Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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,/'
( N A:
(NASA)
165
;1
LA.
dC; A ~ u / f i k A d 1
Bernard J. Hamrock
Lewis Research Center
Clmland, Ohio
and
Duncan Dowson
The University of Lccdr
h d s , England
June 1981
31CS
CSCL
131
CHAPTER 3
BALL HEARING MECHANICS
To da t h i s , we must
Simp1i f i e d expressions
However, the
on the b a l l .
i n Section 3.3.
I n high-speed b a l l bearings the cet'itrifugal f o r c e acting on
t h e i n d i v i d u a l b a l l s can be s i g n i f i c a n t compared w i t h the
applied forces a c t i n g on the bearing.
I n high-speed bearings
Elasto-
Any s t r u c t u r a l m a t e r i a l subjec-
w i l l ultimately f a i l .
I n marry cases f l a k -
Fatigue
A design c r i t e r i o n f o r t h e
These stresses
sponding s t r a i n s .
related t o t h e s t r a i n s , w i t h t h e constant o f p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y
being an e l a s t i c constant t h a t adopts d i f f e r e n t values f o r d i f f e r e n t materials,
Thus a s i n ~ p l et e n s i l e l o a d a p p l i e d t o a bar
produces a s t r e s s
u1 and a s t r a i n
rl,
where
Load
= Stress i n a x i a l d i r e c t i o n
Cross-sect i o t i a l area
(3 1)
el = "lange
in length
= Strain i n axial direction
( 3 4
"1 =
Original length
and
E=
- = E l a s t i c constant o r modulus of
C1
elasticity
(3.3)
A1though no s t r e s s a c t s transversely t o t h e a x i a l d i r e c t i o n ,
t h e r e w i 11 nevertheless be dimensional changes i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n
such t h a t as a bar extends a x i a l l y , St c o n t r a c t s transversely.
The transverse s t r a i n s
rl
c2
by P o i s s o n ~ sr a t i o v
are r e l a t e d t o t h e a x i a l s t r a i n s
such t h a t
The s t r e s s s t a t e a t which t h e t r a n s i t i o n
3.1.1
Figure 2.18 have a nomlal load applied t o them, the shape o f the
contact area i s e l l i p t i c a l , w i t h
the semiminor axis.
I t has been c m o n t o r e f e r t o e l l l p t i c 6 1
and r
are both i n f i n i t e , the i n i t i a l l i n e
aY
by
contact develops i n t o a rectangle when load i s applied.
Where
- inner-race
and b a l l
- outer-race
This book
- w i t h contact
- and w i t h the
Inasmuch as the s i z e
His a p p l i c a t i o n of the
s t ate)
that
Equation (3.5) detennlnes the d i s t r i b u t i o n o f pressure o r compressive s t r e s s on the cornor! izterf 3ce; i t i s c l e a r l y a maximum
a t the center o f the contact and decreases t o zero a t the p e r i phery.
8 kinds as
where
fers from
Itn
(3.11)
J(kn)
kn+l
dif-
t r a t e d contacts.
Whbn the e l l i p i c i t y parameter
F, Poissonls r a t i o
V,
where
I n these equations
i s proportional t o F213
and
--
,~
--
3.1.2
Subsurface Stresses
Because
The
I n the analysis
t h a t follows i t i s assumed t h a t y = 0.
From Lundberg and Palmgren (1947) the following equations
can be written:
T
"
-.
2
3F cos 9 s i n 9 s i n Y
(a2tan2v + b2cos2#)
r tan y cns $
2y
tan
t,
-1
where
r,and
# t o the geometry o f
This i s
J . 1 , 2.
...,
,apowerfit
usinga linear
.
The asymptotic behavior of 8 and
functional dependence t h a t
s u lt
and
As a re-
and #, respectively.
Values o f 'ji,
and
(3.29)
r, & and
and
where
K i s a f u n c t i o n o f the
7 with
t o (3.32).
conformity:
outer r i n g contact.
The t a b l e
- suter-ring
b a l l bearing.
A 4.45-N
f o r each situation,
A b a l l and r i n g o f
nab
Al-
for
t,
l/k
the range f o r
t,.
- -
is 1< t < 1 4
A l i n e a r regression by
formula for
tl
i n terms of
k, the e l l i p t i c i t y parameter.
(Ilk)
J -1, 2,
..., n),
a power f i t using a l i n e a r
3.3 S t a t i c Load D i s t r i b u t i o n
In
analyzing the load d i s t r i b u t i o n on the balls, i t i s usually sati s f a c t o r y t o ignore these e f f e c t s i n most applications.
I n this
where
Therefore
gi*
Recall t h a t
Ki
and
( 1946).
3.3.1
Radial Load
Figure 3.5(a)
the r i n g s o f
Pd/2
i s evident.
l'he a p p l i c a t i o n o f a small
r a d i a l load t o the s h a f t causes the inner r i n g t o move a distance Pd/2 before contact i s made between a b a l l located on
the load l i n e and t h e inner and outer tracks.
there w i l l s t i l l be a small r a d i a l clearance
A t any angle
that, i f
i s small compared w i t h the radius of the tracks, can be expressed w i t h adequate accuracy by
Pd
Pd/2.
The application of f u r t h e r load w i l l cause e i a s t i c defomat i o n o f some o f the b a l l s and the elimination o f clearance
around an arc
the corresponding e l a s t i c
t o the load l i n e
w i l l be given by
6*1=
(%ax cos y
- c) =
(ama,
+)
cos
* - TPd
Pd/2)
Hence
(3.34) as
Fy = Ka*312
Fr =
Fq
EOS
Theref ore
$.
The summation i n equation (3.42) applies only t o the angul a r extent o f the loaded region,
i n integral form as
The i n t e g r a l i n t h i s equation can be reduced t o a standard ell i p t i c i n t e g r a l by the hypergeometric series and the beta function.
(3.45)
This approximate expression f i t s the exact numerical solution t o
w i t h i n *2 percent for s complete rnnge o f
Pd/2&.
where
be-
cor5/20
for
Z is
equation (3.47).
3.3.2
Thrust Load
Both t h e l i m i t i n g
shoulder height and the mean compressive stress must be calculated t o f i n d t h e s t a t i c thrust-load capacity.
Each b a l l i s subjected t o an i d e n t i c a l
t h r u s t c ~ n p ~ n e nFt/n,
t
where Ft
i s the t o t a l t h r u s t load.
F
n s i n t~
where
Using
(3.2Y), dnd
respectively.
Equation (3.55)
method.
The i t e r a t i v e equation t o be s a t i s f i e d i s
-6
i s e s s e n t i a l l y zero.
When a t h r u s t load i s applied, the shoulder height i s l i m i t e d t o the distance by which the pressure-contact e l l i p s e can
approach the shoulder.
As long as the f o l l o w i n g i n e q u a l i t y i s
s i n-I
(G)
at
corresponding
t o a t h r u s t load can be w r i t t e n as
6t
(0
6)sin
S u b s t i t u t i n g equation (3.52)
- D s i n if
( 3 59)
D s i n ( @ cf)
6t I
Having determined
(2.9).
COS
3.3.3
i n equation
at.
Combined Load
can occur.
displacement
at
and a r a d i a l displacement
.6,
The races
Figure 3.8.
3.7,
(D + 6)2 = ( D cos ef
a, cos $1 + (D s i n ef + at)
(3.61)
(3.63)
where K
(3.64)
sin 6 =
rf
r cos $
cos if b
6r cos 0
112
cos 0 =
(3.65)
0 + a
p a r a l l e l t o the
Fr.
The
can be w r i t t e n as
Ft = F s i n 0
( 3 .b6)
crlr be wrftten as
F cos I cot Sr
(3.68)
From equat ions (3.63) and (3.65) t h i s expression can be wri tten as
i s obtained by s e t t i n g the
cos
Jli as determined
completely around t h e p i t c h c i r c l e .
value JIR
by equation (3.72) w i l l
i s taken as
Equations (3.71)
I n such cases t h e l i m i t i n g
W.
6t/D,
and sr/D.
integrals that cannot be reduced t o standard form t o pennit sol u t i o n i n terms o f e l l i p t i c functions and must therefore be
evaluated numerically on a d i g i t a l computer.
at/D
and a,/D
Having detennined
we can
._
For b a l l bearings tikit opnrate a t modest speeds, as csnsidered i n t h e precedjng section, the c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e on the
b a l l i s so n e g l i g i b l e t h a t t h e o n l y forces t h a t keep the b a l l i n
equi 1 i b r i u m are the two contact forces r e s u l t i n g from the extern a l l y applied load.
equal and opposite, and the inner- and outer-race contact angles
are approximately equal.
An angular-contact bearing
Jones ( 1956).
When a b a l l bearing operates a t h i g h speed, t h e body forces
r e s u l t i n g from the b a l l ' s motion become s i g n i f i c a n t and must be
considered i n any analysis.
The op-
I n t h i s figure,
as w i t h the r e s t o f t h e
book, subscript
c t o the bearing
axls w i t h t
angular v e l o c i t i e s
thq separatot,.
oi
and o0 r e l a t i v e t o
-....-.
"
=
,
F
4)
;
;
"
'
-d
COS Oi
COS Bo
- d cos pi
T r d
COS B0
For an a r b i t r a r y choice of
c the b a l l w i l l spin r e l a t i v e t o
I f Coulomb
The con-
nated by Jones w i 11 be outlined here, although i t must be rec a l l e d t h a t i t was developed f o r dry f r i c t i o n o r boundary l u b r i c a t ion conditions before solutions t o the elastohydrodynamic
l u b r i c a t i o n problem became available.
The elastohydrodynamic
si
= o
sinfii
- uB sin(gi -
5)
SO
-w
s i n 6,
+ og
sin(eo
- c)
the contact
Lightly
<-tan-l(d;
cos Bi
ei
-d)
Outer-race cont ro 1 :
d' s i n go
cos Bo
The existence of a p a r t i c u l a r type of control depends on the
r e l a t i v e torques required t o prcduce spin a t the two contacts.
The f r i c t i o n a l heat generated a t the ball-race contacts.
where MS
Poritsky,
as
where
v = coefficient o f s l i d i n g f r i c t i o n
F = contact load
a = semimajor a x i s o f contact e l l i p s e obtained from equation
(3.13)
8s
race contacts.
MS
Rolling w i l l
i s greater because o f t h e
greater g r i p p i n g action.
The p o s i t i o n s o f t h e b a l l center and t h e race curvature
centers a t angular p o s i t i o n
I n t h i s f i g u r e t h e outer-
ef,
as shown
i n Figure 3.11.
I n accordance w i t h t h e r e l a t i v e a x i a l displacement o f t h e
inner and outer r i n g s
L1
D sin
(3.93)
$f + d t
,6,
5 + dr
cos $
(3.94)
= ls2,me.Sfl
(3.95)
where
Jl=
and n
2r(j
- 1)
equations can be w r i t t e n :
s i n B~ =
- -0.5)
L1 L3
(fi
6i
( 0 cos pf
a,
cos
- [ d ( f o - 0.5) * do]*
- L4)2 +
( 0 s i n B~
at
= 0
- L3) 2
(3.100)
E q u i l i b r i u m o f forces i n t h e h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n s
requires t h a t
F, s i o f10
- F~
- F 1.
Fo cos 0,
s i n si
cos B~
+
2M
2M
9
[ A cos
[ A s i n f10
so
- ( 1 - r l c o s fli]
(1
- sin fliJ - Fc = O
where
A - 1
A =
f o r outer-race c o n t r o l
f o r inner-race c o n t r o l
1' md'u2
Fc = 7
e c
(3.106)
where
d = d + 2L4
e
e
and m i s t h e mass of the b a l l .
- 2 d ( f o - 0.5)cas
flf
(3.107)
Mg =
Ip~suc
sin 5
(3.108)
F ~ * ~ Lttese
III
312
Ko60 L3
d(fo
- 0.g
(1
- A)(O cos 0f
d(fi
a, cos
0.5) + ai
s i ~ u l t a n e o u s fl o~r
$J
(3.109)
sf
- ( 1 - rd)((f D cos
- 0.5)
+ 2 P1 BuC ~s i n c
Equations (3.100),
(3.101).
Lj,
(3.109),
L4, aO,
at
+ at
di
ai
and
and
a t each b a l l
are assumed.
6..
The
Newton-Raphson method i s generally used t o solve these simultaneous nonl inear equations.
To f i n d how good the i n i t i a l guess o f t h e values o f
and at
a,
is, a c o n d i t i o n o f e q u i l i b r i u m applied t o t h e e n t i r e
bearing i s used
C
n
j=l,...
ij
sintlij-
2(1
-A
d
cos sij]
= 0
(3.111)
2(1
..
I -
A~)M
qJ s i n iijcos +j
d
j=l..
at
a,
and
a t each b a l l
do
as i n p u t conditions, we can
from equations (3.111) and
necessary t o repeat t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r
st
and
L3, L4,
ar
it i s
and
3.5 ~ a t i ~ uL ief e
For t h i s reason t h e
Fatigue i s
a wide dispersion i n material strength, o r resistance t o fatigue, because o f Inhomogeneities i n the material.
Bearing ma-
tigue process can be expected t o be one i n which a group o f apparent l y i d e n t i c a l b a l l bearings subjected t o i d e n t i c a l loads,
speeds, lubrication, and environmental conditions e x h i b i t wide
variations i n f a i l u r e times.
3.5.1
Load Factor
given load
1. i s zero.
A l t e r n a t i v e l y the proba-
where
L
e
l i f e , m i l l i o n s o f revolutions
dispersion exponent (slope of Weibull p l o t ) o r measure of
scatter i n bearing l i v e s
constant, such t h a t e I n A
i s v e r t i c a l intercept on
Weibull p l o t when i = 1
The fatigue l i f e L
life,
lives.
For b a l l bearings
e = 1019.
w r i t t e n f o r the f a t i g u e l i f e o f e l l i p t i c a l contacts
where
F = s t a t i c load capacity
C = dynamic load capacity
The s t a t i c loads Fi
Section 3.3 or 3.4 for 'the appropriate load and speed condition.
I n equation (3.116) N
where
fO
-ui
("k.1
x
denotes the
o f one piny while the other r i n g Itas turned through one complete
revolution.
(d'
ie
d cos
= d;
-d
+
ei
(3.120)
d cos B0
(3.121)
CQS
T and
l / k , T, and @, as
Ilk,
can be written:
and (3.28).
respectively.
By making use o f t h e
the fatigue l i f e i n
d 3 ~ ? t o t h e dy-
i s the
The f a c t o r
d3N2
i s proportional t o the c e n t r i f u g a l force, and the dynamic capac i t y i s a measure o f the load capacity o f t h e bearing.
For
t o dynamic capacity
db.
Centri-
on f a t i g u e l i f e a t
This f i g u r e was
The reason f o r t h i s
Conformity expressed by a
Typical v a r i a t i o n s o f f a t i g u e 1i f e w i t h i n i t i a l corltact
angle
Bf
Thi s is r e f l e c t e d i n e i t h e r
As a
..).---
DEFGL
where
"
+=
materiai f a c t o r
processing f a c t o r
= lubrication factor
I
0
G ,= hardness f a c t o r
3.5.2 L u b r i c a t i o n Factor
En-
n o t t h i c k enough t o provide f u l l separation between t n e asperit i e s i n the contact zone, the l i f e of the bearing i s adversely
a f f e c t e d by t h e high shear r e s u l t i n g from d i r e c t metal-to-metal
contact.
i s developed l a t e r , b u t i t i s convenient t o i l l u s t r a t e i t s
e f f e c t on f a t i g u e l i f e i n t h i s section.
h is
where
fr = rms s u r f ace f i n i s h o f race
fb = rms surface f i n i s h o f b a l l
t o determine t h e l u b r i c a t i o n f a c t o r
r.
Note from t h i s f i g u r e
l e s s than 1.
is
F i l m pa-
3.5.3 M a t e r i a l Factor
value o f t h e m a t e r i a l factor
Factors
t a k i n g i n t o account vacuum remelting, hardness, and other processing variables are considered separately.
3.5.4
Processing Factors
recommended t h a t a processing f a c t o r
CVM bearing steels.
o f 3 be used f o r a l l
A drop i n hardness
To
where Rc
ial,
"
i s defined as
fined, t h e adjusted f a t i g u e l i f e
t h a t equation.
3.6 Beari ng L u b r i c a t i o n
p l a s t i c flow, and p i t t i n g .
However, i t i s
now generally accepted n o t o n l y t h a t a l u b r i c a n t f i l m i s present, b u t a l s o t h a t the nature of t h e l u b r i c a n t f i l m has an important influence on the f a t i g u e l i f e o f t h e bearing.
Besides
The b a l l -
coated w i t h a l o w - f r i c t i o n material.
The ball-race contacts i n b a l l bearings can generally be
s a t i s f a c t o r i l y l u b r i c a t e d w i t h a small amount of appropriate
l u b r i c a n t supplied t o the r i g h t area w i t h i n t h e bearing.
The
(1) Selection o f a s u i t a b l e l u b r i c a n t
( 2 ) Selection o f a system t h a t w i l l provide an adequate
3.6.1 Lubricants
f l u s h away contaminants, such as water and d i r t , and p a r t i c u l a r l y t o t r a n s f e r heat from h e a v i l y loaded bearings.
f r e q u e n t l y ddvantageous t o l u b r i c a t e bearings from
ti
I t i s also
central o i1
I t a l s o reauces possible
O i 1 Lubrication
High-quality products, f r e e
They thus
(-65'
t o 204' C
Ester l u b r i c a n t s are
I n applica-
A more d e t a i l e d
Grease L u b r i c a t i o n
closures, b u t packing should not be excessive and the manufact u r e r ' s rocommendations should be c l o s e l y adhered to.
The major l i m i t a t i o n o f grease l u b r i c a t i o n i s t h a t i t i s
n o t p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l i n high-speed applications.
I n general
General c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
F).
greases (-73'
(6) Perf 1uorinated o i 1 greases have a h i g h degree of chemic a l inertness and are completf!ly nonflamnable.
e l astohydrodynamic theory.
3.6.2
L u b r i c a t i o n Systems
Data presented by
The
Forced L u b r i c a t i o n
Care
To avoid o i l accumulation w i t h i n t h e
The scav-
enge pump provides t h e pressure d i f f e r e n t i a l necessary t o evacua t e the o i l from the bearing cavity.
M i s t Lubrication
In
o i l - m i s t systems the stream o f atonlired o i l i s generally direct e d against t h e inner race of the bearing, which i s the most
d i f f i c u l t t o l u b r i c a t e because of t h e e f f e c t o f c e n t r i f u g a l
f o r c e on t h e o i l .
diameters of 0 . 8 x l 0 - ~ t o 1.3x10-~
in
are used.
Because the
The o i l i s passed
Extremely low o i 1
Splash LubricatJon
Qi
1 r i n g s are mainly used i n h o r i z o n t a l l y mounted
machines.
ably l a r g e r than t h a t o f t h e shaft, d i p s i n t o the l u b r i c a n t rese r v o i r beneath the bearing and c a r r i e s o i l t o the top o f t h e
shaft by a viscous l i f t i n g process.
Wick L u b r i c a t i o n
t h e porous p l a s t i c h o l d o i l by c a p i l l a r y forces.
A wick bridg-
Separator L u b r i c a t i o n
The separators
During
Separator l u b r i c a t i o n systems o f f e r the advantages o f compactness and r e l a t i v e l y low torque varS ation.
Their disadvan-
Because sepa-
Dry L u b r i c a t i o n
Brewe,
1969).
Because o f t h i s l i m i t a -
3.7 Closure
The deformation
At
g r e a t l y a f f e c t the s t a t i c load d i s t r i b u t i o n .
The e f f e c t o f
m a t e r i a l fatigue.
I n Section
I n that
and t h e l u b r i c a t i o n systems t h a t provide a constant f l o w o f l u b r i c a n t t o the contact have been discussed i n Section 3-6.
SYHBOLS
constant used I n equation (3.113)
D*, L*, M*
r e l a x a t i o n coeffjcients
drag area o f .ball, n2
semimajor axis of contact e l l i p s e , m
a/2iii
t o t a l conformity o f bearing
semiminor axis of contact e l l i p s e , m
b/ ;2;
dynamic load capacity,
drag c o e f f i c i e n t
constants
19,609 ~lcrn' (24.440 l b f / in2)
number o f equal d i v i s i o n s o f semimajor axis
distance between race curvature centers, m
material factor
defined by equation (5.63)
Deborah number
b a l l diameter, m
number o f d i v i s i o n s i n semiminor a x i s
o v e r a l l diameter o f bearing (Figure 2.13).
bore dia%eter, m
p i t c h diameter, m
p i t c h djameter after dynamic e f f e c t s have acted on b a l l , m
inner-race diameter, m
outer-race diameter, m
modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y , ~
/ m ~
/(':;
e f f e c t i v e e l a s t i c modulus, 2
;,.'),
./m2
i n t e r n a l energy, m2 1s2
processi ng f a c t o r
[(qmin
- Hmin)/HminI
x 100
e l l i p t f c i n t e g r a l o f second k i n d w i t h modulus (1
- l / k 2 ) 1/2
approximate e l 1 i p t i c i n t e g r a l o f second k i n d
dispersion exponent
n o m a l applled load, N
normal applied load per u n i t length, N l m
lubrication factor
integrated normal applied load, N
c e n t r i f u g a l force, N
maximum normal appl i e d load ( a t $ = 0). N
applied r a d i a l load, N
applied t h r u s t load, N
nornal applied load a t angle $, N
e l l i p t i c i n t e g r a l o f f i r s t k i n d w i t h modulus ( 1
approximate e l l i p t i c i n t e g r a l o f f i r s t k i n d
race conformity r a t i o
rms surface f i n i s h o f b a l l , m
rms s u r f ace f i n i s h o f race, m
dimensionless m a t e r i a l s parameter, aE
f l u i d shear modulus, N / I ~ ~
hardness f a c t o r
g r a v i t a t i o n a l constant, m/s2
63
- 1/k2) 112
2 3
dimensionless f i l m thickness, H ( U I U ) ~ = F2h/u2noRx
dimensionless central f i l m thickness, hc/R,
dimensionless central f i l m thickness f o r starved
l u b r i c a t i o n condition
f r i c t i o n a l heat, N m/s
dimensionless minimum f il m thickness obtained from EHL
e l 1iptical-contact theory
dimensionless minimum f i l m thickness f o r a rectangular
contact
dimensionless minimum f il m ttiickness f o r starved
l u b r i c a t i o n condition
dimensionless c e n t r a l f i l m thickness obtained from
least-squares f i t o f data
dimensionless minimum f i l m thickness obtajned from
least-squares f i t o f data
dimensionless central-f ilm-thickness
- speed parameter,
- speed parameter,
c e n t r a l f i l m thickness, m
i n l e t f i l m thickness, m
dpldx
0, m
minimum f i l m thickness, m
constant, m
diametral interference, m
b a l l mass moment o f i n e r t i a , m N s2
i n t e g r a l defined by equation (3.76)
i n t e g r a l defined by equation (3.75)
function of
65
gyroscopic moment,
Nn
direction, m2 I s
- ub,
mls
rate, so'
68
cPj
s u r f ace roughness)
equals 1 f o r outer-race c o n t r o l ana 0 f o r inner-race
control
second c o e f f i c i e n t o f v i s c o s i t y
Archard-Cowking side-leakage f a c t o r , ( 1
relaxation factor
69
213
t~~1-l
coefficient o f sliding f r i c t i o n
Poisson's r a t i o
divergence of v e l o c i t y vector, ( t u l a x ) + (avlay) + ( a ) , sol
l u b r i c a n t density, N s2 /m 4
dimens ionless density,
o/p
0
densSty a t atmospheric pressure, N s2 /m4
normal stress, Nlm2
a u x i l i a r y angle
thermal reduction f a c t o r
angular l o c a t i o n
1i m i t i n g value o f $
absolute angular v e l o c i t y o f inner race, r a d l s
absolute angular v e l o c i t y o f outer race, r a d l s
angular velocity, rad/s
"'B
"'b
10
0
Subscripts:
solid
solid b
central
b a l l center
inner r a c e
Kapitza
minimum
iteration
outer race
P VE
p i e z o v i scous-elast i c regime
PVR
p i e z o v i scous-rigid regime
f o r rectangul ar area
f o r starved c o n d i t i o n s
X,Y .Z
coordinate system
Superscript :
(-1
approximate
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%IR,
Elllpticlty
k
-k
Par*
oant
Ecmr
Elliptic Inttayralr
Wond
kind
Peraent
Error
Fir#t
kind
J
Parcent
Error
Numerlcrl,
From
PerCurve
Fit
C@nt
6,
om
Equatlon, Error
Contnct
h l l on Ball
Ball on Plane
- Outer
Ring Contact
Parameters
'bx
Ball
6.35 mm
-38.9 m m
Ponaent error
-0.63
-0.55
db*
mrn
EN^
~ n m i c
Capaclt~,
C
-0.68
-0.75
-0.36
0.60
@N~/c
52100
M- 1
M- 2
M-10
M-50
T-1
Halmo
M-42
WB-49
Matarlal
Factor,
D
- outer-ring conbd
(c) MI(
(c) hterkrmce.
l------
FO
Fixad-outer-ram
curvrtun onbr
L2
----------------r .:
95
90
a0
70
60
Ti:
k,
9 20
'g '0
ul
g
4
.P
f
?
15
25
30
35
Initial contact angle, 4, dog
20
Film pnrameter, A