engine,
Eddington employed a double set of apparatus to do the work.
the
plac^
at
a
on
travelling-framecarrying
winding-drums, was
each
end
The
of the space
be ploughed.
to
ploughs (Fowler's patent), of
worked
the
of the ground and then
two
sets
which
centre
were
required,
up to
returned
their
to
respective starting-places.The engines being placed directly
the winding-drums, communicated
to them
motion
readilyand also
over
very
mounted
of the
driving-wheels
the
to
advanced
the
while
of the
great
carriages, which
its
resistance
weight
offered
the work
as
to
the
lateral
quite unnecessary.
system of anwiorage
The
engines used had single cylinders 9 inches in diameter, with a 12-indi
revolutions
the rate of 130
at
driven
stroke, and
were
per minute, with
strain
of
j^ressure
19i
traction-rope rendered
self-moving
were
own
lbs. per
55
square
any
inch
thus
giving
working-power equal
to
horses.
The
generalarrangement
"lescribed.
From
year
indeed, of
Fowler's
apparatus is
too well
have
been
to be
known
introduced
again
into the
driven
stroke.
It
])ressurc
horses.
of 68
The
trials were
was
lbs.
on
year
the
details,while
working
of Fowler's
improvements
strength and finish of the engine exhibited, and,
all parts of the apparatus, were
worthy of every commendation.
had
two
cylinders7^ inches in diameter, with a 12-inch
engine
to
at
the
continued
oi
rate
the square
140
revolutions
inch, equivalentto
during
the 4th
and
two
per
with
minute,
working-powjpr of
followingdays
already described ; when, after testing their respective

powers
tlie following results were
obtained:'
on
35'68
the land
in vmrioos
ways,
"
Smith's
and
Fowler's
apparatas
and
working
arrangements
are
described and
illustrated, vol. xix., p. 326.
494
we
the
that
find
of coals
quantity
consumed
and
would
per acre,
stand
Goals
Area
Ploughed
perdayoflOhra.'
R.
p.
lbs.
37
172-3
12
186-6
10
Fowler
11
1
10
..
cost
acre
per
given below
estimate
we
Cost
Co.
and
Robey
Beards
Ekldington
.
in the
apparent
would
in
error
second
first,and
was
working
lU.,
men
t.
".
{)
19
356
15
and
boys
8cwt
"^
3e,
"
details of
working
are
expenses
g^
8.
B.
B.
9.
d.
37
12
10
10
11
quantity
of
coals
consumed
confirmed
longer than
day, assuming 200
the
the
as
time
the
by Fowler
obtained
results
reported.
of
number
^^
d.
Beards*,
Five
da}t
"^
men
I Water-carting
Coals, 5}
"c
j Oil,
cwt
Removal
19
per
Acre.
A.
U
U
10
per
14
12
Godt
9.
done
Day.
per
and]
and
at
15
perl 0
tear
cost price,606Z. )
at
Work
continued
..
Oil, "c
Interest
18}
"
Water-carting
Coals,
16
185-76
This, however,
expenses
per
in the year :
Co.*8,
two
the
noting
trial necessary.
therefore
not
be at work
Rohey
Four
l5tty.
r.06
780
t Estimated
they
cwts.
Cost
Worldng
Price.
1198
Fowler
An
Day.
per
rf
per
rendered
Goals Consnmod
"
Names.
'
172-9
; the
follows
as
"
Acre.
per
Eddington
Gonsxmied
thus
A.
Co.
Beards
The
of Implements
as
Names.
Robev
Trial
and
representingtheir full working capacities

respectively,
quantity of land ploughed per day of 10. hours, and the
these results
Taking
Exhibition
the
Report on
cent.,
wear
cent.,
Eddington's.
6".,three
^lAêi
boys
4".6d.
Vater-carting
Coals, 16 cwt
3il,"c
"""rest
tear
."r*
li
on
at
and
exn
5 per
tear
1}
at
15
per)
at
wear
and
cent., on
per
tear
cent., audi
at
15
per"
IJ
price,3562. 6$.)
cost
15
10
Fowler*8,
"^
8.
Two
Water-carting
16
18
Coals, 18}
Oil, "c
d,
cent., and)
'o*^" -^nce,
Interest
11982.)
"
boys
6"., two
men
Interest
at
wear
and
cent,
on
d.
i$.
cwt
5 per
tear
cost
cent,
at
15
15
10
and
per
price,780Z.
496
Seport
ordinorj
the
to
after
and,
two
Exhibition
the
on
of
coaditiooB
three
ot
tunu,
tillage,was
duriog which
cnltj held in the wnl, the work

ploughing requires aa engine and
this
blocks
powesses
required, and
are
commenced
difficulties
upper
desirable
to
it
proceed, and
Steam
the
The
asdgned
area
each
to
tida
to
the
accordingly
too
were
from
Fabv,
July 7, 1860.
adjoiningFolly
Pbnghs,
ciactlylj
was
be
may
of
the
got to its atation

it
render
to
competdtiom.
as
The
acre.
done
work
anatch-
or
far advanced
withdrawn
fleM;
the
gradient
be
not
of
ByBtem
of
tlie work
extreme
diffi*
gttmt
anohon
no
oould
engine
trials
end
ground,
Ute
however,
the
the
at
that
advantage
on
each
test,
aemn
very
the
once
case,
Field,
of Abasle
Sectioh
was
eqnal
not
winding-tackle
that
until
land
of the
end
the
was
great
thif
In
auch
of Jngêmeida
witii
fJoughB wdto
diBcoatioued.
Eddington'a
that, vhen
for"wlth.
field presented
at
the
arrangement
Trial
tmd
by
woAed
allotted
portion
to
admiiabb
in
an
The
was
Ih.Si
at
m.
completed
In
in tbe fiivt trials.
used
been
had
as
ploogh-frame
by the same
and
when
4
the
taken
retnming
ascent,
only were
up
this, however, 3 furrows
to the
at 4 P.X.
; but, ovlng
down.
Robey and Co. completed their poraon
tiu
combined
with
the
of
subsoil,
condition
extreme
tenacity and indurated
be
to
the
of
appeared
the
apparatus
inclination
of the surface,
power
Fowler
was
manner
great
overtated,
ploughs
The
of the
cs
iHiyr
plough
'"Illations
1,1-
done
not
was
equal
that
to
by tê
performed
Bune
trlala.
day's work
of the
resistance
...age draught
1298'09
lbs.,
le
work
former
in the
results
"he actual
"ron
the
and
may
s"ril was
drawn
be
thus
tested
by
given
by the dynamometer
This
engine.
lbs. dotim, the bill
(Busby's)
and
1220-8
lbs. up, and
traction-force
the
to
already
cf-'iiiatea
lor
referred to (Morton's),
the
work
"
attached
done, given
of
this
7J
horses.
would
cost
to
showed
Fowler's
of 1375-30
equivalent
or
an
mean
According
28f.
by practical farmers
pw
to
acra
on
ths
field,were
from
horse-labour
2 h. 34
30s. to
36".
to have
turned
these
estimates
Comparing
of work
Canterbury Meeting^ 1860.
the
at
done
by
the
furrow
same
with
it
though
acre,
per
the
evidently impossible
was
for
at all.
the data
alreadygiven
find that
steam-ploughs, we
497
Fowler
of the
rate
and
ploughed 1}
cost
in
acres
day of 10 hours, at a cost of

8".
508. \d, per day, or
4"i. per acre
Robey and Co. ploughed the
; and
in 4 h. 35 m.
same
area
numbers, 3J acres
; or, in round
per day, at a cost of
39". IJrf.,or 11". Si. per acre.
The
saving effected by tne steam-plough in
the one
instance
(Fowler's) being equal to 60 per cent., .and in the other
(Robey and Co.*s)equal to nearly 50 per cent., as compared with horse-labour.
the whole
of the trials the quality of the wcH'k done was
Throughout
very
portant
imsatisfactory. This point, however, we look upon as secondary to the more
of the apptication"/ steam-power to the cultivation
of the
question
m.
or, in
round
numbers,
acres
per
that
"
;'*as
soil
we
when
can
the trials
In
we
make
on
well-arranged system
of any form
of implementwe
use
please to
the level land, the quality of the work
done
fully equal
was
in possession of
are
to
that
Fowler.
by
On
of steam-power,
the soil.
upon
act
by Robey and
hilly ground, however,
the
of Fowler's
machine
enabled
it
superior power and arrangement
former
done
excellence, while the work
by Robey and Co.'s was
its
Co,
the
its
to maintain
equal
not
to
previous performance.
In
the
prize
of
exercise
of the
be
given
901.
functions
committed
Mr.
to
John
to
we
us,
therefore
decide
Fowler, junr., for his 12-horse

and
improved by himself, and
that
of
set
factured
manusteam-cultivatingapparatus, invented
Leeds
that
and
Hewitson
and
of
be
Kitson
of
10/.
a
given
by
prize
;
to Robey and Co. of Lincoln, for their complete set of patent steam-ploughing
and improved by Chandler
and Oliver of Bow, and manutackle, invented
factured
by exhibitors.
also award
We
commendation
to
Thomas
Beards, of
Stowe, near
Buckingham, for his 8 horse-power portable 2-cylinder steunRicuetts, of Buckingham,and
eugine, invented and manufactured
by Thomas
for his apimratus
for steam-cultivating land, invented
by the exhibitor and
manufactured
by
the
Castle Iron-Works
Company,
Owen
Owen, Rotherham.
Overstone
Wallis,
John
Wilson, Edinburgh.
Wh.
Canterbury, Jtdy 9th, 1860.
Buckingham.
Grange.
SupplementaryJReport.
details have
been
Steam-Ploughs, of which
given in the
different
have
known
the
made
principlesof
present and in previous reports,
the results of the
and of their working arrangements,
and
their construction
borne testimony to the quality of Uieir performance in the field.
trials have
These
trials,however, have always been carefullyprepared for, and carried
under
time, their duration has
on
exceptional conditions, while, at the same
that practicalvalue which
alone
been
too
short to give them
can
satisfythe
the
to
advantages
Steam-Ploughs
actuallypossess.
public as
has now
arrived
for testing, by a prolonged
It
to us that the time
appears
trial on
of sustainingthe character they have acquired
the farm, their capability
The
trials of
annual
trial-field for economy

Couucll
of
the
sucrgrcst
to
in
desirabilityof
conditions
as
prolonged
to soils and
practicallytestingtheir
excellence
and
the
the
trial
season
"
of
work.
We
beg, therefore, to
Royal Agricultural Society of England

days ûnder
say for six consecutive
as
"
the
Council
may
consider
most
the
such
suitable
for
powers.
William
OwKN
John
Owen, Rotheram.
WalliB) Overstone
Grange.
Wilson, Edinborgih.
49b
Report
Trial
and
tlie Exhibition
on
of Implements
Beport of Judges of Thrashing MacJiines,

HoItSE-FOWEB
Tho
for
entry
trial of
small, being only three
thrashing
has
limited
so
to be
The
prizeof
horse-power thrashing-machines were'unnsiially

number.
in
the
The
awarding
prizewe
The competitorswere
to Messrs.
awarded
was
machines
of steam-power
Ux
little attention
that
conducted
trials were
the
in
201,
introduction
The
for these
demand
their manufacture.
paid to
dynamometer, and
quality of the work.
seems
THRASmNG-MACHINES.
mainly
were
without
influenced
by
the
the
"
Wallis
Haslam,
and
Thbashing-Machines.
Steam-power
leading manufacturers, there

previous occasions : this is to be
whether
think it of some
we
importance to the public to know
as
regretted,
them
which
had
at the Chester
the machines
meeting still
prizes awarded
the prizein Glass UI. the Societydefinitely
their position. In offering
maintain
could
stated that no machine
compete which could not bo driven by 8-horse
had
the
To
taken
ascertain
we
by each machine
correctlythe power
power.
worked
the dynamometer
of Messrs. Appold and Amos, jun.,who
assistance
number
us of great responsibility.The
thereby relieving
throughout the trials,
Owing
non-attendance
to the
of machines
entered
determined
we
is
for trial than
for trial
was
and
prescribedpower,
tabular
of the
of several
entered
machines
fewer
were
to decide
only
19,
could
the merits
on
which
of
compete
of each
4
for
by
broke
the
down, 9 exceeded
prize.
In
the
the first trial
system of points,and
annexed
of the results.
statement
selected 4 for a second

for the prizewe
to compete
eligible
ascertain
and
trial. In
at a just conclusion,
to
correctly their
should
bad
that
each
machine
be
subjectedto a trial
înts, we decided
good or
recorded
should
be
of 30 minutes, and the power
by the
required to drive it
sole
of his machine,
allowed
We
each exhibitor to be
dynamometer.
manager
%vith the view to make
its performance as effective as possible. The quantity
sacked was
then weighed, and from
the chaff,
of com
caldcr, and other refuse,
all the com
of Messrs.
taken by one
whidi
was
Hornsby's dressingmachines
would
have
been thrown
otherwise
weighed and noted
; this also was
away
down
It was
extremely gratifying to hear each
against each machine.
his
of
and from the accompanying Table,
this
exhibitor
test,
approval
express
coupled with the workmanship, price,and generalperformance of eadi machine,
the prizesas follows, viz. :
awarded
we
Of
tho 6 machines
order
arrive
"
Name.
Frizes.
1st
2nd
3rd
Prize
302.
ditto 202.
ditto
Gibbons
102.
..
Silver
Medal
and
..
..
Humphries
Savory
Turner
..
Co.
at
the
499
CanterburyMeeting, 1860.
(
c
**"
**"
*2
1^
S S-S
CO
r^
fl u
91 CO
03
"^
"0
kO
(o
rs
5^
t
J^
"
91
CO
"
eo
i
o
gko
a"
00
"N
00
oi
O)
CO
00
to
00
'I
"
"
r"
to
to
Ck
'3
O*
"4*
O
C4
o"
-^
C4
,-1
,H
CO
o
CO
o
CO
o
CO
p^
5o
S
"
5"
"S S
"
500
Report
Report of
Messrs.
on
F.
the
Exhibition
them
The
and
tried
implements
by
grinders, linseed and corn-crushers,

and
by power.
root-pulpers, all worked
first consideration,
Quality of work
was
our
able
assistance
The
by the dynamometer.
much
The
easier.
machines
by
tried
Imptements
with
chafif-cutters, grinding-mills
steel
task
the
Canterbury.
at
were
us
of Implements
WHrrTLE'ow
Edwabd
and
Kinq
Trial
and
oil-cake
all the
and
of
machines
Easton,
Mr.
generally
were
stoDo
breakers, turnip-cutters,
wore
jun.,
constructed,
well
made
and
tested
our
made
good work.
Glass
Time
Class
of
YI.
"
working,
3 minutes.
Gbinding
Mills
Produce
"^Vic
moAViiniM^
into
'n
IV.
"
Chaff-cuttebs,
Barley-straw uged
with
Meal
Stone
by
*\\\% Class
Grinders,
Steam
or
wcro
very
Horse
much
length
for
tested
Grinding
Power.
improved.
{-inch.
AgricQltmal
ai the
Class
VII.
Gbindino
"
Mills
Produce
X.
Class
Linseed
"
of
Time
Class
XII.
"
and
working,
with
Steel
Steam
by
Ghrinders, for GrindiDg Agricultural

Power.
Horse
or
Cobn-Cbushers
by
Oats
2 minutes.
ibr Larg^
Power,
Bbeakxbs
Oilcakb
501
Steam
and
aod
or
Linseed
Small
Power.
Horse
used.
Coke, lyy Steam
Horse
Time
Name
of
working,
2 minutes.
Power
of
Stand.
Article.
101
1945
165
30M
Price.
Exhibitor.
".
Bentall,
required.
Cake
".
9.
35,100
134
35,S00
U9|
lbs.
Maldon.
Dray
and
London.
Co.|
11
Award.
broken.
or
502
Exhibition
the
Report an
XVI.
Class
and
Tubnip
"
XVII.
Glass
of Implements
Cuttebs.
Root
^Roor
Pulpkbs.
Mangold
used.
"
lbs.
200
and
Trial
F. King.
Edwabd
Stone
WITH
GbINDING-MILLS
Steel
ob
Linseed
of the
which
Sheet
Prize
allotted
machines
and
implements
section
WITH
Gbindebs,
RoOT
AND
CUTTERS
SUOEBS^
AND
GBINDINO-lOLLfi
GbINDEBS,
Cobn
Cbushebs,
StEEL
and
Bone
and
Mills, "c.
Bone-dust
The
TUBNIP
ROOT-PULPERS,
OiLCAKE-BBEAKERS,
C"AFF-CUTTEB8,
Whittle.
has
to
the
to
belonged
preparationof
trial
for
us
reference
that
to
food
for
and
sUoers,
breakers,root-pnlpers,root cutters
stock, comprising linseed-cake
linseed
and
crushers /or hand-power, and
com
chafif-machines, grinding-mills,
mills
bone-dust
and
bone
learly all tested
for
steam,
the
dynamometer
actual
the
that
required to
iO
power
^Vc shall,as we
proceed, describe in
for each
inducted
by
elements
was
quality of work
of excellence,such
*-**
-^'^-"'^
were
not
our
as
admitted
work
the
them
detail the
horse
or
shed
These
power.
as
were
arranged for the purpoee,

was
accuratelyascertained.
way
in which
the
We
trials
observe, however,
may
that
chief consideration
; without
class of machines.
"
"
ûtes
water,
in
principleof construction, time

for the prizes,"c.
real claims
were
that ill all

the
and
other
power
OiLCAKE-BBEAKEBS.
divided
prizes(viz.5Z.)in this class was
awarded
was
"aa
according to the merits of the implements. Each machine
\rorked five minutes, and the weight of cake passed through eadi, the quality
with the foUowdon*^ *^nd t""* pn^'e^' 'v^nsumod, were
"f work
duly registered^
Uv,
"ne
.Miiouuc
-^!gl1
of money
offered
for
504
the Exhibition
Report on
Root
The
machines
constructed
exhibited
in
Cuttebs
this
in
olass
of Implements
Slicers.
and
and
numerous
were
valuable
of them
some
Trial
and
improvements
had
generally well
been
of Gardner's, made
made
since
last tried,particularly
in one
by
Bentall,
which
double action and
had
imall
a
an
apparatus separatingthe dirt and
We
the
from
of
the
roots
same
adopted
cutting.
pieces
during the process
in the case
of pulpers,viz., we
had
as
principlein testingthese machines
they
108
were
11^.of
power,
and
weighed
roots
machine, and registeredthe time,
each
given to
Mr.
"c.
UniU
of Power
Name
of Maker.
expended
Time.
in
Quantity
Sliced
Pkke.
per
exe-
Hour.
cuting
the
Work.
min.
Barnard,
Bishop,
and
Bar-^
d,
0
11,120
2777
10
Carson
50
10
13
9,500
5,970
3534
Bentall
2928
10
56
7,630
S2S1
10
55
6,500
3881
15
80
17,600
10,100
1861
10
1748
10
6,020
26,230
2814
10
10
Bentall
Co.
Mellard
Johnson
and
Whi
Johnson
and
Whitaker
Trustees
of W.
taker
Crosskill
commended
And
43
awarded
it
from
came
Bentall.
Mr. Carson.
to
(as a slicer also)

for
the
Mr.
tried them
mechanical
good, the maohinea

short barleyvery
very
all with
threshing-machine; each
time, by the dynamometer.

the qualityof the work, "c., duly recorded.
minutes,
Bentall.
hand-ix)werwas
We
948
Mr.
to
awarded
being generallywell constructed.

as
""
,,
of chaff-cutters
exhibition
48
Prize of 4/. was

Prise of 2/. was
and
9.
20
Picksley, Sims, and
straw,
nards
The
lbs.
Mc.
The
machine
worked
chaff cut
Units
Qnaiiti^
of Power
Name
of Maker.
Weight.
required
to
1 lb.
of Chaff
cat
Cat
of
Prioe.
per
Hour.
Chair.
lbs.
Page
Co
and
14i
Gardner
Choked
Gardner
Not
Jas. Comes
Hill and
Smith
and
Kichmond
No
Whitaker
and
Chandler
Carson
Picksleyand
Sims
Bentall
Ashby
Snowden
Comes
during
174
the trial
prepared for trial.

I 192
I 1228-1
pulley to go to trial
16
Allcock
Johnson
1675-8
and
Co
""
and Son
""
""
""
..
t.
,,
five
weighed,
was
".
".
IG
15
10
d.
1727-5
144
10
1844-
120
10
1683-8
162
10
1798-
168
10
1470-9
186
1690-3
186
16
6
O
1430-4
186
2889-4
102
18
993*
188
10
'^""^^^"î
The
I St Prize
The
2nd
The
Srd
of 52.
awarded
was
of 3/.
Prize
PHte
Page
And
Canterbury Meeting^ 1860.
the
at
of 2/.
awarded
was
high
Mr. Bentall.
..
Richmond
to
.
'
Comes.
Mr.
."
to
awarded
was
Co. received
and
to
505
and
Chandler.
We
selected
eommendation.
"
very few mills were

for trial,but two only were
eidiibited
But
well, both
work
in OUtftes
tried.
One
8 and
of these
9.
several
fed with
when
barley did its

for feedingpurposes
;
required so exoes-
sort
producing fine meal and a coarser
so
exoeedingly slow^ and the newer
operationwas
to withhold
the prisesaltogether.
sive, that we felt bound
but
iu
the
LnmBED
In this class
also there
economical
more
machines
three
were
apply
to
Ckctshsbs
Corn
AKD
but
few
or
horse
steam
both
in
exceedinglygood, especiallyif we
was
nothing particularlynew
worKed
we
for each
found
to this work*
We
power
linseed
crushing
take
in
into
either
oats, and
Hakd-power.
to
it being
exhibitors,
and
the
account
of
all five minutes,
them
linseed and
of both
adapted
them
to
mechanical
recorded
the
Qaantity
of Power
power
oats
ever,
tried,how-
the
power
call for
much
very
work
was
used.
There
special
time, weighed the
requiredby
each
ment
com-
duce
pro-
mill
kind.
umtt
iolbs.
of Miker.
Name
Kfaid.
Crashed
6
Quantity
of Seed
xMuired
in
Minutes.
to Crush
Price.
Crashed
2"er Hour.
1 lb. of
etch.
Ita.
Tasker
Messrs.
lbs.
Withdrawn.
..
Woods
and
Son
Woods
and
Son
Linseed
.
Oats
..
Bentall..
81 78*8
147
4858*1
128
lOf
3289*
Linseed
..
..
!3
10
..
Bentall
8n5M
Oats
198
7
124
..
E.R.
and
F. Turner
Linseed
IS
2615*8
156
".R.
and
F.Turner
Oats
I3f
3674*1
160
The
1st
The
2nd
Prize
was
Prbie
was
awarded
awarded
Bone
this class
In
we
to
and two
oiicb mill
five minutes, and
observed
done, and
decided
:""
follows
as
Mills.
Bonb-dubt
and
five bone
had
Mr. Bentall.
Messrs. Turner.
to
Far
bone-dust
the
mills
quality and
tried
work
Prize
of 5/.
was
awarded
to
The
Trustees
of W.
Crossklll.
The
Prize
of hi
was
awarded
to
The
Trustees
of W.
Crosskill.
Prize
The
Pieksley
..
Oldham
""
".
".
of
lO/. was
awarded
and
and
The
to
Booth.
of W.
Trustees
Oldham
"
dynamometer
amount
of power
11
"""T_
could
not
be
requiredby
-"-""
"
applied
some
Crosskill.
Booth.
and
"'"
!"_-
"!_"
"
Sims.
MUh.
commended
And
great
We
the
MUk,
Bimi
Bcne-dust
The
of
The
Highly commended
Commended
for trial.
quantity
..
to
these
of the mills
trials in consequence
of the
at a low rate of speed.
506
Report
the Exhibition
on
Picksley and Sims

grind about 2
would
2-hor8e
power
inferior work
the
and
screen
exhibited
tons
work
to
per
it. That
with
of
two
Trial
usefal
but
veiy
exhibited
others
mill
for
very
regret. The former

latter,from an unforeseen
was
the bones
ground
worked
bones
superintendenceof
the
was
cause,
before
up
his way
on
compelled
trials devolved
it
Lord
it made
that
the
time
for
add, that
the
Pope, caused
Canterbury ; the
to
home
to return
upon
indifferently,
badly
so
choked
ill when
taken
fanner,as
efficient manner,
requiringonly
made
by Messrs. Rankin
Teiy
; it
ground
completely
of Implements
be perhaps allowed
to
we
may
Caldwell
efficient Stewards, Messrs.
and
much
whole
in
the
separate the
separation,and was
to
scarcely any
working had expired.
In concluding our
Report
absence
small
day
compared
as
and
Leigh
the
so
that tiie
remaining
Steward.
speak with satisfaction of the manner

generallyperformed their duties,and
we
required it.
they afforded us whenever
We
in which
can
Yardmen
John
Geobge
Hicken,
of the
the Foremen
ready
and
whidi
assistanoe
Bourton-on-Dunsmore, near Rugby.

Hipwell, Cheam, Surrey.
Matthias
Report of the Judges of
the MisceUcmeoua
Depwrtment,
implements have great pleasure in pre^

implements and machinery which it fell to their bt
to inspectat the Canterbury Meeting.
of implements at once
of the show
made
A cursory
view
sensible of a
us
exhibition
with
the
in
the
off
as
and
compared
Warwick,
Chester,
falling
This was
other previousmeetings.
owing to the absence of the well-hiiown
of our
of many
stands
could
leading implement-makers, which
do
we
not
laudable
exertions of other exhibitors,
than deplore. The
otherwise
great as
they were, failed to supply the deficiency.
Warwick
The
Catalogue contained 412 pages, descriptiveof 245 stands; the
^thus
Canterbury Catalogue contains but 296 pages, descriptiveof 212 stands
of exhibitors,
but a still greater reduction
showing a great reduction of the number
The
Judges
of
the
senting their Report
on
miscellaneous
the
"
in the number
of articles sho%vn.
Judges have constantly to reply as they best can

to
remarks
and
objectionsmade, and also to entertain suggestions offered by
their duties.
One
esdiibitors in passing round
complains that no prize is
upon
class
of manufacture
offered for articles of his
ever
; another, exhibiting the
most
generalcollection,asserts they are all of agriculturalcharacter; another
that
his fire-engineis an
asserts
agriculturalpump
; another
argues that his
of the steam-apparatus attached
account
range-grate must
pass on
; another,
*^^hathis blasting-apparatusis certainlyentitled to pass as
an
agricultural
his school-desks
that
must
"they are for paroppliance; another
pass
Then
have the whole
class of washing-machines, besidea
ual schools."
we
under
articles and
the
machinery exhibited
following heads, i.e.
"mny
and implements ; peidestals,
"Iters,flower-stands,garden-archways,garden-seats,
and
alarum-bells
ix)r tenders
of com,
""ac8, syringes,"c., for garden uses,
then
1^0.
cucumber-slices,
barometers,
bedsteads,"
-eds,
;
carpet-sweeperSy
and
tables, copying-machines, cork-drawers, countingfice-mills,chairs
uuchines, dish-covers, door-frames, door-mats, fire-bars,fishing-roda,
fonnbutchers'
ain-designs, fruit-plates,gas-apparatus, grafting-tools,
knives,
meat-covers, microscopes,photographs, quoits,
antems, lightning-conductors,
"md-scrapers,roasting-machines,sausage-machines, sewing-machines, signjaintings, tents, union-jack flags,urns, varnish, "c., "c., "c., in great
''ô
iwr*'thcsc to show
"v"iiniâT^'"/" in*?
lamo
that Judges in this class
The
"
Miscellaneous
"
"
tlie
at
507
1860.
CatUerbury Meeting^
"
have
must
these
perplexing doubts
should
We
should
We
desire
to
most
suggest
appointedby
the
of machines
quadrennial
honours
We
cycle.
settle these
Society to
that, in pursuing
say
articles like
not decidedlyagricultural.
are, but
that a committee
sion
commisor
respectfully
of them
most
as
scrupulously avoided
likelyto come
we
class
would
be
which
category under
the
to
as
included, useful
Ix;^
questions.
bition,
throughout the late exhior
implements or machines
duties
our
noticing any
competitive trial in due

in withholding
great difficulty
had
into
in
course
the
Society's
the
attention was
respect, as our
repeatedlycalled to what were
thereon.
We,
machines, or improvements
implements, or new
of referringthe various
exhibitors
to the
however, took the responsibility
time
be
when
to the standing rules of the Society,
they would, according
awards
that our
were
brouglitinto full competition. Hence, it will be seen
much
had no power
of marking our
restricted,iârticularly
we
as
approval of
in
termed
whole
this
new
stands, however
much
confined
to
essential
improvements."
approval of very
yard. W"} beg to
Messsrs.
John
Trustees
of
and
however, in
may,
which
Crosskill's
would
of
stand
add
but
the
honours
"c.
be
to
were
"agriculturalarticles,or
this Report express
our
high
great interest
to
any
show-
Richard
stand
Reid's
Thornton's
Ebenezer
"
the
mills,'wheels, axles,
carts, waggons,
"c., "c.
portable railways, troughs,pumps,
watering-machines,pumps,
the
mangling machines
them
machines,
or
followingas eminently worthy of commendation

Son's stand of pumps
and hydraulic machines
the
name
Warner
Mr.
We
stands
many
admired
we
implements
meritorious
stand
of
of
probangs,
washing and
Coultar's
stand
exceedingly good ; James
improvement in the box to the wheels). Ransome's
elicited our
mouse-traps
approval. We selected Bradford's washingof clothing,
machine
for a short
trial,and, with a very dirty assortment
it washed
them
them
nearly dry in six minutes
thoroughly and wrung
;
lent
excelit a commendation.
we
an
Richmond, Chandler, and Norton's was
gave
tifully
stand.
a
Henry Hayes showed
capitalstand of carts and wagons, beauIsaac James
showed
a
superior washing-machme.
Hugh
got up.
John
Carson
his highly-usefulstand of implements.
kept up in full efficiency
latter
"
of drills,"c.
noticed
(we
Re}iiol(ls exhibited
other
ornamental
some
suited
useful
to
nearly every
pretty rosaries,archways, stands, baskets, and

The
Agricultural
requisites, in wire, "c., "c.
very
garden
Engineers' Company
most
his
excellent collection of
and
extensive
very
in great varietyand
articles
other
implements, machinery, and
exhibited
it
agriculturalpurpose:
Bonds
firm in the kingdom.
every
extensive
was
so
and
Robinson
as
are
new
to
represent
exhibitors
E. T.
implements.
Messrs.
Quinton's
our
bread-making or kneading-machine met
approval.
E. Iv. and F. Turner
had, as usual, a good stand of their superiorcrushers,
T. W.
bruising and
grinding mills, "c., "c.
Ashby and Co. had an
excellent stand of haymaking-machines, chaff-cutters,horse-rakes, cake-mills,
circular
lliomas
revolving harrows, "c., "c.
Aveling's stand of steamengines, thrashing-machines,elevators, horse-gearing,and other machinery,
is
met
to his driving-shafts
our
high approval: his universal safety-joint
very
John
Baker's
and
of
is
extensive
AN orthy
dressing-machine a good
patronage.
and
Hunt
cheap one.
Pickering had a good stand of crushers, breakers,
"c. ; their patent oil-box to plough])ulix)rs,
ploughs,"c. ; also garden-seats,
The
is commendable,
their
wheels
also
straw
as
are
cheap twitch-rakes.
bid fair to
of
and
and
machines
Hindley are effective,
Maggs
thatch-making
their
obtain
horse-rake
more
and
extended
blower, fitted with
horse-hoe
are
i)atronage.
metallic
brushes
two
very
useful
Thomas
Nalder's
to clean
the
new
com
rotatingscreen,
separator
deserves
and
our
Dicksley and Sons exhibited a good and extensive variety

of chaff-cutters,mills, pulpers,slicers, pig-troughs,also washing-machines,
William
"c.
and other useful articles,
Sawney's admirable comgarden-chairs,
2 M
VOL.
XXI.
csi^cialnotice.
508
Report
Exhihition
the
on
Trial
and
of Implements
best
attention ; the
obtained
vibiatiDg
our
dressing macliines and screens
i)erfect
motion
Page and Co.
secures
separation. Edward
given to the screens
show
a
capitalstand of ploughs, harrows, chaff-cutters, horse-hoes, horserakes, "c., "c. ; also their small but very effective brick and tile machines.
The
exhibited
oommendcd
their
St. Pancras
we
:
Company
a splendid stand
should
have highly comrules permitted us, we
mended
and, had our
stable-fittings,
Homaine's
and
At Brown
the whole
stand.
May's stand we found
and endless railway
the latter a
admirable
models
of his rotating cultivator
had
Holmes
and Sons
the Boydel's shoes.
a
gpod
great improvement uiwn
"
stand
their
machine
new
for cleaninjrchaff
specialremark.
W.
dust, seeds, straw, "c.,
from
Weeks
had
stand
we
good
ments
impleand
with
the cultivation
chieflyconnected
subsequent
silver medal
had
the x^lcasurc
of awarding him
of hops : we
a
management
for his apparatus
Hill and
invented
P.
S.
for drying hops,
Punnett, Esq.
by
Smith's
and very
extensive
of goods
stand comprised an excellent
assortment
in their especialdepartment,
harrows, rollers,iron gates, rick-stands, wirethem
a high
fencing,tree-guards,ornamental
"c., "c. ; we awarded
entrances,
Amies
and Barford
had
commendation
for their iron vermin-proof rick-stand.
a
good stand : their mo"lc of fixing Lync's stile in strained wire fencing
is good. George Foord
had an excellent stand of first-class implements ; many
of Howard's
awarded
him a hign commendation
it : we
on
implements were
school-desk.
had one
E. H. Bentall
of
for his very compact and cheap i)arish
would
in
have
the best and
the yard: we
extensive
stands
most
gladly
and Co. had
marked
attractive
a very
stand,
our
high approval of it. Brown
iron hui-dles, gates, vases,
garden-seats, flowerconsisting of lawn-mowers,
of
thought worthy
and
of
apparatus,
stands, netting, "c., "c., in great variety. Greening and Co. exhibited their
fencing, hurdles, rabbit-fences,treeKuixTior collection of iron gates, wire
desirable
all very
and worthy of
guards, continuous
wrought-iron bar-fences
commendation.
stand of
Mapplebeck and Lowe show, as usual, an admirable
miscellaneous
articles, implements, hand-tools, weighing-machines, gardenThomas
Kennan
and
Son
exhibit
chairs, vases, "c., "c.
seats, ornamental
their usual assortment
awarded
them
of useful tools,"c, : we
a commendation
"
R. H. Crisp showed
some
cheap and efl'ective wire strainer.
awarded
him
commendation
of
diflcrent
sorts
we
a
:
strapping
india-rubber
s])ecimens
of gutta-percha and
strapping. Wallis and
Woods
snowed
stand
excellent
of
cultivating implements.
an
for their
deserve
and
honourable
Peyton
machines.
and
mattocks,
exhibits
his
other
and
Clerk
farm-tools
excellent
stand
for their excellent
mention
in
Harlam
and
miscellaneous
Son
articles
admirable
show
si)ecimen8of axes, adzes,

Ball
good variety, William
and
great
ploughs, waggons,
of
lent
excelfor his
William
carts, scarifiers,"c.
Ger^
in work, with a
self-actinghorse-rake, taking 11 feet when
rides upon
joint to raise one
it, and,
|)artto facilitate travelling
; the workman
the rake to deposit its load as it passes on ; it has
by pressing a jjedal,causes
rans
also
brought
out
lever left behind
Irennial
year'strial.
nents.
Thomas
^'^fjssrs.Mitton
Milford
and
"c.
liCat-safes,
'ôrse-rake.
for the
James
same
Mellard
purpose
showed
of
some
course
we
good
and
left it to its qnaattractive

imple-
exhibit
their excellent waggons
and
Sons
carts.
their pretty flower-stands, baskets,seats, netting,
his lightand handy gate and American
Eowsell
shows
and
Co. show
Samuel
Thomas
Perry
and
Sons
had
very
manufacture.
good
and
extensive
stand
of
usual
of
Dray, Taylor, and Co.
variety of su2)eriorarticles,implements, and machines.
his usual
I. A. Thompon
had
good stand of implements, t.c.
haymakineBobert
Tinkler
"c.
shows
a
nachines, rakes, pumps,
capitalstand of bMra*
and Co. show
hums, with their india-rubber
bungs. Cottam
a great nmnber
^f excellent articles,
besides their superb stable-fittings,
for which we
awarded
a
tiscellaneous
iiow
articles
their
considerable
"
-nmn^pniioffon
"vhich
WO
dcBircd
to
include
the
whole
stand.
WlUiam
509
the
at
reversed, which
is a good
farm-service
many good articles : their forgefor
and
the ends
has
its
bars
the
of
field-gate
novelty
being sawn
is said to give it additional
Isaac
Speight'shorsestrength.
hoe
our
Dray and
Co.
and
one,
show
their
attracted
horse-hoes, we
and
Drury
William
attention
J. and
it is not
as
the
for the
year
trial of
and
John
new
a
as
George
implement.
Biggleston,Canterbury, exhibit a stand very
superior implements, machinery, and miscellaneous
good variety^ we should have been much
pleased to
high commendation
but,
it
Henry
great and
very
awarded
notice
to
suppliedwith
numerously
articles,in
have
best
declined
this excellent
to
had
stand
Hancock's
P.
rules
our
mitted.
per-
declined
also
to
we
butter-making machines
for the churning and
notice, this not being the year
butter-making trials.
Plenty and Pain exhibited a singular but very useful shepherd's house for
bleak
situations.
F. Morton
had a capitalstand of iron gates, wire fencing,
and Burman's
"c., all strong and good. Ward
straining-pillars,
brick-making
machine
also declined
we
Gibbs's
superb collection
and
as
ever,
Iâwsou
adds
much
Son
add
and
remark
to
of
for
upon
to the interest
similar
and
information
coUectiim
B.
Mr.
stated.
before
reasons
grain, grasses, seeds,roots, "c., "c., was
attractive
as
Messrs.
of the visitors.
pleasingvarietyof ornamental
H. Bridge*sstand of pretty butter-prints,
"c., always pleases
trees, shrubs, "c.
and
other
articles highly deserves
us.
George Spill'sstand of rick-covers
notice.
Thus, having taken a Very brief notice of most of those implements
our
and
which
fell more
machines
immediately within our department in the
those implements and
machines
word
a
two
yard, we wiU now
or
say
upon
first of F. Reimann's
we
put under a short trial. And
sowing ploughor drill,
chief characteristic
invented
The
is an
mgenious
trivance
conby Mr. Pruneau.
to regulatethe depositof seed by clockwork
machinery and graduated
slides ; this it would
also by
undoubtedly efifect,
supposing the horse to move
clockwork
and
it
at an
we
even
self-regulated
:
thought
ingenious
very
pace
but not very
and
practical. We also put under our inspectionin work Ward
Buniian's
value
of proper
size for
the
hopper, when,
machine
and
out
recedes, and
oi)inion upon
examined
the
clay,and, as
by the attendant
continuously fillingand
is
"
merits
its
novel
and
for
Utopian
the
rail is
suspended
wheels,
chief
also
It is
no
od)er
wheels,
and
on
no
pass
carefully
less than
headlands, while
traverse
these
We
'
stated.
to
the
could
we
of D. L. Banks.
invention
upon
engine-house, with
which
are
the
also
all requisitescomplete.
engines
engine-houses^two engines, the
all the machinery required for draft in ploughing or culof the rails is by a balance-power also at either
extension
an
these
I'hus
Its
aavances
forcing out:
either headland
from
end
either
at
die
one
as
above
reason
suspension railway, supported upon

fixed
taken
so
above.
named
adaptationto form ck^y into clots

this is done by putting the clay into
its
to
being set in motion, the die advances
it recedes, by other appliancesthe clay is
the machine
by
clot-former
or
appeared to consist in
the moulding-machine
filled with
forced
brick-making
novelty and
become
to
rails
are
to
support
two
with
suspension-rails,
tivatiou
cud
the forced
think
wc
it unnecessary
to express
Ericsson's
caloric engine was
ai"paratus.
hiis
cylinder
through
at
valve
one
end
into the
and
furnace
piston,and,
opinion
an
under
the
at
when
as
the
to
merits
trial for several
of this
hours.
It
air is admitted
; cold
the
heat,it forces the
by
other
expanded
stroke furnishes the available power,

This outward
which, by
piston forward.
acting through the balance-wheel, forces the piston to its originalplace,expelliuc: the expanded air, and introducinga fresh supply of cold air for the succeeding
stroke.
trial,it was
this much,
safe
as
character
exhibited
It
proved
bv
was
not
hoping
said to be about
to
exceed
it would
for farm-service.
the
the
two
horse-power ; but,
third of
one
horse-power
upon
:
we
careful
regretted
cheap and
of a
available
power
prove another
Another
still more
impracticablemachine
inventor,J. Evans, called
weed-cxtcnniuiitor.
2
It
was
waa
510
the Exhibition
Report on
designed
to collect
thorn
the
on
shafts ;
the
Ciirries them
of
gratings
up
the
on
tliem
convert
It consists
of
row
revolving teeth
width
weeds,
land.
of
scarifier-tines
kind
machine,
soil
as
from
which
the
machine
of Implements
immediately into numure,

with
of scarifier-frame,
collects
on
carry up the weeds
into a
and throws
them
to the
Trial
and
the
to
an
weeds
endless
lightedfurnace
they
are
thrown
in
or
;
a
this
barrel
web
had
it
along : we
assured
feeling
efficiency,
tried
and
tines
fmito
drum
or
scattered
passes
spiead
these
between
web
and
wheels
the
through
more
as
that it must
curiositythan to prove its
the
be useless,and so it proved.
We
also, for an instant, saw
gorse-machine
of Messrs. Picksley and Sims
its promiee
in work
: it unquestionably fulfilled
of reducing gorse effectually,
and rendering it fit food for cattle.
The only money
the piue
prizescoming directlyunder our adjudicationwere
for field-gates
For
suited
for hop-grounds.
the prize for hand-tools
and
the latter there was
little real competition,and we
enabled, with
were
very
the sanction
the prize of tt
of the Local Judges for hop-cultivators,
to award
to Si)earand Jackson
of SheiBeld.
ever,
howFor field-gates
and
extensive
there was
an
good competition ; many,
5f.
exceed
IL
excluded
to
the
not
the
condition
that
was
were
price
by
After a prolonged and careful inspectionof all the
in the yard (and certainly
âtes
had thegiir
we
distributed, to our inconvenience, all over it^,
they were
tification of awarding the prizeof oL to Lord- Leigh, of StoneleighAbbey, Kau]r
worth, for a very strong and highly useful gate.
Upon this point we desuneto
remark
that nearly all the gates we
struction,
saw
were
very unscientific in their confixed from the
the chief suspension-bar being invariablyattached
or
head instead of the back or hanging style of the gate.
matter
of
John
W.
Clabke.
TiNDALL.
Eeport of tJie Judges of Implements entered for the Local Prizesât the Meeting
of the Royal Agricultural Society held at Canterbury^ 1860.
,
Tliere
which
selected for trial,
set to work
were
mowing machines
the Show-yard, in an
meadow-land, near
average
cnc^ of
grass, in fit order for mowing.
After having given to the exhibitors
full opiX)rtunity
to develop the pecolitr
merits which
their respectiveimplements were
stated to possess,
the Judgies
selected four machines
for comj[)etitive
trial,both in the grass and in a pieceof
standing clover.
Ultimately the machine. No. 77, Wood's
Improved," exhibited by W. M.
Cranston, and the machine. No. 82, invented
by J. A. Allen, and exhibited
Messrs.
and
tested
by
Burgess
Key, were
closely
against each other.
Both
machines
cut the crops remarkably well ; ant-hills,
stones, inequalities
""fthe ground, and a crop laid in diiferent directions,appeared to be no hindrance
to their effective
implements difiiBred bat
progress, and the draught of the two
little. The
considered
in
that,
Judges
overcoming the above difficulties and
the machine. No. 82, had
u
cutting the clover-crop,
slightlythe advantage ;
Miat it was
substantial
in the cast-iron
in its construction, especially
more
gear
farm
the rough usage
to which
/ork, and better adapted to withstand
implcthe prize of lOL to Messrs. Burgess
'^'^nts are
liable,and they therefore awarded
Key.
ordered
out for trial on
were
a lightpiece of nnripe
'Mghtreaping machines
of
the
selected for
and
four
a
hill,
slope
on
were
growing
subsequently
jxi,
field.
^mpetition on the side of a steep bank, in another part of the same
fhe crop was
laid by a heavy roller in various directions,the snrfiEuseof the
"Tound
was
stony, and full of weeds, and offered a good opporvery uneven,
for
of the several machines
anity for testing the mechanical
capabilities
on
were
piece of
seven
level
"
MiP"nnffiriniy "1iflP'"ulfionof
*l)r oV"^"'o
character
512
Report
machines
exhibited
Robert
been
Messrs
by
of Implements
No.
Key,
and
; and
by W.
selected
in
792
only machines
the
Trial
and
Burgess
Co., No,
and
Cntiibert
having
the Exhibition
cm.
in the
81
and
Bray
last for
July
oatelog;iie
; by
Co., No.
future
3299;
thow
trial
fe^ the
Judges*
implements
The
the
season
and
"
they
set
were
which
was
work
in
piece of
in
or
places
to a light piece
At
taken
afterwards
were
to
laid
wheat
"
three
two
of
an
averaee
oxtp
by
directions
barley
in which
for
idler,
there
vas
strong plant of clover.
During
wheat
and
ears,
by
caused
and
com,
short
screen
trial
in small
the
on
it could
as
retire from
to
preliminary
left them
in
platform
remedied
be
not
Dray'6 machine
lumps, about
nipped
front
of the
the
the
field,
in
off
of
some
rods apart; this defect
two
who
man
delivered
the
was
the cut
Judges re"|curedICr^ Dray
the contest.
the wheat
The
cut
other two
reapers
laid ; in lîs respect they were
considered
bottom
rubbish
appeared to offer no
badly
remarkably well, except where
to be
equal in merit ; furrow^ and
the progresa
of the
to
impediment
machines.
unanimously of opinion that, in doing a certain quantity of

Judges were
had
the advantage in the
and
work
in a given time. Burgess
Key's machine
better
proportion of 10 to 7, and that the delivery of the crop^ when
out, mm
in the proi^rtion of 6 to 4.
effected by their machine
had
the advantage in the
machine
That
in lightnessof draught Outhbert's
t"at
and
the
in
of
and
(^
14 to 9,
cost
cutting
binding up the oorii|
proportion
Cuthbert's
had the advantage in the proportion of 6 to 4.
machine
in simplicity
in the strength and duraUtity of the
of arrangement^
That
the advantage in
working parts of the machines, Cuthbert's
appeared to have
The
the
proportion of 6
That
in
to 4.
handiness
compactness,
in
transit
the
and
and
msmagcment^
in the
in
pnce,
of 4 to 2"
advantage
proportion
of one
The
account
of the ocNoipeting
difficulty
on
placed in some
Judges were
machines
the atop,
being provided wi"li a self-actingside^delivery,by which
swathe
laid in a continuous
the
other
machine
when
cut, was
being
adapted
;
labour at the sideiat intervnlai in a fit
for the delivery of the crop by manual
state for binding up.
The
that, in heavy crops of com, the self-actingdelivery
Judges considered
would
considerable
a
Burgess and Key's machine
advantage over
give Messrs.
in draught in Messrs.
Cuthbert's, and that the excess
Burgess and Key%
machine
to some
to the power
extent, be attributed
requisite to keep the
may,
in
but
have
doubt
the
whether
operation,
some
self-delivering
they
apparatus
be
found
machine
would
of
the
not
larger
weight
objectionable on retentive
Cuthbert's
soils in wet
The
in
the
fit state
is usual
jv
seasons.
Judges
of straw,
had
machine
for
in the
whens
the
of
were
cut
binding
extra
com
Tûrgessand Key's.
'^he prize of 102,
"io
opinion that,
7^2j 4"ndMo""rs,
hard
is
was
with
be delivered
could
com
average length and bulk

crops of an
Cutiib^'s machine
the side from
at
further
exertion
than
labour, without
up, by manual
work
of harvest
and
that
for
operations ;
light crops,
laid
or
scrawled, Cuthbert's
unanimously
Tinrcrpeo
-kxÂ
Vqv'-'i
awarded
m^chiQe
to
was
machine
Mr.
if preferable to
Cuthbert's
p.
s. punnbtt.
Thos.
Rammell.
H.
Austin.
G.
Fredk.
^v*^
^1
i.d()a
machine,
highly commended.
Thob.
Mubton.
Amott.
XXN."Tke
the
After
their
CmM"HfUry Meeting^ 1860.
the
at
Canterbury Meeting. By P.
several
of
lapse
attractiveness, both
for the
Show.
an
To
stock.
change
called
is
quite
these
copy
fbr the worse
them
in
vacant
financial
the
to
The
point
motives
the
pens
and
reader,
thafli that
Canterbury
of writers
merits
of
more
of
whose
high-bred
may
of
Society.
our
not
was
which
the
successful
has
the
Society'schoice
town
great part, if not
one,
and
all,of
all sides
on
of
corporation of
deserves
us
especially in
rendered
been
received
then
and
in which
the
lose
of the
accounts
beauties
determined
cordialityAvith
the
and
finom
view, justice
which
first invited
time
subjects
pRBRfe.
be
plagiarism ; to vary, but to
and
notice
of the Meeting
yet some
;
niche
be
not
appropriated to 1860
Meeting
of
writer
H.
would
annals
the
the
Although
a
the
for, that
few
Graphic
Agricultural
Meeting appeared at the
specialty it is to enlarge on
of
months
513
the
an
county
locality.
bury
Canter-
ment,
acknowledgmay
blaim
share.
proved
imto
see
tempted to visit Kent
disappointed if they looked for it^there
which
other
lessons
were
they might read if they thoUght of the
his yearly rent," contrasted
of Kent, with
with
the
"yeoman
beggarly nobles, squires,"c., of old times^ and then caught a
specimen of this sturdy but slow and
glance of a stray modern
the
tenacious
of Kent
have
little resemblance
men
race.
Though
in the
of agriculture has
to the hare, assuredly their
course
race
hare
in the
unlike
that of the
been
not
fable, they had a good
the
have
not
lead, and
kept it. Perhaps
strength of the
very
bad
well
soil is against progress
exhaust
cannot
:
it,
maneigers
but
it.
and
can
none
improve
very gcxxl management
the
of
all that could
The
site and
was
show-yards
arrangement
desired
fiill as
be
not
as
assigned to implements was
; if that
the
the
this
is
which
to
led to
canvass
causes
place
usual,
hardly
If
agriculturistswere
farming, or were
not
"
decrease
in the
number
of exhibitors.
Royal Agricultural Society is designed to

connected
with
be an
purely scientific matters
abiding record
would
ill-filled by
of agriculture; its pages
be very
the progress
be too
references
gotten.
forcannot
to
soon
misunderstandings which
Journal
The
of
the
of
Its
for information
Avhom
person
In
rather
and
whose
moreover,
cordial
it Avould
duties
lead
him
to
seek
co-operationfrom all quarters, is the

befit to entangle himsielf
in what
least
politicsof the Society^

breeds
of
the
animals
were
stock-yard, although some
eastern
to be
scantilyrepresented (as was
expected in that southclasses
of
that
nook
of
England), yet some
(for instance,
be
may
editor,
short-horn
called
the
heifers)
were
very
strong
and
in
almost
all there
514
Canterbury Meeting^
The
specimens enough
were
choice
cabinet
thus
bulls the
drawn
been
content
who
virtuoso
would
prefera
large gallery of pictures.
short-hom
Among
has
to
to
1860.
With
"
the
portraitof
Teally
"
line
"
Royal Butterfly
of beauty running
splendid forehand, great girth and size, and true

in the highest degree the yet more
innate
he
unites
symmetry,
?) advantages of qualityand pedigree. He has, too, a
(intrinsic
all the
head, kindly expression,but still with
grand, massive
along him,
attributes
of
while
animal,
male
the
condition
his
mirable."
ad-
was
Prussia," his competitor, did

not
advantage.
bulls, Mr. Majoribanks'
Harkaway
Amongst younger
(sire,
the
of the
Great
most
one
Mogul ") was
taking, his quarters
and
touch being remarkably
good.
heifers
of
twin
Gunter's
The
success
Captain
(" Duchesses
")
in
the
In
of
feature
the
Show.
a
distinguishing
was,
course,
the
honour
3 year-old heifer
had
of beating
class,Mr. Ambler
that
It appears
show
the
Prince
"
to quite the
of
best
"
"
"
with
"Duchess"
another
that
judges report,
animals
they have
have
entitled
been
had
awarded
The
better
and
The
short-horn
they were
decidedly
opinion that the
all
commended
in
the classes wcmld
highly
to
prizes,if those to which
prizes have been
exhibited.
well, but
were
be
opportunitiesmay
merits
Rose."
"Wood
of
been
not
Herefords
his
not
found
fully,represented :
other
for
parative
com-
criticism
the
on
of the
leading representativesof this breed.

The
cabinet
Devons, though so far from home, formed a nice
It
the
standard
collection."
is to be regrettedthat
of excellence
"
in this breed
is to
the
Among
their
Mr.
new
with
Walsingham
Mr.
rams,
department
J.
Downs
were
advance
which
these
Ute.
among
1^^"
ki.
Mr.
the
the
Mr.
as
the
fi^fko^
the
best
in
separate
attention
Hampshire
the
The
me
and
marked
made
difficult
of
as
to
task
of
Shropshire sheep
classes, and
to justifytiiis decision.
to
was
commendations
high
prizes and
clp^ses T^port
in
Channing were
Hampshire or West
of their
themselves.
beat
Mr.
of
solution
to
Cotswold
former) have
and
exhibitors
rams.
lead
the
of
consequence
King,
the
But
which
judges assigned many
\^Vr
in/igrpo Ur
S.
enough
In
took
the
(especially
successful
most
Game
in
in
exhibited,
.AA|jaring
things unlike
''''d already attained
to
in
"presented a manner
Tho
classes
breeds
Humphrey,
the
IS
; whilst
Jxford
Downs
R.
tained
main-
Sanday
Leicester
and
generally commended.
to
Oxford
Mr.
and
Southdown
Mr.
and
was
attracted
^specially
Webb
fortunate
exhibitor, Avas
his shearling ewes.
Walker
which
of debate.
matter
sheep, Mr. Jonas

pre-eminence for
Heasman,
Lord
extent
some
follows
"
were
The
"
they
breeders
deserve
Shropshire sheep have certainlytaken pains to show that

r^pognisedby the Boyal Society. Thirty-seven shearling
of
be
to
515
CanterburyMeeting, 1860.
Tlie
creditable
entered
in these classes, among
which
most
rams
were
were
many
obtained
No. 594, which
the first prize,
bred by Mr. Horton, shows
specimens.
great constitution,heavy flesh,and good character ; and Ko. 614, from Messrs.
Crane's flock,is still more
level,although possessingless substance.
''
But
class for All-
it is in the
most
conspicuous.
binfng size and form
of this breed are

that the merits
Aged Rams
Mr.
by
Byrd,is a splendid animal, comfinest quality; he obtained
the first prize,and
644, shown
No.
with
the
mense
635, exhibited by Mr, Horton, has imNo.
substance, ^vith
639,
quality. No. 638, Mr. Holland's ;
ably
remarkMr. Keeling's; and No, 647, Mr. Preece's (the former, especially)
are
Sheldon's
No.
good ; No. 630, Mr.
636, Mr. Mansell's, also
; and
does
his
great credit to
breeder.
No.
excellent
elicited the
commendation
of the
The
judges.
yearling ewes,
too,
were
very
Crane's
Messrs.
flock (No. 655
and
No. 654) obtained
good : two
pens from
the prizes by their size, quality,and
character ; and No. 652, Mr. Holland's,
were
so
good that the judges expressed their regret that in this class,and also
in
the
class
shown
ewes
Smith,
for
rams,
all-sêd
by
the
there
was
not
prize to awa^.
third
of
The
Mr.
and
Mr.
Dartmouth,
Evans, Mr. Mathews,
to this rising breed of sheep."
creditable
most
were
Earl
The
judges expressed a hope that in future the Shropshire

sheep Avould be placed upon an equality,as regards the number
of prizes,with
the other
classes of sheep.
If there was
horses, it was
a star
decidedly
agpricultural
amongst
Mr. Barthropp's two-year-old stallion
The
Pilgrim." I read
again with
pleasure of his fine arm, running into a clean flat
muscular
leg ; his blood-like quarter, finishing off in rare
thighs
and
sound
hocks
already well-developed
; his good middle, and
if
others
much
crest
;" and
were
as
gratifiedby seeing him as I,
lection.
his image recalled to their recolthey too may be glad to have
"
"
The
show
successful
the
the
Report
furnish
the
good,
stood
Wainman
and
the
of
account
with
I
me.
as
which
beg,
in
for not
reason
"
Report on
hurt/,with
Remarks
J. Earle
Welby,
foremost
non-agricultural
Mr.
has
Welby
horses
been
Crisp,
the
among
so
gladly
obliging
the
conclusion, again to plead

into detail as to
going more
of
tlie Biding Horses

on
the
present Breed
of the
one
and
the
Report
publication.
was
refer
as
to
lapse of
merits
of
from
the
at
Canter-
Horses.
of Bidinf/
By
Judges.
its
received
shown
Ponies
having been
suggested
Canterbury Royal Agricultural Meeting, that
consequence
Messrs.
and
prize animals.
XXVI.
In
considered
was
competitors.*
For
time
pigs
Sexton, Harrison
Hewer,
to
of
judges
of
to
any
me,
at the
remarks
pigs in February,
too
last
and
late for
516
suggestions
Judges
to
few
subject of
and
lihe classes
on
our
which
under
cam^
notice^ as
"mr
4 have
acceptable,
be
on
at
riding-horoes
the
committed
classesâs
the
time
present
also
lailiags
th^r
"
the
on
deficiencies.
And
of
rates
Meetings,
I have
come
districts
is
it
Society :
people
so
adds
and
so
worded
for
command
love
grist
ensure
general
success
field
the
almost
the
and
iheep^
prieesbe
liberal,
valuable
honses,
road, it
the
on
thie
number
and
beasts
it is
of
patronage
all
district,for
every
ibat
it attracts
in
interested
in
use
in
the
having
Royai Agricultural
conclusion
mill ; and, if only the

the entry of the most
the
to
to
as
much
not
are
the
to
the
of
for
been 4he
that
remark^
worthy of
their Shows,
gives variety to
who
and
available
all
the
Stallioms
15/. have
to
venture
since
in
25?. and
establishment
this class
which
one
which
for
I would
remuneration,
watched
thoroughbred
I.-^^"** Fot
Class
first,on
getting Hunters," "Cw,
of
Canterbury
at
remarks
general
shaum
a/nd Ponies
might
riding-horses,
of
paper
Riding Honen
the
Report on
niust
Englishmen
Yet
Counties.
horse, especiallythose of the Northern
since the
ever
Royal Agricultural Society first instituted
but a small one,
owing to the
prize, the class has been
a
that
of valuable
owners
under
distance,
Still
Show.
the
prizes:
prize
restricted
generally
been
of
**
mention
can
class
this
deserved
of
100/.
was
best,
second-best
covers
"
50
-ây,
jf hunters
irize
or
of 100/.
5'
exceeding
ininri^n$i
mare,
all
first-raters
the
at
Cure."
atronises
as
ir-^p-iorating
-S
*'
(who
and
Sir
"
of
hackneys
for the
V"
Leeds
inasmuch
No
doubt
do
But
practical
not
horse
best
the
former
25
at
^rtiild
no
surely
mention
these
guineas
The
fear
to
is
to
use
be
of
an
many
breeder
to
at
belief,would
horses
their
animal
the
better
available
; I
thrown
encouragement.
of
which
of
was
"
It would
example
by die
question) the
purposes^
want
tree,"and
won
there
is no
them,
^then,why give lOOt
the
the
brought together
Was
was
second
limitation which, in my
^hr
it
since
the
it
as
and
horses
race-
"top
"a
to
Agricultural Society
Meeting) of giving
possibly (but this
The
100/,, for
oicing world
Tix,
Spencer
"
the
gain
horse
powerful
also
Royal
ensuing
horses.
guineas
these
as
the
see
success,
fine
"
the
that
horses
Middlesborough
At
the
at
of
was
at
prizes);
distance
easy
"
VoUigeur^'and
"
fine
to
therefore
at
as
decided
show
some
to
have
within
useful
fact
send
Lincoln, local prizes were

given
Canterbury,
Dagobert
; and, lastly,at
he
fine
successful,as
possessed
action, and
follow
to
seen
tempted
entries
kept
Canute,'* a
wiry, hunting-likeframe.
(which I am
happy to
intend
those
The
horses
be
to
to
local
gained many
Laurie," when,
are
lOOZ.
be
to
not
of
have
likewise
Peter
horses
thii
not
give
fee
not
prove
equally
Remarks
with
A-aluable
which
crack
"ires with
shut
be
several
were
of Riding
Voltigeur"
"
Cure,"
competing with
or
whose
horses
available
517
Horses.
but
"The
or
frightened from
the Show
At
England.
out
racing-siresof
there
to
for hunter
may
the present Breed
on
the
above-mentioned
merits
them
entitled
first prize.
The
breed
is
of
many
many
Legcr
winners
the
them
though
say,
by
no
in
first-class
all, for
means
reject
every
"
Derby
and
St
shape);
but
the
even
faultyin
most
our
race-horse, (though
high*'class
found
improving
for
encourage
are
be
to
are
to
want
we
necessarily
not
doubt
no
that
horse
and
constitution
wearing plate-horse-ônethat combines
with
Such
animals
and
action
good knee
stoutness,
power.
therefore
the
are
rare
among
present thoroughbreds, and
chief faults of the common
The
require encouragement
run
stout
of
race-horses
lie
have
thin
their
elbows,
withers
constituti(Mi
from
taught
have
l"e
They
to
cannot
with
should
be
stallion
"
into
Leeds
is
I
his
in
for
half-bred
it
in
if the
decidedly
This
race-horse.
should
for
taken
have
to
be
leads
and
of pow^
for
bred
with, then I advocate

pedigree, rather than
easilymet
it
the
from
action, it is
and
perfectly bred,
Class
been
pinned in
upright
are
"
want
great
long
so
advocate
to
stain
may
have
all
of
perhaps
added
be
stallion^" far
tlioroughbred
power
be
straight shoulders,
fault
these
of
many
speed,
and
that
they
ye^rliags to go on
shoulders,
lost
which
the
level
action
nigh
springy
form
not
a
perfect riding-horse. I would
understood
with
How
saddle.
their
well
essential
and
worst
"
which
to
])asterns,
and
the
before
is
can
preferred;
the
be
but
to
the
preference to
latter
so
wish
found
if such
good horse
bad, weak, though
use
to
me
of
suggest
that
in
that
it
absolutely necessary
but
for the
the best thoroughbred stallion,
best
getting hunters, "c.,
pedigree being especially
deemed
be
not
"
"
"
consideration."
published
for
the
"e
I see,
however,
^^best
thoroughbred stallion;"
that
prize
at
and
wUl not
be found
in any
qualityshown
deficient
or
unworthy of the 100^, yet it is on the cards
way
fine
tliat
specimen of the high-bred hunter might be disfrom
(jualified
competing by the insertion of the word
bred.
thorough-
though
doubt
not
the
large
the
Of
class
of
riding men
by far the greater part
and
know
little,
care
less,about
racing and race4iorBeB ; they do
the
want
to
to see
not
see
an
racing crackS| but they do want
15
of
stallions
12
and
such
to
or
assemblage
hunting
straie)
up
be
shut
whilst
now
or
Cure," who
Voltigeur
a
a
out,
may
confer
but
benefit on
the racing public,carry all before
no
any
them.
As
"like
to suppose
begets like," is it not reasonable
"
"
that
horse
over
"}ualities
that
has
shown
the country
great
will hand
jumping
down
^'
powers
those
and
lacking
especialqualities
518
Report
the
on
offspring,and
the racing sire
than
to
go
I have
seen
market.
The
Grey
but,
it
but
of
good
power
"
point
to
two
hunters
card
to
relyon
generations
and
hackneys got by
high prices in the
of
Mundig," at this time in
Red-Cross
Knight," the other
"
sons
"The
ciUed
one
Both
that
observed,
and
Canterbury^
for several
educated
best
the
of
Prince."
be
certain
more
at
^horses,
too, that commanded
can
Lincolnshire,
be
shown
many
horses
Ponies
and
has been
who
his shoulders
on
half-bred
"
therefore
his
to
Horses
Riding
these
the
cross
Their
of soft
stock
realised
have
and
endurance,
quitehalf-bred
that
is not
hunting-blood.
stout
of
out
are
mares
Cleveland,
great
possess
high prices ;
very
as
Saucy Boy," at Willesden

docks,
padthere
is
still
a
a
steeple-chaces. Again,
horse to be met
with, containing most excellent
higher class of half-bred
such as
in fact, the real cock-tail racer
sires
Gobbo,"
be
these
would
Wild
debarred
Hero," "c. : even
Accident,"
race-horses
the
better
from
and
100/., though essentially
taking
of the horses
in training. I should
fore
like therethan
three-fourths
certain
hunter
and
tinguished
the
hackney
to
to
a
see
degree disI
good specimen
winner
point to
can
"
several
at
**
"
"
"
*'
the
from
race-horse
by encouraging a type
thoroughbred (for from
to
attempt
an
eye
of
high-bred
as
this
all
to
fine
special regard
our
Among
thoroughbred
in
remarkable
the
line
Hercules"
hand
manner
At
down
time
present
is that
there
horses
almost
"
predisposition
Touchstone
hocks.
curby
of
strain;
Then
"
improve
to
perfections.
im-
perfections or
action, and
They
possess
may
general airiness of their forehands, and the
their
necks, shoulders, and
forelegs,with
to
to
lines which
Birdcatcher
all
horses.
necessarily
hopeless
decided
are
certain
the
calculated
best
is
effected
heavy weight), selected with

strength, and therefore with
and
well-placed forelegs.
and
shoulders
to
be
possible,
it
for
action
this may
not
as
source
enough
get power
first
I think
; and
there
large size, faulty in
be
and
riding
our
known
Sir
"
the
by
of
good settingon
the
is
their
drawback
the
of
well-known
shoulders
and
ancles, and
remarkably powerful in their loins and hind legs

most
a
line, if judiciously crossed, combining great
and
stoutness
speed.
the
These
two
are
great lines of the present day, and which
of blood
be brought nearer
to per")y a careful admixture
may
"
valuable
ection
than
ine, one
horses, being
"^
Among
any.
which
has
an
done
others
much
there
to
infirm,leggy, and
is
diminish
the
Bay
general utility
light-middled sort
the Melbourne
add
I may
the Venison
and
for handing down
notable
great size and good
for possessingwiry 'vii light frames.
There
7o this
iormer
^ther
-*\m^^
JJrôc -"f/Âctrôn*
\it
hp
above
Middleton
the
arc
the
most
in
lines ; the
limbs, the
are
vogue.
many
It
520
Report
the
on
Horses
Riding
Ponies
and
shoum
Canterbury^
at
"
Cleveland
has
blood
fitted
classes
importance,
If there
is
moderate
sort
one
Yorkshire
force, though
award
them
it
cob,
ponies, I
the
to
of
high
words
on
the
class
other
least in
another, it is
get than
the
into
favoured
most
The
praise.
head
be
not
horse
wofst
in
out
come
districts
old-fashioned
I cannot
has
hackney
horse, with
vulgar, butcher's
coarse,
and
power
of the
and
at
would
vantage
ad-
an
It is, in fact, a very

hairy heels.
and
horse
then sees
blbodnow
a
though one
; and
is quite
class
be
couraged
enrarity. This
surely should
and
30/. prize
the
a
Royal Agricultural Show,
generally coarse
like
any
few
blood
with
combining
class at Canterbury was
them
meetings I saw
in
even
much
nearly degenerated
chance-bred
say
difficult
more
This
great
to
it to
opening
hunting
be
must
hackney,
the
at
conceive
the
mares.
animal
height
but
I would
"
above,
spoilt.
hackneys, ponies,and, though last,not
for
brood
old-fashioned
the
the
"
get hunters
to
those
I.
said
half
what
suggested
Class
the
to
most
far
so
as
cross,
and
contaminated
been
Having
which
by
mare,
it.
upon
away
that it be withdrawn
thrown
recommend
the
As
to
and
the
for
prize
added
amount
useful
does
This
of
classes.
not
assigned to more
in Welsh
other pony-rearing
or
course
apply to meetings held
districts : although at Chester
meeting, as I remember, the ponies
to
those
presented but
show.
sorry
others
the
Leaving to
duty of discussing the
agricultural horse, and of calling that attention
subject demands,
the
of
existed
which
Canterbury, I
mares
which,
one
than
more
as
Our
bantling.
paratively speaking,
hough not half weeded
On
selected.
'ban
hold,
an
average
and
to
"
the
at
harness
of the
patronage
alluded
last
soundness
un-
exhibited
hunting, hackney,
requiresthe
the
portance
im-
of
amount
stallions
cart
the
which
fearful
of
Society
Societys
stallions
throughout England are, conimuch

sought after
canvassed, and
as
they ought to be, still,pretty well
much
"
out
whole
the
of
that
other, except
any
natural
the
among
the class
to
come
the
to
merits
amount
of
and
sold
is to
there
found
be
But
merit.
half
our
them
among
mares
wofiilly
are
valued
more
should
be.
as
abroad,
leglected
they
is a mine
of wealth
to a farmer, if she
is
mare
'^ânya half-bred
if he gives her
the
"nly the riffhtand not the wronff
sort, and
I am
inclined
hance
of a good stallion.
to rely on
more
finding
which
the
those good qualities
naturally
they would
n
progeny
"
inherit
lave
from
seen
Xoof^ foals
the
both
to
dam's
ihrûlf' lit*^
*n
and
horses,
see
than
side
half-bred
various
not
two
from
that
thoroughbred
but
50/.
yet all
the
of
mares
horse.
that
threw
possessingmerit
prizes given"
one
for the
best
Remarks
vnth
the present Breed
on
521
of Riding Horses.
"
hunting
debar
the
think
it
animal
same
instance
one
she
that
This
is
ought
so
knocked
to
of
not
must
There
disqualify.
War.
an
'
This
Weatherby,'
is
2050, all of
thoroughbred jfoalsof
the
now
be
but
old
great
properly
prize im-
accident.
defect, the
realized
1450
50
since
or
the
and
the
little
guineas
mean
Cri-
making
in
returns
in
mares
not
horse-
the
for
moment
From
mares.
from
in
reaction
favourable
was
at
to
appear
and
a
injuredby
thoroughbred
highest lineage ;
1860
advertised
gained
the hunting
well.
made,
of
number
the
stallions
to
brood
our
which
in
often
been
high prices
the
class
can
satisfactorily
proved),ought
is,therefore, a
about
blood
be
seems
on
improve
to
feet
quite fairly,for good
been
eyes have
be
overlooked
course
(ifthe
breeding, consequent
effort
the
not
and
frame
purpose.
as
about
have
too
such
shown
any
judge
to
mistakes
result of accident
hackney
that off
carried
much
disadvantage,
withheld, where
Blindness
the
superiorto
class
been
and
may
fiilfil either
to
in
have
difficult
that have
mares
was
to
have
her
exhibited
and
hackney maure
; I would
entering in both classes^because
best
mare
one
enable
mare
prize there,
class
the
from
that
would
as
for
one
possible
quality
the
and
mare,
"ngland
number
of
The
more.
down
mare
to
known
to nearly 300
are
guineas, amount
as
more,
; there
many
localities.
From^ this it will appear
only in their immediate
that the
in
its original purity,and
is
maintained
fountain-head
much
pains is expended in keeping it up.
With
this advantage of
blood
it is the duty of the country
pure
the useful classes
to the mark
to keep up
gentlemen and farmers
of hunting and
those
well
as
adapted to harness*
riding horses, as
and
As
military service.
day brings all parts of the world
every
fcnr our
horses increases
to us, the long-establisheddemand
nearer
rather
distant
than
diminishes,
countries
XXVII.
"
M.
since
work
statistical
on
the
of
L.
our
DE
1789.
rural
tables, and
and
records
eagerlysought
most
Laveegne
By
month
every
F. R.
economy
describe
the Rural
on
de
la
out
shipment
to
mares.
Economy of
France
Tr"honnais.
of France
written
the
of
status
the
sires and
merely
property,
to
the
array
mode
of climate, local wants,

farming, and the various circumstances
almost
and
of husbandry, would
a
traditionarycustoms
appear
book
Avork
of supererogation after the
admirable
published by
of England,
M. de Lavergne in 1850, in which
the rural economy
that of his own
Scotland, and Ireland is contrasted wi"
country.
This
book
of the agsicul*
gives us a most
complete account
tural status, riches, and
produce of Fraace) as well as an elab""rate
of
522
Rural
descriptionof
the
book
but
is not
rather
to
so
merely
French
that
French
exercised
of tenure,
agriculture,
that
upon
Revolution,
the
which
to
terest
in-
great
bloodshed, known
and
of violence
period
laws
prevalent in that
the objectof his
are
describe
to
influence
the
Great
of the
name
ojf farming, the
modes
much
trace
the
by
since 1789.
France
of
metayage^ "c., "c., which

M. de Lavergne reminds
us
But
country.
new
the various
of
customs
Economy
date
the
by
of 1789
are
questionable propriety,applied.
people who
of civilizaback
tion
look
that period as
the spring of a new
to
era
and material prosperity: it was, then, an enterprise
of no
slight
that awful
whether
importance to examine
period was, in itself,
attended
with benefit to French
in
society
respect to any of its
are
we
more
pecially
esinterests,and
particularlythat with which
concerned, namely
Agriculture.
There
is,with
"
M.
not
Lavergne
de
due
to
body
the
which
he
this
his
tells
own
Academy
is
of
member,
that
us
Moral
and
every
distinguishedeconomist
better
could
have
not
pen
will his
will
is
who
subject was
that
learned
of
Sciences,
acquainted with
readily acknowledge that

for this important task
been
selected
be
otherwise
voice
Political
and
one
of
choice
the
was
the
of this
selection
the
; it
initiative
if there
than
warning
opportune
and excesses
errors
being repeated under
danger of the same
the same
of glory and
strangely misapplied watchwords
libertyI
It is then by no
irrelevant
of
the
to
means
objects agricultural
nor
is
review
to
progress,
felicitous
or
history and point out the adverse
have
exerted
changes
political
great
past
influences
which
such
aspect
of
feudal
system,
That
events.
to that
pages
abolished
which
in these
it,carefullyrestrictingourselves
upon
epoch
great
one
the
the
face
of
changes on
wrought so many
French
itself into
two
periods the
society, naturally divides
first comprising the
of Malesherbes
enlightened administration
and
de Lavergne
Louis
M.
under
XVI.
the
other
Turgot
(and
;
the
that
augurated
inwas
forciblydraws
distinction),
period which
very
in 1793
in the Reign of Terror, and
prolonged with
but little direct benefit
to agricultureup
to 1814.
and
"
The
great and
known
hardly
iey generally
cire
VI. de
very
.x}uis XIV.
it
vhich
is
so
and
not
Louis
luring which
T
ninv
"
Under
the
often
are
with
and
is,
French
Upî^
the
Louis
the
history,and
and
can
on
the
alone
period
confounded
The
confounded.
of
former
as
revolutionary period.
stigma of Ancien Regime
deserves
that
the Restoration
^"iilit-v
the
the
of
disastrously ended
of
in
made
events
XV.
case
happy periods
most
the
epochs
the
reforms
appreciated, merged
with
are
different
)ut
and
Lavergne truly says,
wo
.f
beneficial
severest
XVI.
the
judgment
That
contrary,
of
memory
one
of
the
thirty-two years
Monarchy
Constitutional
bear
reign
comparison
witn
'
Rural
since 1789.
France
Eoarumy of
523
that
the reforms
and
complished
acpeaceful period." Among
prosperous
under
Louis XVI.
cited the celebrated
be
edicts
may
which
removed
the last vestigesof serfdom, established
free trade
in
wine
and
in the
interior,and unconditionally abolished

rights relating to the preservation
corvees,
of game,
and
The abolition of tithes,
to dove-cotes
open warrens.
of more
although a measure
questionablepolicy, at all events
relieved
landed
mulated
stiproperty firom a heavy direct impost, and
com
juraiidesyexclusive
investment
the
Agfriculturefelt
its advancement
modem
the
it
gave
of French
already realized
the production
capitalin agricultural
pursuits.
influence
limited
was
scientific
barriers
of
of this movement
the
by
the
"
introduction
of
into
capitaland of
of arbitrary
removal
ments
important achieve-
knowledge, still the mere

most
mighty impulse. Two
been
for
had
some
agriculture
silk ; but it was

the
extended
culture
and
both
want
the
at
this
of
of
considerable
culture
time
of
time
maize,
Parmentier
duced
intro-
Daubenton
and
potatoes,
and
And
Spanish^Merino sheep.
now,
with
the
the
of
hearty co-operation
privileged classes,a new
constitution
had
framed
been
conferring equal rights on all, and
of justice and
finance,so
providing for the due administration
brought
give securityto
to
as
France
of
although
; and
M.
Lavergne
de
Revolution
says,
land,
in the
the
sums
voted
secured
of tolls and
shape
equal liabilityof
The
nation
such
the
all
time
dues,
"
which
this
have
be
must
breathes
the
revived
and
added
the
is free
landed
estate
or
and
spirit,
same
France
like
can
recognised by
those
be
the
who
of the
enacts
follows
thereon
and
to
to
the
those
"
"
be
that
have
for
upon
redeemable,
the
was
as
freedom
and
of
writing,a
of
government
the
conquests
soil."
fertility
28th September, 1791,
subjected only
law,
From
could
the
on
as
dwell
Behold,"
public taxation
and
citizen,such
to
trulybestowed
law
tioned
sanc-
all burdens
man
rights
right of acquiring property,
labour, libertyof conscience, liberty in speaJdng
share in the
voice in the imposition of taxes, and
a
These
the
are
no
longer denied.
country, were
proclaimed.
personal liberty,the
and
declared
were
of the
other
"
act
an
same
estates
the peaceful
abolished.
rights
At
which
States-General
the
to
which
secured.
property.
benefits
the
by
feudal
and
to
the
up
consequences
agriculture,were
the
thus
tithes
and
person
1789,
King, had
all the
moment,
the
of
the
by
"the
the
1st
The
To
which
soil of
consequentlyevery
established
usages
sacrifices which
may
be
public weal, due compensation being in both

landowners
The
free
2nd.
are
cases
previously agreed upon.
and
culture
of
think
the
to
as
they
management
vary
proper
their land ; to regulate their
think fit,and to dispose
crops as they
required
VOL.
for
XXI.
the
624
Rural
their
of
In
the
order
be
must
abroad
without
and
kingdom
judice
preothers,and in conformity with the law."
within
produce
to
restrictions
the
rights of
fully to appreciate the
that
mind
in
borne
since 1789.
France
Economy of
only
prevailed,not
absurd
most
of these
extent
concessiom
it
of commercial
system
and
regards foreign exports
as
province and province

the
boundaries
of the
within
kingdom.
Any province
cattle
into another
forbid
the export of grain or
could
province;
of
that
the
it did not
and
one
unfrequently happen
part
eoontry
in
whilst
the
the
next
abundance,
province
rejoiced
greatest
very
imports, but
the
suffered
the
in
even
intercourse
The
of famine.
pangs
the
between
could
government
absolutely
and
reffulate
even
price of com,
of
the
the
breadth
for
fiEirmer
the
wheat, settling
he was
and
of
cereal crops
to
forbidding any modification
grow,
Hence
fallows were
the then
stricted
reprevailingrule of husbandry.
the
unknown
of
rotation
culture
wheat
and
a
judicious
;
;
land
could
enforced
with
suicidal
rigour, till the exhausted
make
The
and
sequently
conno
only rule then in use
adequate return.
and
It
bare
fallow.
white
strictlyenforced, was
crops
close
or
open
cultivation
forbidden
even
was
ports, fix the
of
withdraw
to
land
wheat
from
cultivation
permission to do
by planting vines, without
express
These
not
ill-judged restrictions,which
only
tended
but
way
feudal
system.
Some
of the
burden
and
upon
checked
the
or
abuses
point,however,
and
of the
sale
clergy, as having
agriculture by causing
the
provement
imin
greater obstacles
were
of tithes
Revolution
acts, viz. the seizure
nobles
influence
famine,
create
the
the
partisansof
violent
most
to
than
of progress
the
so.
property
salutary
most
of its
one
landed
exercised
of die
division
greater
to
of the
soil.
M.
Lavergne
de
examines
rightly demurs
;
effects
arising from
he
that
neither
de
this
then
millions
other
to
it
in detail
derived
In
from
that the
this
not
more
poor, was
Consolidated
the
charged upon
the nation
is no
gainer by the
such
as
on
to
did
respects
respect
but
like
that
the
income
net
and
source,
which
ccmduce
much
to
the
than
Fund
church
development
which
and
of two
He
expended on the
public worship, the
nance
mainte-
and
the
now
sum
so
purposes,
also points out
property
of
half
those
change.
of this
of
property, M.
equivalent to
for
fieict,
measure
changes
church
to
evil
of any
from
the
clergy, the exigencies of

ecclesiastical
buildings, the education
of
terms
of property,
produce anything
of the
the
consideration
which
proposition,to
of the
maintenance
repairs
in
or
ascribed
generally
Lavergne shows
from
division
the
confiscation
wholesale
are
in
indeed
not
this
length
at
was
that
that
held^ were
agriculturts
on
liucge
Rural
scale, in
tracts, which
exercised
has
English agriculture.
M. de Lavergne is not disposed
of landed
shall
property
as
presentlyexamine
his opinion ;
resulted
thrown
into
In
the
from
the
525
of
consider
leasing considerable
influence
division
extreme
an
on
agriculturalprogress, and we
the arguments
by which he attempts to
but he justly describes
the nefarious effects
a
large quantity of land being suddenly
an
establish
which
obstacle
1789.
important an
so
to
since
that system
approximating to
manner
of France
Ecommy
to
market
first
its
value
depreciated to a ruinous
extent
were
brought within
being subdivided
; next, the estates
the
reach
who
of small
were
capitalists,
tempted to embark
all
their
in
the
nearly
purchase, leaving little or nothing
property
the expenses
of cultivation.
to
meet
They generally gained
little by exchanging their positionas
for that
of protenants
prietors,
rather
divert
for such a policy is calculated
to
capital
into other channels
the means
than to increase
applicable to the
culture
of the soil,and
its adoptionhas produced the natural
sequences.
conA
France;
bane
but
was
farmer
be found
in
to
isjscarcely
wealthy tenant
in
exist
landed
thousands.
The
proprietors
poor
French
of
agriculture
land
possess
their
of
consequently
to
peasantry
and
place,
that
is
this
is the
morbid
true
ambition
imperviousness
the
of their poverty,
of agricultural
cause
to
of
the
influence
gality
savings of a life passed in sordid fruprogress.
and
to this object:
abject privationsare commonly devoted
The
if these
do
procured
make
may
be
the
out
purchase-money, a
of 5 per cent., although the investment

3 per cent
These
2^, or at the utmost
the rate
at
than
more
to
suffice,to eke
not
in the
which
traced
main
have
we
back
referred.
to
that
M.
de
wholesale
act
Lavergne
loan
is
will not
results
of confiscation
demonstrates
that were
estates
principallymiddle-size
of
so-called
national property, and
the
purchase
has not so rapidlyincreased
that the number
since
of small estates
the Revolution
some
as
people have imagined. In 1789 Arthur
of small
estates
Young calculated that the number
comprised full
very forciblythat
increased
by the
of the
one-third
there
it
was
kingdom
in France
; and
Necker
wrote
of small
the
at
rural
same
estates."
time,
With
immensity
of inheritance
of the laws
in
subdividing tendencies
the
of
these
ings
holdnumber
small
that
France, it is not probable
have
This, no doubt, is owing to
materially increased.
is the stationaryor almost
two
retrograde condition
one
causes
:
French
of
families now-a-days
of the population, in
consequence
We
have been
children.
than one
two
or
rarelynumbering more
told
district magistrate {juge de paix) in Normandy, that
by
diminished
of births had
within
his recollection the number
by
the
had
two-thirds
in his district,
and
population
consequently
"
all
are
an
the
526
shrunk
in
the
is the system of
which
daughters, without
the
ratio ; and
same
adequate marriage-portions
to
have
marriage
far to
goes
and
to
more
increase
than
property
of
at
that
conceive
to
brought by
tance,
inheri-
of
of subdivision
the number
that
diminution
of
the laws
counteract
whole
the
on
is easy
of
of
state
giving
they
other
finding suitors. It
society the accession
little chance
in such
since 1789.
Economy of France
Bural
clines
inproprietors
small
present.
of property was
generally thought that the equal
This is not correct :
only enforced
by law after the Revolution.
those alone
under
of the nobles
the old regime the estates
were
It is
entailed
division
class and
the
equal division
the
people.
all estates.
to
M.
de
and
certainlyadduces
but
this
not
agree
is
The
of
Revolution
cogent
very
point, and perhaps the
with
him
of this
Lavergne greatly approves

to
reasons
; and
few
who
only
can
this law
extended
merely
support
in
one,
middle
for the
existed
inheritance
measure,
his
which
appreciatethe
"views ;
we
do
social and
by the aristocracyof this countyy

will concur
the subject of the privilege
with M. de Lavergne on
of primogeniture.
need
We
by
only point to the efforts made
the
of England
to
practice
bring agricultural
large landowners
into
scientific
discoveries
unison
with
by costly experiments,
and
which
could
alone
afford
to
make,
by the happy results
they
has
of which
benefited
the agricultureof the whole
world
to a
indeed
be
would
It
it
is
which
difficult to realize.
idle,
degree
the
when
to
advantages
addressing English readers,
expatiateupon
of England have
which
all the institutions,
the
all
interests,
nay,
of her
the high status
from
and
derived, and derive more
more,
is not
a
single page of English historyin
aristocracy. There
which
the aristocracyare
associated with its gloriousrecords
not
;
M. de Lavergne's
and
although we are not prepared to combat
in respect to the French
aristocracy who during the
arguments
last few
Revolution
were
certainlymore
reigns previous to the
tion
remarkable
for their courtly and
dissolute habits than their devothe
did
to
public weal, and until the last few years never
that
maintain
anything to promote agriculturalprogress
^yet we
the two
that
in
are
cases
England the
by no means
parallel,and
law of- primogeniture,by preserving the entiretyof large estates,
into the
hands of
of wealth
jy concentrating the powerful means
and
is still
has
been
benevolent
and
*^telligent,
patriotic,
men,
of the strongest bulwarks
of English prosperity
; whilst, on
he
other
the
of
of
the
fatal
most
Revolution,
hand, one
gifts
the law of
of France, was
IS
regards the agriculturalprogress
intellectual
influence
exercised
"
"
/111?
inheritance.
come
'hey are
.n
No
r^rder
all of
age,
to
divide
be
proprietorcan
into the hands
of any
certain
of his children.
the
law
the
proceeds
steps
in and
among
that
Should
his
he
estate
die
will
before
forcibly sells his estates,

them ; or else the task of
528
Economy of France
Rural
since 1789.
that com
fetched a famine
command, as it is well known
price during the greatest portion of the revolutionaryperiod.
commercial
A
the agriculturaland
status
comparison between
that
that
of France
in
shows
in 1789
and
1815, clearly
period has
of
fearful
halt in the march
not
a
only been a dead blank
gress,
proin
of
branch
but comparatively a positive
retrogression every
the national wealth.
According to Lavoisier,* and the trustworthy
data
Young, the total agricultural produce of
given by Arthur
tinued
to
"
France
the time
at
the
Revolution
104,000,000/. sterling,equal
his
Chaptal, in
in
work
to
entitled
out, amounted
broke
head
4/. per
of
De
Tlndustrie
after
deducting the seed, the

the other drawbacks
for in
usually allowed
the total agriculturalproduce of France
at
would
sterling,which
only give an increase
quarter
1818,
of
century,
believe,was
due
the
added
Empire
It is
solely
jot
a
to
remarkable
followed
the
same
this
and
fact,
ratio.
the
that
The
the
population.
Franqaise,'publish^
food
such
of animals, and
estimates,
states
120,000,000/.
16,000,000/. for a
about
of
is every
reason
the Republic
Neither
increase,
the Consulate.
to
about
to
there
to
nor
agriculturalprosperityof France.
of the population
the movement
of
France, in 1789,
population
scarcely29,500,000" an increase
26,500,000. In 1815 it was

of only 3,000,000.
This
increase
in the population,as well
as
that in the produce of the land noticed
above, took place during
the short respiteof the Consulate.
of M. de
Thus, in the words
The
of one
Lavergne :
revolutionaryfury and the ambition
was
"
"
had
the
successivelydevoured
labour
of
industry and
man
the
greatest part of
people
great
had
which
that
striven
to
produce.**
With
the restoration
of the
Bourbons
peaceful enterprisecommenced,
showing
cious of life,is the prosperity of a country
the
of
the
soil.
new
how
activityand
elastic,how
when
Notwithstanding
of
era
tena*
it is based
the
upon
heavy burthen
the
of
millions
demnity,
inimposed by
forty
sterlingas a war
conquerors
another
and
fortymillions
sterlingas a compensation to
the exiled
off the fatal incubus
cast
nobility,France had no sooner
of ambition, than the natural
of
her
resources
soil,the energy and
the
burst
forth,under
genius of her sons
protection of peace,
that period
justice,and security. From
up to 1847, the public
without
prosperity of France
steadily and
rapidly increased
and
from
the
intermission,
1830, when
especially
a
any
year
of
meted
the
nation.
From
to
out
libertywas
greater measure
that time," observes
de
M.
fested
Lavergne, **a fresh activitymaniitself by immense
this
public works, which, executed
time
of
all
the
have
left far
or
territory,
points
nearly so,
upon
resources
"
"
Richesse
Territoriale
du Royanme
de Frssoe/
Rural
behind
them
of
roads
new
river-courses
4000
in
more
in
progress
unknown
5625
of
course
the
have
sprung
baffle
these
all
obstacles
has
canals
attained
revolutions, wars,
to
and
constant
me
hitherto
have
labour
been
which
power
structed
con-
opened,
intercourses
of
structed,
con-
harbours
railway were
Owing
conditions
the
up,
them.
preceded
numerous
communication,
completely altered, production

to
had
529
improved,
of
construction.
of
means
which
and
miles
1789.
since
opened,
were
deepened
enlarged,
or
the kind
of
everything
miles
78,125
France
Economy of
seems
epidemics,all
famines,
now
formerly so deadly, may
stay its progress,
but can
no
nor
longer stop its power,
suspend its activity."
M. de Lavergne naturally divides
this period into two
distinct
the
from
other
1815
the
to 1847,
one
extending
running
parts ;
from
scourges,
1848
Any
to
up
who
one
the present time.

has
the
watched
this
of
movement
country
admit
and
that, though checks
slightestattention must
arise, permanent
interruptions may
retrogression is now
sible,
imposthe
the
command
of the
at
means
so
now
powerful are
to direct
community, and so general the enlightenment necessary
the use
and
Yet, on
a
application of these means.
comparison
these
of
between
two
agriculture will
periods, the progress
been
to have
most
rapid during the former, although in
appear
with
the
the
latter
efforts
greater
directed
officially
direct
at
the
have
encouragement
of
been
This
agriculture.
promotion
anomaly
reference
several
to
can
causes:
some
by a
such
natural
the
the
and
vineas
murrain,
especially
potato
the
failures
in the
harvests
of
disease, and
1846, 1853, and
concentration
of labour
in
1855; others social or political. The
the
Paris
other
caused
and
gigantic buildings
large cities,
by
be
to
accounted
for
"
other
and
withdraw
to
and
carried
works
capital.
scourge
three-fourths
"
The
the
from
expense,
interest
agricultural
the
French
agriculture
disease
of
the
has
the
in
also
M.
both
has
southern
tributed
con-
labour
lament
to
which
"
of silk
of property
also
has
silkworms
production
subdivision
have
public
the
at
on
another
reduced
by
provinces.
greatly increased
of
late
"
is inclined
to
Lavergne
mitigated, as
by no means
that
each
increased
in
the
has
fact
value,
believe, by
so
portion
smaller
of a
tliat land-proprietors,although the
owners
portion
before
the
of land,
were
rich, on
as
1789,
as
they
average,
them
has
also
value
of almost
for the
everything else around
an
evil
de
are
increased
It
is
estimate
Revolution
about
in the
same
ratio.
scarcely possible
of
the
of
one-sixth
to
distribution
1789.
of the
All
give anything
of
we
land
know
the
territory,
like
property
is
State
that
and
an
before
the
the
Church
accurate
the
great
owned
parishes another
Rtiral
530
the
sixth, and
nobles,
1815,
the
and
bourgeois,
peasants, pretty
had
been
her
of
robbed
property,
been
greatest portion of the aristocracy'slands had
the
under
the revolutionary hammer,
territory ^was
the
and
since 1789.
France
half.
Church
the
after
the
other
the
equally divided
In
Economy of
brought
divided
as
follows
:*
21,456
108,645
217,817
families
"
owning
an
of 2200
average
acres.
256,533
258,452
361,711
567,687
851,280
1,101,421
In
all
3,805,000 proprietors,owning
minute
this
1815
Since
division
Lavergne, from
Schedules, at the present
M.
Land-tax
of landed
de
property
careful
time
have
to
seems
thus
acres.
greatly
examination
describes
the
of
creased.
inthe
division
"
50,000 largeproprietorsowning on
500,000 middle-class
proprietors
small
5,000,000
111,875,000
about
an
average
750
acres.
75
"
"
7*5
proprietors
"
"
This
112,500,000 acres.
5,550,000 proprietors for about
with
what
cultivated
it
in
of
1789
extent
land, as compared
was
of
a
cheering sign
progress.
presents many
Arthur
to
calculations,slightlymodified
Young's
According
land
in 1780
of information, the
from
other sources
thus
was
In all
distributed
"
land
Arable
and
(hardens
62,500,000
3,750,000
3,750,000
22,500,000
7,500,000
25,000,000
orchards
Vineyards
and
Woods
forests
Meadows
Wastelands
Total
According
''Ûows
the
to
"
"
125,000,000
last official statistics it is
now
"
distributed
as
irable
land
and
65,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
20,000,000
orchards
Vineyards
and
Voods
forests
ileadows
v""f.
'ondf
Total
"
"
orardens
acres.
7ubic"*'"n
""nn
^^^canisme
acres.
"
"
"
125,000,000
de
la
Soci^t^
en
France
"
et
en
Anêtenv;,*
Rural
it would
Thus
by 5,000,000
diminished
the
that
appear
since 1789.
France
Economy of
of
extent
that
531
woods
of
lands
waste
has
forests
and
by
have increased
2,500,000 acres, whilst the gardens and orchards
by 1,250,000 acres, the surface under tillageby 2,500,000 acres,
the meadows
by 2,500,000 acres, and the vineyards by 1,500,000
acres,
acres.
after
This,
for
progress
require
and
soil,
long
so
centuries
two
The
M.
all, as
Lavergne observes,
de
period.
reclaim
to
important,
as
may
in
of
1789.
fallow
Bare
and
Rye
other
grains
..
..
Oats
and
seeds
2,500,000
250,000
1,000,000
Hoots
Divers
crops
62,500,000
A
glance
most
farm-manure
production of
to
agricultureis
9 bushels
doubled, whilst
beet-root
the
of
which
the
exclusive
seed
the
did
not
it reaches
now
also
has
wheat
of
production
of
yield
have
"
about
twice
the
the
now
compare
Lavoisier
of France
an
have
increased
of sugar
and
in
yield
has
five-fold,wine
that of spiritsfrom
as
the value
causes,
may
much
be
now
as
in
annual
of the
computed
1789,
and
at
produce
200
about
millions
80
millions
in 1815.
Knowing
soil,and
foregoing
France
than
be
greatlyimproved, both
also
creations.
in
land
sterling
quite
importance
of crops,
average
rape
manufacture
the
new
are
From
can
rotation
acre,
per
crops
Silk and
quality.
more
the
industrial
of the
the
meat,
14.
nearly
and
and
better
Formerly
increased.
All
""
65,000,000
"
easilyunderstood.
with
Together
exceed
acres.
that the old system of

figures will show
receded
by one-half,and the cultivation of roots
of land
Altogether the extent
by 4,750,000 acres.
fodder
has increased
by nearly 10,000,000 acres.
it betokens
encouraging feature,because
a
greater
for
cultivated
is
"
those
on
increased
This
more
has
fallow
bare
has
12,500,000
15,000,000
15,000,000
7,500,000
7,500,000
5,000,000
2,500,000
acres
6,250,0C0
Grass
far
is
the
of
1859.
25,000,000
10,000,000
17,500,000
Wheat
would
cultivation
crops,
following table
the
slow
France
lands.
actual
the
but
is
pace
waste
rotation
from
seen
this
all her
accomplished
progress
the
distribution
and
be
At
gross
net
produce, it is interestingto ascertain

the cultivation
from
profit derived
it with
what
that in 1789
was
says
about
average
24
of 4^.
it
the
millions
an
acre
was
net
what
of
the
in 17o9.
of
revenue
sterling,which
for annual
rent
the
landowners
would
paid by
not
the
give
tenant
532
Rural
Now
the
At
fix the
and
16/.
rent
and
consequentlythe
that
causes
feudal
may
rights and
which
have
what
ascertain
to
the time
at
was
that the
since
the
of
one
the
abolition
of
improvements
permanent
of late years.
is the
what
accomplished
; but
doubt
no
also the
tithes,and
of
now
it
It is
gross
fact is
this
show
increased
produce
the
than
explain
been
It remains
and
ratio
greater
an
have
land
of
price
figures would
in 1789,
acre
figureswould
These
time.
the present
quite 7Z.
not
at
lO^.ran
less than
at
cent., these
3 per
33
at
at
estimated
be
cannot
years*purchase, or
sellingvalue of the land
acre.
1789
rent
average
1789.
since
France
of
Economy
tenant's
profitnow,
Revolution.
of the
profit is proportionateto the

the
working capitalengaged in any undertaking. In 1789
about
one-half
of
working capital engaged in agriculture was
what
it is now,
and
be calculated
at 16.?. per
acre, including
may
the
generally
woods
then
and
32*. per
32"9. per
of
acre
This
acre.
whole
the
which
land,
waste
territory.
no
capital,we
or
cultivated
the
If
of the
little
demanding
the
and
forests
half
one
that
found
deduct
we
shall
territory,or
an
now
about
of
extent
to
come
cannot
average
comprised
that
land
of
average
be less than
2/. Ss, per
vated
culti-
acre.
Next
the
questionof
greatest part of
then
amounted
at
the
comes
least
direct
and
14
to
burthen
the
24
millions
millions, including
is a little diminished,
on
land
lords
Formerly
it belongs
now
it
than
assumed
it must
hand,
produce
be
of the
"han
it
""\t
the
was
of
*^'^
'iâw^
-^fr'
"
mates
)rice
in
and
of
order
consequently
Lavergne
would
is
be
not
complete
is
is
any
another
here
France
times
more
now
probably
greater number
on
to
the
creased.
inthe
ductive
pro-
safely
as
the
they
other
increased
its resources,
this
less severely felt
very
with
truly observes,
if
the
they
for that
of
means
had
fully
increase.
interestingquestionto invesArthur
Young
comparison.
the
; it
the
But
; but
occasion
of labourers
day
of
is much
of taxation
increase
copulationof France
vas
amount,
furnished
have
the
1789, there
enormously
belonged to
owing
development
de
average
wages
) sols,about
9^rf.per
in
that
in
labour
to
included.
mind
the
M.
1789
""^"^
public charges,
been
six
tithes
in
doubled
^luyingthat enormous
realised,there
times, although
and
1789,
borne
in 1789.
ideas
our
land
is
which
property
altogether it may be
agriculturistspay twice as much
land,
taxation, though
of
state, and
Revolution,
tlie
before
sales
on
the
in
was
French
that
duty
to
yet
landed
bore
all
the rest, have
among
the
from
In.
taxation
budget,
; the
drew
sterling,
1789
in
land
taxation
of
tithes.
the burthens
did
The
taxation.
is
same
at
now
in
the time
of his travels
1^. 3d,
As
point
a
greater demand
of days in which
of
the
number
for
rami
as
it
labour, and
labourers
are
Bural
employed
has
labom'ers
the
of
it may
be
doubled
necessaries
now
same
of
and
use
the
that
of
inferred
that
of the
1815,
and
other
fabrics
has
Landlord's
acre
..040
Working expenses
Land-taxes, tithes,"c.
..004
Tenant's
rent
per
profit
Gross
price
much
the
articles
of
clear
idea
the
at
the
of
three
distribution
of
periods
1789,
ISltf.
",
d,
8,
Lavergne
1809.
",
d,
$,
059
d.
f,
096
020
032
008
018
..
..023
produce
013
019
15
11
16
19
12
."
from
draws
this
the
table
following
tions
observa-
within
us
; but
we
"
suffices
This
progress
pricle and
just
might
forgetthat it
never
since
the
hand,
times.
our
018
Labour
"
farm
having considerably
of
general condition
the
1789.
de
of
1859:"
""
M.
income
manufactured
of
textile
538
being pretty
meat,
price
greatlyimproved in
following table will give a
land
gross produce of the
The
the
On
life, except
be
the amiual
that
1789.
and
it may
diminished,
labourers
since
then,
as
household
assumed
tince 1789.
Frxmce
Economy of
have
we
wasted
doubt
no
confidence
have
Revolution.
the
in
been
the
about
excite
to
future
least twice
at
of the time
half
mate
legitimust
considerable,
has elapsed
as
that
the
neighbouring country, in which
have
of
few
1789
been, notwithstanding a
principles
apparît
and
thim
more
more
constantly
anciently
applied
exceptions,
time
with
much
a
accomplished in the same
us, has
progress
In
had
United
1789
the
13
millions
still.
Kingdom
more
rapid
the
since
a-half
and
28
to
millions,
without
populationof
increased
has
ours
five million
reclaim
to
fallows, double
bare
by
!
cent
to
more
reckoning
England
only by
At
30
per
this
reach
the
we
thus
of
waste
(he world.
over
than
more
increased
"nglish-bom
of
all
and
taken
half
agriculturalproduce, increase
should
and
per cent,
requirethree-ouarters
point of prosperitywhich
70
us
lands, suppress
100
whilst
doubled,
It has
one-third.
cent, wages
rate
millions
the
colonies
has
acres
our
population had
the
1856,
in distant
scattered
individuals
The
; in
inhabitants
our
lation
popu150 per
century
rent
of
England
years
of our
has
already
attained."
Such
the
"
is the
substance
Introduction
of
very pith
filled with
the most
as
the
as
the
"
to
the
of what
his
book,
work
graphic
but
itself.
de
Lavergne modestly
which
The
descriptionsof
their
under
territory,
regards topographical features
French
M.
must
considered
remaining
the
multifarious
and
be
calls
climate.
and
are
pages
various parts of
varied
aspects
In that detailed
534
Rural
examination
defines
have
we
each
of
the
share
given
examination
Economy
each
that
climates,
Southern
Provinces,
resemblance
whatever
the
by
of
the
the
where
world
parts, and
component
northern
the
so
where
the
banks
the
the
and
east
few
indeed,
their
between
tributed
prosperityis dis-
material
French
Atlantic
the
are,
little analogy exists
perhaps
in
There
frontier.
resources.
Mediterranean, bear
departments bounded
the
and
centre
in the
countries
wants,
blue
variety of
and*
"
the
"
by
the
figures
special
the
of
and
English Channel
between
exists
equally striking contrast
and
the
Pyrenean regions ^between
Rhine
west
bathed
to
of
waves
An
the
statistical
idea
an
author
our
country like France, such
local
stormy
Ocean.
France,
the
to
indispensableto convey
requirements,usages,
The
of
region
contributes
For
its
no
since 1789.
France
well-defined
above.
is
of
It is
through
all the
Lavergne, with
of his graphic
lucid
charms
diction,and clear exposition,
pen,
takes his reader, relieving his attention
from
dry statistical facts
historical
curious
allusions
to
reminiscences, pictures
by interesting
unevenly, as
heterogeneous mass
so
this
of
and
scenery
that
M.
Empire.
de
portraitsof
manners,
men,
narratives
make
in fact, everything that can
travellingincidents
instructive
and
entertaining in the highest degree.
his
"
is at
once
for the
gîdc
thus
taken
the
agriculturethrough
most
accurate
for the
primary
troubled
and
resources
This
have
book
work
travelling
idle,and
statistics that
accurate
most
thiB territorial riches
on
Having
the
economist,
pleasant pastime
tourist,a
of
record
published
for the
text-book
of
able
valubeen
ever
of France.
French
survey
of
the
history of
times
of
the
revolutionaryera,
part of M.
Lavergne's book which

describes
the
present state of agriculture as displayed in the
into which
he has parcelled
varied
features
of the six divisions
of the natuconsideration
the whole
a
ral
territoryof France, from
These
affinities of the districts thus
sions
divigrouped together.
will
we
are
1.
follows
as
The
which
North-
and
T""\ndy,
of
"ut
the
de
"
Western, comprising the 15 departments

provinces of Flanders, Artois, Picardy,
ancient
the
2. The
that
examine
now
Isle
North-En
of France
c^êm,
were
Nor-
divided.
comprising
Ch?*npag"-^ r^^rgundy,
into
the
Franche
15
departments, formed
Comte, Lorraine, and
Alsace.
T\t
.^mprising the 14 departments substituted

oi
ftOfiu^^tss
Touraine, Maine, Anjou, Britany,Poitou,
and
Angoumais.
iA.ê,
The
South-Eastern, including the old provincesof Lyonnais,
of
^jart Burgundy, Forez, Dauphiny, Vivarais,county of Avignon,
laOYfCT Langfi'^doc,and
Provence, now
split up into 15 depart"
i\
"
c.
nent"
"'â
536
In
1857
the
since 1789.
Economy of France
Rural
to
100,207 miles, canals
repair amounted
8457
miles, railways 5516 miles, divided as
This
Table
shows
the
arc
follows
most
"
tricts
dis-
prosperous
with
means
provided
better
in
navigable riven
and
the
forciblythat
very
which
those
are
regularly kept
public highways
of
extent
of
communication.
ITie
firstdivision,the North-Westem,
its
for
industrial
is
prosperity,comprising
only
not
it
as
remarkable
does
the
most
lence
important manufacturing districts,but for the unrivalled excelof its agriculture. Although
it represents only the sixth
the
it
contains
than the fourth
of
more
territory,
part
part of the
population, and contributes
nearly half the taxes of the nation,
without
reckoning the heavy municipal dues of the department
If any
of
Seine.
the
wanted
that the
of
riches
proof were
nations
from
the
agricultural prosperity,
directly spring up
the
statistics of
suffice
If
North-
establish
to
the
begin with
agriculturequite at
XlV.
^'
In
^^
this
as
indefinite
in these
Flanders
was
would
amply
extremity,we here find Flemish

comparatively recent
conquests
the
cradle
of
European agriculture.
plainsoriginated(toquote M. Lavergne)
which
has
been
since
adopted in
crops
rich
of
England and then

of the globe."
The origin of
northern
home
these
alternation
that
districts of France
point
the
we
Louis
of
Western
France,
in
this
alone
is destined
and
discovery
can
us
lost
in
population"is
make
the
circuit
preciousto mankind,
most
"
enable
to
on
the
given space
obscurity of
feed
to
much
inasan
middle
the
Virgil, it is true, alludes to this practice, altends

"ês.
do not appear
f but the Romans
to have
equxescunt fetibus area
i^f*îed it out
scale.
Its
is
real development
due
a
to
on
large
^
'
^
'equirementsof great
"vnen
iiiodom
at
war
with
Flemings
beer
kings
owed
made
meat
and
often
belonged to
the
towns,
and
much
them
such
as
Ghent
princes. The
of their vigour
what
they were,
guild of
butchers
or
and
ancient
to
and
bakers*^
as
generous
their
Bruges,
well
as
diet ;
cbiefs
J^conomyof France
Hural
This
Flanders
of
pait
liberal
social
political and
In 1789
Lavergne :
the
"
inhabitant
one
twice
remarks
owed
its wealth
the
after his
which
to
for
the
been
results
Nord
M.
of
words
already
had
least
at
was
say,
of
Cordier
justly
Flanders/ that this
tutions
sound
politicalinstiXIV.
district,
feudal
from
1789
himself,
This
liberties.
emancipated
in
the
Le
Louis
soil,
ancient
still
was
In
M.
its
to
more
537
happy
to
French
of
these
is
France.
of
of
fertility
imposts,
that
acres,
much
centuries
indirect
and
2^
conquest, respected
had
the
called
department
every
than
also
institutions.
populous as the rest

in
his
'Agriculture
as
country
to
exhibits
since 1789:
governed
burdens
by
home-
appointed unpaid magistrates. Rural districtsâs well as towns,

the
had
right and habit of undertaking public works ; private
formed
when
companies were
required ; and certain voluntary
associations
for reclaiming bogs and swamps,
called JVatterimueSy
flourished
well
to
under
imitate
as
every
remarked
the
tour, that
Flemish
husbandry
the
ancient
boundary
not
depend
upon
diat
than
the
which
and
fallow;
knew
and
Even
It
other
the
on
the
and
precisely
countries.
finer
The
do
line
the
difference
of
did
can
without
the
on
detestable
side, with
one
of
system
with
freedom
between
hardly be found
interruption, as far
plain
despotism
was
demarcation
of
followed
two
soil,for
needed
never
at
line
extends, almost
Orleans.
as
the
of
poverty-stricken neglect
and
should
we
the present
at
his
in
and
south
which
management
day."
Young (an authority often quoted by M. Lavergne,
will
with
observe
Englishman
pride and
satisfaction)
Arthur
French
of
system
soil
corn-crops
that
never
rest.
day
present
Flemish
rotations
are
much
more
in
cating
England, thus indipractised
in
agricultural science ; and
a
greater advancement
used
exceed
the perfectionof the means
by Flemish
nothing can
the
soil those
which
of fertility
elements
farmers
to
restore
to
from
it.
their heavy cropping has withdrawn
The
principal feature of the agricultureof this division is the
largely diversified
cultivation
of
which
sugar,
test of its success.
no
less
France.
than
those
than
beetroot
has
raw
as
taken
most
material
wonderful
called
The
the
for
manufacture
development
Le
Nord
alone
"
of
a
sure
contains
department
sugar-mills out of a total of 350 for the whole of
exercised
of industry has
ence
influbranch
so
great an
that in the
agriculturalproduction of the district,
150
This
the
upon
of Valenciennes
in 1853
erected
on
triumphal arch was
is engraved :
wheat
which
the following inscription
Theffrowthof
beetroot sugar
in this district before the production of
was
only
700
since
the
introduction
oxen
122,569 quarters^ the number
of
;
town
'^
538
Rural
manufacture the growth of xoheat

the number
11,500."
of oxen
the sugar
of
quarters^ and
It
not, however,
must
is
accompanied
but
consequence,
is
excess
whole
hints
and
12
M.
Even
hired
that
at
M.
of
"is
Lavergne,
of
one-fourth, or
Lavergne is
the
146,180
agriculturalprosperity
drawback"
concomitant
arbitrary,limit
not
minimum
of
estimated
population.
economical,
natural
serious
very
been
has
that this
overlooked
be
by a
which, according to
The
1789.
since
France
Economy of
lation,
over-popu-
not
small
necessary
occupations.''
one-third
even
driven
seek
to
of
for
the
some
of
subdivision
holdings,
farms
prise
might, with probable benefit, com25 acres, and
propertiesheld by the owner
It inust
be
to
that
overlooked
this
over-population
thriving
a
increasing manufactures
have
considerable
outlet
for
the
provided a
surplus
increasing rural population.
the
Among
interesting provinces comprised, in the Northhas
acres.
arisen
Westem
and
of
where
district
district
ties
the
in
not
is
and
race
and
so
Normandy,
closely allied
and
history,
hardly less so
pastoralfeatures.
"
If,"
M.
says
England
to
by
Lavergne,
"
its
were
by
scenery
asked
France, I should
happy
prosperous
without
hesitation
here find
point to Normandy ;" and yet we
of a
the strange anomaly
pervious
imdecreasing population,and most
all agriculturalimproveobstinacy in rejecting almost
ment.
land
is
the
of
and
meadows
of
Normandy
pastures, one
another
of
the dairies of France
its
features
is
distinguishing
;
its breed
of merino
sheep, which of late has been most
fully
successParis
the Leicester.
crossed
with
is largelysupplied by
which
its
is the
and
most
poultry,eggs, "c.,
which
part of
also make
their way
into the
London
market.
The
system
of tenure
here
singleinstance
is
in
use
is that of
found
of
leases ; there
is
mitayage^ which
long
scarcely a
so
prevalent elsewhere, especially in the southern
provinces.
The
of
labour
for
about
9*. 6dl
are
agricultural
average
wages
a
to
be
week.
2. North-Eastern
This
Division.
most
region comprises at least two
interestingprovinces,
and
not
Burgundy:
names
only familiar from their
'lampagne
.'annexion
with
famous
torical
wines, but also illustrious from their histhat exists
exceed
the contrast
associations.
Nothing can
Western
the Northbetween
region and this. Besides the great
reference
.;m"i-ence which, on
to the
a
foregoing tables,will be
^.Obiced
of their inhabitants, and
in the number
the amount
of
still more
-evenue
they pay to the public exchequer, they are
omarkaVily li"tinguished by the topographical aspect of the
"
Rural
and
country
the
Economy of France
of the
nature
soil.
hills and
mountains,
directions,and some
the
There
and
few
are
lation
their
says
much
rise
of
vast
"
other
each
rather
forests,but
many
plains
Lavergne, this
confused
heap of
de
cross
to
539
of those
M.
of which
ranges
of which
towns
redeem
Instead
^'
the ocean,"
softlyinclining towards
North-Eastern
consists
region
pretty
1789.
since
elevation.
high
in all
îndustrious jiopu-
an
activitythe
shortcomings of the soil."

by
The
ancient
province of Champagne, in an agriculturalpoint
of view, is as
Of the
uninterestingas any barren desert can be.
four departments into whicli
it is now
viz.
the
divided,
Ardennes,
Aube,
Marne,
patches
of
which
Haute-Marne,
be
Bernard
Clair
barren
leave
surface
vails,
pre-
sterile
grit,chalky tufa,
animal
life
is
the
so
best
Champagne
of
kindred
and
for
or
and
poor
themselves.
attraction
presented an
founders
eight hundred
the
discover
to
dreary wastes
followers,
of
of
readers
our
these
his
head
Counts
the
Abbey
earliest
of
ture,
patrons of agriculthis
kindly rulers,and
were
to
The
monasteries.
province enjoyed comparative prosperity; but

wars
depopulated the country, and next the curse
direct
some
this
everywhere
were
the
drawn
and
vault, the
monks
and
else
presents
province the opprobrious

upon
Champagne Pouilleuse^ the meaning of which
appellation of
shall
epithet we
At an
early epoch
St
Everywhere
as
alone
latter
the
described
vegetable
have
to
as
soil.
may
which
schist, upon
stunted
and
fertile
then
poor
English
blightarising
the
and
French
fell upon
the land.
crown
notorious.
its poverty was
Arthur
Young's
calculations
of
4
show
francs
and
of 12
rent
an
produce
gross
average
francs per acre
The
misery of the people,
throughout the province.*
from
Before
the
due
much
as
The
dependence
Revolution
the
to
Ardennes
government
at
were
patches of
numerous
pastures
the
on
to
be
time
one
which
found
as
the
covered
in
the
soil,was
with
heartrending.
bottom
of
dense
There
still extant
are
except
to
are
the
no
forest,
natural
valleys;
and
to
irrigationit is next
them.
Rye is the principal cereal grown,
impossible to create
with
for it is the only one
be obtained
that can
advantage.
any
Where
the culture
is possible,the yield rarelyexceeds
of wheat
12 bushels
The
basins
of the rivers Seine, Marne, and
an
acre.
from
want
Aube
alone
of
form
luxuriant
their
But
staple soil
brilliant
or
means
of
exceptionsto
this sombre
aspect, from
fertility.
all this desolate
character
which
prevails over
the greater extent
is most
of Champagne
abundantly compensated
the
its
of
famous
by
vineyards. These, though
sparklingproduce
limited
in extent
about
to
150,000 acres, produce an average
millions
about
of nearly two
and a half sterling,
or
yearly return
16/.
"
an
barren
acre.
Champagne,"
VOL.
and
XXI.
says
M.
de
Lavergne,
"
exhibits
rural
organi-"
540
Rural
zation
which
is nowhere
Economy
many
marked
strongly
so
The
lated homesteads.
distant
very
in
is found
villagesis let at
There
are
are
The
land
; whilst
rent
which
scarcelyany Ibotimes
grouped in villagessome-
here.
as
another.
excessive
an
parts of France, but
other
farm-houses
from
one
since 1789.
France
of
the
these
to
nearest
distant
more
less valuable
fields,
and
yield
cultiVar
to
disadvantageous
produce.
arrangement,
of water
instances
by the want
tion, is explained in many
; in
This
its
of
self-defence.
it owed
others
origin to the necessity
much
requiring expensive transport, are

This
less
has
been
which
Romans.
gleam
light over
economical
point
an
another
of
The
interior
the
of
villages presents
extends
activity,which
At
dusk,
important towns.
more
is
lands
richer
these
life and
rural
time,
by the
reflect
reminiscences
historical
organization,which
of view.
defeated
here
was
the
so
defective
in
aiSicted
by
are
of subdivision.
evil, that
^'The
of
These
this
of
most
Attila
when
ago,
invasions
important
independence, from
the
national
our
centuries
the
and
of
route
menaced
nearly fifteen
a
favourite
the
have
Franks
so
curious
to
even
the
spectacle
suburbs
the
cows
seen
are
all sides
the
their return
from
on
fields,and
entering from
slaking their thirst at the public drinking-places. At dawn,
the
horn
of the
of the herdsman
mune,
commorning, is heard
every
and
detachment
small
time
of
well-known
the
at
of
cartloads
of harvest
the
horizon,
packed
sheep
and
together from
its advantage : if it
retrogression. The
join
their
the
and
each
general
oats
arrive
bams
numerous
return
to
of wheat
Ploughmen
sheaves.
from
sound
labour.
This
flock.
start
living
in
At
all
from
their
disclose
open
and
vine-dressers
issues
door
the
points
close-
together and
has
common
it likewise
rapid progress,
prevents
with
villagemoves
a
nearly even
step,
and
there
exists between
the representativesof various
tions
occupawhich
emulation."
a perpetual comparison
keeps up healthy
The
of
the departments of
Burgundy,
comprising
greater part
Yonne
and
Cote d'Or, with Ain and
Saone
et
Loire, belongs to
is
the South-Eastem
and
for its
Division,
especially remarkable
Tlie principalvineyards lie on
wine.
low
unrivalled
of
a
range
hills,called
It is
on
are
Next
Franche
of
extends
from
Dijon
Nuits, Romance,
to
Beaune.
and
Clos
the
Jura
Comte,
the
mountains.
half
of which
extends
oyer
The
principal agpricultural
rearing of cattle and the produc^tion
known
by the name
oifruitiereshas been
districts.
is
It
imitation of the
hilly
an
of this district is the
of cheese.
The
established
over
associations
so
cheese.
(tOr^ which
situated.
comes
slopes
feature
Cote
slopesthat Chambertin,
these
Vougcot
the
the
checks
whole
system
all the
prevalent in Switzerland
for
the
manufacture
of
Rural
The
division
extreme
number
of
since
Economy of France
of property,
by each tenant
owned
cows
for
impossibility'
which
single
any
much
60
farmer
the
and
or
to
from
their
gallons of milk
manufactured
according
the
to
to
cows
into
central
and
cheese,
quantityof
the
we
now
extreme
to
come
Ocean.
This
Celtic
their
limits,with
division
the
all
comprises
midst
which
eminently
so
all
the
it is
is divided
associate,
Western
the
on
the
of
remnants
of
modem
of that sturdy tenacityof

refinement, much
of sentiment, indomitable
clinging to old
and
carry
where
Alpine horizon,
opposit^region,bordering
displayingstill,in the
race,
who
Division.
eastern
the
of small
company
produce
by each
contributed
milk
3. Western
Leaving
the
the
Hence
once.
establishment,
where
small
consequent
proprietor,render it an
attempt making cheeses
at
as
require as
is
then
necessityof association.
a
Kfruitihre
farmers, sometimes
fiftyor sixty in number,
milk
541
1789.
old
civilization
ness
earnest-
purpose,
and
usages
tions,
tradi-
Celtic
family. It is
of Britanny, Anjou, Poitou,
recollections of deeds of valour,
behalf
of the mbst
on
loftyprinciples
the
characterised
the
names
impossible to utter
Vendee, without
kindling vivid
and
heroic martyrdom
fidelity,
which
society is upheld.
by
The
admirable
climate,
(juttingas
thirds
of
intersects
it does
its
boundary), the
it from
to
east
elements
the
course
natural
the
part of France, its mild

of its soil, its peninsular formation
fertility
skirts twofar out
into the Atlantic, which
of
that
of
resources
west
life
broad
stream
statelyLoire, whose
like a huge artery, diffusingin its
and
activity:all these advantages,
of its inhabitants, seem

cate
to vindisterlingqualities
in rank
that of third
for it a higher positionthan
among
and
for wealth
six regions of France
the
prosperity. M. de
it was
Previous
1789
to
Lavergne explains this anomaly.
it bids fair to become
ing
flourishthat which
again one of the most
revolution
of '93
But
of
whole
the
the
regions
country..
of
its hitherto
kindled
all over
one
bright and happy extent
those terrible social conflagrations
which
to the
destroy and raze
the
of which, long after
of wealth,
embers
ground every element
still
smoulder
the ashes.
it has been
beneath
extinguished,
disasters
of the French
The
republican era, in fact,dried up for
united
to
the
"
"
half
century
district abounds.
all
No
those
wonder,
in
comparison with
M. de Lavergne assures
improvement has taken
^'
presents
natural
greater show
other
us
then,it should
that
place.
for the
"
No
of industrious
to
appear
tage
disadvan-
parts of France.
favoured
more
this ill-fated
in which
resources
last twenty
years
But
great
France,"
says,
and
activity
increasing
part
of
he
542
Rural
prosperity.
The
region, does
not
North-
Western
at
move
the privileged
itself,
Division
quicker
since 1789.
France
Economy of
There
rate.
prosperityhas
cult
diffibecomes
more
step in advance
every
the
less
whereas
Western
rich
to
District,
by two;
is
full
of
future
and
of
prosperity."
youthful energy
thirds,
hopes
main
of this part of France
feature
The
is undoubtedly the
reached
point whose
achieve
valley of the majestic river

gives the following tableau :
reputed
as
Orleans
to
stretches
one
the
the
in
are
alluvial
which
stream,
These
class,
of
long plain
from
of
de
Loire
hundred
three
soil, reclaimed
often
clutches
pet^
they sell
by
regain
to
essays
marvellously
of
in
nearly
fertile
the
Lavergne
is jusdy
From
Europe.
M.
of the
Valley
countries
distance
sea,
"
which
of
The
"
finest
the
of
Loire,
Divided
owners.
dustry
in-
human
ency.
its ascend-
others
like
lands,
miles,
of
and
this
divided
sub-
high as at the rate of 160/.

of garden-culture. A
titude
mulacre,
per
appearance
who
find
for
of small
their
market
farmers,
a
ready
duce
proits banks, inhabit
of
in the
that
crowd
towns
crown
a
and
hamlets
villages built on' the slopes of the hills or on the
the
of the
banks
river,under
protectionof ancient pausevery
they
as
which
ways,
Generally,
the
back
traced
flows
swollen
stream,
to
to
barriers
massive
the
to
time
its
lazily over
detriment
without
these
undermines
as
the
be
may
the
Loire
channels
new
are,
have
and
of
Charlemagne.
sandy bed,
its embankments
; 'but
mighty flood, sweeps

and
forms
or
overwhelms
sionally
occa-
over
both
or
crops
dwellings. But the soil is so productive, the climate

so
and
market
.that
so
a
genial, the peasantry so pertinacious,
sure,
the victims
of the
scarcely have the waters
disappeared when
and
in
time
short
flood
of the
to
trace
work,
no
a
again set
After
remains."
devastation
of
describing the 250,000 acres
the chalky slopes on
vineyard, similarlysubdivided, which cover
de
Add
M.
continues
either
this multito
tude
:
bank,
Lavergne
and
of vine-dressers
who
its
banks
market-gardeners
throng
the river itself,the
the movement
on
numerous
barges propelled
its surface
sails which
Gaze
in every
traverse
tion
direcor
by oars
the
those
broadest
in
of
France, with
long vistas
valley
upon
of islands,its masses
its beautiful
sheet of water, its groups
of
Cast
verdant
this scene,
trees
over
so
graceful and
so
light,a balmy
grand, so livelyand so calm, a hazy sky, a serene
why this country, so well calculated
air, and you will understand
and
"
"
the Garden
divided
Another
to
this
Five
feature
received
and
town
of
appropriatename
thousand
acres,
and
souls
of
live there
pretty equally
are
country."
singular interest
in
description,
the
hundred
only 500,000
of
between
has
man,
of France.
extent
an
upon
of
habitation
for the
those
and
beauty
graceful chateaux
may
which
be
added
arise
at
544
Rural
disease
the
has
price
of
and
the
which
madder,
In
that
in
south.
favoured
some
plentifulsupply
the
double
of
moisture
several
bountiful, that
in
consequence,
millions
two
spots
"
of the
in the
warm
climate
of
valleys, for
atmosphere and
hot
is
gathered
are
olive-tree
sheltered
of
^the soil
"
yearly loss
sterling.
boasts
in
advantage
crops
field
and, althoa^h
the
flourish
mysterious
year,
amount,
region
only
can
that
less than
be
cannot
instance, enjoying
a
risen
growers
the
mulberry-tree,this
Besides
the
has
silk
raw
mulberry
to
Since
4,000,000/. sterling.
considerably lessened
than
more
since 1789.
France
Economy of
fertile.Nature
so
every
so
It is
year.
not
mulberry-trees cultivated, around

lower
entwines
whose
branches
its richly-laden boughs,
the vine
whilst
beneath
this luxuriant
heavy crops of wheat, roots,
canopy
vegetables, madder, tobacco, "c., are
gathered in endless
cession.
sucto
rare
sec
Farther
the
south
and
same
Provence, with
comes
tropicalclimate, where
in the open-air,and
grow
in
the
especially
department of Var.
palm
Narbonne,
than
antiquaryand
South-Eastcm
its deadliest
foe
ruined
denude
vast
transform
travellers
to
Marseilles
nor
the
bleak
blade
sheep, descending
the
to
Alps, come
is
there
where
fed
after
found
be
to
with
in
solitudes.
passing
La
called
of grass, except
their
from
summer
be
desolate
and
remarked,
desert
barren
contend
to
the
territoryis completely
another
it,and
cally
part is periodiof
mountain-torrents, which
vegetable soil,and sometimes
of their
have
also
for
of
extent
of
valleys into
luxuriant
Aries,
city
30,000 acres,
house,
of land
tracts
vast
devastation
the
by
of
remarkable
so
it has
climate,
for want
is
France
of
its
water.
"
desert-like
sterile and
the
from
petual,
persouthwesterly
plains of Nismes, Montpelier,

less interesting to the
agriculturist
But
if the southern
artist
portion
Division
it derives
advantages
There,
seems
in
rich
the
meet
Beziers, no
and
the
to
of the
spring
trees
orange
direction, we
"
its
Crau,
consisting of
neither
winter,
bush
half
when
pastures
All
the old Roman
the
on
nor
million
slopes of
that
under
tiny grass
grows
this dreary waste.
which
Out
of 8,750,000
the
stones
cover
Provence
is
acres
comprised in the four departments into which
under
there
cultivation; 1,200,000
divided,
are
now
only 2,000,000
in
natural
in
grazing-land,and the rest is a
are
woods, 500,000
be exceeded.
cannot
wilderness,the desolation of which
5.
We
the
leave
"
the
of the
of
Atlantic
the
Division.
South-Western
snowy
Mediterranean, and
summits
upon
peaks
we
Pyrenees,
Ocean.
of
the
and
perceive
now
and
Alps
in
Two-thirds
the
of
on
extreme
this
the
blue
waters
left the
our
west
division
the
of
loftj
waves
ccmsist
of
Bural
mountains
the
by
remainder
the
Garonne,
Midi.
In
and
this is
possesses,
which
the
by
plain,
the
of the
this
natural
many
historical
which
M.
France.
in
du
industrial
and
adrantagas
poorest districts
inferiorityfrom
watered
Canal
famous
population, ag^cultural
one
Lavergne explains
beautiful
545
1789.
since
intersected
of
respect
Frame
forms
prosperity,notwithstanding
it
of
Economy
de
deductions,
Journal, thpugti
is beyond
of nearly 22,000,000
doubt.
a
cogency
this
of uncultivated
less
has
than
division
no
5,000,000 acres
acres,
land, a large proporticm of which
might be reclaimed
with
is the
moderate
labour.
Such
a
supply of capital and
Bordeaux
that
extends
from
to Bayonne, measuring
marshy plain
in
There
nearly 2,000,000 acres.
are, besides,8,000,000 acres
follow
cannot
we
in the
out
Out
woods
and
It is
forests.
especiallyin
known
under
system,
kind
the
as
instead
certain
sometimes
When
of
horses, and
enters
metayer
everything
he
cattle, and
when
equivalentin
stock,
finds
there
its
capitalor
Anjou, Touraine,
advantage to
real
both
stock
his
its
provides
provides
in
rent
account
an
of
implements,
hand
must
to
over
in
fact,
equivalent,
the cajntalor
its
half
the
land
In
stock.
audjacent districts,this
parties,because
farm
shape
it he
or
equivalentin
and
his
paying
tenant
upon
in the
leaves
he
landlord
the
most
in the
landowner
exactly tha same

gives his labour and
successor
tenant
the
that
provides the land and

the horses, implements^ and stock under
ever
both equally divide
the produce whatThe
money.
stipulations
; and
is drawn
of
mAaydge
consists
known,
of
it be.
the
of
the
system of tenure
generally prevails.This
this part of France
name
is well
buildings, and
his
this
of
pages
tlieir
both
his share
and
parts
some
system
proves
landlord
and
tenant
of
a
their
intelligence,both are eager to increase
rally
by libeproduce by adopting a progressivesystem, and especially
landlord
die
work
their
land.
together,
They
manuring
the
his activity and
wi6i
and
his
brains
with
tenant
money,
in
this system,
the
south-western
division
experience ; but
the landlord, is a dire necessity
instead
of being beneficial
to
but
he would
is
from wnich
which
he
gladly
obliged to bear,
has
that
de
two
M.
Lavergne truly says
mAayage
escape.
rest
intethe common
when
the one
bri^t and prosperous
aspects
capitaland
have
"
the
and
coincide, and
of
the
other ; the
in
the
south-western
his
share
gives
carried
seeks
other
increase
to
aspect"
region
by curtailing that of
rise
on,
to
all
this
"
sorts
system
in its very
worst
of
is
both
of
private interest
each
and
his
this
form#
share
by
is the
where
each
party
the
other.
This
injusticeand
no
longer
presumed
parties are
an
to
increasing that
one
seeks
that
to
prevails
increase
unhappy feeling
robbery.
association"
When
thus
it is antagonism
546
1789.
since
Economy of France
Rural
in France, and
of land drained
75,000 acres
of that surface only 5000
division,
out
belonged to the south-western
and
and there
of the soil is eminently argillaceous,
yet the nature
is no
that
derive
would
greater advantages from
part of France
of the sudden
and
drainage, on account
heavy falls of rain, which
of
times
at
deluge the land without
finding any other means
In
1856
than
escape
TTie
since
there
slow
science
and
the
the
fallow
Romans,
and
practiceof agriculturehave scarcelyadvanced

known
is the biennial wheat
; the only rotation
;
and
the
the
plough
other
every
of
the
of
aratrum
apply
not
Toulouse, where
stapleproduce of
and
forms
rude
mitive
practice is equallypri-
and
this does
course,
Bordeaux
vine, which
is still the
used
means
Of
inefficient.
neighbourhoods
of
evaporation.
Romans
dead
and
were
to
the
the
tion
cultiva-
the
land,
is
nical
mechaand
science
appliances of modem
of
the
is
the
of
riches
This, indeed,
principalsource
that district,
yards
which
comprises alone fully one-third of the vineof France.
alone contains
The
department of the Gironde
of vines, yielding an
annual
less than 312,500 acres
no
produce
fact
is
of more
of
remarkable
It
wine.
than
a
55,000,000 gallons
that
teenth
it was
during the English rule in Guyenne in the fourassumed
wine
century that the exportation of Bordeaux
its principal development
Froissart,in his
Chronicles,'menr
200
fleet
of
tions
sail
which
went
to
an
English
year
every
wine
for the English market.
Bordeaux
to be freighted with
these vineyards the
Of
the
most
most
celebrated, because
those
of Medoc,
narrow
a
valuable, are
strip of land situated
Gironde
the
the
and
between
These
sea.
an
vineyards cover
of
of 50,000 acres,
of which
out
extent
12,500 only are
superior
Chateangrowth. It is in that small district that the celebrated
their
lesser
but
Margaux, Laffitte,and Latour, together with
still brilliant satellites Brannes-Mouton, Leoville,Larose, "c., are
is not
The
situated.
high price of these wines
solely due to
carried
on
with
all the
skill.
'
their
also
but
excellence,
to
the
excessive
of
cost
their
culture
'exceeds
preparation. The
produce of Medoc
average
which
about
The
167. an
800,000/.,
gives
acre.
plantation of
also
is
takes
four
it
before any
new
costly;
vineyards
years
very
of disbursements
produce can be gathered, and then the total amount
and
has
late
years
greatly
We
irjaps
reached
the
diminished
come
now
least
at
disease
to
t""" /l*"oîofe
6Z. 10s.
known
the
produce
6.
Centre
"
the last and
Sologne
and
an
under
both
acre,
the
in
besides
the rent.
Of
Oidium
has
of
name
quantityand
quality.
Division.
poorest region in France.

the
mountains
of
It
Auvergne
com*
and
Sural
Limousin.
Half
of
which
in
; the
those
as
wealth, cheer, and

with
the
The
that
the
prosperity,which
that
stream
in
flows
plain
Sologne
inhabitants,or only
French
has
taken
in
be
to
"
acres,
acres.
reclaim
Near
other
Sologne
all its ancient

under
of
the
it,with
patches of
indifferent
is the old
of
system
metayage
but,
as
the
the
of
also
most
attempted
success.
Bern,
province
organization. Nearly all
rural
desolate
most
which
of
of
Emperor
the
of
tract
only
and
The
portion of that desert, and is improving it by means

costlyappliances. A few privateindividuals have
to
along
borne
bosoms.
1,000,000
8 per 100
hand
a
large
that
distribute
country
their
large
Dordogne,
the
and
seems
contains
sists
con-
prosperous,
without
plain
any
Rhone,
the
of
division
most
barren
Loire, the
of
80,000
the
broad
rest
of the
other
every
is
547
since 1789.
France
its surface, and
mountains
valleys,such
Economy of
the
land
has
preserved
farms
held
are
hands
is in the
their intelligence
large proprietors,who have latelydevoted
of agriculture,they are
to the
plishing
accomample means
progress
of
in
the
and
status
wonders,
making a radical change
that province.
the Marquis of Vogiie, of
To name
such men
as
Chelmsford
of
of Mortemart,
the Prince
celebrity, the Duke
of Maille, the Prince
Chalais, the Duke
d'Arembert, M. Lupin,
the
Trappist Fathers, "c., is sufficient to give an idea of the
that is going on.
Owing to their united efforts,"
progress
says
M. de Lavergne,
will certainlyone
the province of Berri
day
rival
the
best
within
has
its
It
doubled
our
provinces.
produce
last twenty-five
shorter
it
double
it again within
a
years, and
may
period." It is in this district that the most
important and costly
very
and
'*
"
introduction
and
where
Such
the
are
tempted
details
of
Southdown
the
of
it has
best
be
may
each
legendary,and
economical
his
to
work
The
after
faithful
the
model
French
agriculture.
as
the
continuation,
or
limits,and
de
more
welcome
the
of the
kind
that
of
our
enough
English
of
its
his
lore of
must
graphic
historical,
that
bring
now
our
framed
to
Lavergne seems
celebrated
Young's
eminent
have
we
Travels.
agriculturist form,
for
test
is the
one
interesting
the
of
feel
ever
How-
book.
have
that
of
Travels, and
only
made,
estimating the present state of

be looked
The
book, therefore,may
upon
of
Arthur
rather the complement,
Young's
admirable
most
been
of Arthur
descriptions
indeed,
outline
illustrations,we
M.
its conclusion.
an
in
inexhaustible
his
all reasonable
exceeded
author
our
give
to
from
borrow
already
of this admirable
follow
to
province,
descriptions,to
review
has
succeeded.
principalfeatures
we
sheep
of
breed
to
has
the
been
agricultural tourist
singular merits
to
induce
statistical student
published since
We
trust
all those
we
who
the
have
can
as
it is
times
said
read
548
Rural
French
the
language
through,
Let
no
title,
comprised
details
In
one
its
place
boudoir
or
travelling-bag
Norwood,
to
procure
be
deterred
rarely
alluring
so
has
have
in
entertaining
"c.
one
we
as
and
word,
M.
everywhere
the
in
tourist
the
the
written
has
study
wealdiy,
of
the
and
so
many
customs,
manners,
scenery,
Lavergne
figures
and
by
intcn^rsed
and
of
facts
ding
forbid-
its
by
"o
statistical
dry
pictures
de
doing
from
it
read
and
itielf
book
the
form,
1786.
rince
FrancB
seen
of
drawing-room
of
of
Economy
book
learned,
especially
which
in
in
the
the
549
MISCELLANEOUS
AND
COMMUNICATIONS
NOTICES.
1.
On
"
tlie Use
of
By
Right
the
Beapinff^Machinein
the
Hon.
This
flat and
down
from
my
some
the
wheel
as
rest
only
the
the
crop,
better and
at
this
of
I hear
rule.
and
through
The
and
oats, and
on
cut
the
reaping,
took
even
allowed
and
horses,
wheat,
he
appliances
for
ground
the
in this
allowed
it, and
off
it to
beans
against
returning across
one
made
than
could
inclination
the
way
the
field idle
been
have
made
of
but
by
"
saving of expense.
to be
an
exception to the
operation seemB
ceed
generally that reaping-machines did not sucthis
that
be
might, therefore,
advantage
some
known
be made
should
of using the
reaper
which
and
mower
clover
my
work
was
of the
pages
experience
combined
it
this mode
the
the
the
lost in
was
work
this autumn
8uccess
grass
travelled
which
reaper)
considerable
success
general
mowing
from
under
only
time
cleaner
and
The
shoe
knives
could
that
so
on
in
farthest
and
mower
cut.
was
machine
hand,
side
passed
it
; my
combined
used
knocked
crop of wheat
bailiff took off all the
heavy
about
of those
the
on
to
he
The
twisted
Letter.)
and
large
(Wood's
indeed
knives
drop
much
machine
and
way
I had
(1860)
year
Denison.
J. Evelyn
(Extract from
Harvest.
Wet
Journal.
had
I have
for the
in
is much
reaper
grass crops, as well

this machine.
with
as
my
years of Wood's
I have
cut all
last two
its favour.
crops
com
"
wheat,
barley,
Ossington^4ih Dec.y 1860.
2."
To
the
Editob
If you
I shall feel
Sir,
"
Soluble
of the Journal
think
the
giving
readiness
its insertion.
Knowing
barley,
"c.
such
as
Water
contained
rape
is
in
drink
of
meal
Bociett.
AoRicuiyruKAL
Rotal
worth
"
of the
for Stock.
following plan
obliged by
jaded horse a
would
answer
equally well
continually supplied with
of
Food
and
place in Jiie Joumal"

well
the advantage
water,
concluded
it
keep my water-trough in the farmyard

kind
of meal
that happened
to be in
any
cakes
in powder, ground beans,
and linseed
the
to
powerful solvent, and the nutritious

in a
jnust necessarilybe found
meal
perties
prostate
Soluble
550
solution
of
in diameter
small
is too
time
same
plan,
No.
as
of my
hope
is the
of
day
one
water-trough
to
nearest
it should
;
them
meal
and
mixture
to
first received
Farmyard-trough, containing
old
Pump.
No.
4.
Lead
No.
5.
It is
better
and
fully
(quantity of
few
wBter
inches
higher
letting
the
mixture
should
not
be
This
plan
in No.
level
important
"
which
-^Q-.
meal
of water.
water,
at
which
rapidly
"rmyard-trough.
into
No.
1,
les"
turbing
dis-
and
should
troughs
the
three
No.
run
than
size"
good
the
larger
depend on
The
1, to prevent
over
and
causing
bore, and
li-inch
of
bo
deep; but this must

trough (No. 2) should
feet
required.
than
trough.
soluble
food
the
person
The
waste.
protected
for stock
loif
-i-pntiT^d per
r
head
am,
per
day
Sir, your
would
obedient
be
from
placed
rit
vrn.
H?"
o'^
24th Dec.,
"feld^
1860.
with
the
the
rest
All
own
graviiy.
of meal
tiBed
fair allowance.
servant.
J. J. BOWLET.
^"flr-
the
frost.
is attended
be
the
pumping firom
pipe (No. 4)
preparing
additional
into No.
labour only of putting the meal
1.
sol'
the
in
motion
its
water
s
acting,
by
being set
V'n.
is necessary
the quantity
rT)erience
to determine
-
the
half-full
mixture.
Water
6.
they ought
daily.
pipe, conveying the

water-pipe flowing
Pump
the
No.
drink
stock
3.
rough
the
be
and
as
2)
the
at
;
a
you
I thinK
into
2.
the
unmixed
plan
my
send
pump,
always stand
No.
allow
"
the
should
young
No.
such
but
make
and
pure
utility.
its
troughs,
own
but
feirly try
to
the
at
to
yaxd-troa^ (No.
to the
anything
able
been
not
fully satisfied
am
exactly
not
be, and
to
I have
Hence
water.
(No. 1)
receive
to
drinking
shallow
too
die pipe conveying
and
out,
pump-trough
the
liquid-foodfrom
all kinds
of
unfortunately
are
carried
thoroughly
be
to
for Stock.
tlie stock
for
water-troughs
My
trough.
the plan
available
and
Food
552
and
of the Reaping Machine^
the Use
On
1860.
Boot-Craps in
the
and
in
July (exceeding 3 inches
of June), accompanied by a temperature upwards
of 2**
the month
the mean
and
6" in July, under
4" in June,
of
in May,
average
for
the great falling off of
those
months, will sufficientlyaccount
this root in point of weight, and, it is to be feared, in point of feeding
also.
quality
Swedes
are
a
more
seriously affected
hardy plant,but they were
in
the
of
their
increase
size,and are an
usually rapid
season
during
The
observation.
inferior
most
cessful
suceverywhere within
my
crop
have
been
this
farm
the
season
on
hybrids
root-crops
my
and
the Lincolnshire
red turnips, sown
towards
yellow Aberdeen
fed off by sheep.
of July after vetches, which
had
been
the end
earliest sowing of these has produced as good turnips as
The
I have
months
in tho
rain
M^y, June,
of
"
in any
grown
season.
I am,
dear
truly,
Sir, yours
Charles
TJie QuimSy
4.
Extract
"
from
Letter
loith the Pure
contrasted
WILL
are
you
you
mine
aware,
Southdoion
valuable
best
tups.
and
to
for
Downs,
From
the
come
and
is, in January
folds
advanced
were
finished
half-brods
the
theirs
in the
torily that
the
afterwards
fed
half-bred
former
did
The
intended
Downs
not
in the
interim
those
lie
consume
16
sold
price
no
of
on
meat
tho
on
the
combs
19th
in
their
respective
that
was,
morning, the Downs

showing very satisfiBtothe
latter.
until
March,
19th
May
the 2nd
had
at
June,
jumped
buyer
May
time,
equal-
same
100
at
of
up
the
5s. a-head
They
sold, had
(("4 bushels)
the
on
lambs
ewe
the
difference
than
23rd
The
criterion.
Downs
the
more
the
the
ewes
were
each
put
dai/,thus
300
of
4Cs.
at
peas.
moae
46".
6d, ;
Id. per
lb,,
half-breds,
less
than
purchased.
weighed
following is
I
tho
valued
in
for the flock
the
selling-pricesarc
however,
division
from
were
GO
about
field of swedes
required,
consumed
200
Leicosters
and
mnie
not
and
together;
of the
as
the
evening
but
those
their
of
(peas).
com
Tho
as
former
1860.
with
obtain
cester
draught 160 with Leilots 1 kept 100
Downs,
all bom
30-acro
two
of the
were
(side by side) in
folds
sized
of these
They
February,
as
As
chie"y
could
the
of
out
the
crossed
Believing
I selected
to roots
winter.
flock, crossed
rams.
produce
the
on
Leicester,
sheep-grazinglast
of my
and
Esq.,
and
Sheep,
Southdown
grazing,
breed
lialf-breds to put
into the flock.
100
that
result
a
pure
Overman's
cross
to
160,
Southdoicn
is
and
Webb's, Lugar,
more
the
give
now
Rebow,
J. Gurdon
hy
Feeding qualitiesof Half-bred
LA"ntENCE.
Cirencester.
best
of the
one
the
result
29
lot alive
on
four
occasiolis
"
January,
Ilalf-brcd
of each
1800.
lbs.
142
Leicester
.
l)o^vn
13G
..
..
..
..
..
the
The
Root
Half-bred
1860.
653
lbs"
1860.
March,
Crops of
Leicester
148
;.
""
".
..
."
*.
..
".
""
""
140
Down
""
April, 1860.
12
Half-bred
Leicester
weighed
158
150
Down
*,
Half-bred
ti
""
..
",
1860, after shearing.
5, May,
152
Leicester
*"
..
..
8i
Wool
160
Down
146
""
..
".
..
Wool
7
152
I bad
that
BO
half-breds
for the
"
d.
8.
For
the
For
lilb. of wool
of
excess
an
carcass
..
sold at Is. lOd, of
add, that
may
together in
the
ewes.
with
Cotswold
flock.
I sold
100
breed
a-head
for the
surprised
is,
the
at
has
farm
my
now
The
5."
like that
sKAsox
management
five
and
middle
lambs,
of
com
my
the
on
into
come
You
give
equal
then
was
will
o"fered
perhaps
bo
sheep ; the "ot

the com
almost
my
sheep,and
fewer
growing
am
swedes
grass-landto the
and
more
sheep."
with
to
which
early
an
with
pounds,
of June,
has
in
present
unusual
the
root-crop.
withstood
little leaf, or
with
of
mass
fresh
to
has
to
white
green
details
any
According
both
piece,which
alternation
a
interest
best
sown
but
By P. H. Frkhe.
1860.
gives
1860
tlie kohl-rabi
I look
whether
the
last at 265., and
with
Root-Cropsof
connected
experience,
four
all
Det. 1860.
Pa/rh,Ccichestet^
Wivenhoe
of
overdone
I
grazing
from
latter to
of the
I reserved.
that
invariably is lodged ; hence

mangold, and give the latter
fed
200
on
lambs, consisting of about
worst
quantity
been
half-Leicesters
three-fourths
half-breds
small
whole
future
part of the draught ewes

grazing 75 half-Leioesters,75
proportionsof each variety,in August

305.
I crossed
am
Down,
of the
75
the
for the
reckon
season
and
ram,
half-Cotswold, and
the
last
of
tnmips,
to
on
not
shaU
and
..
going
1 do
park.
This
inferior
the Downs
profitabove
before
Downs,
pure
many
total
.*
Or
..5
bulbs
some
to
and
wet
of
my
frost,
of between
airipB sown
turnips for
foliage with
in
ewes
and
but
little
Imlb.
The
early
manure,
on
rather
7th
the
of May
2J cwt. of superphosphate, and
255. per
acre.
sandy loam worth
crop
Green
Variety) was
acre.
The
plant
was
sown
drilled
was
very
on
at the
good
rate
and
the
of not
with
20
The
more
of farmyard
8 tons
bushels
of ashes,
seed
than
(Sutton's
1
crop regular, except
lbs. per
wherq
The
554
it abutted
the
on
of
comer
plantationand
chain
pigeons.
square
and
leaf), or about
The
weighed 47 lbs.
where
they had been
Crops of.1860.
Root
gave
weight
trimmed
was
of
29
43
cwt.
wood-
by
lbs.
(bulb
Ten
good Dulbs
per
all
bulbs
sound
are
(January Slst), except
gnawed by game ; they are a valuable
vêin this season
of scarcity. I cannot
table for the. table
think
it
and
desirable
incur
of
the expense
to
delay
transplanting when
which
I transplanted from
will suffice.
Those
1 J lbs. of seed
a
did
seed-bed
weight
to the
i-ather
out
rather
be
seen
and
valuable
very
same
way,
the
as
and
most,
leaf
12
tops,
12
of
tons
36
those
which
have
rotted
ashes
half
17
2 cwt.
on
similar
of
34
lbs.
25
or,
by,
(bulb
and
the
with
about
about
gave
ran
with
without
grown
being
tons
have
that
close
acre,
well
as
balls
or
the
about
or
weather
14
cwt.
per
about
chain,
sown
superphosphate,
soil
in
at least ; those
turnips
1 cwt.
tons
manured
centres
through
gave
top, they
planted
cabbages, trans-
square
stood the
best
the
White
and
season
not
had
only,
or
on
have
set
is nowhere
as
lost their
land
on
larly
land, simi-
inches, and
of 18
Drum-head
the
in
ascertained
not
foliage such
Orange-globe mangold,
cwt.
manure
this
of roots
tons
lbs.
drilled
similar
on
1 have
turnips have
lambs.
These
chain,
square
per
cwt.
and
superphosphate
top)
white
serviceable.
most
are
of
early kohl-rabi,
acre.
per
kohl-rabi
8u"fered
to
22
gave
3 cwt.
tons
11
the
of
alongside
late
sown
mass
for the
size of those
manur(3,
at the width
drilled
the
as
acre.
half the
crop
less
close, they present
else to be
will
but
cwt.
than
more
with
acre
per
to
regard
treated, but
the
15
tons
attain
not
With
field.
the
14
18
tons
the standard
crop.
Of
swedes, those
late
sown
the
12
at
on
tons
being
per
pulled and
when
all autumn
Had
estimate
Those
acre.
set
been
of the
blast
the
and
in
too
immediate
have
caught
took
turnip drills which
from
quite fresh and bright
white
out
of food
fully as
is abundant
well
as
for my
largest
the
line
their
the
the
covering
usual, caught
blast
at
has
nearly
run
"
LONDON
PRINTED
BY
its
course.
END
OF
VOL.
CLOWES
WILLIAM
CHARING
îAND
"J
yy....
..
furrow
of
have
"*
with
'
have
stock
looking
ewes,
time.
chill
the
come
My
snow.
ASp^XS^ STAMTOBD
\
CROIS,-*^
^t
the
manure
STRKBT
About
50
died
XXI.
well
from
with
; for my
Christmas
12
furrow,
prise.
by sur-
ridges ; whereas
of the
diminishing flock
for
told
going
contact
out
mischief
up in a
took
us
are
nou:
latter
orders
I think, have
struck
of'280, chieflyshearlings,were
dead
and
of
these
lambs,
already dropped
60
under
bulbs
are
tons, the
15
were
done, it would,
best ; those
horsehoeing
at
being
this work
too
former
ridge
the
were
last
in 2 rows,
and
earthed
in arrear
the frost
rows
work
keeping. Some
upon
being
root, perhaps from
frost
ridge
the
the
the
on
their
the
the
on
andjearthedup by
I should
sound.
most
early
sown
flat
the
but
have
the
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The Journal of The Royal Agricultural Society of England 1860 v20 1000073820

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The Journal of The Royal Agricultural Society of England 1860 v20 1000073820

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THE

the six months

Composition of Oxen, Sheep, and Pig8"and of their

Re{)orton the Exhibition

Caldwell, Acting Senior

the Riding Horses

Royal AgriculturalSocietyof England, 1860-61

together all the' Appendix

offered for 1861

for Essays, 1861

Report of the Council to the General Meeting, December

given by the Canterbury Local Committee

in., increasing gradually

stations, gradually increasing

daily deficiency for

frequent rain, large

4c/." 6irf. A\d."tid.

3jrf." 6J//. 4-2rf."6irf.ii5".

31st, 1860, 1,484,837 ; for the 13

599,807 ; 1,293,925; 653,789

3Sio^"lAgricultural ^otittj) of Cnslanti.

Speaker, The Rt Hon.

Thompson, Harry Stephen, M.P.

Clarence, Bt., M.P.

Col, Uie Hon.

Williams, Bart., M.P.

Royal Agricultural College,Cirenoesttr,

Grove, Southwark, S.".

Charing Cross, S.W.

Cattle, Sheep, and

Easter, Passion, and

al$o conveniently transmit

length, width, or depth,

11*. lOd., being

Experiments on Wheat, Barley, and Turnips.

entry of Stock, which

prizes for Ploughing

Society's Country Meeting

days-old Bull ; bred by exhibitor.

for his 3 years

Park, Helmsley, Yorkshire

of Bushey Grove, Watford, Herts

days-old Bull-calf ; bred by exhibitor.

Booth, of Warlaby, Northallerton, Yorkshire

calf ; bred by exhibitor.

Hall, Halifax, Yorkshire

Cow, In-calf; bred

4 daysSovebeigns, for her 2 years 0 months

old Heifer, In-calf; bred

for his 2 years

Perry, of Cholstrey,Leominster, Hereford

for his 1 year

days-old Cow, In-milk and

In-calf ; bred by exhibitor.

Sovereigns, for his 2 years and 10 monthsbred

old In-calf Heifer

the Prize of Five

old Heifer-calf; bred

for his 8 months

of Norton, Stoke Climsland,Callington,Cornwall

and^In-calfCow ; bred by exhibitor.

for his 8 months

for his 6 months