Nicolas Separación Gas-Líquido

LIQUID-GAS SEPARATION
Presented by:
Mara Catalina Monroy Muoz
Carlos David Perez Ros
Marlon Alfredo Zorro O.
Presented to:
M.Sc Nicols Santos Santos
Escuela de Ingeniera de Petrleos

Universidad Industrial de Santander
2016
OUTLINE
Introduction
Separators Principles.
Separation Functions.
Separator Types
Vessel Internals
Potential Operating Problems
Separator Design
Conclusions
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
Gas
WELL FLUID
Oil
SEVERAL
STREAM
Water
SEPARATORS
1. Inlet Stream: Changes in
the amount of momentum and
centrifugal force.
2. Gravity Settling Section:

Stokes Law, Drag Force,
Gravity Force.
3.
1.
2.
4.
3. Mist Extractor: Drag

Force, Coalescence and
Gravity Force
4. Liquid Collection Section:
Retention Time.
Source: ARNOLD, Ken. Surface Production Operation. Volumes I & III. Chapter 4. 2008.
SEPARATORS PRINCIPLES
STOKES LAW
This law also defines the relationship between particle size and the possibility
of gravitational settling.
1,488 2
=
18
0,71
0,33
DRAG FORCE
It is this force that removes the liquid droplets contained in the gas.
2
=
2
Where:
FD drag force, lbf (N),
CD drag coefficient,
A cross-sectional area of the droplet, ft2 (m2),
density of the continuous phase, lb/ft3 (kg/m3),
Vt terminal (settling velocity) of the droplet, ft/sec (m/sec),
g gravitational constant, 32.2 lbmft/lbf sec2 (m/sec2).
DRAG FORCE
If the flow around the droplet were laminar, then Stokes law would
govern and where Re = Reynolds number is less two.
=
24
1.78106 ()2
=
Unfortunately, for production facility designs it can be shown that Stokes

law does not govern.
24
3
CD
1 2 0,34
Re Re
L g
Vt 0,0119
g
dm
C
D
DROPLET SIZE
Gravity settling section collects
drops to 140 m higher.
Extractor generates fog

droplets coalescence between
10-140 m.
Mark Bothamley, John M. Campbell/PetroSkills
RETENTION TIME
For the liquid and gas separator pressure equilibrium is
reached, a liquid storage is required. This is defined as "retention time.
=
API Gravity
35+
30
25
20-
Tiempo de
retencin (min)
0.5-1
2
3
4+
CHANGES IN THE AMOUNT OF MOMENTUM
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
COALESCENCE
GRAVITY FORCE
Source: www.dreamstime.com
OTHERS
SEPARATORS FUNCTION
It makes the first phases separation between
hydrocarbons.
Enhanced the separation process through the

collection of liquid particles trapped in the gas
phase and the gas particles trapped in liquid
phase.
Release the trapped gas phase in the liquid
phase.
Source: www.dreamstime.com
Downloaded separately the liquid and gas phase.
SEPARATION TYPES
Source:
1.
http://www.octopusgrp.com/productos2.html
2.ttp://www.armk.com.ar/separ
adoresbifytrif.php.
HORIZONTAL
SEPARATORS
VERTICAL
SEPARATORS
SPHERICAL
SEPARATORS
3. ARNOLD, Ken.
OTHERS
4.http://spanish.everychina.co
m/f-z51f7a79/p92164213/showimage.html
HORIZONTAL SEPARATORS
Source: BOLLAND. Separadores lquidos, gases y slidos. El Medanito, Argentina.
Efficient handling and processing of high volumes of gas and
liquid.
Suitable for separating emulsions.

Easy maintenance and transportation.
Does not handle solids
Requires more space.

Turbulence limitations.
Variables rates.
VERTICAL SEPARATORS
Source: GPSA. Engineering Data Book. FPS Version. Volumes I & II. Sections 1 - 26. Chapter 7. 2004.
VERTICAL SEPARATORS
Source: ARRIETA, Mario. Estaciones de flujo.
VERTICAL SEPARATORS
Efficient solids control.
Less likely to return liquid to gas flow.
Good for low GOR.
Requires less space.

Difficult maintenance.
Little contact area between the phases.
Transport limitations.
SCREENING
Type
Horizontal
Vertical
Q
Gas and
Liquid
Foamy
crude
Gas /Oil
Easy
operation
and
maintenan
ce
Manageme
Absorption
Installation
nt of solids
turbulence
area
Manageme
nt
emulsions
SPHERICAL SEPARATORS
HORIZONTAL FILTER
SEPARATORS
Removes
droplets
Solids
Liquid
coalesced
APPLICATIONS
HORIZONTAL FILTER
SEPARATORS
Entries compressor stations.

High GOR.
Removal of particles larger than 2 microns.
Pressure drop normal of 1 2 psi.
10 psi pressure drop criteria is used for filter change out.
OTHERS
SLUG CATCHER
A particular separator design

able to handle large liquid
volumes at irregular intervals.
Source: ARNOLD, Ken. Surface Production Operation. Volumes I & III. Chapter 4.
2008.
OTHERS
SLUG CATCHER
Source: Catlogo Exterran.
OTHERS
SCRUBBER
Vessel designed to handle

streams with high gas to liquid
ratios, usually have a small
liquid collection section.
Source: CAMPBELL. Gas Conditioning and processing Volume 2: The equipment modules 1992.
OTHERS
SCRUBBER
Source: Catlogo Exterran.
OTHERS
SCRUBBER
BER
Source: CarUSA. Gas Scrubber.
OTHERS
DOUBLE-BARREL
CENTRIFUGAL
SEPARATORS
OTHERS
THREE PHASE SEPARATORS
Source: http://www.fenixchemtech.in/pdf_cat/intsep.pdf
VESSEL INTERNALS
SEPARATORS ALL HAVE IN COMMON FOUR

SECTIONS:
Source: ARNOLD, K. Surface Production Operations. Vol.1. Chapter 3 Third Edition.
VESSEL INTERNALS
Mist Extractor
Gas Out
Pressure
Control Valve
Inlet Diverter
Gravity settling
section.
Inlet
Gas-Liquid Interface
Liquid
Collection
section
Liquid Out
Level Control Valve
Vertical separator schematic

VESSEL INTERNALS
THE INLET DEVICE
Element that abruptly changes the

direction of flow, causing the release of
gas.
Reduce the momentum.
Perform an anitial separation.
Baffle plates
VESSEL INTERNALS
Three views of an example centrifugal inlet diverter

VESSEL INTERNALS
Elbow inlet diverter

Centrifugal inlet diverters. (Top) Cyclone baffle. (Bottom)

Tangential raceway.
VESSEL INTERNALS
GAS GRAVITY SEPARATION SECTION
A reduction in flow rate of the

gas stream occurs, allowing
suspended liquid droplets fall by
gravity.
Source: ARNOLD, K. Surface Production Operations. Vol.1. Chapter 3

Third Edition.
VESSEL INTERNALS
LIQUID COLLECTION SECTION
VESSEL INTERNALS
MIST EXTRACTION SECTION:
This device generates

numerous
changes in the flow direction of the gas,
causing the liquid droplets ( less than
100 microns ) are caught by
coalescing elements and fall by
gravity.
VESSEL INTERNALS
BAFFLES:
Typical vane-type mist extractor/ eliminator

Vane-type element with corrugated plates and liquid

drainage trays
VESSEL INTERNALS
BAFFLES:
Cutaway view of a vertical separator fitted with a vane- type

mist extractor.
Cutaway view of a horizontal separator fitted with a vane-type

mist extractor.
VESSEL INTERNALS
BAFFLES:
A vane-type mist extractor made from angle iron

VESSEL INTERNALS
BAFFLES:
An arch plate-type mist extractor
VESSEL INTERNALS
WIRE MESH:
Example wire-mesh mist extractor.

VESSEL INTERNALS
WIRE MESH:
Vertical separators fitted with wire-mesh pads supported by support rings

VESSEL INTERNALS
WIRE MESH:
Horizontal separator fitted with wire-mesh pads supported by a frame.

VESSEL INTERNALS
OTHER CONFIGURATIONS:
Centrifugal mist extractor
Vertical separator fitted with a centrifugal mist element
VESSEL INTERNALS
OTHER CONFIGURATIONS:
A coalescing pack mist extractor

VESSEL INTERNALS
WAVE BREAKERS:
Three-dimensional view of a horizontal separator fitted with an inlet diverter, defoaming element, mist extractor,
And wave breaker
VESSEL INTERNALS
DEFOAMING PLATES:
Defoaming plates
VESSEL INTERNALS
VORTEX BREAKER:
Vortex breaker
Typical vortex breakers

VESSEL INTERNALS
SAND JETS AND DRAINS:
Schematic of a horizontal separator fitted with sand jets and inverted trough
VESSEL INTERNALS
EXTERNAL ACCESSORIOS:
SAFETY RELIEF VALVE
CONTROL VALVES BACKPRESSURE
FULL CONTROL VALVES
POTENTIAL OPERATING
PROBLEMS
FOAMY CRUDE
1.Mechanical control of liquid level is
aggravated.
CO2 > 1-2%
2. Foam has a large volume-to-weight ratio.
3. An uncontrolled foam bank.
POTENTIAL OPERATING
PROBLEMS
PARAFAFFIN
Coalescing plates in the liquid section

and mesh pad mist extractors in the
gas section are particularly prone to
plugging by accumulations of paraffin.
SAND
Cutout of valve trim.

Plugging of separator internals.
Accumulation in the bottom of the
separator.
POTENTIAL OPERATING
PROBLEMS
Vertical separator with a pressure
containing cone bottom used to
collect solids.
Vertical separator fitted with an

internal cone bottom and an
equalizing line
POTENTIAL OPERATING
PROBLEMS
LIQUID CARRYOVER
Occurs when free liquid escapes
with the gas phase.
GAS BLOWY
Occurs when free gas escapes

with the liquid phase and can be
an indication of low liquid level,
vortexing, or level control failure.
POTENTIAL OPERATING
PROBLEMS
LIQUID SLUGS
Two-phase flow lines and pipelines tend to accumulate liquids in
low spots in the lines. When the level of liquid in these low spots
rises high enough to block the gas flow, then the gas will push the
liquid along the line as a slug.
DESIGN THEORY
COEFFICIENT OF DRAG
24
3
CD =
+ 0.5 + 0.34

In the design of separators, it must be determined initially the drag coefficient,

performing a process of trial and error with equations settling velocity,
Reynold's number and drag coefficient.
HORIZONTAL SEPARATOR
SIZING
GAS CAPACITY CONSTRAINT:

Where:
dLeff
TZQg g
420

P l g
CD
d
m
12
LIQUID CAPACITY CONSTRAINT:

2
d Leff
t r Ql
0,7
d= Inches
Leff= ft
Lss= ft
T= R
P= psia
Qg= MMscfd
Ql= Bpd
p= lb/ft^3
dm= Microns
tr= Minutes
Cd= Drag coefficient
Z= Gas compressibility
HORIZONTAL SEPARATOR
SIZING
SELECTION:
Slenderness Ratio=
d (in)
16
20
.
.
36
42
12LSS
SR
d
Gas Leff (ft)
Liquid Leff
(ft)
d= Inches
Lss= ft
SR= Dimensionless
Lss
SR
VERTICAL SEPARATOR
SIZING
GAS CAPACITY CONSTRAINT:
2
= 5040
1 2
LIQUID CAPACITY CONSTRAINT:

=
0,12
h 76
LSS
12
LSS
h d 40
12
For diameters < 36 in.
For diameters < 36 in.
VERTICAL SEPARATOR
SIZING
SELECTION:
Slenderness Ratio=
tr (min)
12LSS
SR
d
d (in)
h (in)
d= Inches
Lss= ft
SR= Dimensionless
Lss
SR
DESING TWO-PHASE
SEPARATORS
1. Determine the drag coefficient CD by a iterative process (Assume
a CD = 0.34 ).
= 0,0119
= 0,0049
0.5
24
3
CD =
+
+ 0.34
0.5
DESING TWO-PHASE
SEPARATORS
1. Determine the drag coefficient CD by a iterative process
(Assume a CD = 0.34 ).
2. Calculate the capacity of the gas.
dLeff
TZQg g
420

P l g
CD
d
m
12
DESING TWO-PHASE
SEPARATORS
3. Calculate the capacity of the liquid.
d Leff
t r Ql
0,7
DESING TWO-PHASE
SEPARATORS
4. Establish relationships between the diameter of the spacer ( d )
and the effective length ( Leff ) capabilities for gas and liquid.
d (in)
16
20
24
30
36
42
Gas Leff (ft)
Liquid Leff (ft)
DESING TWO-PHASE
SEPARATORS
1. Determine the drag coefficient CD by a iterative process (Assume a
CD = 0.34 ).
4. Establish relationships between the diameter of the spacer ( d ) and
the effective length ( Leff ) capabilities for gas and liquid.
5. Calculate the length between weld beads (LSS ) for each diameter.
d
Lss Leff
12
Lss Leff 2,5
3
Lss Leff
4
DESING TWO-PHASE
SEPARATORS
CD = 0.34 ).
2. calculate the capacity of the gas.
3. calculate the capacity of the liquid.
6. Determine the slenderness ratio for each diameter.
12 LSS
SR
d
DESING TWO-PHASE
SEPARATORS
CD = 0.34 ).
6. Determine the slenderness ratio for each diameter.
7. Select the option that contains a slenderness ratio between 3 and 4.
If two or more options are in that range, you can take the decision to
use smaller diameter , it implies a lower cost .
DESING TWO-PHASE VERTICAL

SEPARATORS
1. The first step in sizing a vertical separator is to establish the design
basis. (CD)
SYMBOL
VALOR
UNITS
Qg
10
MMSCFD
Qo
2000
BPD
API
40
1000
Psia
60
(SG)g
0,6
Dm
140
Micras
0,013
Cp
0,84
Tr
min

SEPARATORS
1. The first step in sizing a vertical separator is to establish the design
basis. (CD)
=
141,5
(
)
131,5+
= 51,6 /3

= 2,7(
)
= 3,71 /3

SEPARATORS
CD = 0.34).
= 0,0119
0.5

= 0,0049
24
3
CD =
+
+ 0.34
0.5
SYMBOL
VALOR
UNITS
51,6
Lb/ft3
3,7
Lb/ft3
dm
140
Micras
0,013
Cp
CD
0,340
Vt

SEPARATORS
CD = 0.34).
ITERATION
Vt
Re
CD
0,867
169,8
0,712
0,600
117,3
0,821
0,558
109,2
0,847
0,550
107,6
0,852
0,548
107,2
0,854

SEPARATORS
3. Calculate d, may be used to determine the minimum required
diameter. Any diameter larger than this value may be used.
dLeff
TZQg g
420

P l g
dLeff 21,9in
CD
d
m
12

SEPARATORS
4. For a selected d, may be used to determine h.
5. From d and h, the seam-to-seam length may be estimated. The
larger value of Lss should be used.
2
d Leff
t r Ql
0,7
+ 76
12
+ + 76
12

0,12 2
36
36

SEPARATORS
12
= (
)
tr(min)
d(in)
h(in)
Lss(ft)
Sg
24
28,9
8,7
4,4
30
18,5
7,9
3,2
36
12,9
7,4
2,5
42
9,4
7,6
2,2
48
7,2
7,9
2,0
CONCLUSIONS
While designing the separators, it is essential to keep in mind the
pressure conditions, temperature as well as the properties of the fluid
being separated. This is in order to design the proper dimensions of the
equipment.
The horizontal separators have an are big enough which enables the
existence of more equilibrium between the phases and enhances the
liberation of gas towards the zone of the mist extractor.
CONCLUSIONS
The design of the separators has the end goal of determining the
diameter and the optimal longitude, precise to the inch, in order to obtain
the retention time required making the process of separating more
efficient.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arnold, K. Surface Production Operations. Volume II. Thir Edition
M.Campbell. Gas conditioning and processing. Volume 2: The
Equipment Modules. 1984.
Gas Processors Suppleters Association. Engineering Data Book.
2004.

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LIQUID-GAS SEPARATION

M.Sc Nicols Santos Santos

Escuela de Ingeniera de Petrleos

2. Gravity Settling Section:

3. Mist Extractor: Drag

Unfortunately, for production facility designs it can be shown that Stokes

Extractor generates fog

Enhanced the separation process through the

Downloaded separately the liquid and gas phase.

Source: BOLLAND. Separadores lquidos, gases y slidos. El Medanito, Argentina.

Suitable for separating emulsions.

Requires more space.

Source: ARRIETA, Mario. Estaciones de flujo.

Requires less space.

Entries compressor stations.

A particular separator design

Source: Catlogo Exterran.

Vessel designed to handle

Source: Catlogo Exterran.

Source: CarUSA. Gas Scrubber.

THREE PHASE SEPARATORS

SEPARATORS ALL HAVE IN COMMON FOUR

Source: ARNOLD, K. Surface Production Operations. Vol.1. Chapter 3 Third Edition.

Vertical separator schematic

THE INLET DEVICE

Element that abruptly changes the

Three views of an example centrifugal inlet diverter

Elbow inlet diverter

Centrifugal inlet diverters. (Top) Cyclone baffle. (Bottom)

GAS GRAVITY SEPARATION SECTION

A reduction in flow rate of the

Source: ARNOLD, K. Surface Production Operations. Vol.1. Chapter 3

LIQUID COLLECTION SECTION

Source: ARNOLD, K. Surface Production Operations. Vol.1. Chapter 3 Third Edition.

MIST EXTRACTION SECTION:

This device generates

Source: ARNOLD, K. Surface Production Operations. Vol.1. Chapter 3 Third Edition.

Typical vane-type mist extractor/ eliminator

Vane-type element with corrugated plates and liquid

Cutaway view of a vertical separator fitted with a vane- type

Cutaway view of a horizontal separator fitted with a vane-type

A vane-type mist extractor made from angle iron

An arch plate-type mist extractor

Source: ARNOLD, K. Surface Production Operations. Vol.1. Chapter 3 Third Edition.

Example wire-mesh mist extractor.

Vertical separators fitted with wire-mesh pads supported by support rings

Horizontal separator fitted with wire-mesh pads supported by a frame.

Centrifugal mist extractor

Vertical separator fitted with a centrifugal mist element

Source: ARNOLD, K. Surface Production Operations. Vol.1. Chapter 3 Third Edition.

A coalescing pack mist extractor

Typical vortex breakers

SAND JETS AND DRAINS:

CONTROL VALVES BACKPRESSURE

FULL CONTROL VALVES

CO2 > 1-2%

2. Foam has a large volume-to-weight ratio.

3. An uncontrolled foam bank.

Coalescing plates in the liquid section

Cutout of valve trim.

Vertical separator fitted with an

Occurs when free gas escapes

In the design of separators, it must be determined initially the drag coefficient,

GAS CAPACITY CONSTRAINT: