Freds blood group was determined to be AB positive.

This means
Select one:
a. there are no A, B, or Rh antibodies in the plasma

Correct well done. Fred has A and B antigens on the surface of the red cell making him blood group AB and
also has the rhesus antigen on the surface of the red cell making him positive. All together AB positive
b. A, B, or Rh antibodies are present on the red blood cells

c. his blood lacks Rh factor

d. he can only receive blood from a donor who is AB positive

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An autoimmune disease is
Select one:
a. an automatic response to pathogens

b. also known as hypersensitivity

c. a result of exposure to allergens

d. the production of antibodies against your own tissues

Correct well done. An autoimmune disease occurs when you produce antibodies against your own tissues
which are no longer recognised as self

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Marks for this submission: 1.00/1.00.

All of the following are produced by the adrenal gland EXCEPT
Select one:
a. ADH

Correct well done. ADH is produced by the hypothlalmus

b. glucocorticoids

c. mineralocorticoids

d. sex hormones

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The subdural space lies between what two layers of the meninges named
Select one:
a. dura and pia

b. dura and arachnoid

Correct well done. Layering of the meninges from outside to inside is dura mater, arachnoid mater , pia
mater. So the subdural space lies underneath the dura mater and on top of the arachnoid mater
c. arachnoid and pia

d. dura and epidura

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A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents and
phospholipids is.
Select one:
a. bile

Correct well done. Bile secreted by the liver into the duodenum of the small intestine contains cholesterol,
emulsification agents, and phospholipids
b. pancreatic juice

c. intestinal juice

d. gastric juice

The knee jerk reflex is an example of a

Select one:
a. extensor thrust reflex

b. stress reflex

c. cross stressor reflex

d. stretch reflex

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The receptors which react most slowly are the
Select one:
a. smell receptors

b. pressure receptors

c. nociceptors

d. touch receptors

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stimuli and are quiet slow
The structure that draws an ovulated oocyte into the female duct system is the
Select one:
a. fimbriae

b. microvilli

c. oviduct

d. stereocilia

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Between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura you normally find
Select one:
a. the lungs

b. air

c. lymph

d. serous fluid

Correct well done. Between the visceral and parietal pleura you normally find serous fluid

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Proprioceptors
Select one:
a. detect changes in blood pressure

b. detect chemical changes

c. receive messages form the cardiovascular centre

d. increase heart rate when moving

Correct well done. Proprioreceptors detect movement in muscle. Increased muscle movement means
increased return of blood to the heart by means of the skeletal muscle pump. Increased return of blood
increases heart rate and stroke volume to clear the increased blood return

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The role of mineralocorticoids in long term stress response is

Select one:
a. increase blood glucose

b. decrease blood glucose

c. promote retention of water and sodium by the kidneys

d. suppression of immune system

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The organ systems that are most responsible for protecting the body against pathogens are the
Select one:
a. integumentary and lymphatic

Correct well done. The integumentary system (skin) provides a barrier and the lymphatic system filters out
microorganisms and toxins

b. skeletal and circulatory

c. digestive and urinary

d. muscular and endocrine

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The following statement is correct for a person with blood group B
Select one:
a. this person could donate to a person with blood group O

b. his/her own plasma contains anti-B antibodies

c. this person could donate blood to a person with blood group AB

Correct well done. Blood group AB is the universal recipient. The AB blood group has neither A or B
antibodies and so cannot clump donor B blood
d. this person could receive blood from a person with blood group AB

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The anterior pituitary secretes all of the following EXCEPT
Select one:

a. ADH

Correct well done. ADH is released from the posterior pituitary and produced in the hypothalamus
b. growth hormone

c. gonadotrophins

d. TSH

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Heart sounds are caused by
Select one:
a. excitation of the SA node

b. closure of the heart valves

Correct well done. Closure of the heart valves cause the heart sounds. Lubb is closure of the AV valves
and Dubb closure of the semilunar valves
c. friction of blood against the chamber walls

d. contraction of ventricular muscle

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All of the following are a part of the conduction system of the heart EXCEPT for
Select one:
a. AV valve

Correct well done. The AV valve prevents the backflow of blood to

b. AV node

c. SA node

d. bundle of His

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The function of Type II (septal) cells is to
Select one:
a. help control what passes between squamous epithelial cells of the endothelial cells of the capillaries

b. produce surfactant

Correct well done. The type II cells produce surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse
c. act as phagocytes

d. produce mucus in the upper respiratory tract

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Correct

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The sex of a child is determined by
Select one:
a. the sex chromosome contained in the sperm

b. the sex chromosome contained in the oocyte

c. the number of sperm fertilizing the oocyte

d. the position of the fetus in the uterus

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Short term stress response include

Select one:
a. activation of CRH

b. activation of glucocorticoids

c. production of ACTH

d. increased heart rate and blood pressure

Correct well done. Short term stress results in secretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and
norepinephrine) which causes increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

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Question 4

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Astrocytes are the

Select one:
a. neuroglia forming the blood brain barrier

Correct well done. Astrocytes are the neuroglia forming the blood brain barrier. The
epithelium of the capillaries in the blood brain barrier prevent harmful substances entering
the brain. This protective mechanism is not foolproof.
b. connective tissue of the brain producing adrenaline

c. neurotransmitters helping with production of melatonin

d. lining of cerebrospinal fluid filled cavities

The structure that is NOT a part of the central nervous system is

Select one:
a. the brain
b. a nerve
c. the spinal cord
d. a tract

Check

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Question 7
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The knee jerk reflex is an example of a
Select one:
a. extensor thrust reflex
b. stress reflex
c. cross stressor reflex
d. stretch reflex

Check

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Question 8
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Cleavage
Select one:

a. is a period of fast meiotic divisions of the zygote following fertilization

b. is a period of fast mitotic divisions of the zygote following fertilization
c. is a period of slow mitotic divisions of the zygote following fertilization
d. produces a small number of cells which serve as building blocks for constructing the embryo

Check

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Question 9
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Adrenal steroids which regulate glucose and metabolism are

Select one:
a. mineralocorticoids
b. glucocorticoids
c. sex hormones
d. adrenaline

Check

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10
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Flag question

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The reactions of cellular respiration occur mostly in
Select one:
a. ribosomes
b. mitochondria
Correct well done. Mitochondria are the sites wher cellular respiration mostly occurs to produce ATP energy
c. smooth ER
d. the nucleolus

Check

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Question 11
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Haemostasis is
Select one:
a. a process which does not require platelets
b. an example of negative feedback
c. maintaining dynamic balance and equilibrium in the body's processes within limits
d. a series of responses to stop bleeding from a damaged blood vessel

Correct well done. Haemostasis consists of three phases vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation and
blood clotting (coagulation)
Check

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Question 12
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Structures that meet at the neuromuscular junction are
Select one:
a. an axon and the sacrolemma
Correct well done. An axon is part of a nerve and the sarcolemma is the cell membrane of a muscle cell
b. an axon and thick filaments
c. T tubules and sacroplasmic reticulum
d. the sacrolemma and T tubules

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Question 13
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Both lymph and venous blood flow are heavily dependent on

Select one:
a. the pumping action of the heart
b. skeletal muscle contractions and decreased thoracic pressure due to respiratory movement
Correct well done. Skeletal muscle contractions push blood and lymph through one valves found in veins
and lymph vessels. Respiratory movements during inspiration draw blood and lymph towards the thoracic
cavity and during expiration into the heart and subclavian veins
c. contraction of the vessels themselves
d. two-way valves

Check

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Question 14
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Some oxygen may be stored in muscle fibres bonded to the protein
Select one:
a. myosin
b. troponin
c. myoglobin
Correct well done. Myoglobin is protein found in muscle to which oxygen may attach and be stored
d. haemoglobin

Check

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15
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The metabolism of proteins by the liver causes the release of a by product in urine called
Select one:
a. steroids
b. acetyl coA
c. ketone bodies
d. urea
Correct. Well done. Amine groups from the protein ingested is detoxified in the liver and converted to urea
so it can be excreted from the body via urine in the kidney.
Check

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Question 16
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The valve found at the junction of the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is
Select one:
a. tricuspid valve
b. mitral valve
c. pulmonary semilunar valve

Correct well done. The semilunar valves prevent backflow from the arteries to the ventricles. Backflow to
the right ventricle is prevented by the pulmonary semilunar valve
d. aortic semilunar valve

Check

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Question 17
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The serous fluid between the pleural membranes keeps the membranes together and
Select one:
a. exchanges gases
b. creates friction
c. destroys pathogens
d. prevents friction
Correct well done. Serous fluid between the pleural membranes helps reduce friction
Check

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Question 18
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Question text
The endosteum is the
Select one:
a. covering of a long bone
b. marrow in spongy bone
c. end of a long bone
d. lining of the medullary cavity
Correct well done. The endosteum lines the medullary of marrow cavity
Check

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Question 19
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All of the following are functions of the liver EXCEPT
Select one:
a. synthesis of bile salts
b. lipid metabolism
c. storage of vitamin K
d. production of vitamin K
Correct well done. Production of vitamin K is not a function of the liver. Vitamin K is obtained from turnips,
greens, liver etc and and produced by some bacteria in the gut
Check

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n 20
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Return of blood to the heart is assisted by
Select one:
a. valves in arteries
b. thick layer of smooth muscle in arteries
c. lymphatic drainage
d. valve in veins
Correct well done. Valves in veins prevent the back flow of blood away from the heart. With the assistance
of muscle contraction and respiratory movement the valves help return blood to the heart
Check

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Question 21
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All statements about the cardiac muscle are true below EXCEPT for
Select one:
a. cardiac muscle is smooth
Correct well done. There are three types of muscle, cardiac, smooth and skeletal. Sp cardiac muscle
cannot be smooth
b. cardiac muscle is under hormonal control

c. cardiac muscle is controlled by both division of the autonomic nervous system

d. cardiac muscle is striated

Check

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Question 22
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If there is adequate carbohydrate intake, secretion of insulin results in
Select one:
a. lower blood glucose levels
b. increased utilization of glucose
c. storage of glycogen
d. all of the above
Correct well done. Adequate carbohydrate increases blood glucose, stimulates the release of insulin, and
the lowering of blood glucose as the glucose enters the cells. There is increased utilisation of glucose by
the cell and storage of glucose as glycogen
Check

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Question 23
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Flag question

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Worn out red blood cells are removed from circulation by
Select one:
a. lymph nodes
b. thymus
c. tonsils
d. spleen
Correct well done. Red blood cells have a useful life span of 100 120 days after which the spleen
removes them from circulation
Check

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Question 24
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Question text

Please choose the appropriate terms for the labelled parts of the female reproductive system

Answer 1
fallopian tube (oviduct or uterine tube)

i
ii

iii

iv

Answer 2
fimbriae

Answer 3
ovary

Answer 4
endometrium

Answer 5
cervix

Check

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Correct

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gives 4.00/5.00.

Male reproductive system:

Blood vessel diameter is determined by

Select one:
a. blood pressure
b. blood volume
c. return of blood to the heart

d. smooth muscle

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The correct answer is: smooth muscle
Question 6
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All of the following are found in cerebrospinal fluid EXCEPT
Select one:
a. glucose
b. red blood cells
c. potassium
d. protein

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The correct answer is: red blood cells
Correct

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Question 7
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The white matter of the spinal cord contains
Select one:
a. myelinated nerve fibers only
b. unmyelinated nerve fibers only
c. myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

d. soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

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The correct answer is: myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
Correct

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Question 8
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Pregnancy tests used today on women's blood or urine are antibody tests which detect the presence of
Select one:
a. luteinising hormone
b. human chorionic gonadotropin
c. follicle stimulating hormone
d. growth hormone

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The correct answer is: human chorionic gonadotropin
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Question 9
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All of the following are long term stress responses EXCEPT

Select one:
a. retention of water and sodium by kidneys
b. increased blood volume and blood pressure

c. increased heart rate

d. suppresion of immune system

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The correct answer is: increased heart rate
Correct

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Question 10
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The following correctly lists the levels of organization from least complex to most complex
Select one:
a. cellular, tissue, chemical, system, organ
b. cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
Correct well done. Cellular is the least complex in this list and all the others follow in the correct order
c. tissue, cellular, organ, system, organism
d. organism, system, tissue, cellular, chemical

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The correct answer is: cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
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Question 11
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An amphiarthrodial joint is
Select one:

a. freely moveable
b. slightly moveable
Correct well done. Amphiarthrodial joints are slightly moveable
c. immoveable
d. removeable

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Question 12
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The cells that produce bone matrix and those that reabsorb bone matrix are called
Select one:
a. osteoblasts/osteoclasts
Correct well done. The osteoblasts produce bone matrix and the osteoclasts reabsorb bone matrix
b. osteoclasts/fibroblasts
c. osteocyte/osteoblasts
d. osteoblasts/fibroblasts

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Question 13
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Question text
Basic reflexes
Select one:
a. are rapid, predictable, learned responses
b. may be modified by learned behaviour
Correct well done. Some reflexes can be over ruled by the higher centres to prevent them from happening
c. are autonomic only
d. are always mediated by the brain

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Question 14
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Return of blood to the heart is assisted by
Select one:
a. valves in arteries
b. thick layer of smooth muscle in arteries
c. lymphatic drainage
d. valve in veins
Correct well done. Valves in veins prevent the back flow of blood away from the heart. With the assistance
of muscle contraction and respiratory movement the valves help return blood to the heart

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The correct answer is: valve in veins
Correct

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Question 15

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The process of haemopoiesis occurs in
Select one:
a. the periosteum
b. yellow bone marrow
c. endosteum
d. red bone marrow
Correct well done. The red bone marrow is the site of blood cell production also known as haemopoiesis

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The correct answer is: red bone marrow
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Question 16
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Hormones
Select one:
a. are produced by exocrine glands
b. are carried to all parts of the body in blood
Correct well done. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands into blood which transports the hormone to
its target tissue
c. remain at constant concentration in blood
d. affect only non-hormone producing organs

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The correct answer is: are carried to all parts of the body in blood

Correct

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Question 17
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Urine passes through the ureters by
Select one:
a. cliliary action
b. peristalsis
Correct well done. Peristalsis is used to move substances through tubes by alternate contraction of circular
and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle in the wall of the ureter
c. gravity alone
d. suction

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Question 18
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The residual volume is the amount of air
Select one:
a. remaining in the lungs after the lungs collapse
b. that can be inhaled above tidal volume
c. remaining in the lung after a forced expiration
Correct well done. The residual volume is the amount of air remaining in the lung after a forced expiration
d. contained in airspaces above the alveoli

Feedback
The correct answer is: remaining in the lung after a forced expiration
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Question 19
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The process gluconeogenesis is
Select one:
a. production of glucose from fats
b. production of glucose from carbohydrates
c. production of glycogen
d. production of glucose from proteins
Correct well done. Gluconeogenesis is the production of new glucose from other sources such as proteins

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The correct answer is: production of glucose from proteins
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Question 20
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The organ that regulates erythrocyte production is the
Select one:
a. brain
b. liver

c. kidney
Correct well done. The kidney regulates red blood cell production by producing erythropoietin when the red
blood cell number is low. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow to produce red blood cells
d. pancreas

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The correct answer is: kidney
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Question 21
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When the diaphragm contracts
Select one:
a. the volume of the chest cavity decreases
b. the lungs expand to fill the extra space in the chest cavity
Correct well done. When the diaphragm contracts the volume of the chest cavity increases and the lungs
expand to fill the extra space
c. air from inside rushes out of the lungs
d. the pressure inside the chest cavity increases

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The correct answer is: the lungs expand to fill the extra space in the chest cavity
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Question 22
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Worn out red blood cells are removed from circulation by

Select one:
a. lymph nodes
b. thymus
c. tonsils
d. spleen
Correct well done. Red blood cells have a useful life span of 100 120 days after which the spleen
removes them from circulation

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The correct answer is: spleen
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Question 23
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The percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells is
Select one:
a. red blood cell count
b. hematocrit
Correct well done. A haematocrit determines the percent volume of blood occupied by red cells. Normal
values are 47% + or 5% in males and 42% = or 5 in females
c. white blood cell count
d. serum

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The correct answer is: hematocrit
Correct

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