Electrical Machines

Lecture 03: Magnetic Circuits and Transformers

(Textbook Chapter 4)
Instructor: Dr. Jung-Uk Lim
MWF 12:00 pm 12:50 pm
Corley, Room 268
Class Website: http://faculty.atu.edu/jlim/machines.html

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Introduction (1)
What is a Transformer? (Static Machine)
It is used to convert AC electric energy at one voltage and current level
to AC electric energy at another voltage and current level.
It is an electromagnetic system that consists of two or more windings
supported by a ferromagnetic structure.
It is a static machine. On the other hand, AC and DC machines such as
generators and motors are rotating machines.

Utilization of Transformers
Change of voltage levels
Measurements of high voltages (PT) and high currents (CT)
Impedance matching:
In some audio systems, transformers are used to match the
impedance of a voltage source to the impedance of the load.
Impedance matching enables maximum power to be delivered from
the source to the load.

Insulating one circuit from another or Insulating DC circuits from AC

circuits
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Introduction (2)

Connection of Transformers
Single-phase Transformers
Consists of two or more windings coupled by a magnetic core

Three-phase Transformers

Wye Wye Connection

Wye Delta Connection
Delta Wye Connection
Delta Delta Connection

The following necessary knowledge will be delivered to

understand the basic operation of a transformer.
Some basic concepts of electromagnetic theory will be
reviewed.
Typical magnetic circuits will be analyzed.
Some parameters including flux linkages and inductances will be
defined.
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Magnetic Circuits Amperes Law (1)

Magnetic Field of a Line Current

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Magnetic Circuits Amperes Law (2)

Magnetic Field of a Current-Carrying Coil (Solenoid)

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Magnetic Circuits Amperes Law (3)

Magnetic Field in a Simple Magnetic Core

The magnetic core has a winding

carrying a current of I amperes and N turns.

2D
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Magnetic Circuits Amperes Law (4)

What is happening in the core?

It generates a magnetomotive force (mmf) F of N*i ampere (A).
The mmf creates a magnetic field in the core having an intensity
of H (ampere-turns/meter) along the length of the magnetic path.
Upon integrating the magnetic field intensity H along the closed
magnetic path, we get...

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(Amperes Law).

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Magnetic Circuits (5)

Why do many transformers have ferromagnetic core materials?
They are easily magnetized.
They generate a high-density magnetic flux per unit area, a high B (Tesla or weber/m2).

The magnetic flux density B in the core is related to the magnetic field
intensity H according to B-H curve as shown below.

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Magnetic Circuits (6)

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Electric Circuit VS Magnetic Circuit

(Electric Circuit)
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(Magnetic Circuit)
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Example 3.1

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Faradays Law

What is Faradays law?

A time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force,
or emf ( = voltage) that produces a current in a closed circuit.

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Lenzs Law
Lenzs Law:
when an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to
Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces
a current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it.

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Example 3.2

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Inductance and Magnetic Energy (1)

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Inductance and Magnetic Energy (2)

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Inductance and Magnetic Energy (3)

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Inductance and Magnetic Energy (4)

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Ideal Transformer (1)

How does it work?

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Ideal Transformer (2)

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Ideal Transformer (3)

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Ideal Transformer (4)

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Example 3.3

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Example 3.4

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Example 3.5

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Non-ideal or Actual Transformer (1)

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Non-ideal or Actual Transformer (2)

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Non-ideal or Actual Transformer (3)

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Non-ideal or Actual Transformer (4)

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Example 3.6

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Equivalent Circuit (Referred to the Primary Side)

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Phasor Diagram

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Approximate Equivalent Circuits (1)

: The Full Model

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Approximate Equivalent Circuits (2)

In many cases,
the parallel (or magnetizing, or excitation) branch
can be ignored.

: The Simplest Models

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Voltage Regulation (1)

Voltage Regulation (%)

To measure how much voltage magnitude will change as load is varied.
The change in the magnitude of the secondary voltage as the current
changes from full load to no load with the primary voltage held fixed.

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Voltage Regulation (2)

Compare lengths of both the

blue and red line segments!!!

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Efficiency

Efficiency
The ration of the power output (Watt) to the power input (Watt)

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Example 3.7

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Determination of
Equivalent Circuit Parameters

Two simple tests are used to determine the values for the
parameters of the transformer equivalent circuit:
Open-Circuit Test:

Short-Circuit Test:

* Details are usually discussed in the Electrical Machines Lab. Class.

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Polarity

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Autotransformer (1)
On some occasions, it is desirable to change voltage levels by
only a small amount, for example, from 110 to 120V, vise
versa or from 13.2 to 13.8kV, vise versa.
In such circumstances, it is wasteful and excessive to wind a
transformer with two full windings, each rated at about the
same voltage. Instead, an autotransformer is used.

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Autotransformer (2)

Lets move on to power transfers in the autotransformer!

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Three-Winding Transformers

Good VS. Bad

It can supply additional load providing insulation from secondary windings.
Since two secondary windings and one primary winding are magnetically
connected, when a fault occurs at any of them, the impact must be taken
on the other two.
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Three-Phase Transformers (1)

3 Transformers are used

Between generators and transmission systems

Between transmission and sub-transmission systems
Between sub-transmission and distribution systems
In most commercial and industrial loads

Two ways to construct a 3 Transformer

Connect three single transformers in a 3 bank.
Make a 3 transformer consisting of three sets of windings
wrapped on a common core.

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Three-Phase Transformers (2)

3 Transformer Connections

Wye-wye (Y-Y)

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Three-Phase Transformers (3)

Wye-delta (Y-)

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Three-Phase Transformers (4)

Delta-wye (-Y)

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Three-Phase Transformers
Delta-Delta (-)

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Example 3.8

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Example 3.9

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