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SBM
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ENGINEERING
AND
TECHNOLOGY
SBM
COLLEGE
OF
ENGINEERING
AND
TECHNOLOGY
SBM
COLLEGE
OF ENGINEERING
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OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
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TECHNOLOGY
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DINDIGUL
ENGINEERING AND TECHOLOGY SBM COLLEGE
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ENGINEERING
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FLUID MECHANICS
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TECHNOLOGY
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ENGINEERING
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no :
SBM
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ENGINEERING
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TECHNOLOGY
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ENGINEERING
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TECHNOLOGY
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SBM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
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Department Of Mechanical Engineering

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
Thamarai padi, Dindigul-5.
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a Bonafide record of work done by selvan
..Roll
No
.....
in
The
Fluid
Mechanics Laboratory - CE 1208 during the academic Year 2010 2011
Staff In Charge
HOD
Date
Submitted To The Anna University Practical Examination Held On
. At Sri Subramanya College Of Engineering and Technology,
Sukkamanaickanpatty, Palani.
Register No:
Internal Examiner
External
Examiner
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2

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
INDEX
Ex.No
Date
Name of the Experiment
1.
Study of pressure measuring device.
2.
Determination of the co-efficient of discharge

of given orifice meter.
3.
4.
5.
6.

of given Venturi meter.
and percentage of slip of given rota meter.
Determination of friction factor for given pipe.
To study the performance and draw the
characteristic curves of centrifugal pump.
7.

characteristic curves of submergible pump
8.
Determination of the co-efficient of discharge,

slip and efficiency of given reciprocating
pump.
9.

characteristic curves of Gear pump.
10.

characteristic curves of Pelton wheel.
11.

characteristic curves of Francis Turbine.
Page
3
Page.
No
Mark
Sign

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics

characteristic curves of Kaplan Turbine.
12
STUDY OF PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE

Ex.No:
Date:
AIM:
To study the various pressure measuring device.
PRESSURE GAUGE:
The devices which are used, for recording pressure of a liquid at a point are
known as pressure gauge. They are two types
1. Manometers.
2. Mechanical Pressure Gauges.
1. MANOMETERS:
They are devices, used to register pressure at a point or pressure difference
between two points in the system, in terms of liquid. To measure higher ranges of
pressures, heavier liquids like mercury are used as manometric liquids for lower
pressure ranges.
Types of manometers
The common types of manometers are,
i.
Piezometer type
ii.
U-Tube manometer
iii.
U-Tube differential manometer and
iv.
Micro manometers
PIEZOMETER TUBE:
Piezometer tube is the simplest type of pressure gauge. It is a glass tube
open at both ends. One end is open to atmosphere and the other end is connected
to the point of the system where the pressure is to be found out. The Piezometer
tube is kept in a vertical position. The liquid rises in the Piezometer tube until
equilibrium is maintained. The height, through which the liquid rises in the tube,
directly gives the pressure head of liquid some of the Piezometer tubes cannot be
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Fluid Mechanics
used to measure high pressures. They also cannot register negative or vaccum
pressures.
U-TUBE MANOMETER:
U-Tube manometer is a tube bent in U-shape. The pressures in the two
limbs are equal, since there is continuity of the manometric liquid at the common
surface. Using this principle, the pressure h at the point a can be determined.
The pressure at point a is given by the equation.
h=x [(sm-s 1)/s1]
The differential manometers are used to measure the difference between two
points.fig.3 shows a U-Tube differential manometer. The two ends of manometer are
connected to the point A and B, whose pressure difference is found out. The
pressure difference between the points A and B is given by the equation,
ha hb=h2s2+sm-h1s
If the liquid at point A and B are same, i.e., s1=s2, then the pressure
difference is given by the equation,
h a-hb=x sm + s1(h2-h1)
If the points A and B are at the same level, i.e.,m=h2+x,then,pressure difference is

given by the equation , ha-hb=x
Micro manometers
Micro manometers are otherwise called sensitive manometers or precision.
The U-tube manometer is made sensitive by enlarging one of its limbs. The limb
with enlarged end is connected to the pressure point and the other limb is open to
the atmosphere. The pressure at point A is given by the equation.
h= h2sm+a/A h2(sm-s1)-h1s1
A and B are the cross sectional areas of enlarged end and U Tube respectively.
2.
Mechanical pressure gauges

They can be used to record the pressure at a point. The common types
of them are,
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Fluid Mechanics
1. Bourdon pressure gauge.

2. Dead pressure gauge.
3. Diaphragm pressure gauge.
BOURDON PRESSURE GAUGE:

It is the most common type of pressure gauge. It consists of a hollow,
bent, metallic tube of elliptical cross section, closed at the one end. The other end is
connected to the point, the pressure of which is required.
When the liquid under pressure goes into the tube, it tends to become
circular in cross- Section, tending the tube to straighten itself. Since, the tube is
encased in a circular cover; it becomes circular instead of straight with the help of a
simple pinion and sector arrangement, the elastic deformation of the Bourdons
tube rotates the pointer. The pointer moves over a graduated dial to read the
pressure directly. When the gauge is disconnected the pointer reads zero, since the
pressure inside the tube is atmospheric pressure.
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laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
OBSERVATIONS AND TABULATIONS:

Manometric
Discharge (Cm/s)
Readings(cm) of
Time for
mercury
H = 10
Theoretical
cm Rise,
Qt =
t (s)
a1a22gh)
Sl.
No
X=
h
h1-h2
Coefficient of
(a12-a22)
Page
7
Actual
Venturimeter
Qt =
K= Qa / Qt
AH
t

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF ORIFICE METER

Ex.No:
Date:
AIM:
To determine the coefficient (k) of the orifice meter.
THEORY:
Orifice meter is a device, used to measure the discharge of any liquid flowing
through a pipe line. The pressure difference between inlet and diaphragm of the
orifice meter is recorded using a mercury differential manometer, and the time is
recorded for a measured discharge.
Theoretical discharge,
Qt=a1a2 (2gh)/ (a12-a22)
Where,
a1 = Area of inlet
a2 = Area of orifice
x = (h1-h2)
h = Differential head in terms of flowing liquids.
= x [(sm/s1)-1] =x [(13.6/1)-1]=12.6x.
h1= Manometric head in one limb of the manometer.
h2= Manometric head in other limb of the manometer.
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laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
Sm=specific gravity of manometric liquid = 13.6 (mercury)

S1= specific gravity of flowing liquid =1 (water)
g = Acceleration due to gravity
Qa = AH/t
Where, Qa = Actual discharge
A = Internal plan Area of collecting tank
H= Rise of liquid
t = Time of collection
k= Qa/Qth
Where, k = Coefficient of Orifice meter
Qa= Actual discharge
Qt = theoretical discharge
APPARATUS USED:
1. An orifice meter
2. Differential U-Tube mercury manometer
3. Collecting tank fitted with Piezometer and control value
4. stop watch
5. Metre scale.
PROCEDURE:
1. The diameters of the inlet and the orifice are recorded and the internal
plan dimensions of the collecting tank are measured.
2. Keeping the outlet valve closed, the inlet valve is opened fully.
3. The outlet valve is opened slightly and the manometric heads in both
the limbs (h1 and h2) are noted.
4. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the timet
required for H rise of water in the collecting tank is observed using a
stop watch.
5.
The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and

observing the required readings.
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Fluid Mechanics
6. The observations are tabulated and the coefficient of the orifice meter
computed.
GRAPH:
Graph Qa Vs h and Qa Vs h are draw taking h and h on X -axis
RESULT:
Co-efficient of Orifice meter, k=
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10

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics

Manometric
Discharge (Cm/s)
Readings(cm) of
Time for
mercury
H = 10
Theoretical
cm Rise,
Qt =
t (s)
a1a22gh)
Sl.
No
X=
h
h1-h2
Coefficient of
(a12-a22)
Page
11
Actual
Venturimeter
Qt =
K= Qa / Qt
AH
t

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF VENTURIMETER

Ex.No:
Date:
AIM:
To determine the coefficient (K) of the venturimeter
THEORY:
Venturimeter is a device, used to measure the discharge of any liquid
flowing through a pipe line. The pressure difference between the inlet and the throat
of the venturimeter is recorded using mercury differential manometer, and the time
is recorded for the measured discharge.
Theoretical discharge,
Qt = a1a22gh / a12 a22
Where,
a1
= Area of inlet
a2
= Area of orifice
h= Venturi head in terms of following liquids
h
= x [(sm/s1)-1]
h1
= Manometric head in one limb of the manometer.
h2
= Manometric head in other limb of the manometer.
Sm
=specific gravity of Manometric liquid = 13.6 (mercury)
S1
= specific gravity of flowing liquid =1 (water)
g
= Acceleration due to gravity
Qa
= AH/t
Where,
Qa
= Actual discharge
A
= Internal plan Area of collecting tank
H
= Rise of liquid
t
= Time of collection
k
= Qa/Qth
Where,
k
= Coefficient of Orifice meter
Qa
= Actual discharge
Qt
= theoretical discharge
APPARATUS USED:
1. Venturimeter
2. Differential U-Type mercury manometer
3. Collecting tank, fitted with piezometer and control valve
4. Stop watch
5. Meter scale
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laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
PROCEDURE:
1. The diameters of the inlet and the throat are recorded and the internal plan
dimensions of the collecting tank are measured.
3. The outlet valve is opened slightly and the Manometric heads in both limbs
(h1 and h2) are noted.
4. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time t
required for H rise of water in the collecting tank is observed using a stop
watch.
5. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and
6. The observations are tabulated and the coefficient of the Venturimeter
computed.
GRAPH:
Graph Qa Vs h and Qa Vs h are drawn taking h and h on X-axis
RESULT:
Coefficient of Venturimeter, k =
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laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
Sl.No
Rota meter
Reading
LPH(Q)
Qt = LPH x
0.278
Cm3 / s
Time for
10cm rise of
water in
seconds
Page
14
Actual flow
of water LPH
Qa
Co-efficient of
discharge Cd =
Qact / Qth

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT AND PERCENTAGE OF SLIP OF

ROTAMETER
Ex.No:
Date:
AIM:
To find out the coefficient of discharge and percentage of slip of given
rotameter.
APPARATUS USED:
i.
Rota meter
ii.
Collecting tank
iii.
Stopwatch
iv.
Scale
FORMULAE USED:
Cd = Qa / Qt
Qa = AH / t cm3 /s
Qt = Taken from Rota meter reading
A = Area of collecting tank,
H = 10cm rise of water,
T = Time taken for 10cm rise of water in seconds
Percentage of slip = (Qt Qa / Qt) x 100
= (1-Cd) x 100
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep all the three valves (main flow central valve, fine floe central valve and
the primary valve) fully opened. Do the priming and close the prime valve.
2. Start the motor
3. Then open the fine central valve completely and open the main flow central
valve partially (65%)
4. Allow the system to run for 3-5 minutes, so that flow of water is obtained.
5. Thus by using main and fine central valves set the required water flow rate at
the rota meter (from higher flow to lower flow).
6. The float, which is in the rota meter moves up and down frequently.
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laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
7. Set the required flow in the rota meter to required discharge. Note the
reading. This is theoretical discharge.
8. Then close the drain valve completely, note the time taken for rise of 10cm of
water in the collecting tank corresponding to the set range of rota meter.
9. Actual discharge is calculated by using formula AH/t.

10.Coefficient of discharge and percentage of slip is calculated.
11.The above procedure is repeated for 3 or 4 reading.
GRAPH:
Draw a graph of Qa Vs Qt
RESULT:
1. Coefficient of discharge of given rota meter =
2. Percentage of slip of given rota meter
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laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
Sl.
Manometric
Loss
Time for
Discharge
Velocity
Friction
No
Readings(cm)
of
H = 10
Q = AH / t
V=Q/a
factor F =
of mercury
h 1 h 2 X=
head
cm Rise,
(cm/s)
cm / s
2gdh / LV2
(12.6x
t (s)
h1-h2
) cm
Page
17

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
DETERMINATION OF PIPE FRICTION FACTOR

Ex.No:
Date:
AIM:
To determine the friction factor (f) of the given pipe
THEORY:
When liquid flows through a pipe line, it is subjected to frictional resistance.
The frictional resistance depends upon the roughness of the inner surface of the
pipe. More the roughness, greater is the frictional resistance.
The loss of head between a selected length of pipe is observed for a
measured discharge.
The friction factor (f) is calculated by using the expression.
hf = flv2 / 2gd
Where,
hf
x
x [(sm
h1
h2
Sm
S1
f
L
V
Qa
a
h
t
a
d
g
= loss of head due to friction

= (h1 h2)
/ s1) 1] = 12.6 x
= Manometric head in one limb of the manometer
= Manometric head in other limb of the manometer
=specific gravity of Manometric liquid = 13.6 (mercury)
= specific gravity of flowing liquid =1 (water)
= friction factor
= length of pipe (between the pressure tapping cocks)
= Velocity of flow in pipe
= AH / t
= internal plan area of collecting tank
= Height of collection in collecting tank
= time of collection for H rise in the collecting tank
= cross sectional area of pipe
= Diameter of pipe
= Acceleration due to gravity
APPARATUS USED:
1. A pipe provided with inlet and outlet valves and tapping cocks.
2. Differential U-Tube manometer.
3. Collecting tank fitted with piezometer and control valve.
4. Stop watch.
5. Metre scale.
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laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
PROCEDURE:
1. The diameter of the pipe is measured and the internal plan dimensions of the
collecting tank and the length of the pipeline between the two pressure
tapping cocks are measured.
3. The outlet valve is opened slightly and the Manometric heads in both limbs
(h1 and h2) are noted.
4. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time t
required for H rise of water in the collecting tank is observed using a stop
watch.
5. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and
6. The observations are tabulated and the coefficient of the Venturimeter
computed.
GRAPH:
A graph hf Vs V2 is drawn, taking hf on X-axis
RESULT:
Friction factor of the given pipe, f =
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19

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics

Suction
head(Hs)
Delivery
head(Hd)
Remarks
Sl.No
Page
20
Page
21
Ne
Efficiency of the pump = (Po / Pi) *100
Input the motor Pi = 3600*Nr*1000 watts
Output from the pump Po = WQH watts
Discharge Q = AH/t
Time for Nr = 5 revolutions of the energy meter disc, t(s)
Time for h = 10cm Rise, t(s)
Total head H = Hs + Hd +X(m)
Kg /cm2 x 10m of water
Kg / cm2
10-3 *13.6
mm of Hs

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Ex.No:
Date:
AIM:
To determine the best driving conditions of the given centrifugal pump of
constant speed and to draw the characteristic curves.
THEORY:
A pump is a device, used for lifting liquids from a lower level to a higher level.
The pump increases the energy of a liquid in a closed system. It converts
mechanical energy into pressure energy. A centrifugal pump devices its name from
its centrifugal action. It converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.
The energy supplied to the pump is measured from an energy meter. The
work done by the pump is obtained from the measured discharge and total lift. The
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laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
total lift is computed from the observations of the suction gauge, pressure gauge
and their relative positions.
Discharge
Qa = AH / t
Qa = Actual discharge,
A Internal plan area of collecting tank,
H Rise of liquid = 10cm
T Time of collection
Total head. (H) = Hs + Hd + X
Where
Hs = suction head in meters of water.
Hd = Delivery head in meters of water.
X = Difference in level between the centres of vaccum and pressure gauges.
Input to the motor,
(p1) = Pi = 3600*Nr*1000 watts
Ne
Where,
Ne = energy meter constant in revolution per KWh.
Nr = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc in seconds
T = Time taken for 5 revolutions in the energy meter.
Output from the pump,
Po = WQH
Where,
W = unit weight of water 9810 N / m3
Q = actual discharge m3/s
H = Total Head m
Efficiency of the pump () = (Po / Pi ) *100
Where, Po = Output power,
Pi = input power.
APPARATUS USED:
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laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
1. Centrifugal pump
2. Collecting tank
3. Piezometer
4. Metre scale
5. Stop watch
6. Energy meter
7. Pressure gauge
8. Vaccum gauge
9. Driving unit
PROCEDURE:
1. The internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank and the difference in level
between the centres of vaccum and pressure gauges (X) measured.
2. The speed of the pump and the energy meter constant (N e) are noted.
3. The pump is primed with water.
4. With the delivery valve fully closed the driving unit is started.
5. By regulating the delivery valve, the discharge and hence the delivery head
are varied. For each position of the delivery valve, from completely closed to
maximum open.
a) Vaccum gauge reading (Hs)
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laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
b) Pressure gauge reading(Hd)
c) Time (T) taken for Nr revolutions of the energy meter disc.

d) Time taken for particular rise (h) of the water level in the collecting
tank, keeping output valve completely closed.
6.The above observations, for different delivery valve openings are tabulated.
The efficiency of the pump is computed.
GRAPH:
The following graph are drawn taking Q on X-axis
i. Discharge (Q) Vs head (H)
ii. Discharge (Q) Vs output(Po)
iii. Discharge (Q) Vs percentage efficiency ()
RESULT:
The characteristic curves are drawn from the point of maximum efficiency the
best driving conditions are found out.
The best driving conditions of the pump are obtained when,
1. Discharge (Q) =
2. Head (H)
3. Output (Po)
4. Efficiency () =
Manometer
readings
Delivery
pressure
Page
25
Input the motor Pi

= 3600*Nr*1000
watts
Sl.No
Discharge Q = AH/t
OBSERVATIONS AND TABULATION:
cm
h2
Page
26
Ne
Efficiency of the pump = (Po / Pi) *100
Output from the pump Po = WQH watts
Time for Nr = 5 revolutions of the energy meter disc,t(s)
Total head H = Hd -X(m)
Kg /cm2 x 10 Hd m of water
Kg / cm2
H =12.6 *(h2 h1) *10-2
cm
h1

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

Ex.No:
Date:
AIM:
To draw the characteristic curves of submersible pump.
THEORY:
Pump devices are used for lifting liquids from a lower level to higher level. It
converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Submersible pump essentially
consists of a multi stage set. Each set is made of a mixed flow impeller with axial
diffuser assembly. The shaft of the pump is connected to the motor, which is housed
on the bottom of the set. The pump and the motor assembly are submerged in
water. The energy supplied to the pump is measured using energy meter. The work
done by the pump is obtained from the measured discharge and total lift.
Discharge, Qa = Cd a1 a2 (2gh)/ (a12-a22)
Total Head (h) = Hd + X
Output from the pump Po = WQH
Ne T
Efficiency of the pump () = (Po / Pi ) *100
Where,
T = time taken for 5 revolution of energy meter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Submersible pump,
2. collecting tank,
3. Metre scale,
4. Stop watch,
5. Energy meter,
6. Pressure gauge
7. Driving unit
PROCEDURE:
1. The motor is started.
2. The following readings are noted.
a. The pressure gauge readings in the delivery side of the pump (Hd).
b. The height between the pressure gauge and water level(X).
c. Time taken for 5 revolutions in energy meter by means of stopwatch.
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laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
3. Take several set of readings, varying the head from the maximum to
minimum.
4. For various heads input, output and efficiency of the pump are calculated.
GRAPH:
1. Discharge Vs Efficiency
2. Discharge Vs head, taking discharge along X- axis
RESULT:
1. The maximum efficiency =
2. Head corresponding to the maximum efficiency =
3. Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency =
Page
28
Delivery
head(Hd)
Page
29
= ( Po /Pi ) x 100
Po = WQH watts
Pi = (3600*Nr*1000) / Ne T watts
% slip S = (Qt Qa) /Qt x 100
Cd = Qa / Qt
Theoretical Discharge Qt = 2ALN/60
Actual Discharge Q = AH/t
Time for Nr = 2 revolutions of the energy meter disc, t(s)
Time for h = 10cm Rise, t(s)
Total head H = Hs + Hd +X(m)
Kg /cm2 x 10m of water
Suction
head(Hs)
Kg / cm2
10-3 *13.6
Sl.No
mm of Hg

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
OBSERVATION & TABULATION:

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
DETERMINE THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE, SLIP, AND EFFICINCY

OF RECIPROCATING PUMP
Ex.No:
AIM:
Date:
To determine the coefficient of discharge (C a), slip(S), and efficiency () of the
reciprocating pump.
THEORY:
A pump is a device, used for lifting liquids from lower level to higher level.
The pump increases the pressure energy of a liquid in a closed system. A
reciprocating pump derives its name from the reciprocating motion of the piston. By
the movement of a piston or a plunger, working inside a cylinder draws the liquid
and forces it out of the cylinder. It is otherwise known as positive displacement
pump. The energy supplied to the pump is measured from an energy meter. The
workdone by the pump is obtained from the measured discharge and the total lift.
The total lift is computed from the observations of the suction gauge, pressure
gauge and their relative positions.
Qa = AH / t
Where
Qa = Actual discharge,
A Internal plan area of collecting tank,
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30

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
H Rise of liquid = 10cm

T Time of collection
Theoretical discharge, (Qt) = ALN / 60

WhereL = 0.132m
D = 0.08m
N = crank speed in rpm
A = cross sectional area of cylinder in m 2
D = diameter of cylinder.
L = length of cylinder or length of stroke in m.
Coefficient of discharge Cd = Qa / Qt
Slip = theoretical discharge (Qt) Actual Discharge (Qa)

% slip (S) = [(Qt Qa) / Qt]* 100 = (1 - Cd) *100
Output from the pump Po = WQH Nm/s or watts
Ne
Where,
Ne = energy meter constant in revolution per KWh.
Nr = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc in seconds
T = Time taken for 5 revolutions in the energy meter.
PROCEDURE:
1. The internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank and the difference in
level between the centres of vaccum and pressure gauges (X) measured.
2. The speed of the pump and the energy meter constant (N e) are noted.
3. The pump is primed with water.
4. With the delivery valve fully closed the driving unit is started.
5. By regulating the delivery valve, the discharge and hence the delivery
head are varied. For each position of the delivery valve, from completely
closed to maximum open.
e) Vaccum gauge reading (Hs)
f) Pressure gauge reading(Hd)
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laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
g) Time (T) taken for Nr revolutions of the energy meter disc.

h) Time taken for particular rise (h) of the water level in the collecting
tank, keeping output valve completely closed.
6. The above observations, for different delivery valve openings are

tabulated. The efficiency of the pump is computed.
GRAPH:
The following graph are drawn taking Q on X-axis
iv. Discharge (Q) Vs head (H)
v. Discharge (Q) Vs output(Po)
vi. Discharge (Q) Vs percentage efficiency ()
RESULT:
The characteristic curves are drawn from the poin of maximum efficiency the
best driving conditions are found out.
The best driving conditions of the pump are obtained when,
1. Discharge (Q) =
2. Head (H)
3. Output (Po)
4. Efficiency () =
Page
32
remarks
Efficiency
Out power Po watts
Input power Pi watts
Actual discharge Qa mm3/ s
Time taken for Nr = 5 revolutions of

energy meter in seconds
Total head H = Hs+Hd in m of oil
Pressure head Hd m of oil Kg/cm2 x

12.5
Time taken for h = 5cm rise in

collection tank
Pressure gauge reading Kg/cm2
m of oil Hs 10-3 x 13.6
Suction head in mm Hg
Sl no

laboratory
Page
33
Fluid Mechanics

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
CHARACTRISTICS CURVE OF GEAR PUMP

Ex. No:
Date:
AIM:
To draw the characteristics curve of gear pump
THEORY:
Although the gear pumps which consists of two gears, yet its action on liquid
to be pumped is not dynamic and it merely displaces the liquid from one side to
other. However, the flow of liquid to be pumped is continuous and uniform and there
is no change of velocity and acceleration under normal stable conditions. This type
of pump is widely used for cooling water and pressure oil to be supplied for
lubrication to motors, turbines machine tools etc.,
The external gear pump in its simplest form consists of two identical
intermeshing spur wheels working with a fine clearance inside the casing. The
wheels are so designed, that they form a fluid tight joint at the point of contact. One
of the wheels is keyed to the driving shaft (rotor) and the other revolves as a driven
wheel (idler).
The pump is first filled with the liquid to be pumped before it is started. As
the gear wheels rotate, the liquid is trapped in between their teeth and flown to the
discharge end round the casing. The rotating gears build up sufficient pressure to
force the liquid into the delivery pipe. Each tooth of the gear acts like a piston or
plunger of on reciprocating pump and hence the pump can be termed a positive
displacement pump.
%Efficiency of the pump = (Po / Pi) * 100
Where,
Po = output power = WQAH
W = specific weight of the oil = 9810 * 0.8
Qa = Actual discharge = Ah / t
H = Total Head = Hs + Hd
A = Internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank
H = Rise in the collecting tank = 10cm
T = Time taken for the rise in the collecting tank
Page
34

laboratory
Ne
Fluid Mechanics
Ne = Energy meter constant

Nr = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
T = Time taken for Nr revolution of the energy meter disc.
APPARATUS USED:
1. Gear pump with driving unit
2. Stop watch
3. Metre scale
4. Collecting tank with a piezometer tube
PROCEDURE:
1. The pump is switched on by adjusting the delivery valve, the pressure gauge
is set.
2. For this particular pressure gauge reading the time taken T for Nr revolution
in the energy meter, time taken t, for a particular volume in the collecting
tank and the vacuum gauge reading are recovered.
3. The experiment is repeated for different delivery pressures and the
observations are tabulated.
4. The internal plan dimensions of collecting tank and the energy meter
constant are noted.
GRAPH;
The following graph are drawn taking total head H on X axis.
Total head (H) Vs (Qa) actual discharge
Total head (H) Vs (Pi) input power
Total head (H) Vs % efficiency
RESULT:
1. Maximum percentage efficiency of the pump
2. Input power corresponding to maximum efficiency =

3. Head corresponding to maximum efficiency
4. Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency
Page
35
h=
12.6 x
(h1
h2) x
10 -2
cm
m3/s
h2(cm)
(a12-a22)
h1(cm)
Water
Page
36
%Efficiency = Po/Pi x 100
Output power Po = 2NT/60
Shaft speed N (rpm)
Torque T=(D + t/2)W
Dead weight on the load hanger W (N)
Discharge Q a= Cd a1a2 (2gh)/
Input power Pi = WQH (Nm/s)
Kg / cm2 x 10 mm of water
Mercury
Pressure gauge
readings
Mano meter reading (M)
Kg/cm2
Sl no

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
OBSERVATIONS AND TABULATION:

laboratory
Page
37
Fluid Mechanics

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF PELTON WHEEL TURBINE
Ex.No:
Date:
AIM:
To conduct the load test on the given pelton wheel turbine by keeping
constant speed and variable gate opening and to draw the characteristic curves.
THEORY:
The pelton wheel turbine has been classified as an impulse turbine, where the
available head is wholly converted into velocity energy with approximately axial
flow. It is used for very high heads. It is a most efficient type of impulse turbine. The
jet of water impinges on the wheel from one or more nozzles and strikes on the
buckets. The buckets are of double hemispherical cup shape. The needle nozzle
regulates the flow of water. The buckets are so shaped that the jet is discharged
backwards. The supply to the turbine is affected by means of a centrifugal pump. An
orifice meter measures the discharge. A differential mano-meter measures the
difference in pressure. The pressure gauge at the inlet of the turbine measures the
net head supplied by the pump to the turbine. Input power supplied to the turbine is
calculated from the net supply head on the turbine and the discharge through the
turbine. The output power from the turbine is calculated from the readings taken on
the rope dynamometer and the speed of the shaft. A tachometer is used to measure
the speed of the shaft.
The efficiency of the turbine is computed from the output and the input.
For any setting of the spear first the turbine is run from some time at a light
load. In the variable speed test the brake load is increasing. Gradually by adding
deadweights on the load. Hanger until the turbine finally ceases to revolve.
Regulating the discharge gate valve of the pump can vary the net supply head on
the turbine.
FORMULAE USED:
Discharge to the turbine,
Qa = Cd a1a2 (2gh)/ (a12-a22)
Where
Cd
h
a1
= coefficient of discharge (0.98)

= Manometric head in meters
= area of the pipe in sq.m
Page
38

laboratory
a2
g
Input power to the
Pi
Where
H
Fluid Mechanics
= area of throat in sq.m

= specific gravity 9.81 m/sec2
turbine
= WQH Nm / sec
= total head in meters
Out put power to the turbine

Po
= (2NT) / 60 Nm/sec
Where
T
= torque in Nm
= (effective radius of brake drum in meters) x
(Net brake load on the drum in N)
= (D + t/2) x Wb
N
= speed of the shaft in rpm
D
= diameter of the brake drum in meter
t
= thickness of the belt.
Wb
= brake load in N
Efficiency of the turbine
= (Po x Pi) x 100%

Where
Po
= output power
Pi
= input power
At the point of maximum efficiency, the specific speed of the runner and the
speed ratio calculated.
Specific speed of the turbine Ns = (NPo) / h5/2
Speed ratio Nr
= DN / 60 2gh
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.
Pelton wheel unit
2.
Supply pump
3.
Orifice meter with differential manometer
4.
Rope brake dynamometer
5.
Tachometer
PROCEDURE: CONSTANT SPEED = 800 rpm

1. The supply pump is first started with the discharge valve completely closed.
2. The head is adjusted to be 30m of water by fully opening the gate (18 turns)
3. The loads on the brake drum are adjusted to get the constant speed of
800rpm and the following readings are taken
Pressure gauge readings (H)
Page
39

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
Manometer reading (h1 and h2)

Speed of the shaft (N)
Dead weight on the load hanger (W)

4. Subsequent set of above readings are taken and tabulated for various gate
openings and varying the brake loads for constants speed 800rpm.
CONSTANT HEAD (30m) FULL GATE OPENING
1. The supply pump is first started with the discharge valve completely closed.
2. The gate valve is fully opened and the head on the water sup[plied to the
turbine is adjusted to 30m of water by regulating the discharge valve.
3. The dead loads on the brake are adjusted for 600rpm and the following
Pressure gauge readings (H)
4. The dead loads on the brake are adjusted for various speeds and the above
sets of readings are absorbed and are tabulated.
Diameter of the inlet d1
Diameter of the brake drum D
Thickness of the belt t
Discharge of the turbine Qa
GRAPH:
The following graphs are drawn separately
Constant speed test
Output Power (Po) Vs Efficiency
Gate opening (turns)
Vs Efficiency
Constant head test
Speed (N)
Vs Output Power (Po)
Speed (N)
Vs Efficiency
At the point of maximum efficiency of the graphs the corresponding values of
efficiency output power and speed are arrived at from the graphs. Then the specific
speed of runner and speed ratio are completed.
RESULT:
Page
40

laboratory
Maximum efficiency
Output power
Speed
Fluid Mechanics
Specific speed
Speed ratio
=
=
h2) x
10 -2
cm
Page
41
Shaft speed N (rpm)
(h1
12.6 x
Torque T=( D + t/2) W (Nm)
h=
Dead weight W (N)
h2(cm)
h1(cm)
Water
Kg / cm2 x 10 mm
of water
Mercury
Pressure gauge
readings
Kg/cm2
Sl no

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF FRANCIS TURBINE
Ex.No:
Date:
AIM:
To study the characteristics of the Francis turbine at full and 0.6 guide vane
opening.
THEORY:
The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine with mixed flow runner. Around the
runner a set of stationery guide vanes directs the water into the moving vanes. The
guide vanes also serve as gates. A handle can adjust the gate openings. A chamber
called spiral chamber surrounds the guide vanes. On the discharge side, the water
passes to the tail race by a tube called Draft Tube. The draft tube enables the
turbine to be set at a higher level without sacrifice in head. Moreover it entails
regaining of pressure energy, thus increasing the efficiency of the turbine. Pressure
gauge and vacuum gauge are set to measure the heads at certain points. The
supply to the turbine is affected by means of a centrifugal pump. An orifice meter
measures the discharge passing into the turbine. A differential mano-meter
measures the difference in pressure. The input power supplied to the turbine is
calculated from the net supply head on the turbine and the discharge through the
turbine. The output power from the turbine is calculated from the readings taken on
the rope brake dynamometer and the speed of the shaft. A tachometer is used to
measure the speed of the shaft. T he efficiency of the turbine is computed from the
output and the input.
For any particular setting of the guide vanes, first the turbine is run for sometime
at a light load then the brake loading is increased gradually by adding dead weights
on the load hanger. The net supply head on the turbine can be maintained constant
at the required value by adjusting the discharge value of the pump.
Page
42

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
FORMULAE USED:

Qa = Cd a1a2 (2gh)/ (a12-a22)
Where
Cd
h
a1

a2
g
Input power to the turbine
Pi
= WQH Nm / sec
Where
H
Po
= (2NT) / 60 Nm/sec
Where
T
= torque in Nm
= (D + t/2) x Wb
D
t
Wb
= brake load in N
= (Po x Pi) x 100%

Where
Po
= output power
Pi
= input power
Speed ratio Nr
= DN / 60 2gh
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Francis turbine unit
2. Supply pump
3. Orifice meter with differential manometer
4. Rope brake dynamometer
5. Tachometer
6. Pressure gauge
7. Vacuum gauge
PROCEDURE:
Page
43

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
1. The supply pump is first started with the discharge valve
completely
closed.
2. The turbine is adjusted to the requested gate opening by
operating the
handle.
3. Water is fed into the turbine and the turbine is allowed to run for sometime.
4. The rope brake is adjusted for the required speed of the shaft (say 600rpm)
and the following sets of readings are taken.
a) Speed of the shaft (N)
b) Manometer reading (h1 and h2)
c) Pressure gauge reading (Hd)
d) Vacuum gauge reading (Hs)
e) Dead weight on the load hanger (W)
f) Spring balance reading (s)
5. Subsequent set above readings are taken and tabulated by gradually
increasing the brake load for different speeds.
GRAPH:
The following graphs are drawn separately for each guide vane opening (full
open and 0.6 open), taking the speed on the X-axis.
Speed (n) Vs Output power (Po)
Speed (n) Vs % Efficiency ()
Speed (n) Vs Discharge
At any point of maximum efficiency of the graphs the corresponding values of
efficiency, output power, discharge and speed are arrived at from the graphs. Then
the specific (Ns), unit speed (Nu) and unit power (Pu) are computed.
RESULT:
Maximum Efficiency
Page
44

laboratory
Maximum output power
Discharge
Page
45
Fluid Mechanics
h1(cm)
Water
h2(cm)
h=
12.6 x
(h1
h2) x
10 -2
cm
Page
46
Shaft speed N (rpm)
Torque T=( D + t/2) W (Nm)
Dead weight W (N)
Kg / cm2 x 10 mm
of water
Mercury
Pressure gauge
readings
Kg/cm2
Sl no

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF KAPLAN TURBINE
Ex.No:
Date:
AIM:
To study the characteristics of the Kaplan turbine at full and 0.6 guide vane
opening.
FORMULAE USED:
Qa = Cd a1a2 (2gh)/ (a12-a22)
Where
Cd
h
a1
a2
g
Input power to the turbine
Pi
= WQH Nm / sec
Where
H
Po
= (2NT) / 60 Nm/sec
Where
T
= torque in Nm
= (D + t/2) x Wb
D
t
Wb
= brake load in N
= (Po x Pi) x 100%

WherePo
= output power
Pi
= input power
Speed ratio Nr
= DN / 60 2gh
Page
47

laboratory
Fluid Mechanics
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Francis turbine unit
2. Supply pump
3. Orifice meter with differential manometer
4. Rope brake dynamometer
5. Tachometer
6. Pressure gauge
7. Vacuum gauge
PROCEDURE:
1. The supply pump is first started with the discharge valve
completely
closed.
2. The turbine is adjusted to the requested gate opening by
operating the
handle.
3. Water is fed into the turbine and the turbine is allowed to run for sometime.
4. The rope brake is adjusted for the required speed of the shaft (say 600rpm)
and the following sets of readings are taken.
Pressure gauge reading (Hd)
Vacuum gauge reading (Hs)
Spring balance reading (s)
5. Subsequent set above readings are taken and tabulated by gradually

increasing the brake load for different speeds.
GRAPH:
The following graphs are drawn separately for each guide vane opening (full
open and 0.6 open), taking the speed on the X-axis.
Speed (n) Vs Output power (Po)
Speed (n) Vs % Efficiency ()
Speed (n) Vs Discharge
At any point of maximum efficiency of the graphs the corresponding values of

efficiency, output power, discharge and speed are arrived at from the graphs. Then
the specific (Ns), unit speed (Nu) and unit power (Pu) are computed.
Page
48

laboratory
RESULT:
Maximum Efficiency
Maximum output power
Discharge
Page
49
Fluid Mechanics

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Department Of Mechanical Engineering

Thamarai padi, Dindigul-5.

Mechanics Laboratory - CE 1208 during the academic Year 2010 2011

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

Name of the Experiment

Study of pressure measuring device.

Determination of the co-efficient of discharge

Determination of the co-efficient of discharge

To study the performance and draw the

Determination of the co-efficient of discharge,

To study the performance and draw the

To study the performance and draw the

To study the performance and draw the

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

To study the performance and draw the

STUDY OF PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE

U-Tube differential manometer and

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

h=x [(sm-s 1)/s1]

If the points A and B are at the same level, i.e.,m=h2+x,then,pressure difference is

Mechanical pressure gauges

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

1. Bourdon pressure gauge.

3. Diaphragm pressure gauge.

BOURDON PRESSURE GAUGE:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

OBSERVATIONS AND TABULATIONS:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF ORIFICE METER

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

Sm=specific gravity of manometric liquid = 13.6 (mercury)

The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

OBSERVATIONS AND TABULATIONS:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF VENTURIMETER

Venturimeter is a device, used to measure the discharge of any liquid

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

OBSERVATIONS AND TABULATIONS:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT AND PERCENTAGE OF SLIP OF

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

9. Actual discharge is calculated by using formula AH/t.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

OBSERVATIONS AND TABULATIONS:

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

DETERMINATION OF PIPE FRICTION FACTOR

= loss of head due to friction

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

OBSERVATIONS AND TABULATIONS:

Efficiency of the pump = (Po / Pi) *100

Input the motor Pi = 3600*Nr*1000 watts

Output from the pump Po = WQH watts

Time for Nr = 5 revolutions of the energy meter disc, t(s)

Time for h = 10cm Rise, t(s)

Total head H = Hs + Hd +X(m)

Kg /cm2 x 10m of water

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

Input the motor Pi = 3600Nr1000 watts

H =12.6 (h2 h1) 10-2