Incoterms Full

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Bine ati venit in programul INCOTERMS 1990. Din acest moment tot ceea ce
trebuie sa faceti este sa selectati ceea ce doriti din meniurile care incadreaza aceasta
fereastra principala. Incepind cu alegerea limbii in care doriti sa primiti
informatiile...
Welcome to INCOTERMS 1990. All you gotta do right now is select the path
from the windows that are surronding this main window. And start with the
language selection ...
http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/ [15.04.2002 09:50:26]
Welcome Page
Bine ati venit in programul INCOTERMS 1990. Din acest moment tot ceea ce
trebuie sa faceti este sa selectati ceea ce doriti din meniurile care incadreaza aceasta
fereastra principala. Incepind cu alegerea limbii in care doriti sa primiti
informatiile...
Welcome to INCOTERMS 1990. All you gotta do right now is select the path
from the windows that are surronding this main window. And start with the
language selection ...
http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/home.html [15.04.2002 09:50:30]
English Version
Introduction
PURPOSE OF INCOTERMS
1. The purpose of "Incoterms" is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most
commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such
terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.
2. Frequently parties to a contract are unaware of the different trading practices in their respective
countries. This can give rise to misunderstandings, disputes and litigation with all the waste of time and
money that this entails. In order to remedy these problems the nternational Chamber of Commerce first
published in 1936 a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms. These rules were known
as "Incoterms 1936". Amendments and additions were later made in 1953, 1967, 1976, 1980 and presently
1990 in order to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices.
WHY NEW INCOTERMS?
3. The main reason for the 1990 revision of Incoterms was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use
of electronic data interchange (EDI). In the present 1990 version of Incoterms this is possible when the
parties have to provide various documents (such as commercial invoices, documents needed for customs
clearance or documents in proof of delivery of the goods as well as transport documents). Particular
problems arise when the seller has to present a negotiable transport document and notably the bill of
lading which is frequently used for the purposes of selling the goods while they are being carried. In these
cases it is of vital importance, when using EDI messages, to ensure that the buyer has the same legal
position as he would have obtained if he had received a bill of lading from the seller.
NEW TRANSPORTATION TECHNIQUES
4. A further reason for the revision stems from changed transportation techniques, particularly the
unitisation of cargo in containers, multimodal transport and roll on-roll off traffic with road vehicles and
railway wagons in "short-sea" maritime transport. In Incoterms 1990 the term "Free carrier...named
place"(FCA) has now been adapted to suit all types of transport irrespective of the mode and combination
of different modes. As a consequence, the terms which appear in the previous version of Incoterms dealing
with some particular modes of transport (FOR/FOT and FOB Airport) have been removed.
NEW METHOD OF PRESENTING INCOTERMS
5. In connection with the revision work within the ICC Working Party, suggestions were made to present
the trade terms in another manner for the purpose of easier reading and understanding. The terms have
been grouped in four basically different categories; namely starting with the only term whereby the seller
makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises (the "E"-term Ex works); followed by
the second group whereby the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to the carrier appointed by the
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buyer (the "F"-terms FCA, FAS and FOB); continuing with the "C"-terms where the seller has to
contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage to the goods or additional costs
due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch (CFR, CIF, CPT and CIP); and, finally, the "D"terms whereby the seller has to bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the country of
destination (DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU, and DDP). A chart setting out this new classification is given
hereafter. Further, under all terms, the respective obligations of the parties have been grouped under 10
headings where each heading on the seller's side "mirrors" the position of the buyer with respect to the
same subject matter. Thus, if for instance according to A.3. the seller has to arrange and pay for the
contract of carriage we find the words "No obligation" under the heading "Contract of carriage" in B.3.
setting forth the buyer's position. Needless to say, this dons not mean that the buyer would not in his own
interest make such contracts as may be needed to bring the goods to the desired destination, but he has no
"obligation" to the seller to do so. However, with respect to the division between the parties of duties, taxes
and other official charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities, the terms explain for the
sake of clarity how such costs are divided between the parties although, of course, the seller might not have
any interest at all in the buyer's further disposal of the goods .
CUSTOMS OF THE PORT OR OF A PARTICULAR TRADE
6. Since the trade terms must necessarily be possible to use in different trades and regions it is impossible
to set forth the obligations of the parties with precision. To some extent it is therefore necessary to refer to
the custom of the particular trade place or to the practices which the parties themselves may have
established in their previous dealings (cf. Article 9 of the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for
the International Sale of Goods). It is of course desirable that sellers and buyers keep themselves duly
informed of such customs of the trade when they negotiate their contract and that, whenever uncertainty
arises, clarify their legal position by appropriate clauses in their contract of sale. Such special provisions in
the individual contract would supersede or vary anything which is set forth as a rule of interpretation in
the various Incoterms.
THE BUYER'S OPTIONS
7. In some situations, it may not be possible at the time when the contract of sale is entered into to decide
precisely on the exact point or even the place where the goods should be delivered by the seller for carriage
or at the final destination. For instance reference might have been made at this stage merely to a "range"
or to a rather large place, e.g. seaport, and it is then usually stipulated that the buyer can have the right or
duty to name later on the more precise point within the range or the place. If the buyer has a duty to name
the precise point as aforesaid his failure to do so might result in liability to bear the risks and additional
costs resulting from such failure. In addition, the buyer's failure to use his right to indicate the point may
give the seller the right to select the point which best suits his purpose.
CUSTOMS CLEARANCE
8. It is normally desirable that customs clearance is arranged by the party domiciled in the country where
such clearance should take place or at least by somebody acting there on his behalf. Thus, the exporter
should normally clear the goods for export, while the importer should clear the goods for import.
However, under some trade terms, the buyer might undertake to clear the goods for export in the seller's
country (EXW, FAS) and, in other terms, the seller might undertake to clear the goods for import into the
buyer's country (DEQ and DDP). Needless to say in these cases the buyer and the seller respectively must
assume any risk of export and import prohibition. Also they must ascertain that a customs clearance
performed by, or on behalf of, a party not domiciled in the respective country is accepted by the
authorities. Particular problems arise when the seller undertakes to deliver the goods into the buyer's
country in places which cannot be reached until the goods have been cleared for import but where his
ability to reach that place is adversely affected by the buyer's failure to fulfil hid obligation to clear the
goods for import (see further the comment to DDU below). It may well be that a buyer would wish to
collect the goods at the seller's premises under the term EXW or to receive the goods alongside a ship
under the trade term FAS, but would like the seller to clear the goods for export. If so, the words "cleared
for export" could be added area the respective trade term. Conversely, it may be that the seller is
prepared to deliver the goods under the trade term DEQ or DDP, but without assuming wholly or partly
the obligation to pay the duty or other taxes or official charges levied upon importation of the goods. If so,
the words "duty unpaid" might be added are DEQ; or the particular taxes or charges which the seller
does not wish to pay may be specifically excluded, e.g. DEQ or DDP "VAT unpaid". It has also been
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observed that in many countries it is difficult for a foreign company to obtain not only the import license,
but also duty relief's (VAT deduction, etc.). "Delivered Duty Unpaid" can solve these problems by
removing from the seller the obligation to clear the goods for import.
In some cases, however, the seller whose obligation of carriage extends to the buyer's premises in the
country of import, wants to carry out customs formalities, without paying the duties. If so, the DDU term
should be added with words to that effect such as "DDU, cleared". Corresponding additions may be used
with other "D" terms, e.g. "DDP, VAT unpaid", "DEQ, duty unpaid".
PACKAGING
9. In most cases, the parties would know beforehand which packaging is required for the safe carriage of
the goods to the destination. However, since the seller's obligation to pack the goods may well vary
according to the type and duration of the transport envisaged, it has been necessary to stipulate that the
seller is obliged to pack the goods in such a manner as is required for the transport, but only to the extent
that the circumstances relating to the transport are made known to him before the contract of sale is
concluded (cf. Articles 35.1. and 35.2 b. of the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the
International Sale of Goods) where the goods, including packaging, must be "fit for any particular
purpose expressly or impliedly made known to the seller at the time of the conclusion of the contract,
except where the circumstances show that the buyer did not rely, or that it was unreasonable for him to
rely, on the seller's skill and judgment").
INSPECTION OF GOODS
10. In many cases, the buyer may be well advised to arrange for inspection of the goods before or at the
time they are handed over by the seller for carriage (so-called pre-shipment inspection or PSI). Unless the
contract stipulates otherwise, the buyer would himself have to pay the cost for such inspection which is
arranged in his own interest. However, if the inspection has been made in order to enable the seller to
comply with any mandatory rules applicable to the export of the goods in his own country he would have
to pay for that inspection.
FREE CARRIER... NAMED PLACE (FCA)
11. As has been said, the FCA-term could be used whenever the seller should fulfill his obligation by
handing over the goods to a carrier named by the buyer. It is expected that this term will also be used for
maritime transport in all cases where the cargo is not handed to the ship in the traditional method over the
ship's rail. Needless to say, the traditional FOB-term is inappropriate where the seller is called upon to
hand over the goods to a cargo terminal before the ship arrives, since he would then have to bear the risks
and costs after the time when he has no possibility to control the goods or to give instructions with respect
to their custody. It should be stressed that under the "F"-terms, the seller should hand over the goods for
carriage as instructed by the buyer, since the buyer would make the contract of carriage and name the
carrier. Thus, it is not necessary to spell out in the trade term precisely how the goods should be handed
over by the seller to the carrier. Nevertheless, in order to make it possible for traders to use FCA as an
"overriding" "F"-term, explanations are given with respect to the customary modalities of delivery for the
different modes of transport.
In the same manner, it may well be superfluous to introduce a definition of "carrier", since it is for the
buyer to instruct the seller to whom the goods should be delivered for carriage. However, since the carrier
and the document of transport are of great importance to traders, the preamble to the FCA-term contains
a definition of "carrier". In this context, it should be noted that the term "carrier" not only refers to an
enterprise actually performing the carriage but it also includes an enterprise merely having undertaken to
perform or to procure the performance of the carriage as long as such enterprise assumes liability as a
carrier for the carriage. In other words, the term "carrier" comprises performing as well as contracting
carriers. Since the position in this respect of the freight forwarder varies from country to country and
according to practices in the freight forwarding industry, the preamble contains a reminder that the seller
must, of course follow the buyer's instructions to deliver the goods to a freight forwarder even if the
freight forwarder would have refused to accept carrier liability and thus fall outside the definition of
"carrier".
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THE "C"-TERMS (CFR,CIF,CPT AND CIP)
12. Under the "C"-terms the seller must contract for carriage on usual terms at his own expense.
Therefore, a point up to which he would have to pay transportation costs must necessarily be indicated
after the respective "C-"term. Under the CIF and CIP terms the seller also has to take out insurance and
bear the insurance cost. Since the point for the division of costs refer to the country of destination, the "C"terms are frequently mistakenly believed to be arrival contracts, whereby the seller is not relived from any
risks or costs until the goods have actually arrived at the agreed point. However, it must be stressed over
and over again that the "C"-terms are of the same nature as the "F"-terms in that the seller fulfils the
contract in the country of shipment or dispatch. Thus, the contracts of sale under the "C"-terms, like the
contracts under the "F'-terms, fall under the category of shipment contracts. While the seller would have
to pay the normal transportation cost for the carriage of the goods by a usual route and in a customary
manner to the agreed place of destination the risk for loss of or damage to the goods as well as additional
costs resulting from events occurring after the goods having been handed over for carriage, fall upon the
buyer. Hence, the "C"-terms as distinguished from all other terms contain two "critical" points, one for
the division of costs and another one for the division of risks. For this reason, the greatest caution must be
observed when adding obligations of the seller to the "C"-terms referring to a time after the
aforementioned "critical" point for the division of risk. It is the very essence of the "C"-terms to relieve
the seller from any further risk and cost after he has duly fulfilled his contract by contracting for carriage
and handing over the goods to the carrier and by providing for insurance under the CIF-and CIP-terms. It
should also be possible for the seller to agree with the buyer to collect payment under a documentary
credit by presenting the agreed shipping documents to the bank. It would be quite contrary to this
common method of payment in international trade if the seller were to have to bear further risks and costs
after the moment when payment had been made under documentary credits or otherwise upon shipment
and dispatch of the goods. Needless to say, however, the seller would have to pay every cost which is due to
the carrier irrespective of whether freight should be pre-paid upon shipment or is payable at destination
(freight collect), except such additional costs which may result from events occurring subsequent to
shipment and dispatch. If it is customary to procure several contracts of carriage involving transshipment
of the goods an intermediate places in order to reach the agreed destination, the seller would have to pay
all these costs, including any costs when the goods are transshipped from one means of conveyance to the
other. If however, the carrier exercised his right under a transshipment -or similar clause- in order to
avoid unexpected hindrances (such as ice, congestion, labor disturbances, government orders, war or
warlike operations) then any additional cost resulting therefrom would be for the account of the buyer.
13. It happens quite often that the parties wish to clarify to which extent the seller should procure a
contract of carriage including the costs of discharge. Since such costs are normally covered by the freight
when the goods are carried by regular shipping lines, the contract of sale would frequently stipulate that
the goods would have to be so carried or at least that they should be carried under "liner terms". In other
cases, the word "landed" is added after CFR or CIF. Nevertheless, it is advisable not to use abbreviations
added to the "C" terms unless, in the relevant trade, the meaning of the abbreviations is clearly
understood and accepted by the contracting parties or under any applicable law or custom of the trade. In
any event, the seller should not - and indeed could not- without changing the very nature of the "C" terms
undertake any obligation with respect to the arrival of the goods at destination, since the risk for any delay
during the carriage is borne by the buyer. Thus, any obligation with respect to time must necessarily refer
to the place of shipment or dispatch e.g. "shipment (dispatch) not later than...". An agreement e.g. "CFR
Hamburg not later than..." is really a misnomer and thus open to different possible interpretations. The
parties could be taken to have meant either that the goods must actually arrive at Hamburg at the
specified date, in which case the contract is not a shipment contract but an arrival contract or,
alternatively, that the seller must ship the goods at such a time that they would normally arrive at
Hamburg before the specified date unless the carriage would have been delayed because of unforeseen
events.
14. It happens in commodity trades that goods are bought while they are carried at sea and that, in such
cases, the word "afloat" is added after the trade term. Since the risk for loss of or damage to the goods
would then, under the CFR- and ClF-terms, have passed from the seller to the buyer difficulties of
interpretation might arise. One possibility would be to maintain the ordinary meaning of the CFR- and
ClF-terms with respect to the division of risk between seller and buyer which would mean that the buyer
might have to assume risks which have already occurred at the time when the contract of sale has entered
into force. The other possibility would be to let the passing of the risk coincide with the time when the
contract of sale is concluded. The former possibility might well be practical, since it is usually impossible
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to ascertain the condition of the goods while they are being carried. For this reason the 1980 UN
Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Article 68 stipulates that "if the
circumstances so indicate, the risk is assumed by the buyer from the time the goods were handed over to
the carrier who issued the documents embodying the contract of carriage". There is, however, an
exception to this rule when "the seller knew or ought to have known that the goods had been lost or
damaged and did not disclose this to the buyer". Thus, the interpretation of a CFR- or ClF-term with the
addition of the word "afloat" will depend upon the law applicable to the contract of sale. The parties are
advised to ascertain the applicable law and any solution which might follow therefrom. In case of doubt,
the parties are advised to clarify the matter in their contract.
"INCOTERMS" AND THE CONTRACT OF CARRIAGE
15. It should be stressed that Incoterms only relate to trade terms used in the contract of sale and thus do
not deal with terms sometimes of the same or similar wording - which may be used in contracts of
carriage, particularly as terms of various charter parties. Charterparty terms are usually more specific
with respect to costs of loading and discharge and the time available for these operations (so-called
"demurrage"-provisions). Parties to contracts of sale are advised to consider this problem by specific
stipulations in their contracts of sale so that it is made clear as exactly as possible how much time would be
available for the seller to load the goods on a ship or other means of conveyance provided by the buyer and
for the buyer to receive the goods from-the carrier at destination and, further, to specify to which extent
the seller would have to bear the risk and cost of loading operations under the "F"-terms and discharging
operations under the "C"-terms. The mere fact that the seller might have procured a contract of carriage,
e.g. under the charterparty term "free out" whereby the carrier in the contract of carriage would be
relieved from the discharging operations, does not necessarily mean that the risk and cost for such
operations would fall upon the buyer under the contract of sale, since it might follow from the stipulation
of the latter contract, or the custom of the port, that the contract of carriage procured by the seller should
have included the discharging operations.
THE "ON BOARD REQUIREMENT" UNDER FOB, CFR AND CIF
16. The contract of carriage would determine the obligations of the shipper or the sender with respect to
handing over the goods for carriage to the carrier. It should be noted that FOB, CFR and CIF all retain
the traditional practice to deliver the goods on board the vessel. While, traditionally, the point for delivery
of the goods according to the contract of sale coincided with the point for handing over the goods for
carriage, contemporary transportation techniques create a considerable problem of "synchronization"
between the contract of carriage and the contract of sale. Nowadays goods are usually delivered by the
seller to the carrier before the goods are taken on board or sometimes even before the ship has arrived in
the seaport. In such cases, merchants are advised to use such "F"- or "C"-terms which do not attach the
handing over of the goods for carriage to shipment on board, namely FCA, CPT or CIP instead of FOB,
CFR and CIF.
THE "D"-TERMS (DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU AND DDP)
17. As has been said, the "D"-terms are different in nature from the "C"-terms, since the seller according
to the "D"-terms is responsible for the arrival of the goods at the agreed place or point of destination. The
seller must bear all risks and costs in bringing the goods thereto. Hence, the "D"-terms signify arrival
contracts, while the "C"-terms evidence shipment contracts.
The "D"-terms fall into two separate categories. Under DAF, DES and DDU the seller does not have to
deliver the goods cleared for import, while under DEQ and DDP he would have to do so. Since DAF is
frequently used in railway traffic, where it is practical to obtain a through document from the railway
covering the entire transport to the final destination and to arrange insurance for the same period, DAF
contains a stipulation in this respect in A.8.. It should be stressed, however, that the seller's duty to assist
the buyer in obtaining such a through document of transport is done at the buyer's risk and expense.
Similarly, any costs of insurance relating to the time subsequent to the seller's delivery of the goods at the
frontier would be for the account of the buyer.
The term DDU has been added in the present 1990 version of Incoterms. The term fulfils an important
function whenever the seller is prepared to deliver the goods in the country of destination without clearing
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the goods for import and paying the duty. Whenever clearance for import does not present any problem
such as within the European Common Market - the term may be quite desirable and appropriate.
However, in countries where import clearance may be difficult and time consuming, it may be risky for
the seller to undertake an obligation to deliver the goods beyond the customs clearance point. Although,
according to DDU B.5. and B.6., the buyer would have to bear the additional risks and costs which might
follow from his failure to fulfil his obligations to clear the goods for import, the seller is advised not to use
the term DDU in countries where difficulties might be expected in clearing the goods for import.
THE BILL OF LADING AND EDI PROCEDURES
18. Traditionally, the on board bill of lading has been the only acceptable document to be presented by the
seller under the terms CFR and CIF. The bill of lading fulfils three important functions, namely:
- proof of delivery of the goods on board the vessel
- evidence of the contract of carriage
- a means of transferring rights to the goods in transit by the transfer of the paper document to another
party.
Transport documents other then the bill of lading would fulfil the two first- mentioned functions, but
would not control the delivery of the goods at destination or enable a buyer to sell the goods in transit by
surrendering the paper document to his buyer. Instead, other transport documents would name the party
entitled to receive the goods at destination. The fact that the possession of the bill of lading is required in
order to obtain the goods from the carrier at destination makes it particularly difficult to replace by EDIprocedures. Further, it is customary to issue bills of lading in several originals but it is, of course, of vital
importance for a buyer or a bank acting upon his instructions in paying the seller to ensure that all
originals are surrended by the seller (so-called "full set"). This is also a requirement under the ICC Rules
for Documentary Credits (the so-called Uniform Customs and Practice, "UCP"; ICC Publication 400).
The transport document must evidence not only delivery of the goods to the carried but also that the
goods, as far as could be ascertained by the carrier were received in good order and condition. Any
notation on the transport document which would indicate that the goods had not been in such condition
would make the document "unclean" and thus make it unacceptable under UCP (Art.18 see also ICC
Publication 473). In spite of the particular legal nature of the bill of lading it is expected that it will be
replaced by EDI procedures in the near future. The 1990 version of Incoterms has taken this expected
development into proper account.
NON-NEGOTIABLE TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS INSTEAD OF BILLS OF LADING.
19. In recent years, a considerable simplification of documentary practices has been achieved. Bills of
lading are frequently replaced by non-negotiable documents similar to those which are used for other the
modes of transport than carriage by sea. These documents are called "sea waybills", "liner waybills",
"freight receipts", or variants of such expressions. These non-negotiable documents are quite satisfactory
to use except where the buyer wishes to sell the goods in transit by surrendering a paper document to the
new buyer. In order to make this possible, the obligation of the seller to provide a bill of lading under CFR
and CIF must necessarily be retained. However, when the contracting parties know that the buyer does
not contemplate selling the goods in transit, they may specifically agree to relieve the seller from the
obligation to provide a bill of lading, or, alternatively, they may use CPT and CIP where there is no
requirement to provide a bill of lading.
THE RIGHT TO GIVE INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CARRIER
20. A buyer paying for the goods under a "C"-term should ensure that the seller upon payment is
prevented from disposing of the goods by new instructions to the carrier. Some transport documents used
for particular modes of transport (air, road or rail) offer the contracting parties a possibility to stop the
seller from giving such new instructions to the carrier by providing the buyer with a particular original or
duplicate of the waybill. These waybills will have a "no-disposal" clause. However, the documents used
instead of bills of lading for maritime carriage do not normally contain such an "estoppel" function. Work
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mentioned documents by introducing "Uniform Rules for Sea Waybills". However, until this work has
materialized, and been followed through in practice, the buyer should avoid paying against these nonnegotiable documents whenever he has any reason to mistrust his seller.
PASSING OF RISKS AND COSTS RELATING TO THE GOODS
21. The risk for loss of or damage to the goods, as well as the obligation to bear the costs relating to the
goods, passes from the seller to the buyer when the seller has fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods.
Since the buyer should not be given the possibility to delay the passing of the risks and costs, all terms
stipulate that the passing of risks and costs may occur even before delivery, if the buyer does not take
delivery as agreed or fails to give such instructions (with respect to time for shipment and/or place for
delivery) as the seller may require in order to fulfil his obligation to deliver the goods. It is a requirement
for such premature passing of risk and costs that the goods have been identified as intended for the buyer
or, as is stipulated in the terms, set aside for him (appropriation). This requirement is particularly
important under EXW, since under all other terms the goods would normally have been identified as
intended for the buyer when measures have been taken for their shipment or dispatch ("F"-and "C"terms) or their delivery at destination ("D"-terms). In exceptional cases, however, the goods may have
been sent from the seller in bulk without identification of the quantity for each buyer and, if so, passing of
risk and cost does not occur before the goods have been appropriated as aforesaid(cf. also Article 69.3 of
the 1980 UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods).
REFERENCE TO INCOTERMS
22. Merchants wishing to use these rules should now specify that their contracts will be governed by
"Incoterms 1990".
Limba romn
INTRODUCERE
Scopul regulilor "Incoterms" este acela de a pune la dispozitie un set de reguli internationale pentru
interpretarea celor mai frecvent folosite conditii comerciale in comertul exterior. Astfel ambiguitatea
interpretrilor diferite ale acestor conditii, in diferite tri, poate fi evitat sau cel putin redus intr-o
msur considerabil.
In mod frecvent, prtile contractante nu cunosc diferitele practici comerciale in vigoare in trile
partenerilor. Aceasta poate da nastere la neintelegeri, controverse si litigii, cu toate pierderile de timp si
bani pe care acestea le genereaz. Pentru a rezolva aceste probleme, Camera International de Comert a
publicat (pentru prima dat in 1936), un set de reguli pentru interpretarea conditiilor comerciale. Aceste
reguli au fost cunoscute ca "Incoterms 1936". In 1953 1967 1980 si respectiv 1990 s-au fcut modificri si
completri cu scopul de a reactualiza regulile conform practicilor comerciale internationale curente.
Motivul principal pentru revizuirea in 1990 a regulilor Incoterms a fost dorinta de a adapta conditiile
comerciale la extinderea schimbulul electronic de date (EDI). In prezenta versiune, 1990, a regulilor
Incoterms, EDI poate fi folosit cind prtile trebuie s furnizeze diferite documente (facturi comerciale,
documente necesare pentru formalitti vamale, documente care atest livrarea de mrfuri precum si
documente de transport). Probleme speciale apar atunci cind vinztorul trebuie s prezinte un document
de transport negociabil, in special conosamentul, frecvent folosit in scopul vinzrii mrfurilor in timpul
transportului.
In aceste cazuri este de o important vital ca, atunci cind se folosesc mesaje EDI, s se asigure
cumprtorului aceeasi pozitie legal ca si in cazul obtinerii unui conosament de la vinztor.
Un alt motiv al revizuirii conditiilor Incoterms este evolutia tehnicilor de transport, mai ales
unitizarea incrcturii in containere, transportul multimodal si traficul roll on - roll off cu vehicule rutiere
si vagoane de cale ferat in transportul maritim pe distante scurte. In Incoterms 1990, conditia "Franco
transportator ... Ioc numit"(FCA) a fost adaptat pentru a corespunde tuturor tipurilor de transport
(indiferent de modalitatea sau combinatia de diferite modalitti de transport). Ca o consecint, conditiile
care apar in versiunile anterioare ale Incoterms in legtur cu anumite modalitti de transport
(FOR/FOT) au fost abrogate.
In cadrul activittii de amendare desfsurat de Echipa Camerei Internationale de Comert, s-a
propus o alt manier de prezentare a conditiilor comerciale, pentru o interpretare si intelegere mai
corect si mai usoar. Conditiile au fost grupate in patru categorii distincte: 1) conditia unic conform
creia vanztorul pune mrfurile la dispozitia cumprtorului in spatii proprii (conditia "E": Ex works);
2) conditiile F", conform crora vanztorul trebuie s livreze mrfurile unui crus numit de cumprtor
(conditiile "F": FCA, FAS si FOB); 3) conditiile C", conform crora vanztorul este obligat s asigure
transportul, dar fr s isi asume riscul pierderii sau avarierii mrfurilor si fr s suporte costurile
suplimentare datorate evenimentelor survenite dup incrcare si expediere (CFR, CIF, CPT si CIP); 4)
conditiile "D", conform crora vaztorul trebuie s suporte toate costurile si riscurile aferente
transportului mrfurilor pin in tara de destinatie (DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU si DDP). In continuare, in
cadrul celor 4 conditii, obligatiile respective ale prtilor au fost grupate sub 10 titluri, fiecare titlu cu
referire la vanztor oglindind pozitia cumprtorului in aceeasi problem. Astfel, dac, de exemplu, in
conformitate cu A.3, vinztorul are obligatia s angajeze si s plteasc pentru contractul de transport,
gsim mentiunea "nici o obligatie" la titlul "Contract de transport", in B.3, care reglementeaz pozitia
cumprtorului. Aceasta nu-l impiedic ins pe cumprtor, s fac astfel de contracte, in propriul su
interes, pentru a aduce mrfurile la destinatia dorit, dar el nu are, fat de vinztor, "obligatia" de a
proceda astfel. Totusi, cu privire la diviziunea intre prti a taxelor impozitelor si a altor cheltuieli oficiale,
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precum si a costurilor pentru indeplinirea formalittilor vamale conditiile explic, pentru o mai mare
claritate, cum se divid aceste costuri intre prti, desi, desigur, vanztorul poate s nu fie deloc interesat de
modul in care cumprtorul dispune de mrfuri dup ce ele i-au fost livrate, tot asa cum, in cazul
conditiilor "D", cumprtorul nu este interesat de costurile pe care le suport vinztorul pentru a aduce
mrfurile la punctul de destinatie convenit.
Deoarece conditiile comerciale trebuie s fie in mod necesar folosite in diferite domenii si regiuni, este
imposibil s se stabileasc cu precizie obligatiile prtilor. Intr-o anumit msur este asadar necesar s se
fac referire la uzanta locului specific de comert sau la practicile pe care prtile, ele insele, le-au stabilit in
tranzactii anterioare (conform articolului 9 al Conventiei O.N.U. din 1980) asupra Contractelor de Vinzare
International a Mrfurilor. Este, desigur, de dorit ca vanztorii si cumprtorii s fie in permanent la
curent cu astfel de uzante comerciale (in cazul negocierilor contractuale, in special) si oricind apare un
dubiu s-si clarifice pozitia legal prin clauze corespunztoare in contractul lor de vinzare. Asffel de
prevederi speciale in contractul individual vor inlocui sau schimba orice este prezentat ca regul de
interpretare in diferse reguli Incoterms.
Exist cazuri in care nu se poate stabili, chiar de la incheierea contractului de vinzare, momentul
exact sau chiar locul unde vinztorul trebuie s livreze mrfurile in vederea transportului sau la destinatia
final. In acest stadiu, de exemplu, este posibil s se fi mentionat doar o zon sau un spatiu relativ mare, de
exemplu un port maritim, specificindu-se de obicei ca cumprtorul poate avea dreptul sau obligatia de a
numi ulterior punctul precis de livrare in cadrul zonei sau locului respectiv. Dac cumprtorul are
obligatia s numeasc punctul precis, omisiunea sa de a face aceasta poate conduce la obligatia de a
suporta riscurile si costurile suplimentare rezultate dintr-o astfel de omisiune. Omisiunea cumprtorului
de a se folosi de dreptul de a indica punctul exact de livrare poate s dea vinztorului dreptul de a alege
punctul care corespunde cel mai bine scopului su.
Este de dorit, in mod normal, ca indeplinirea formalittilor vamale s fie realizat de partea
domiciliat in tara unde are loc aceast vmuire sau, cel putin, de o persoana actionand in numele ei in
tara respectiv. Astfel, in mod normal, vinztorul trebuie s indeplineasc formalittile vamale de export,
iar cumprtorul pe cele de import. Totusi, conform unor anumite conditii comerciale cumprtorul poate
s-si asume sarcina de a indeplini formalittile vamale la export in tara vinztorului (EXW, FAS) si
conform altor conditii comerciale, vinztorul poate s-si asume sarcina de a indeplini formalittile vamale
la import in tara cumprtorului (DEQ si DDP). In aceste cazuri vinztorul si respectiv, cumprtorul,
trebuie s-si asume orice risc in ceea ce priveste exportul si importul prohibitive. De asemenea, ei trebuie
s se incredinteze c indeplinirea formalittilor vamale de ctre sau in numele unei prti care nu
domiciliaz in tara respectiv este acceptat de autoritti. Probleme speciale apar atunci cand vinztorul
isi asum sarcina de a livra mrfurile in tara cumprtorului, in locuri unde nu se poate ajunge decit dup
indeplinirea formalittilor vamale de import si unde acesta este impiedicat s ajung datorit
neindeplinirii de ctre cumprtor a formalittilor vamale la import, conform obligatiilor stabilite (vezi in
continuare comentariile la DDU) . Este posibil ca un cumprtor s doreasc s preia mrfurile direct de
la sediul vinztorului conform conditiei EXW, sau s primeasc mrfurile de-a lungul unui vas conform
conditiei FAS, dar cerind ca vinztorul s indeplineasc formalittile vamale la export. In acest caz, se
adaug mentiunea "liber pentru export" la conditia respectiv. In schimb, este posibil ca vinztorul s
accepte livrarea mrfurilor conform conditiilor DEQ sau DDP, dar fr s-si asume, total sau partial,
obligatia de a plti taxele vamale sau alte taxe sau impozite percepute la importul de mrfuri. In acest caz
se va aduga mentiunea "taxe vamale nepltite la DEQ" de asemenea, taxele sau impozitele pe care
vinztorul nu doreste s le plteasc trebuie mentionate in mod explicit, de exemplu DEQ sau DDP "taxa
pe valoarea adugat nepltit". S-a observat de asemenea c in multe tri companiile strine obtin cu
greu nu numai licent de import dar si facilitti vamale (scutirea de plata taxei pe valoarea adugat etc.).
"Franco destinatie nevmuit" (DDU) poate rezolva aceste probleme prin anularea obligatiei vinztorului
de a indeplini formalittile vamale la import. In unele cazuri, totusi, vinztorul a crui obligatie de
transport se extinde pin la spatiile cumprtorului in tara importatoare, doreaste s indeplineasc
formalittile vamale fr a plti taxele vamale. In acest caz, conditia DDU trebuie s fie insotit de
mentiunea corespunztoare ca, de exemplu, "Franco destinatie
In cele mai multe cazuri, prtile cunosc dinainte tipul de ambalaj necesar transportului in sigurant
al mrfurilor pin la destinatie. Totusi, deoarece obligatia vinztorului de a ambala mrfurile poate s
difere in functie de tipul si durata transportului prevzut, s-a dovedit necesar stipularea ca vinztorul s
fie obligat s ambaleze mrfurile intr-un mod adecvat transportului dar numai in msura in care
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imprejurrile privind transportul ii sint cunoscute inainte de incheierea contractului de vinzare (conform
articolelor 35.1 si 35.2 b din Conventia O.N.U. l980 privind Contractele de Vanzare International a
Mrfurilor conform creia mrfurile, inclusiv ambalajul, trebuie s fie adecvate oricrui scop specific
fcut cunoscut vinztorului, explicit sau implicit, pin la data incheierii contractului, cu exceptia cazului in
care cumprtorul nu a considerat c se poate baza pe calificarea si discernmintul vinztorului").
In multe cazuri, cumprtorul poate considera oportun inspectarea mrfurilor inaintea sau in
momentul predrii lor de ctre vinztor spre a fi transportate (asa numita inspectie inainte de expediere
PSI).
Dac contractul nu prevede altfel, cumprtorul trebuie s plteasc costul unei astfel de inspectii,
stabilit in interesul su. Totusi, dac inspectarea s-a fcut cu scopul de a permite vinztorului s respecte
prevederile obligatorii aplicabile la exportul mrfurilor in propria sa tar, acesta va fi obligat s plteasc
pentru respectivul control al mrfurilor.
Dup cum s-a spus, conditia FCA poate fi folosit ori de cite ori vinztorul isi indeplineste obligatia
de a preda mrfurile unui crus numit de cumprtor. Este posibil ca aceasta conditie s fie folosit si
pentru transportul maritim, in toate cazurile in care incrctura nu este predat la nava prin metoda
traditional, peste balustrada vasului. Conditia obisnuit, FOB, nu este adecvat in cazul in care
vinztorul trebuie s predea mrfurile la un terminal de transport inainte de sosirea navei, deoarece el ar
trebui atunci s suporte toate riscurile si costurile survenite din momentul in care nu mai are nici o
posibilitate de a controla mrfurile sau de a da instructiuni referitoare la custodia lor.
Trebuie subliniat c in conformitate cu conditiile "F", vinztorul are obligatia de a preda mrfurile
pentru transport conform instructiunilor cumprtorului, din moment ce cumprtorul este cel care face
contractul de transport si numeste carusul. Astfel, nu este necesar s se precizeze in textul conditiei
modalitatea de predare a mrfurilor de ctre vinztor crusului. Totusi, pentru a da comerciantilor
posibilitatea de a folosi FCA ca o conditie "F" atotcuprinztoare, se vor da explicatii cu privire la
modalittile uzuale de livrare pentru diferitele modalitti de transport. De asemenea, nu este necesar o
definire a "crusului", deoarece cumprtorul este cel care informeaz pe vinztor in legtur cu
persoana creia trebuie s i se livreze mrfurile in vederea transportului. Totusi, deoarece atit crusul cit
si documentul de transport sint de o mare important pentru comercianti, preambulul la conditia FCA
contine o definitie a crusului. In acest context, trebuie notat ca termenul "crus" se refer nu numai la
intreprinderea care realizeaz efectiv transportul ci si la intreprinderea care se angajeaz s intermedieze
sau s realizeze transportul, atit timp cit o astfel de intreprindere isi asum, pentru transport,
responsabilitatile unui crus. Cu alte cuvinte, termenul de "crus" include atit crusii care execut,
efectiv transportul, cit si pe cei contractanti. Deoarece pozitia unui expeditor de marf variaz, in acest
context, de la o tar la alta si conform practicilor de expediere a mrfurilor, preambulul contine
mentiunea ca vinztorul are, desigur, obligatia de a urma instructiunile cumprtorului in ceea ce priveste
livrarea mrfurilor ctre un expeditor de mrfuri chiar dac expeditorul refuz s accepte indatoriri de
crus, iesind astfel din sfera de definire a "crusului".
Conform conditiilor "C", vinztorul are obligatia de a contracta transportul in conditii obisnuite, pe
propria cheltuial. Prin urmare, locul pin unde el trebuie s plteasc costurile de transport trebuie
specificat in mod expres dup conditia "C" respectiv. Conform conditiilor CIF si CIP vinztorul trebuie
de asemenea s asigure marfa si s suporte costurile de asigurare. Deoarece punctul de imprtire a
costurilor se refer la tara de destinatie, conditiile "C" sint considerate frecvent, in mod eronat, contracte
pin la sosire, prin care vinztorul nu este eliberat de nici un risc sau cost pin cind mrfurile nu au ajuns
efectiv la punctul convenit. Totusi, trebuie precizat, de cele mai multe ori posibil, c grupul de conditii "C"
are aceeasi natur cu conditiile "F", prin aceea c vinztorul indeplineste contractul in tara de incrcare
sau expediere. Astfel, contractele de vinzare in conditiile "C", ca si contractele in conditiile "F", intr in
categoria contractelor de incrcare. In timp ce vinztorul are obligatia s plteasc costurile normale
pentru transportul mrfurilor pe o rut obisnuit si intr-un mod obisnuit pin la locul de destinatie
convenit, riscul de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor, precum si costurile suplimentare rezultate din
evenimente care apar dup ce mrfurile au fost predate in vederea transportului cad in sarcina
cumprtorului. Prin urmare, conditiile "C", spre deosebire de toate celelalte conditii, contin dou puncte
"critice," unul pentru imprtirea costurilor si unul pentru transferul riscurilor. Din acest motiv
mentionarea obligatiilor vanztorului, adaugate la conditiile "C", cu referire la un moment dup punctul
"crtic" metionat anterior pentru transferul riscurilor, trebuie fcut cu cea mai mare grij. Esenta
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conditiilor "C" este eliberarea vinztorului de orice risc si cost dup ce aceasta si-a indeplinit contractul
prin contractarea transportului si predarea mrfurilor ctre crus si prin furnizarea asigurrii conform
conditiilor CIF si CIP. Este de asemenea posibil ca vinztorul s convin cu cumprtorul s incaseze plata
in cadrul unui credit documentar prin prezentarea la banca a documentelor de expediere. Ar fi contrar
modalittii obisnuite de pIat in comertul interntional ca vinztorul s fie obligat s suporte riscuri si
costuri ulterioare momentului cind plata a fost fcut, prin credite documentare sau in alt mod, la
incrcarea si expedierea mrfurilor. Este de la sine inteles ins, c vinztorul va trebui s suporte toate
costurile datorate crusului, indiferent dac navlul se plteste inainte de incrcare sau este pltibil la
destinatie, cu exceptia costurilor aditionale care pot rezulta din evenimente ulterioare incrcrii si
expedierii. Dac se obisnuieste, incheierea mai multor contracte de transport implicind transbordarea
mrfurilor in locuri intermediare, cu scopul de a ajunge la destinatia convenit, vinzatorul are obligatia s
plteasc toate aceste costuri, inclusiv orice costuri generate de transbordarea dintr-un mijloc de transport
in altul. Dac, ins, crusul si-a exercitat dreptul conform unei clauze de transbordare sau unei alte
clauze similare cu scopul de a evita obstacole neasteptate (i.e., gheata, aglomerri, tulburri de munc
ordine guvernamentale conflicte armate sau alte evenimente de aceeasi natur,) orice cheltuial
suplimentar rezultat va fi pltit de cumprtor.
Se intimpl frecvent ca prtile s doreasc s stabileasc msura in care vinztorul se va obliga s
furnizeze un contract de transport care s includ cheltuielile de descrcare. Cum aceste cheltuieli sint in
general cuprinse in navlu atunci cind mrfurile sint transportate pe linii de navigatie regulate, contractul
de vinzare prevede de cele mai multe ori, ca mrfurile s fie transportate pe astfel de linii sau cel putin in
"conditii de curs regulat". In alte cazuri, se adaug mentiunea "descrcat" dup CFR sau CIF. Nu este
recomandabil s se foloseasc prescurtri dup conditiile "C", in afar de cazurile in care, in tipul
respectiv de comert, intelesul termenilor este foarte clar si acceptat de prtile contractante sau este
reglementat de legi in domeniu sau de cutuma comertului. In orice conditii, vinztorul nu trebuie si nici nu
poate, fr s schimbe inssi natura conditiilor "C", s-si asume vreo obligatie cu privire la sosirea
mrfurilor la destinatie, deoarece riscul pentru orice intirziere in timpul transportului este asumat de
cumprtor. Astfel, orice obligatie cu privire la timp trebuie in mod necesar s se refere la locul de
incrcare sau expediere, de exemplu: "incrcarea (expedierea) nu mai tirziu de ...". O intelegere de tipul
"CFR Hamburg nu mai tirziu de ..." este un contract ambiguu ce poate da nastere la interpretri diferite.
Prtile pot fi creditate ca au stabilit fie c mrfurile trebuie de fapt s ajung la Hamburg la data
mentionat, caz in care contractul nu este de incrcare ci unul la sosire, fie c vinztorul trebuie s
expedieze mrfurile astfel incit ele s ajung in mod normal la Hamburg inainte de data mentionat, cu
exceptia cazului in care transportul a fost intirziat datorit unor evenimente neprevzute.
Se intimpl, in comertul cu mrfuri generale, ca mrfurile s fie cumprate in timp ce ele sint
transportate pe nave si ca, in astfel de cazuri, cuvintul "pe ap" s fie adugat dup conditia comercial.
Deoarece riscul de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor in astfel de cazuri, trece, conform conditiilor CFR si
CIF, de la vinztor la cumprtor, pot aprea dificultti de interpretare. O posibilitate ar fi aceea de a
mentine intelesul obisnuit al conditiilor CFR si CIF cu privire la dividerea riscurilor intre vinztor si
cumprtor, ceea ce ar insemna ca riscurile survenite inainte de data la care contractul de vinzre a intrat
in vigoare vor fi suportate de cumprtor. Cealalt posibilitate ar fi s se accepte ca momentul aparitiei
riscului s coincid cu data la care contractul de vinzare este incheiat. Prima posibilitate este cea practic
deoarece este, in general, imposibil s se precizeze starea mrfurilor in timp ce ele sint transportate. Din
acest motiv, Conventia Natiunilor Unite din 1980 asupra Contractelor de Vinzare International de
Mrfuri, articolul 68, stipuleaz c "dac circumstantele o impun, riscul este asumat de cumprtor din
momentul in care mrfurile au fost predate crusului care a emis documentele care materializeaz
contractul de transport". Exist totusi o exceptie de la aceast regul, atunci cind "vinztorul stia sau ar fi
trebuit s stie c mrfurile au fost pierdute sau avariate si nu a anuntat acest lucru cumprtorului".
Astfel, interpretarea unei conditii CFR sau CIF la care se adaug mentiunea "pe ap" va depinde de legea
aplicabil contractului de vinzare. Este recomandabil ca prtile s precizeze legea aplicabil si orice
solutie care ar rezulta din aceasta. In caz de dubiu, este recomandabil ca prtile s clarifice problema in
contractul lor.
Trebuie subliniat c Incoterms se refer numai la conditii comerciale folosite in contractul de vinzare
si astfel, nu se ocup de conditii- uneori formulate identic sau similar - folosite in contractele de transport,
in special in diferite contracte de navlosire. Conditiile din contractele de navlosire sint de obicei mai
precise in ceea ce priveste costurile de incarcare si descrcare si timpul afectat acestor operatii (asa
numitele prevederi de contra-stalii). Se recomand prtilor in contractele de vinzare s trateze aceast
problem prin prevederi specifice in contractele lor de vinzare care s arate clar: cit timp va avea
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vinztorul la dispozitie pentru incrcarea mrfurilor pe o nav sau alte mijloace de transport puse la
dispozitie de cumprtor; cit timp va avea cumprtorul la dispozitie pentru a primi mrfurile de la
crus, la destinatie; si in ce msur vinztorul va trebui s suporte riscurile si cheltuielile operatiilor de
incrcare conform conditiilor "F" si operatiilor de descrcare conform conditiilor "E". Simplul fapt c
vinztorul a incheiat un contract de transport, de exemplu conform conditiei contractului de navlosire
"fr descrcare" prin care crusul din contractul de transport este eliberat de operatiile de descrcare,
nu inseamn neaprat c riscul si costul pentru astfel de operatii cad in sarcina cumprtorului conform
contractului de vinzare deoarece prevederile contractului de vinzare sau uzanta portuar pot stipula ca
operatiile de descrcare trebuiau incluse in contractul de transport furnizat de vinztor.
Contractul de transport va stabili obligatiile incrctorului sau expeditorului cu privire la predarea
mrfurilor crusului, in vederea transportului. Trebuie retinut ca FOB, CFR si CIF mentin practica
traditional a livrrii mrfurilor la bordul vasului. In timp ce, in acceptia traditional, punctul de livrare a
mrfurilor potrivit contractului de vinzare coincide cu punctul predrii mrfurilor pentru transport,
tehnicile de transport actuale ridic problema "sincronizrii" intre contractul de transport si contractul de
vinzare. In prezent mrfurile sint de obicei livrate de vinztor crusului inainte ca ele sa fie incarcate pe
vas sau, uneori, chiar inainte ca nava s fi ajuns in port. In astfel de cazuri se recomand comerciantilor s
foloseasc conditii "F" sau "C" care s impun predarea mrfurilor pentru transport la bord, si anume
FCA, CPT sau CIP, in loc de FOB, CFR si CIF.
Dup cum s-a spus, prin natura lor, conditiile "D" sint diferite de conditiile "C" deoarece vinztorul,
potrivit conditiilor "D", este rspunztor de sosirea mrfurilor la locul sau punctul de destinatie convenite.
Vanztorul trebuie s suporte toate riscurile si costurile generate de ducerea mrfurilor in acel loc sau
punct. Prin urmare, conditiile "D" sint contracte de sosire, in timp ce conditiile "C" sint contracte de
incrcare. Conditiile "D" se impart in dou categorii distincte. Conform DAF, DES si DDU vinztorul nu
are obligatia s livreze mrfurile vmuite la import, in timp ce conform DEQ si DDP vinztorul are
aceasta obligatie. Deoarece DAF este frecvent folosit in traficul feroviar, unde este practic s se obtin un
document direct de transport de cale ferat acoperind tot parcursul, pin la destinatie, si s se stabileasc
asigurarea pentru acelasi parcurs, conditia DAF are o prevedere in acest sens in A8. Trebuie subliniat,
totusi, ca obligatia vinztorului de a ajuta cumprtorul in obtinerea unui astfel de document de transport
este riscul si cheltuiala cumprtorului. In mod similar, orice costuri de asigurare referitoare la perioada
ulterioara livrrii de ctre vinztor a mrfurilor la frontiera cad in sarcina cumprtorului. Conditia DDU
a fost introdus in versiunea prezent, 1990, a Incoterms. Aceasta conditie indeplineste o important
functie ori de cite ori vinztorul urmeaz s livreze mrfurile in tara de destinatie fr indeplinirea
formalittilor vamale si far plata taxelor vamale la import. Acest conditie este recomandabil si potrivit
ori de cite ori vmuirea la import nu reprezint o problem - cazul trilor membre ale Pietei Comune.
Totusi, in tri unde formalittile la import pot fi dificile si de durat, poate fi riscant pentru vinztor s-si
asume obligatia de a livra mrfurile dincolo de punctul de vmuire. Desi, potrivit conditiei DDU
paragrafele B5 si B6, cumprtorul va suporta toate riscurile si costurile suplimentare ce pot rezult din
neindeplinirea obligatiei de a realiza formalittile vamale la import, se recomand vinztorului s nu
foloseasc conditia DDU in tri in care sunt posibile dificultti in acest domeniu.
In mod traditional, conosamentul "la bord" este singurul document acceptabil prezentat de vinztor
conform conditiilor CFR si CIF. Conosamentul indeplineste trei functii importante; el constituie:
- dovada livrrii mrfurilor la bordul vasului;
- dovada contractului de transport;
- un mijloc de transferare a drepturilor asupra mrfurilor in tranzit prin transferarea documentului ctre
o alt persoan.
Si alte documente de transport, in afar conosamentului, pot indeplini primele dou functii mentionate dar
nu pot controla livrarea mrfurilor la destinatie, asa dup cum nu pot permite cumprtorului s vind
mrfurile in tranzit prin predarea documentului ctre un alt cumprtor. In schimb, alte documente vor
preciza persoana indrepttit s primeasc mrfurile l destinatie. Obligatia de a prezenta conosamentul
pentru a obtine mrfurile de la crus face conosamentul un document greu de inlocuit prin proceduri
EDI. Mai mult, se obisnuieste emiterea de conosamente in mai multe exemplare originale; este astfel
desigur de o important vital c un cumprtor sau o banc actionind la instructiunile acestuia s se
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asigure c toate originalele sint predate de vinzator (asa numitul "set complet") in momentul efecturii
pltii ctre vinztor. Aceasta este de asemenea o cerint a Regulilor CIC pentru Credite Documentare
(asa numitele Reguli si Practici Uniforme, UCP; Publicatia CIC 400).
Documentul de transport trebuie s dovedeasc nu numai livrarea mrfurilor ctre crus ci si faptul c
mrfurile, atit cit s-a putut stabili de ctre crus, au fost primite in bun stare. Orice mentiune pe
documentul de transport care atest c mrfurile nu au fost corespunztoare face documentul s nu fie
"curat" acest devenind astfel inacceptabil conform UCP (Articolul 18, a se vedea, de asemenea, Publicatia
CIC numarul 473). In pofida caracterului legal specific al conosamentului, este de asteptat ca acesta s fie
inlocuit, in viitorul apropiat, prin proceduri EDI. Regulile Incoterms, versiunea 1990, au luat in
considerare aceasta posibilitate.
In ultimii ani s-a realizat o simplificare considerabil a practicii documentare. Conosamentele sint in
mod frecvent inlocuite de documente nenegociabile similare acelora folosite pentru alte modalitti de
transport decit transportul pe mare. Aceste documente sint numite "frahte maritime',"frahte de linie",
recipise de navlu" sau variante ale unor asffel de denumiri. Aceste documente nenegociabile sint
satisfacatoare, cu exceptia cazului in care cumprtorul doreste s vind mrfurile in tranzit prin simpla
predare a unui document ctre un nou cumprtor. In vederea realizrii unei astfel de operatii, trebuie
mentinuta in mod necesar obligatia vinztorului de a furniza un conosament conform conditiilor CFR si
CIF. Totusi, cind prtile stiu c cumprtorul nu doreste s vind mrfurile in tranzit, ele pot, in mod
specific, conveni eliberarea vinztorului de obligatia de a furniza un conosament sau, pot folosi conditiile
CPT si CIF care nu stipuleaz furnizarea unui conosament.
Un cumprtor care plteste mrfurile conform unei conditii "C" trebuie s se asigure ca vinztorul,
dup incasarea pltii, nu mai poate s dispun de mrfuri prin noi instructiuni ctre crus. Unele
documente de transport folosite pentru modalitti de transport specifice (aerian, rutier sau feroviar) ofer
prtilor contractante posibilitatea de a impiedica pe vinztor s dea astfel de noi instructiuni crusului
prin eliberarea ctre cumprtor, a unui original special sau duplicat al frahtului. Aceste frahte vor avea o
clauz de "ne-dispunere". Totusi, documentele folosite in locul conosamentelor pentru transport maritim
nu au o astfel de functie de "prevenire". Comitetul Maritim Intenational actioneaz in vederea remedierii
acestei deficiente a documentelor mentionate mai sus prin introducerea unor "Reguli Uniforme pentru
Documente de Transport Maritim". Totusi, pin la materializarea acestei initiative si introducerea ei in
practic, cumprtorul trebuie s evite plata unor documente ne-negociabile ori de cite ori are un motiv de
neincredere in vinztorul parte in contract.
Riscul de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor, precum si obligatia de a suporta cheltuielile generate de
mrfurile respective, trec de la vinztor la cumprtor atunci cind vinztorul si-a indeplinit obligatia de a
livra mrfurile. Deoarece cumprtorul nu trebuie s aib posibilitatea de a amina transferul riscurilor si
al costurilor, toate conditiile stipuleaz ca transferul riscurilor si al costurilor poate avea loc chiar inaintea
livrrii, dac cumprtorul nu preia mrfurile dup cum s-a convenit sau omite s dea instructiuni
specifice (cu privire la data incrcrii si/sau locul livrrii) pe care vinztorul le-ar putea cere cu scopul de a
indeplini obligatia de a livra mrfurile. Este obligatoriu, pentru un astfel de transfer prematur al riscurilor
si costurilor, ca mrfurile s fi fost identificate ca destinate cumprtorului, sau, cum este prevzut in
conditii, rezervate acestuia (alocatii). Aceast obligatie este important in special in conditia EXW,
deoarece, conform tuturor celorlalte conditii, mrfurile sint deja in mod normal identificate ca destinate
cumprtorului in momentul in care au fost luate msuri pentru incrcarea sau expedierea lor (conditiile
"F" ,si "C") sau pentru predarea lor la destinatie (conditiile "D"). In cazuri exceptionale, totusi, este
posibil ca mrfurile s fi fost trimise de la vinztor in vrac, fr identificarea cantittii pentru fiecare
cumprtor si in acest caz, transferul riscurilor si costurilor nu apare inaintea alocatiei mrfurilor, asa
cum s-a precizat mai sus (conform, de asemenea, Articolului 69.3 din Conventia Natiunilor Unite asupra
Vinzrii Internationale de Mrfuri -1980).
Comerciantii care doresc s foloseasc aceste reguli trebuie s specifice in contractele lor ca acestea
vor fi guvernate de "Incoterms 1990".
Limba romn
Conditiile "C"
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Conditiile "D"
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Conditiile "E"
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Conditiile "F"
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FAS
A. Vinztorul are obligatia

A.1. Livrarea mrfurilor in conformitate cu contractul.
S livreze mrfurile si factura comercial sau mesajul electronic echivalent, in confomnitate cu contractul de
vinzare si orice alt dovad de conformitate prevzut in contract.
A.2. Licente, autorizatii si formalitti
S acorde cumprtorului, la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala acestuia, toat asistenta in obtinerea oricrei
licente de export sau a altei autorizatii oficiale necesar exportului mrfurilor.
A.3. Contractul de transport si asigurare
a) Contractul de transport
Nici o obligatie
b) Contractul de asigurare
Nici o obligatie
A.4. Livrarea
S livreze mrfurile de-a lungul vasului numit, la locul de incrcare numit de cumprtor, in portul de
expediere, la data sau in perioada stipulat si conform uzantei portului.
A.5. Transferul riscurilor
Conform prevederilor de la B5, suport toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor pin in
momentul in care acestea au fost livrate in conformitate cu A4.
A.6. Imprtirea costurilor
Conform prevederilor de la B6, plteste toate costurile generate de mrfuri pin in momentul in care acestea
au fost livrate in conformitate cu A4.
A.7. Avizarea cumprtorului
S dea cumprtorului suficiente informatii c mrfurile au fost livrate de-a lungul vasului numit.
A.8. Dovada livrrii, documentul de transport sau mesajul electronic echivalent.
S asigure cumprtorului, pe cheltuiala vinztorului documentul uzual care dovedeste livrarea mrfurilor
in conformitate cu A4. In afar de cazul in care documentul la care se refer paragraful precedent este
documentul de transport, s acorde cumprtorului, la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala acestuia, toat
asistenta in obtinerea unui document de transport (de exemplu un conosament negociabil, o nota de
transport maritim nenegociabil, un document de transport pe cale navigabil intern). Cind vinztorul si
cumprtorul au convenit s comunice electronic, documentul la care se refer paragraful precedent poate fi
inlocult de un mesaj electronic de schimb de date (EDI) echivalent.
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FAS
A.9. Verificare, ambalare, marcare

S plteasc costurile acelor operatii de verificare (precum: verificarea calittii, msurare, cintrire,
numrare) care sint necesare punerii mrfurilor la dispozitia cumprtorului. S execute, pe propria
cheltuial in afar de cazul in care se obisnuieste, pentru un anume tip de comert, s se expedieze mrfurile
conform descrierii din contract, neambalate) ambalarea cerut pentru transportul mrfurilor in msura in
care imprejurrile cu privire la transport (de exemplu modalitti, destinatie) au fost fcute cunoscute
vinztorului inainte de incheierea contractului de vinzare. Ambalajul trebuie marcat in mod adecvat.
A.10. Alte obligatii
S acorde cumprtorului, la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala acestuia, toat asistenta pentru a obtine orice
documente sau mesaje electronice echivalente (altele decit cele mertionate in A8) emise sau transmise in tara
de livrare si/sau de origine pe care cumprtorul le-ar putea pretinde pentru exportul si/sau importul
mrfurilor si dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor printr-o alt tar. S furnizeze cumprtorului, la cerere,
informatiile necesare pentru procurarea asigurrii mrfii.
Conditia FAS cere cumprtorului s indeplineasc formalittile pentru export. Ea nu trebuie folosit
atunci cind cumprtorul nu poate indeplini direct sau indirect formalittile de export. Aceasta conditie
poate fi folosit numai pentru transport pe mare sau pe cale navigabil intern.
B. Cumprtorul are obligatia

B.1. Plata pretului
S plteasc pretul prevzut in contractul de vinzare.
B.2. Licente, autorizatii si formalitti
S obtin, pe propriul risc si cheltuial, orice licent de export si import sau alte autorizatii oficiale si s
indeplineasc toate formalittile vamale pentru exportul si importul mrfurilor si dac este cazul, pentru
tranzitul acestora printr-o alt tar.
B.3. Contractul de transport
S contracteze, pe propria cheltuial, transportul mrfurilor din portul de expediere numit.
B.4. Preluarea mrfii
S preia mrfurile in conformitate cu A4.
B.5. Transferul riscurilor
S suporte toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor din momentul in care acestea au fost livrate
in conformitate cu A4. Dac nu-si indeplineste obligatiile in conformitate cu B2, s suporte toate riscurile
suplimentare de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor si dac omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7, sau dac
vasul numit de el nu ajunge la timp, ori nu poate lua mrfurile, ori termina incrcarea inainte de data
stipulat, suport toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor de la data convenit sau de la data de
expirare a oricrei perioade fixate pentru livrarea mrfurilor, cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost
livrate corespunztor contractului, adic rezervate sau altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate.
B.6. Imprtirea costurilor
S plteasc toate costurile generate de mrfuri din momentul in care ele au fost livrate in conformitate cu
FAS
A4.S plteasc orice costuri suplimentare rezultate fie pentru c vasul numit de el nu a ajuns la timp, fie c
nu poate prelua mrfurile, fie c termin incrcarea inainte de data stipulat fie pentru c cumprtorul nu
si-a indeplinit obligatiile in conformitate cu B2, sau a omis s avizeze in concordant cu B7, cu conditia,
totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor contractului, adic rezervate sau altfel identificate ca
mrfuri contractate. S plteasc toate impozitele, taxele si alte cheltuieli oficiale precum si costurile pentru
indeplinirea formalittilor vamale pltibile la exportul si importul mrfurilor si, dac este cazul, pentru
tranzitul acestora printr-o alt tar. S ramburseze vinztorului toate costurile si taxele pltite de acesta in
acordarea asistentei in conformitate cu A2.
B.7. Avizarea vinztorului
S dea vinztorului suficiente informatii despre numele vasului, locul de incrcare si data cerut pentru
livrare.
B.8. Dovada livrrii, documentul de transport sau mesajul electronic echivalent
S accepte dovada livrrii in conformitate cu A8.
B.9. Inspectia mrfurilor
S plteasc, dac nu este altfel convenit, costurile inspectiei efectuate inainte de expediere (inclusiv
inspectia mandatat de autorittile din tara exportatoare).
B.10. Alte obligatii
S plteasc toate costurile si taxele rezultate din obtinerea documentelor sau mesajelor electronice
echivalente mentionate in A10 si s ramburseze pe cele pltite de vinztor in acordarea de asistent.
FCA
FREE CARRIER (... named place)

FRANCDO TRANISPORTATOR (... Ioc numit)
"Free carrier" inseamna ca vinzatorul isi indeplineste obligatia de livrare in momentul in care a predat
mrfurile, cu formalitatile pentru export indeplinite, in custodi crusului numit de cumprtor, in locul
sau punctul numit. Daca un astfel de punct precis nu este indicat de cumprtor,
vinztorul poate alege, in cadrul spatiului mai larg stipulat in contract, locul sau punctul unde carusul va
prelua mrfurile in custodia sa. Atunci cind, in conformitate cu practica comercial, este cerut asistenta
vinztorului la intocmirea contractului cu crusul (ca in transportul feroviar sau aerian), vinztorul poate
actiona pe riscul si cheltuiala cumprtorului. Aceast conditie poate fi folosit pentru orice modalitate de
transport, inclusiv transportul multimodal. "Crus" inseamn orice persoan care, intr-un contract de
transport, isi asum sarcina s execute sau s procure transportul pe cale ferat, terestr, maritim, aerin.
A. Vinztorul are obligatia:
S livreze mrfurile si factura comercial, sau un mesaj electronic echivalent, in conformitate cu contractul
de vinzare si orice alt dovad de conformitate prevzut in contract.
A.2. Licente, autorizatii si formalitti.
S obtin, pe riscul si cheltuiala sa, orice licent de export sau alt autorizatie oficial si s indeplineasc
toate formalittile vamale necesare pentru exportul mrfurilor.
A.3. Contractul de transport si asigurarea.
a) Contractul de transport:
Nici o obligatie. Totusi, dac este cerut de cumprtor sau dac aceasta este practica comercial si
cumprtorul nu d o instructiune contrar in timp util, vinztorul poate contracta pentru transport in
conditii uzuale, pe riscul si cheltuiala cumprtorului. Vinztorul poate refuza s incheie contractul
si dac o face, va aviza prompt cumprtorul in acest sens.
b) Contractul de asigurare - nici o obligatie.
A.4. Livrarea
S livreze mrfurile in custodia crusului sau a unei alte persoane (de exemplu un expeditor) numit de
cumprtor sau aleas de vinztor, in conformitate cu A3-a, la locul sau punctul numit (de exemplu
terminal de transport sau alt punct de primire), la data sau in perioada convenit pentru livrare si in
maniera convenit sau folosit in locul respectiv. Dac nu s-a convenit un punct precis si dac mai multe
puncte sint disponibile, vinztorul poate alege, la locul de livrare, punctul care corespunde cel mai bine
scopului sau. In lipsa unor instructiuni precise din partea cumprtorului, vinztorul poate livra mrfurile
crusului intr-o manier cerut de modalitatea de transport a crusului si de cantitatea si/sau natura
mrfurilor.
Livrarea ctre crus este indeplinit:
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FCA
I. In cazul transportului feroviar, cind mrfurile constituie o incrctur vagonabil (sau o incrctur
containerizabil transportat feroviar), vinztorul este obligat s incarce vagonul sau containerul in modul
corespunztor. Livrarea este indeplinit atunci cind vagonul sau containerul sint
preluate de calea ferat sau de o alt persoan actionind in numele ei. Cind mrfurile nu constituie o
incrctur vagonabil sau containerizabil, livrarea este indeplinit atunci cind vinztorul a predat
mrfurile la punctul de primire al cii ferate sau atunci cind le-a incrcat intr-un vehicul pus la dispozitie de
calea ferat.
II. In cazul transportului rutier, cind incrcarea are loc in localurile vinztorului, livrarea este indeplinit
atunci cind mrfurile au fost incrcate in vehiculul pus la dispozitie de cumprtor. Cind mrfurile sint
livrate la localurile crusului, livrarea este indeplinit atunci cind ele au fost predate crusului rutier sau
unei alte persoane actionind in numele lui.
III. In cazul transportului pe cale navigabil intern, cind incrcarea are loc in localurile vinztorului,
livrarea este indeplinit atunci cind mrfurile au fost incrcate pe vasul de transport pus la dispozitie de
cumprtor. Cind mrfurile sint livrate la localurile crusului, livrarea este indeplinit atunci cind ele au
fost predate crusului pe cale navigabil intern sau unei alte persoane actionind in numele lui.
IV. In cazul transportului maritim, cind mrfurile constituie un container complet (FCL), livrarea este
indeplinit atunci cind containerul incrcat este preluat de crusul maritim. Cind containerul a fost
transportat la un operator de terminal de transport actionind in numele crusului, mrfurile vor fi
considerate ca preluate atunci cind containerul a intrat in spatiile acelui terminal. Cind mrfurile nu
constituie un container complet (LCL) sau nu pot fi containerizate, vinztorul trebuie s le transporte la
terminalul de transport. Livrarea este indeplinit atunci cind mrfurile au fost predate crusului maritim
sau unei alte persoane actionind in numele lui.
V. In cazul transportului aerian, livrarea este indeplinit atunci cind mrfurile au fost predate crusului
aerian sau unei alte persoane actionind in numele lui.
Vl In cazul transportului nedenumit, livrarea este indeplinit atunci cind mrfurile au fost predate
crusului sau unei alte persoane actionind in numele lui.
Vll. In cazul transportului multimodal, livrarea este indeplinit atunci cind mrfurile au fost predate asa
cum este specificat in paragrafele l-IV, dup caz.
Conform prevederilor de la B5., suport toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor, pin in
momentul in care acestea sint livrate in conformitate cu A4
Conform prevederilor de la B6
-s plteasc toate costurile generate de mrfuri pin in momentul in care acestea au fost livrate crusului
in conformitate cu A4.
-s plteasc costurile formalittilor vamale, precum si toate impozitele, taxele si alte costuri oficiale pltibile
la export
S dea cumprtorului suficiente informatii referitoare la livrarea mrfurilor in custodia crusului. Dac
un crus nu preia mrfurile la data convenit, vinztorul trebuie s il avizeze pe cumprtor in acest sens.
A.8. Dovada livrrii, documentul de transport sau mesajul electronic echivalent
FCA
S asigure cumprtorului, pe cheltuiala vinztorului, dac se obisnuieste, documentul care s ateste

livrarea mrfurilor in conformitate cu A4. In afar de cazul in care documentul la care se refer paragraful
precedent este documentul de transport, s acorde cumprtorului, la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala
acestuia, toat asistenta in obtinerea unui document de transport pentru contractul de carusie (de exemplu
un conosament negociabil, o not de transport maritim ne-negociabil, un document de transport pe cale
navigabil intern, un fraht aerian, o scrisoare de trsur feroviar, o scrisoare de trsur rutier sau un
document de transport multimodal). Cind vinztorul si cumprtorul au convenit s comunice electronic,
documentul la care se refer paragraful precedent poate fi inlocuit cu un mesaj electronic de schimb de date
(EDI) echivalent.
A.9. Verificare, ambalare, marcare.
S plteasc toate costurile acelor operatii de verificare (precum: verificarea calittii, msurare, cintrire,
numrare) care sint necesare livrrii mrfurilor la crus.
S execute, pe propria cheltuial in afar de cazurile in care se obisnuieste ca, pentru un anume tip de
comert, mrfurile s fie puse la dispozitia cumprtorului neambalate, conform descrierii din contract),
ambalarea cerut pentru transportul mrfurilor, in masura in care imprejurrile cu privire la transport (de
exemplu modalitate, destinatie) au fost fcute cunoscute vinztorului inainte de incheierea contractului de
vinzare. Ambalajul trebuie incrcat in mod adecvat.
S acorde cumprtorului la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala acestuia, toat asistenta pentru a obtine orice
documente sau mesaje electronice echivalente (altele decit cele mentionate in A.8) emise sau transmise in
tara de livrare sau de origine, pe care cumprtorul le-ar putea pretinde pentru importul mrfurilor si, dac
este cazul, pentru tranzitul acestora printr-o alt tar. S furnizeze cumprtorului, la cerere, informatiile
necesare procurrii asigurrii mrfii.
"Terminal de transport" inseamn un terminal de cale ferat, o statie de marf, un terminal sau un depozit
pentru containere, un terminal pentru incrcturi multiple sau orice punct de primire similar.
"Container" include orice echipament folosit la incrcturi individuale, de exemplu toate tipurile de
containere si/sau platforme, acceptate ISO sau nu, trailere, palete, echipamente RO-RO, cupole, ,si se aplic
oricrei modalitti de transport.
B. Cumprtorul are obligatia:

B.1. Plata pretului
B.2. Licente, autorizatii si formalitti.
S obtin, pe riscul si cheltuiala sa, orice licent de import sau alt autorizatie oficial si s indeplineasc
toate formalittile vamale pentru importul mrfurilor si dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul acestora printr-o
alt tar.
FCA
S contracteze pe cheltuiala sa transportul mrfurilor de la locul numit, cu exceptia celor prevzute la A3-a.
B.4. Preluarea mrfurilor.
Dac el omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7, sau dac un crus numit de el nu preia mrfurile, s
suporte toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor de la data convenit sau de la data de expirare a
oricrei perioade fixate pentru livrarea mrfurilor, cu condtia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate
corespunztor contractului, adic rezervate sau altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate.
S plteasc toate costurile generate de mrfuri din momentul in care ele au fost livrate in conformitate cu
A4.
S plteasc orice costuri suplimentare rezultate fie din omiterea numirii unui crus, fie din nepreluarea
mrfurilor de ctre un crus numit de el la data convenit, fie pentru c el a omis s vizeze corespunztor
in conformitate cu B7, cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor contractului, adic
rezervate sau altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate. S plteasc toate impozitele, taxele si alte cheltuieli
oficiale, precum si costurile pentru indeplinirea formalittilor vamale pltibile pentru importul mrfurilor si
dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor printr-o alt tar.
S dea vinztorului suficiente informatii despre numele crusului si dac este cazul, s specifice modalitatea
de transport, precum si data sau perioada pentru livrarea mrfurilor si, dac este cazul, punctul in cadrul
locului unde mrfurile trebuie livrate crusului.
B.9. Inspectarea mrfurilor
S plteasc, dac nu este convenit altfel, costurile inspectiei inainte de expediere, cu exceptia cazului in care
aceasta este mandatat de autorittile din tara exportatoare.
echivalente mentionate in A10 si s ramburseze pe cele pltite de vinztor in acordarea de asistent si in
contractarea transportului, in conformitate cu A3-a. S dea vinztorului instructiuni corespunztoare ori de
cite ori vinztorul acord asistent la contractarea transportului, in conformitate cu A3-a.
http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/Limba%20rom_n_/Conditiile%20_F_/FOB/fob.html
A. Vinztorul are obligatia

A.3. Contractul de transport si asigurarea
Nici o obligatie
Nici o obligatie
A.4. Livrarea
S livreze mrfurile la bordul vasului numit de cumprtor, in portul de expediere numit, la data sau in
perioada stipulat si conform uzantei portului.
momentul in care ele au trecut balustrada vasului in portul de expediere numit.
- plteste toate costurile generate de mrfuri pin in momentul in care acestea au trecut balustrada vasului
in portul de expediere numit.
- plteste toate costurile formalittilor vamale necesare pentru export si toate impozitele, taxele si alte
cheltuieli oficiale pltibile la export.
S dea cumprtorului suficiente informatii c mrfurile au fost livrate la bord.
S asigure cumprtorului, pe cheltuiala vinztorului, documentul obisnuit care s ateste livrarea mrfurilor
in conformitate cu A4. In afar de cazul in care documentul la care se refer paragraful precedent este
documentul de transport, s acorde cumprtorului, la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala acestuia, toat
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asistenta in obtinerea unui document de transport pentru contractul de crusie (de exemplu un conosament
negociabil, o not de transport maritim nenegociabil, un document de transport pe cale navigabil intern
sau un document de transport multimodal). Cind vinztorul si cumprtorul au convenit s comunice
electronic, documentul la care se refer paragraful precedent poate fi inlocuit cu un mesaj electronic de
schimb de date (EDI) echivalent.
numrare) care sint necesare livrrii mrfurilor in conformitate cu A4. S execute, pe propria cheltuial, (in
afar de cazul in care se obisnuieste ca, pentru un anume tip de comert,s se expedieze mrfurile conform
descrierii din contract, neambalate) ambalarea cerut pentru transportul mrfurilor in msura in care
imprejurrile cu privire la transport (de exemplu modalitti, destinatie) au fost fcute cunoscute
vinztorului inainte de incheierea contractului de vinzare. Ambalajul trebuie marcat in mod corespunztor.
S acorde cumprtorului,la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala acestuia, toat asistenta in a obtine orice
documente sau mesaje electronice echivalente (altele decat cele mentionate in A8) emise sau transmise in tara
de expediere si/sau de origine pe care cumprtorul le-ar putea pretinde pentru importul mrfurilor si, dac
este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor printr-o alt tar. S furnizeze cumprtorului, la cerere, informatiile
necesare pentru procurarea asigurrii mrfii.

B.1. Plata pretului
S obtin, pe riscul si cheltuiala sa, orice licent de import sau alt autorizatie oficial si s indeplineasc
toate formalittile vamale pentru importul mrfurilor si dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor printr-o alt
tar.
S contracteze, pe cheltuiala sa, transportul mrfurilor din portul de expediere numit.
B.4. Preluarea mrfurilor
S suporte toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor din momentul in care acestea au trecut
balustrada vasului in portul de expediere numit. Dac el omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7, sau vasul
numit de el nu ajunge la timp, nu poate lua mrfurile, sau termina incrcarea inainte de data stipulat,
suport toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor de la data convenit sau de la data expirrii
perioadei stipulate pentru livrare, cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor
contractului, adic rezervate sau altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate.
B.6. Impritirea costurilor
S plteasc toate costurile generate de mrfuri din momentul in care acestea au trecut balustrada vasului in
portul de expediere numit. S plteasc orice costuri suplimentare rezultate pentru ca vasul numit de ei nu a
ajuns la timp, nu poate lua marfa termina incrcarea inainte de data stipulat, ori pentru ca cumprtorul a
omis s avizeze in concordant cu B7, cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor
contractului, adic rezervate sau altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate. S plteasc toate impozitele,
taxele si alte cheltuieli oficiale precum si costurile pentru indeplinirea formalittilor vamale pltibile la
importul mrfurilor si dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor printr-o alt tar.
S dea vinztorului suficiente informatii despre numele vasului, punctul de incrcare si data cerut pentru
livrare.
B.9. Inspectia mrfurilor
S plteasc, dac nu este altfel convenit, costurile inspectiei efectuate inainte de expediere, cu exceptia
cazului in care aceasta este mandatat de autorittile din tara exportatoare.
echivalente mentionate in A10 si s ramburseze pe cele fcute de vinztor in acordarea de asistent.
EXW
"Ex Works" inseamn c vinztorul isi indeplineste obligatia de livrare in momentul in care pune mrfurile
la dispozitia cumprtorului in localurile vinztorului (fabrica, uzina depozit etc.).In special el nu este
rspunztor de incrcarea mrfurilor in vehiculul asigurat de cumprtor sau de indeplinirea formalittilor
pentru export dac prtile nu au convenit asffel. Cumprtorul suport toate cheltielile
A.2. Licente, autorizatii si formalitti.
S acorde cumprtorului, la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala acestuia, toat asistenta in obtinerea oricrei
licente de export sau a altei autorizatii oficiale necesar pentru exportul mrfurilor.
A.3. Contractul de transport si asigurare.
a) Contractul de transport- nici o obligatie.
b) Contractul de asigurare - nici o obligatie.
A.4. Livrarea.
S pun mrfurile la dispozitia cumprtorului, in locul numit pentru livrare, la data sau in perioada
stipulat sau, dac acest loc sau data nu sint prevzute, in locul si la data obisnuite livrrii unor astfel de
mrfuri.
A.5. Transferul riscurilor.
Conform prevederilor de la B5, s suporte toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor pin in
momentul in care ele au fost puse la dispozitia cumprtorului, in conformitate cu A4.
A.6. Imprtirea costurilor.
Conform prevederilor de la B6., s plteasc toate costurile in legtur cu mrfurile pin in momentul in
care acestea au fost puse la dispozitia cumprtorului, in conformitate cu A4.
A.7. Avizarea cumprtorului.
S dea cumprtorului suficiente informatii cu privire la cind si unde mrfurile vor fi puse la dispozitia sa.
A.8. Dovada livrrii, documentul de transport sau mesajul electronic echivalent.
Nici o obligatie.
A.9. Verificare, ambalare, marcare.
S plteasc toate costurile acelor operatii de verificare (precum verificarea calittii, msurarea, cintrirea,
numrarea) care sint necesare punerii mrfurilor la dispozitia cumprtorului. S execute, pe propria
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EXW
cheltuial (in afar de cazurile in care se obisnuieste, ca pentru un anume tip de comert mrfurile s fie puse
la dispozitia cumprtorului neambalate, conform descrierii din contract), ambalarea cerut pentru
transportul mrfurilor, in msura in care imprejurrile cu privire la transport (de ex. modalitti, destinatie)
au fost fcute cunoscute vinztorului inainte de incheierea contractului de vinzare. Ambalajul trebuie
marcat in mod adecvat.
A.10. Alte obligatii.
S acorde cumprtorului, la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala acestuia, toat asistenta pentru a obtine orice
documente sau mesaje electronice echivalente emise sau transmise in tara de livrare si/sau origine pe care
cumprtorul le-ar putea pretinde pentru exportul si/sau importul mrfurilor si dac este cazul, pentru
tranzitul acestora printr-o alt tar. S furnizeze cumprtorului, la cerere, informatiile necesare procurrii
asigurrii mrfii.

B.1. Plata pretului.
S obtin, cu riscuri si cheltuieli proprii, orice licent de export si import sau alte autorizatii oficiale si s
tranzitul acestora printr-o alt tar.
B.3. Contractul de transport.
Nici o obligatie.
B.4. Preluarea mrfurilor.
S preia mrfurile imediat ce acestea i-au fost puse la dispozitie in conformitate cu A4.
B.5. Transferul riscurilor.
S suporte toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor din momentul in care acestea i-au fost puse
la dispozitie in conformitate cu A.4. Dac omite s notifice in conformitate cu B7, suport toate riscurile de
pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor de la data convenit sau de la data de expirare a oricrei perioade fixate
pentru preluarea mrfurilor, cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor contractului,
adic rezervate sau altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate.
B.6. Imprtirea costurilor.
S plteasc toate costurile in legtur cu mrfurile din momentul in care acestea i-au fost puse la dispozitie
in conformitate cu A4. S plteasc orice costuri suplimentare rezultate fie din nepreluarea mrfurilor in
momentul in care au fost puse la dispozitie, fie din omiterea avizrii corespunztoare in conformitate cu B7,
cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost corespunztoare contractului, adic rezervate sau altfel identificate
ca mrfuri contractate. S plteasc toate impozitele, taxele si alte costuri oficiale, precum si costurile
pentru indeplinirea formalittilor vamale pltibile la exportul si importul mrfurilor si dac este cazul,
pentru tranzitul acestora printr-o alt tar. S ramburseze vinztorului toate costurile si taxele suportate de
acesta in acordarea de asistent in conformitate cu A2.
B.7. Avizarea vinztorului.
EXW
Ori de cite ori este indrepttit s stabileasc timpul, in cadrul unei perioade stipulate si/sau locul pentru
preluarea mrfurilor, s trimit vinztorului suficiente informatii in acest sens.
B.8. Dovada livrrii, documentul de transport sau mesajul electronic echivalent.
S asigure vinztorului o dovad adecvat privind preluarea mrfurilor.
B.9. Inspectarea mrfurilor.
S plteasc, dac nu este convenit altfel, costurile inspectiei inainte de expediere (inclusiv inspectia
mandatat de autorittile din tara exportatoare).
B.10. Alte obligatii.
S plteasc toate costurile si taxele rezultate din procurarea documentelor sau mesajelor electronice
echivalente mentionate in A10 si s ramburseze pe cele pltite de vinztor in vederea acordrii de asistent.
DAF

S livreze mrfurile si factura comercial, sau un mesaj electronic echivalent, in conformitate cu contractul de
vinzare si orice alt dovad de conformitate prevzut in contract.
S obtin, pe riscul si cheltuiala sa, orice licent de export, alta autorizatie oficial sau alt document necesar
pentru punerea mrfurilor la dispozitia cumprtorului s indeplineasc toate formalittile vamale necesare
pentru exportul mrfurilor la locul de livrare numit la frontiera si dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor
prealabil printr-o alt tar.
S contracteze, pe propria cheltuial, transportul mrfurilor pe o rut obisnuit si intr-o manier obisnuit,
pin la punctul numit la locul de livrare la frontier (inclusiv, dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor printr-o
alt tar).
Dac nu s-a convenit un punct la locul de livrare numit la frontier, sau dac acesta nu este determinat prin
practica vinztorul poate alege, la locul de livrare numit, punctul care "corespunde cel mai bine scopului
su."
b)Contractul de asigurare
Nici o obligatie.
A.4. Livrarea
S pun mrfurile la dispozitia cumprtorului la locul de livrare numit, la frontier, la data sau in perioada
stipulat.
A.5 Transferul riscurilor
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DAF
-plteste toate costurile generate de mrfuri pin in momentul in care acestea au fost livrate in conformitate
cu A4, pe ling costurile care rezult din A3-a, cheltuielile operatiilor de descrcare (inclusiv cheltuielile cu
barjele si de manipulare), dac este necesar sau dac se obisnuieste ca mrfurile s fie descrcate la sosirea lor
la locul de livrare numit la frontier, cu scopul de a le pune la dispozitia cumprtorului.
-plteste toate costurile formalitlilor vamale necesare la export precum si toate impozitele, taxele si alte
cheltuieli oficiale pltibile la export si dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul printr-o alt tar inainte de livrarea in
conformitate cu A4.
S dea cumprtorului suficiente informatii despre expedierea mrfurilor la locul numit la frontiera precum
si orice alt informatie cerut pentru a permite cumprtorului s ia msurile in mod normal necesare pentru
preluarea mrfurilor.
S furnizeze cumprtorului, pe propria cheltuial, documentul de transport obisnuit sau o alt dovad a
livrrii mrfurilor la locul numit la frontier. S furnizeze cumprtorului, la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala
acestuia, un document de transport direct, obtinut in mod normal in tara de expediere, acoperind in termeni
uzuali transportul mrfurilor de la punctul de expediere din acea tar la locul de destinatie in tara
importatoare numit de cumprtor.
Cind vinztorul si cumprtorul au convenit s comunice electronic, documentul la care se refer paragraful
precedent poate fi inlocuit cu un mesaj electronic de schimb de date (EDI) echivalent.
S plteasc costurile acelor operatii de verificare (precum verificarea calittii, msurare, cintrire,
afar de cazul in care se obisnuieste ca, pentru un anume tip de comert, s se expedieze mrfurile.

DAF
B.1. Plata pretului

S obtin, pe propriul risc si propria cheltuial, orice licent de import sau alt autorizatie oficial si s
indeplineasc toate formalittile vamale in punctul de livrare numit la frontiera sau intr-un alt loc pentru
importul mrfurilor si dac este cazul, pentru transportul lor ulterior.
Nici o obligatie.
S preia mrfurile de indat ce ele au fost puse la dispozitia sa in conformitate cu A4.
S suporte toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor din momentul in care acestea au fost puse la
dispozitia sa in conformitate cu A4.
Dac omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7, suport toate riscurile de pierdere sau avarierea mrfurilor de la
data convenit sau de la data expirrii perioadei fixate pentru livrare, cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi
fost livrate corespunztor contractului, adic rezervate sau altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate.
S plteasc toate costurile generate de mrfuri din momentul in care acestea au fost puse la dispozitia sa in
conformitate cu A4. Dac nu preia mrfurile in momentul in care au fost puse la dispozitie in conformitate cu
A4, sau omite sa avizeze in conformitate cu B7, suport toate costurile suplimentare rezultate, cu conditia,
mrfuri contractate.
S plteasc toate impozitele, taxele si alte cheltuieli oficiale precum si costurile pentru indeplinirea
formalitlilor vamale pltibile la importul mrfurilor si dac este cazul, pentru transportul lor ulterior.
Ori de cite ori este indrepttit s stabileasc termenul intr-o perioada stipulat si/sau locul de preluare a
mrfurilor, s furnizeze vinztorului suficiente informatii in acest sens.
DAF

S accepte documentul de transport si/sau alt dovad a livrrii in conformitate cu A8.
S plteasc, dac nu este altfel convenit, costurile inspectiei efectuate inainte de expediere cu exceptia cazului
in care aceasta este mandatat de autorittile din tara exportatoare.
echivalente mentionate in A10 si s ramburseze pe cele suportate de vinztor in acordarea de asistent. Dac
este necesar, s furnizeze vinztorului la cererea sa pe riscul si cheltuiala cumprtorului, autorizatia de
control a schimbului, permise, alte documente sau copii legalizate sau adresa destinatiei finale a mrfurilor in
tara importatoare cu scopul obtinerii documentului de transport direct sau orice alt document prevzut in A8.
Vinztorul este obligat s suporte toate costurile si riscurile generate de aducerea mrfurilor la portul de
destinatie numit.
DDP

S livreze mrfurile si factur comercial, sau un mesaj electronic echivalent, in conformitate cu contractul
toate formalitlile vamale necesare pentru exportul si importul mrfurilor si dc este cazul, pentru tranzitul
lor printr-o alt tar.
S contracteze, pe propria cheltuial, transportul mrfurilor pe o rut obisnuit, intr-o manier obisnuit
pin la punctul convenit la locul de destinatie numit. Dac nu s-a convenit un punct sau dac acesta nu este
determinat prin practic, vinztorul poate alege, la locul de destinatie numit, punctul care corespunde cel
mai bine scopului su.
Nici o obligatie.
A.4. Livrarea
S pun mrfurile la dispozitia cumprtorului in conformitate cu A3 la data sau in perioada stipulat.
Conform prevederilor de la B5, suport toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilorpin in
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DDP
- pe ling costurile rezuitate din A3-a, plteste toate costurile generate de mrfuri pin in momentul in care
acestea au fost livrate in conformitate cu A4.
- plteste costurile formalitlilor vamale necesare la export precum si toate impozitele, taxele si alte cheltuieli
oficiale pltibile la exportul si importul mrfurilor, dac nu s-a convenit altfel si dac este cazul, tranzitul
printr-o alt tar anterior livrrii in conformitate cu A4.
S dea cumprtorului suficiente informatii despre expedierea mrfurilor precum si orice alt informatie
cerut care s permit cumprtorului s ia msurile in mod normal necesare prelurii mrfurilor.
S furnizeze cumprtorului, pe propria cheituial, ordinul de livrare si/sau documentul obisnuit de
transport (de exemplu un conosament negociabil, o nota de transport maritim nenegociabil, un document
de transport pe cale navigabil intern, un fraht aerian, o scrisoare de trsur feroviar, o scrisoare de
trsur rutier sau un document de transport muitimodal pe care cumprtorul poate s le cear pentru a
prelua mrfurile. Cind vinztorul si cumprtorul au convenit s comunice electronic, documentul la care se
refer paragraful precedent poate fi inlocuit cu un mesaj electronic de schimb de date (EDI) echivalent.
Sa plteasc costurile acelor operatii de verificare (precum verificarea calittii, msurare, cintrire,
afar de cazul in care se obisnuieste.

B.1. Plata pretului
S acorde vinztorului, la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala acestuia, toat asistenta pentru obtinerea oricrei
licente de import si alt autorizatie oficial necesare pentru importul mrfii.
DDP

Nici o obligatie.
S preia mrfurile de indat ce ele ii sint puse la dispozitie in conformitate cu A4.
S suporte toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor din momentul in care acestea i-au fost puse la
dispozitie in conformitate cu A4. Dac omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7, suport toate riscurile de
pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor de la data convenit sau de la data expirrii perioadei stipulate pentru
livrare, cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor contractului, adic rezervate sau
altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate.
S plteasc toate costurile generate de mrfuri din momentul in care acestea i-au fost puse la dispozilie In
conformitate cu A4. Dac nu preia mrfurile cind acestea i-au fost puse la dispozitie in
conformitate cu A4, sau dac omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7, suport toate costurile suplimentare, cu
conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor contractului, adic rezervate sau altfel
identificate ca mrfuri contractate.
Ori de cite ori este indrepttit s stabileasc data in perioada stipulat si/sau locul prelurii, s dea
vinztorului suficiente informatii in acest sens.
S accepte ordinul de livrare sau documentul de transport corespunztor in conformitate cu A8.
S acorde vinztorului, la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala acestuia, toata asistenta in obtinerea oricror
documente sau mesaje electronice echivalente emise sau transmise in tara importatoare pe care vinztorul le
DDP
poate cere in scopul punerii mrfurilor la dispozitia cumprtorului in conformitate cu aceste reguli.
http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/Limba%20rom_n_/Conditiile%20_D_/DDU/ddu.html
A. Vanztorul are obligatia:

S livreze mrfurile si factura comercil, sau un mesaj electronic echivalent, in conformitate cu contractul
A.2. Licente, autorizatii si informatii
toate formalittile vamale necesare pentru exportul mrfurilor si, dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor printro alt tar.
S contracteze, in conditii obisnuite, pe propria cheltuial, transportul mrfurilor pe o rut obisnuit si intro manier obsnuit pin la punctul convenit la locul de destinatie numit. Dac nu s-a convenit un punct sau
dac acesta nu este determinat prin practic, vinztorul poate alege, la locul de destinatie, punctul care
corespunde cel mai bine scopului sau.
Nici o obligatie.
A.4. Livrarea
S pun mrfurile la dispozitia cumprtorului in conformitate cu A3 la data sau in perioada stipulat.
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- pe lang costurile rezultate din A3-a, plteste toate costurile generate de mrfuri pin in momentul in care
- plteste costurile formalittilor vamale necesare la export precum si toate impozitele, taxele si alte cheltuieli
oficiale pltibile la export si dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul printr-o alt tar anterior livrrii in
conformitate cu A4.
S dea cumprtorului suficiente informatii despre expedierea mrfurilor precum si orice alt informatie
cerut care s permit cumprtorului s ia msurile necesare prelurii mrfurilor.
S furnizeze pe propria cheituial ordinul de livrare si/sau documentul obisnuit de transport (de exemplu un
conosament negociabil, o not de transport mritim nenegociabil, un document de transport pe cale
navigabil intern, un fraht aerian, o scrisoare de trsur feroviar, o scrisoare de trsur rutier sau un
document de transport multimodal) pe care cumprtorul poate s le cear in vederea prelurii mrfurilor.
Cand vanztorul si cumprtorul au convenit s comunice electronic, documentul la care se refer
paragraful precedent poate fi inlocuit cu un mesaj electronic de schimb de date (EDI) echivalent.
numrare) care sint necesare livrrii mrfurilor in conformitate cu A4. S execute, pe propria cheltuial, in
afar de cazul in care se obisnuieste ca, pentru un anume tip de comert, s se expedieze mrfurile conform
descrierii din contract, neambalate) ambalarea cerut pentru livrarea mrfurilor. Ambalajul trebuie marcat
in mod corespunztor.
S acorde cumprtorului, la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala acestuia, toat asistenta in a obtine orice
documente sau mesaje electronice echivalente (altele decit cele mentionate in A8), emise sau transmise in tara
de expediere si/sau de origine, pe care cumprtorul le-ar putea pretinde pentru importul mrfurilor. S
furnizeze cumparatorului, la cerere, informatiile necesare pentru procurarea asigurrii mrfii.

B.1. Plata pretului

S obtin, pe riscul si cheltuiala sa, orice licent de import sau alt autorizatie oficial ,si s indeplineasc
toate formalittile vamale necesare pentru importul mrfurilor.
Nici o obligatie.
S preia mrfurile de indat ce ii sint puse la dispozitie in conformitate cu A4.
la dispozitie in conformitate cu A4. Dac nu-si indeplineste obligatiile in conformitate cu B2, sa suporte toate
riscurile suplimentare de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor si dac omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7
suport toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor de la data convenit sau de la data expirrii
perioadei stipulate pentru livrare, cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor
contractului, adic rezervate sau altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate.
S plteasc toate costurile generate de mrfuri din momentul in care acestea i-au fost puse la dispozitie la
punctul de destinatie numit in conformitate cu A4. Dac nu-si indeplineste obligatiile in conformitate cu B2
sau dac nu preia mrfurile atunci cind ele i-au fost puse la dispozitie in conformitate cu A4, sau dac omite
s avizeze in conformitate cu B7, suport toate costurile suplimentare, cu conditia, totusi, c mrfurile s fi
fost livrate corespunztor contractului, adic rezervate sau altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate.
B.8. Dovada livrrii, documentul de transport sau mesalul electronic echivalent
S accepte ordinul de livrare sau documentul de transport corespunztoare in conformitate cu A8.

prtile doresc ca cumprtorul s indeplineasc formalittile pentru import si s plteasc taxa vamal,
trebuie folosit conditia DDU. Dac prtile doresc s exclud din obligatiile vinztorului unele dintre
costurile pltibile la importul mrfurilor (precum taxa pe valoare adaugat -TVA), se mentioneaz clar:
"Delivered duty paid, VAT unpaid (...loc numit de destinatie).
DEQ

S obtin, pe riscul si cheltuiala sa, orice licent de export si import sau alt autorizatie oficial si s
tranzitul lor printr-o alt tar.
S contracteze, pe propria cheltuial, transportul mrfurilor pe ruta obisnuit si intr-o manier obisnuit
pin pe chei in portul de destinatie numit. Dac nu s-a convenit un punct sau dac acesta nu este determinat
prin practic, vinztorul poate alege la portul de destinatie numit, punctul care corespunde cel mai bine
scopului su.
Nici o obligatie.
A.4. Livrarea
S pun mrfurile la dispozitia cumprtorului pe chei in portul de destinatie convenit la data sau in
perioada stipulat.
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DEQ
- pe ling costurile rezultate din A3-a plteste toate costurile generate de mrfuri pin in momentul in care
- plteste costurile formalittilor vamale precum si toate impozitele, taxele si alte cheltuieli oficiale pltibile
la exportul si importul mrfurilor, dac nu s-a convenit altfel si dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor printr-o
alt tar anterior livrrii in conformitate cu A4.
S dea cumprtorului suficiente informatii despre data estimat a sosirii navei numite in conformitate cu
A4 precum si orice alt informatie cerut care s permit cumprtorului s ia msurile necesare prelurii
mrfurilor.
S furnizeze cumprtorului, pe propria cheltuial, ordinul de livrare si/sau documentul de transport
obisnuit (de exemplu un conosament negociabil, o not de transport maritim nenegociabil, un document de
transport pe cale navigabil intern sau un document de transport multimodal) care s permit
cumprtorului s preia mrfurile si s le deplaseze de pe chei. Cind vinztorul si cumprtorul au convenit
s comunice electronic, documentul la care se refer paragraful precedent poate fi inlocuit cu un mesaj
electronic de schimb de date (EDI) echivalent.
S plteasc costurile acelor operatii de verificare (precum verificarea calittii, msurare, cintrire,
descrierii din contract, neambalate) ambalarea cerut pentru livrarea mrfurilor. Ambalajul trebuie marcat
in mod corespunztor.
echivalente

DEQ
B.1. Plata pretului

S acorde vinztorului, la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala acestuia, toat asistenta in a obtine orice licent de
import sau alt autorizatie oficial necesar pentru importul mrfurilor.
Nici o obligatie.
S preia mrfurile de indat ce le sint puse la dispozitie in conformitate cu A4.
la dispozitie in conformitate cu A4. Dac omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7 suport toate riscurile de
pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor de la data convenit sau de la data expirrii perioadei fixate pentru
S plteasc toate costurile generate de mrfuri din momentul in care acestea i-au fost puse la dispozitie in
conformitate cu A4. Dac nu preia mrfurile cind i-au fost puse la dispozitie in conformitate cu A4 sau dac
omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7, suport toate costurile suplimentare rezultate, cu conditia, totusi, ca
mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor contractului, adic rezervate sau altfel identificate ca mrfuri
contractate.
S accepte ordinul de livrare sau documentul de transport in conformitate cu A8.
DEQ
S acorde vinztorului, la cererea, pe riscul si cheltuiala acestuia, toat asistenta in a obtine orice documente
sau mesaje electronice echivalente, emise sau transmise in tara importatoare pe care vinztorul le-ar putea
pretinde pentru punerea mrfurilor la dispozitia cumprtorului in conformitate cu aceste reguli. Dac
prtile doresc ca vinztorul s indeplineasc formalittile vamale si s suporte costurile si riscurile aferente,
trebuie fcut o mentiune clar in acest sens. Dac prtile doresc s includ in obligatiile vinztorului unele
dintre costurile pltibile la importul mrfurilor (precum taxa pe valoarea adugat-TVA) se face mentiunea
specific: "Delivered duty unpaid, VAT paid (...port numit de destinatie)".
DES

toate formalittile vamale necesare pentru exportul mrfurilor si dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor printro alt tar.
S contracteze, pe propria cheltuial, transportul mrfurilor pe ruta obisnuit si intr-o manier obisnuit
pin la locul numit, in portul de destinatie numit.
Nici o obligatie.
A.4. Livrarea
S pun mrfurile la dispozitia cumprtorului, la bordul vasului, la punctul obisnuit de descrcare in
portul de destinatie numit, nevmuite la import, la data sau in perioada stipulat, in asa fel incit s poat fi
descrcate de pe nava cu echipamentul de descrcare potrivit naturii mrfurilor.
Se supune prevederilor de la B5, suport toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor pin in
momentul in care ele au fost livrate in conformitate cu A4.
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DES
- pe ling costurile rezultate din A3-a, plteste toate costurile generate de mrfuri pin in momentul in care
oficiale pltibile la export si dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor printr-o alt tar anterior livrrii in
conformitate cu A4.
S dea cumprtorului suficiente informatii despre data estimat a sosirii navei numite in conformitate cu
A4, precum si orice alt informatie cerut care s permit cumprtorului s ia msurile in mod normal
necesare prelurii mrfurilor.
S furnizeze cumprtorului, pe propria cheltuial, ordinul de livrare si/sau documentul obisnuit de
transport (de exemplu un conosament negociabil, o not de transport maritim nenegociabil, un document
de transport pe cale navigabil intern sau un document de transport multimodal) care s permit
cumprtorului s preia mrfurile. Cind vinztorul si cumprtorul au convenit s comunice electronic,
(EDI) echivalent.
descrierii din contract, neambalate) ambalarea cerut livrarea mrfurilor. Ambalajul trebuie marcat in mod
corespunztor
S acorde cumprtorului, la cererea, pe riscul si cheituiala acestuia, toat asistenta in a obtine orice
documente sau mesaje electronice (altele decit cele mentionate in A8), sau transmise in tara de expediere
si/sau de origine, pe care cumprtorul le-ar putea pretinde pentru importul mrfurilor. S furnizeze
cumprtorului la cerere, informatiile nscesare pentru procurarea asigurrii mrfii.

DES
B.1. Plata pretului

S obtin, pe propriul risc si cheltuiala sa, orice licent de import sau alt autorizatie oficial si s
indeplineasc toate formalittile vamale necesare pentru importul mrfurilor.
Nici o obligatie.
S preia mrfurile de indat ce sint puse la dispozitia sa, in conformitate cu A4.
S suporte toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor din momentul in care acestea au fost puse la
dispozitia sa, in conformitate cu A4. Dac omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7, suport toate riscurile de
pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor de la data convenit sau de la data expirrii perioadei fixate pentru
B.6. lmprtirea costurilor
S plteasc toate costurile generate de mrfuri, inclusiv descrcarea, din momentul in care acestea i-au fost
puse la dispozitie, in conformitate cu A4. Dac nu preia mrfurile cind i-au fost puse la dispozitie in
conformitate cu A4 sau dac omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7, suport toate costurile suplimentare
rezultate, cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor contractului, adic rezervate sau
altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate. S plteasc toate impozitele, taxele si alte cheltuieli oficiale precum
si costurile pentru indeplinirea formalitlilor vamale pltibile la importul mrfurilor.
S accepte ordinul de livrare sau documentul de transport in conformitate cu A8.
DES

prtile doresc ca cumprtorul s indeplineasc formalittile pentru import si s plteasc taxele vamale, se
foloseste mentiunea "duty unpaid" in locul mentiunii "duty paid". Dac prtile doresc s exclud din
obligatiile vinztorului unele dintre costurile pltibile la importul mrfurilor (precum taxa pe valoarea
adugat V.A.T) se mentioneaz clar "Delivered ex quay, VAT unpaid (...port numit de destinatie)".
CFR

S obtin, pe riscul si cheltuiala sa, orice licent de export sau, alt autorizatie oficial si s indeplineasc
toate formalittile vmale necesare pentru exportul mrfurilor.
S contracteze, conform uzantelor, pe propria cheltuial, transportul mrfurilor la portul de destinatie
numit, pe ruta obisnuit, intr-un vas destinat navigatiei pe mare (sau destinat navigatiei pe cale navigabil
intern, dup caz) de tipul folosit in mod normal pentru transportul mrfurilor descrise in contract.
Nici o obligatie
A.4. Livrarea
S livreze mrfurile la bordul vasului, in portul de expediere, la data sau in perioada stipulat.
momentul in care ele au trecut balustrada vasului in portul de expediere.
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CFR

- plteste toate costurile generate de mrfuri pina in momentul in care acestea au fost livrate in conformitate
cu A4, precum ,si navlul ,si toate celelalte costuri care rezult din A3-a, inclusiv costurile pentru incrcarea
mrfurilor la bord ,si orice taxe pentru descrcarea in portul de descrcare percepute de liniile regulate de
navigatie cind contracteaz transportul.
oficiale pltibile la export.
A.7. Avizarea cumpartorului
S dea cumprtorului suficiente informatii c mrfurile au fost livrate la bordul vasului, precum si orice
alt informatie care s permit cumprtorului s ia msurile necesare prelurii mrfurilor.
A.8. Dovada livrarii, documentul de transport sau mesajul electronic echivalent
Dac nu s-a convenit altfel, s furnizeze cumprtorului, pe cheltuiala sa, far intirziere, documentul
obisnuit de transport pentru portul de destinatie convenit.
Acest document (de exemplu un conosament negociabil, o not de transport maritim nenegociabil sau un
document de transport pe cale navigabil intern) trebuie s cuprind mrfurile din contract, s fie datat in
perioada convenit pentru expediere, s permit cumprtorului s reclame mrfurile de la crus la
destinatie si dac nu s-a convenit altfel, s permit cumprtorului s vind mrfurile in tranzit prin
transferul documentului ctre alt cumprtor (conosamentul negociabil) sau prin avizarea crusului.
Cind un astfel de document este emis in mai multe exemplare originale, un set complet de originale trebuie
perezentat cumprtorului. Dac documentul de transport contine o referire la un contract de navlosire,
vinztorul trebuie s furnizeze o copie a acestuia. Cind vinztorul si cumprtorul au convenit s comunice
electronic, documentul la care se refer paragraful precedent poate fi inlocuit de un mesaj electronic de
S pltesc costurile acelor operatii de verificare (precum: verificarea calitatii, masurare, cintrire,
afar de cazul in care se obisnuieste, pentru un anume tip de comert, expedierea mrfurilor conform
descrierii din contract, neambalate) ambalarea cerut pentru transportul mrfurilor organizat de el.
CFR
Ambalajul trebuie marcat in mod corespunztor.

documente sau mesaje electronice echivalente (altele decit cele mentionate in A8) emise sau transmise in tara
de expediere si/sau de origine pe care cumprtorul le-ar putea pretinde pentru importul mrfurilor si, dac
este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor printr-o alta tar. S furnizeze cumprtorului, la cerere, informatiile
necesare pentru procurarea asigurrii mrfii.

B.1. Plata pretului
S obtin pe riscul si cheltuiala sa orice licent de import sau alt autorizatie oficial si s indeplineasc toate
formalittile vamale necesare pentru importul mrfurilor si dac este cazul pentru tranzitul lor printr-o alt
tar.
Nici o obligatie.
S accepte preluarea mrfurilor cind ele au fost livrate in conformitate cu A4 si s le primeasc de la crus
in portul de destinatie numit.
balustrada vasului in portul de expediere. Dac el omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7 suport toate
CFR
riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor de la data convenit sau de la data expirrii perioadei fixate
pentru livrare, cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor contractului, adic rezervate
sau altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate.
Conform prevederilor de la A3, s plteasc toate costurile generate de mrfuri din momentul in care
acestea au fost livrate in conformitate cu A4 si cu exceptia cazului in care aceste costuri si taxe au fost
percepute de linii regulate de navigatie la contractarea transportului, s plteasc toate costurile si taxele
generate de mrfuri pe timpul tranzitului pin la sosirea acestora in portul de destinatie, precum si costurile
de descrcare, inclusiv cheltuielile de barje si cheiaj. Dac omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7 plteste
costurile suplimentare generate de mrfuri de la data convenit su de la data expirrii perioadei fixate
pentru expediere, cu conditia totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor contractului, adic
oficiale precum si costurile pentru indeplinirea formalittilor vamale platibile la importul mrfurilor si, dac
este cazul, pentru tranzitul acestora printr-o alt tar.
Ori de cite ori este indrepttit s stabileasc termenul pentru expedierea mrfurilor si/sau portul de
destinatie, s dea vinztorului suficiente informatii in acest sens.
S accepte documentul de transport in concordant cu A8 dac este in conformitate cu contractul.
echivalente in acordarea de asistent.
CIF
A Vinztorul are obligatia:

S livreze mrfurile si factura comercial, sau un mesaj electronic echivalent,in conformitate cu contractul
S obtin, pe riscul si cheltuiala sa, orice licent de export sau, alt autorizatie oficial,si s indeplineasc
S contracteze, conform uzantelor, pe propria cheltuial, transportul mrfurilor la portul de destinatie
numit, pe ruta obisnuit, intr-un vas destinat navigatiei pe mare (sau destinat navigatiei pe cale navigabil
intern, dup caz) de tipul folosit in mod normal pentru transportul mrfurilor descrise in contract.
Nici o obligatie
A.4. Livrarea
S livreze mrfurile la bordul vasului, in portul de expediere, la data sau in perioada stipulat.
momentul in care ele au trecut balustrada vasului in portul de expediere.
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CIF
A.6. Imprtire costurilor

- plteste toate costurile generate de mrfuri pin in momentul in care acestea au fost livrate in conformitate
cu A4, precum si navlul si toate celelalte costuri care rezult din A3-a, inclusiv costurile pentru incrcarea
mrfurilor la bord si orice taxe pentru descrcarea in portul de descrcare percepute de liniile regulate de
navigatie cind contracteaz transportul.
- plteste costurile formalittilor vamale necesare la export precum si toate impozitele, taxele si alte
cheltuieli oficiale pltibile la export.
S dea cumprtorului suficiente informatii c mrfurile au fost livrate la bordul vasului, precum si orice
alt informatie care s permit cumprtorului s ia msurile necesare prelurii mrfurilor.
Dac nu s-a convenit altfel, s furnizeze cumprtorului, pe cheltuiala sa, fr intirziere, documentul
obisnuit de transport pentru portul de destinatie convenit.
Acest document (de exemplu un conosament negociabil, o not de transport maritim nenegociabil sau un
document de transport pe cale navigabil intern) trebuie s cuprind mrfurile din contrct, s fie datat in
perioada convenit pentru expediere, s permit cumprtorului s reclame mrfurile de la crus la
destinatie si dac nu s-a convenit altfel, s permit cumprtorului s vind mrfurile in tranzit prin
transferul documentului ctre alt cumprtor (conosamentul negociabil) sau prin avizarea crusului. Cind
un astfel de document este emis in mai multe exemplare originale, un set complet de originale trebuie
perezentat cumprtorului. Dac documentul de transport contine o referire la un contract de navlosire,
vinztorul trebuie s furnizeze o copie a acestuia. Cind vinztorul si cumprtorul au convenit s comunice
electronic, documentul la care se refer paragraful precedent poate fi inlocuit de un mesaj electronic de
afar de cazul in care se obisnuieste, pentru un anume tip de comert, expedierea mrfurilor conform
descrierii din contract, neambalate) ambalarea cerut pentru transportul mrfurilor organizat de el.
CIF

documente sau mesaje electronice echivalente (altele decit cele mentionate in A8) emise sau transmise in tara
de expediere si/sau de origine pe care cumprtorul le-ar putea pretinde pentru importul mrfurilor si dac
este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor printr-o alt tar.
S furnizeze cumprtorului, la cerere, informatiile necesare pentru procurarea asigurrii mrfii.

B.1. Plata pretului
S obtin, pe riscul si cheltuiala sa orice licent de import sau alt autorizatie oficial si s indeplineasc
toate formalittile vamale necesare pentru importul mrfurilor si dac este cazul pentru tranzitul lor printro alt tar.
Nici o obligatie.
S accepte preluarea mrfurilor cind ele au fost livrate in conformitate cu A4 si s le primeasc de la crus
in portul de destinatie numit.
balustrada vasului in portul de expediere.Dac el omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7 suport toate
CIF
riscurile de pierdere sau avarierea mrfurilor de la data convenit sau de la data expirrii perioadei fixate
pentru livrare, cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor contractului, adic rezervate
sau altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate.
Conform prevederilor de la A.3a, s plteasc toate costurile qenerate de mrfuri din momentul in care
acestea au fost livrate in conformitate cu A4 si cu exceptia cazului in care aceste costuri si taxe au fost
percepute de linii regulate de navigatie la contractarea transportului, s plteasc toate costurile si taxele
generate de mrfuri pe timpul tranzitului pin la sosirea acestora in portul de destinatie, precum si costurile
de descrcare, inclusiv cheltuielile de barje si cheiaj. Dac omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7 plteste
costurile suplimentare generate de mrfuri de la data convenit sau de la data expirrii perioadei fixate
pentru expediere, cu conditia totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor contractului, adic
oficiale precum si costurile pentru indeplinirea formalittilor vamale pltibile la importul mrfurilor si,
dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul acestora printr-o alt tar.
Ori de cite ori este indrepttit s stabileasc termenul pentru expedierea mrfurilor si/sau portul de
destinatie, s dea vinztorului suficiente informatii in acest sens.
S plteasc, dac nu este altfel convenit, costurile inspectiei efectuate inainte de expediere,cu exceptia
echivalente in acordarea de asistent. S furnizeze vinztorului,la cerere,informatiile necesare pentru
procurarea asigurrii mrfii. Dac se folosesc mai multi crusi pentru transportul la destinatia convenita,
riscul este transferat atunci cind, mrfurile au fost livrate primului crus.
CIF
CIP

S contracteze, conform uzantelor, pe propria cheltuiala, transportul mrfurilor la punctul convenit la locul
de destinatie numit pe ruta obisnuit si intr-o manier obisnuit. Dac nu s-a convenit un punct sau dac
acesta nu este determinat prin practica, vinztorul poate alege, la locul de destinatie numit, punctul care
corespunde cel mai bine scopului su.
S obtin, pe propria cheltuial, asigurarea incrcturii asa cum s-a convenit in contract, pe care
cumprtorul sau orice alt persoan avind un interes asigurabil asupra mrfurilor,s o poata reclama
direct de la asigurator si s furnizeze cumprtorului polita de asigurare cu alt dovad de acoperire prin
asigurare.
Asigurarea trebuie contractat cu subscriitori sau cu o companie de asigurri cu bun reputatie si, in lipsa
unei inlelegeri exprese contrare, s fie in concordant cu acoperirea minim a Institutului pentru Clauze
privind incrcturile (Institutul Subscriitorilor din Londra) sau cu orice set de clauze similar. Durata
asigurrii trebuie s fie in concordant cu B5 si B4. Cind cumprtorul o cere, vinztorul va furniza pe
cheltuiala cumprtorului, asigurare contra riscurilor de rzboi, greve, rscoale si miscri civile, dac este
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CIP
posibil.Aigurarea minim acoper pretul prevzut in contract plus 10%, adic 110%,si va fi furnizat in
moneda prevzut in contract.
A.4 Livrarea
S livreze mrfurile in custodia crusului sau,dac se folosesc mai multi crusi primului crus, pentru
transportul la locul de destinatie numit, la data sau in perioada stipulat.
-plteste toate costurile generate de mrfuri pin in momentul in care acestea au fost livrate in conformitate
cu A4, precum si navlul si toate celelalte costuri care rezult din A3-a,inclusiv orice taxe pentru descrcare
in locul de destinatie care pot fi incluse in navlu,sau care sint suportate de vinztor in momentul contractrii
transportului.
-plteste costurile formalittilor vamale necesare la export precum si toate impozitele, taxele si alte cheltuieli
A.7 Avizarea cumprtorului
S dea cumprtorului suficiente informatii c mrfurile au fost livrate in conformitate cu A4, precum si
orice alt informatie care s permit cumpartorului s ia msurile necesare prelurii mrfurilor.
S furnizeze cumprtorului, pe cheltuiala sa, dac se obisnuieste, documentul de transport obisnuit (de
exemplu un conosament negociabil, o not de transport maritim nenegociabil, un document de transport pe
cale navigabil intern, un fraht aerian, o scrisoare de trsur feroviar, o scrisoare de trsur rutier sau
un document de transport multimodal).
Cind vinztorul si cumprtorul au convenit s comunice electronic, documentul la care se refer paragraful
precedent poate fi inlocuit cu un mesaj electronic de schimb de date (EDI) echivalent.
CIP
descrierii din contract neambalate) ambalarea cerut pentru transportul mrfurilor organizat de el.
S acorde cumprtorului, la cererea, pe riscul ,si cheltuiala acestuia, toat asistenta in a obtine orice
documente sau mesaje electronice echivalente ( altele decit cele mentionate in A8), emise sau transmise in
tara de expediere si/sau de origine, pe care cumprtorul le-ar putea pretinde pentru importul mrfurilor si,
dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor printr-o alt tar.

B.1. Plata pretului
S plteasc pretul prevazut in contractul de vinzare.
S obtin, pe propriul risc si cheltuiala sa, orice licenta de import sau alt autorizatie oficial si s
indeplineasc toate formalittile vamale pentru importul mrfurilor si dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul
acestora printr-o alt tar.
Nici o obligatie.
S accepte preluarea mrfurilor atunci cind acestea au fost livrate in conformitate cu A4 si s le primeasc
de la crus in portul de destinatie numit.
CIP
Dac omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7, suport toate riscurile generate de mrfuri de la data convenit
sau de la data de expirare a oricrei perioade fixate pentru livrare, cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost
livrate corespunztor contractului, adic rezervate sau altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate.
acestea au fost livrate in conformitate cu A4 ai cu exceptia cazului in care aceste costuri ,si taxe au fost
incluse in navlu sau suportate de vinztor in momentul contractrii transportului in conformitate cu A3-a,
s plteasc toate costurile ,si taxele generate de mrfuri pe timpul tranzitului pin la sosirea lor in locul de
destinatie convenit, precum si costurile de descrcare. Dac omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7, plteste
pentru expediere, cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor contractului, adic
rezervate sau altfel identificate ca mrfuri contractate.
S plteasc toate impozitele, taxele si alte cheltuieli oficiale precum si costurile pentru indeplinirea
formalittilor vamale pltibile la importul mrfurilor si, dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul acestora printr-o
alt tar.
Ori de cite ori este indrepttit s stabileasc termenul pentru expedierea mrfurilor si/sau destinatia, s dea
S plteasc, dac nu este altfel convenit, costurile inspectiei efectuate inainte de expediere cu exceptia
echivalente mentionate in A10 si s ramburseze pe cele suportate de vinztor in acordarea de asistent. S
furnizeze vinztorului, la cerere, informatiile necesare pentru procurarea asigurarii mrfii. Prin urmare este
CIP
de o important vital ca frontier in cauz s fie definit precis prin stabilirea nominal a punctului si
locului in conditia de livrare.
CPT

A.2. Licente, autorizatii si formalitati
S obtin, pe riscul si cheltuiala sa, orice licent de export sau alt autorizatie oticial si s indeplineasc
A.3 Contractul de transport si asigurare
S contracteze, conform uzantelor, pe propria cheltuial, transportul mrfurilor la punctul convenit la locul
de destinatie numit pe ruta obisnuit si intr-o manier obisnuit. Dac nu s-a convenit un punct sau dac
acesta nu este determinat prin practic, vinztorul poate alege, la locul de destintie numit, punctul care
corespunde cel mai bine scopului su.
Nici o obligatie
A.4 Livrarea
S Iivreze mrfurile in custodia crusului sau,dac se folosesc mai multi crusi,primului crus, pentru
transportul la locul de destinatie numit, la data sau in perioada stipulat.
Conform prevederilor de la B5,suport toate riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor pin in
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CPT

A.6 Imprtirea costurilor
- plteste toate costurile generate de mrfuri pin in momentul in care acestea au fost livrate in conformitate
cu A4,pecum si navlul si toate celelalte costuri care rezult din A3-a inclusiv costurile pentru incrcarea
mrfurilor si orice taxe pentru descrcarea la locul de destinatie care pot fi incluse in navlu sau sint
suportate de vinztor cind contracteaz transportul.
A.7 Avizarea cumprtorului
S dea cumprtorului suficiente informatii ca mrfurile au fost livrate in conformitate cu A4, precum si
orice alt informatie care s permit cumprtorului s ia msurile necesare prelurii mrfurilor.
S furnizeze cumprtorului, pe cheltuiala sa, dac se obisnuieste, documentul de transport obisnuit (de
exemplu un conosament negociabil, o not de transport maritim nenegociabil, un document de transport pe
cale navigabil intern, un fraht aerian, o scrisoare de trsur feroviar, o scrisoare de trsur rutier sau
un document de transport multimodal). Cind vinztorul si cumprtorul au convenit s comunice electronic,
(EDI) echivalent.
descrierii din contract neambalate) ambalarea cerut pentru transportul mrfurilor organizat de el.
documente sau mesaje electronice echivalente (altele decit cele mentionate in A8), emise sau transmise in tara
CPT
de expediere si/sau de origine, pe care cumprtorul le-ar putea pretinde pentru importul mrfurilor si, dac
este cazul, pentru tranzitul lor printr-o alt tar.

B.1. Plata pretului
S obtin, pe propriul risc si cheltuiala sa, orice licent de import sau alt autorizatie oficial si s
indeplineasc toate formalittile vamale pentru importul mrfurilor si dac este cazul, pentru tranzitul
acestora printr-o alt tar.
Nici o obligatie.
S accepte preluarea mrfurilor atunci cind acestea au fost livrate in conformitate cu A4 si s le primeasc
de la crus in portul de destinatie numit.
S suporte tote riscurile de pierdere sau avariere a mrfurilor din momentul in care acestea au fost livrate
in conformitate cu A4. Dac omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7, suport toate riscurile generate de
mrfuri de la data convenit sau de la data de expirare a oricrei perioade fixate pentru livrare, cu conditia,
mrfuri contractate.
CPT
acestea au fost livrate in conformitate cu A4 si cu exceptia cazului in care aceste costuri si taxe au fost incluse
in navlu sau suportate de vinzator in momentul contractrii transportului in conformitate cu A3-a, s
plteasc toate costurile si taxele generate de mrfuri pe timpul tranzitului pin la sosirea lor in locul de
destinatie convenit, precum si costurile de descrcare. Dac omite s avizeze in conformitate cu B7, plteste
pentru expediere, cu conditia, totusi, ca mrfurile s fi fost livrate corespunztor contractului, adica
oficiale precum si costurile pentru indeplinirea formalittilor vamale pltibile la importul mrfurilor si dac
este cazul, pentru tranzitul acestora printr-o alt tar.
Ori de cite ori este indrepttit s stabileasc termenul pentru expedierea mrfurilor si/sau destinatia, s dea
S accepte documentul de transport in concordanta cu A8,dac este in conformitate cu contractul.
S plteasc, dac nu este altfel convenit, costurile inspectiei efectuate inainte de expediere cu, exceptia
B.10. Alte obilgatii
echivalente mentionate in A10 si s ramburseze pe cele suportate de vinztor in acordarea de asistent.
Cumprtorul trebuie s ia not c,in conformitate cu conditia CIP,vinztorul este solicitat s obtin o
asigurare numai pentru minimum de acoperire.
"C" Conditions
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"D" Conditions
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"E" Conditions
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"F" Conditions
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About Us
================================================================================
SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT
LICENSE:
* This Limited Use Software License Agreement (the "Agreement") is a legal agreement between you, the end-user
("Licensee"), and Madalin Matica ("Producer"). By using this software or storing this program ("Incoterms1990")
on a computer hard drive (or other media), you are agreeing to be bound by the terms of this Agreement.
If you do not agree to the terms of this Agreement, and you have registered this software, promptly return the software and
the accompanying items (including any written materials), along with your receipt for a full refund; or delete the software
from all storage media.
* You may not alter this software in any way, including changing or removing any messages or windows.
* You may not decompile, reverse engineer, disassemble or otherwise reduce this software to a human perceivable form. You
may not modify, rent or resell for profit this software, or create derivative works based upon
this software. You may not publicize or distribute any registration code algorithms, information, or registration codes used by
this software without permission of the producer..
COPYRIGHT:
* Incoterms1990 is Copyright Madalin Matica's Software. You must treat the Software like any other copyrighted material.
================================================================================
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED TO LICENSEE "AS IS". ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS,
REPRESENTATIONS, AND WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY,
SATISFACTORY QUALITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR
NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE DISCLAIMED, EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH DISCLAIMERS ARE HELD
TO BE LEGALLY INVALID.
THIS SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT AND SHOULD NOT BE USED IN ANY ENVIRONMENT WHICH
REQUIRES THIS, SUCH AS ON-LINE CONTROL OF AIRCRAFT.
TO THE EXTENT NOT PROHIBITED BY APPLICABLE LAW, PRODUCER AGGREGATE LIABILITY TO LICENSEE
OR TO ANY THIRD PARTY FOR CLAIMS RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT, WHETHER FOR BREACH OR IN
TORT, WILL BE LIMITED TO THE FEES PAID BY LICENSEE FOR SOFTWARE WHICH IS THE SUBJECT MATTER
OF THE CLAIMS. IN NO EVENT WILL PRODUCER BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGE IN CONNECTION WITH OR ARISING OUT OF THIS AGREEMENT
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About Us
(INCLUDING LOSS OF BUSINESS, REVENUE, PROFITS, USE, DATA OR OTHER ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE),
HOWEVER IT ARISES, WHETHER FOR BREACH OR IN TORT, EVEN IF
THE PRODUCER HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. LIABILITY FOR
DAMAGES WILL BE LIMITED AND EXCLUDED,
EVEN IF ANY EXCLUSIVE REMEDY PROVIDED FOR IN THIS AGREEMENT FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL
PURPOSE.
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FAS
A THE SELLER MUST

A 1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
Provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or it equivalent electronic message, in conformity with the
contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity which may be required by the contract.
A 2 Licenses, authorizations and formalities
Render the buyer, at the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining any export license
or other official authorization necessary for the exportation of the goods.
A 3 Contract of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
No obligation.
b) Contract of insurance
No obligation.
A 4 Delivery
Deliver the goods alongside the named vessel at the loading place named by the buyer at the named port of
shipment on the date or within the period stipulated and in the manner customary at the port.
A 5 Transfer of risks
Subject to the provisions of B.5., bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have
been delivered in accordance with A.4.
A 6 Division of costs
Subject to the provisions of B.6., pay all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have been
delivered in accordance with A.4.
A 7 Notice to the buyer
Give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have be delivered alongside the named vessel.
A 8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
Provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the usual document in proof of delivery of the goods in
accordance with A.4. Unless the document referred to in the preceding paragraph is the transport document,
render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining transport document
(for example, a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document). When
the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document referred to in the
preceding paragraphs may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message.
A 9 Checking - packaging - marking
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FAS
Pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) which
are necessary for the purpose of placing the goods at the disposal of the buyer. Provide at his own expense
packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to ship the goods of the contract description unpacked
which is required for the transport of the goods, to the extent that the circumstances relating to the transport
(e.g. modalities, destination) are made known to the seller before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging
is to be marked appropriately.
A 10 Other obligations
Render the buyer, at the latter's request risk and expense every assistance in obtaining any documents or
equivalent electronic messages (other than those mentioned in A.8.) issued or transmitted in the country of
shipment and/or of origin which the buyer may require for the exportation and/or importation of the goods
and, where necessary, for their transit through another country. Provide the buyer, upon request, with the
necessary information for procuring insurance.
B THE BUYER MUST

B 1 Payment of the price
Pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
B 2 Licenses, authorizations and formalities
Obtain at his own risk and expense any export and import license or other official authorization and carry
out all customs formalities for the exportation and importation of the goods and, where necessary, for their
transit through another country.
B 3 Contract of carriage
Contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment.
B 4 Taking delivery
Take delivery of the goods in accordance with A.4.
B 5 Transfer of risks
Bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance with
A.4. Should he fail to fulfil his obligations in accordance with B.2., bear all additional risks of loss of or
damage to the goods incurred thereby and should he fail to give notice in accordance with B.7., or should the
vessel named by him fail to arrive on time, or be unable to take the goods, or close for cargo earlier than the
stipulated time, bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the
period stipulated for delivery provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the
contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
B 6 Division of costs
Pay all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance with A.4.
Pay any additional costs incurred, either because the vessel named by him has failed to arrive on time, or
will be unable to take the goods, or will close for cargo earlier than the stipulated time, or because the buyer
has failed to fulfil his obligations in accordance with B.2., or to give appropriate notice in accordance with
B.7. provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set
aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods. Pay all duties, taxes and other official charges as well as
FAS
the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon exportation and importation of the goods and,
where necessary, for their transit through another country. Pay all costs and charges incurred by the seller
in rendering assistance in accordance with A.2.
B 7 Notice to the seller
Give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading place and required delivery time.
B 8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
Accept the proof of delivery in accordance with A.8.
B 9 Inspection of goods
Pay, unless otherwise agreed, the costs of pre-shipment inspection (including inspection mandated by the
authorities of the country of exportation).
B 10 Other obligations
Pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or equivalent electronic messages mentioned
in A.10. and reimburse those incurred by the seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.
FCA
A THE SELLER MUST

Provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent electronic message, in conformity with the
Obtain at his own risk and expense any export license or other official authorization and carry out all
customs formalities necessary for the exportation of the goods.
No obligation. However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give
an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer's
risk and expense. The seller may decline to make the contract and, if he does shall promptly notify the buyer
accordingly.
No obligation
A 4 Delivery
Deliver the goods into custody of the carrier or another person (e.g. a freight forwarder) named by the
buyer, or chosen by the seller in accordance with A.3.a), at the named place or point (e.g. transport terminal
or other receiving point) on the date or within the period agreed for delivery and in the manner agreed or
customary at such point. If no specific point has been agreed, and if there are several points available, the
seller may select the point at the place of delivery which best suits his purpose. Failing precise instructions
from the buyer, the seller may deliver the goods to the carrier in such a manner as the transport mode of
that carrier and the quantity and/or nature of the goods may require.
Delivery to the carrier is completed:
I) In case of rail transport when the goods constitute a wagon load (or a container load carried by rail) the
seller has to load the wagon or container in the appropriate manner. Delivery is completed when the loaded
wagon or container is taken over by the railway or by another person acting on its behalf. When the goods
do not constitute a wagon or container load, delivery is completed when the seller has handed over the goods
at the railway receiving point or loaded them into a vehicle provided by the railway.
II) In the case of road transport when loading takes place at the seller's premises, delivery is completed
when the goods have been loaded on the vehicle provided by the buyer. When the goods are delivered to the
carrier's premises, delivery is completed when they have been handed to the road carrier or to another
person acting on his behalf.
III) In the case of transport by inland waterway when loading takes place at the seller's premises, delivery is
completed when the goods have been loaded on the carrying vessel provided by the buyer. When the goods
are delivered to the carrier's premises, delivery is completed when they have been handed over to the inland
waterway carrier or to another person acting on his behalf.
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FCA
IV) In the case of sea transport when the goods constitute a full container load (FCL) delivery is completed
when the loaded container is taken over by the sea carrier. When the container has been carried to an
operator transport terminal acting on behalf of the carrier, the goods shall be deemed to have been taken
over when the container has entered into the premises of that terminal. When the goods are less that a
container load (LCL), or are not to be containerized, the seller has to carry them to the transport terminal.
Delivery is completed when the goods have been handed over to the sea carrier another person acting on his
behalf.
V) In the case of air transport, delivery is completed when the goods have been handed over to the air
carrier or to another person acting on his behalf.
VI) In the case of unnamed transport, delivery is completed when the goods have been handed over to the
carrier or to another person acting on his behalf.
VII) In the case of multimodal transport, delivery is completed when the goods have been handed over as
specified in I)-VI), as the case may be.
Subject to the provisions of B.5., bear all risks of or damage to the goods until such time as they have been
delivered in accordance with A.4.
Subject to the provisions of B.6.
- pay all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have been delivered to the carrier in accordance
with A.4.;
- pay the costs of customs formalities as well as all duties, taxes, and other official charges payable upon
exportation.
Give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier. Should the
carrier fail to take the goods into his charge at the time agreed, the seller must notify the buyer accordingly.
Provide the buyer at the seller's expense, if customary with the usual document in proof of delivery of the
goods in accordance with A.4.
Unless the document referred to in the preceding paragraph is the transport document, render the buyer at
the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining a transport document for the contract of
carriage (for example, a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway
document, an air waybill, a railway consignment note, a road consignment note, or a multimodal transport
document) .
When the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document referred to in the
preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message.
are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods to the carrier.
Provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to send the goods of the
contract description unpacked) which is required for the transport of the goods, to the extent that the
FCA
circumstances relating to the transport (e.g. modalities, destination) are made known to the seller before the
contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
Render the buyer at the later request, risk and expense every assistance in obtaining any documents or
equivalent electronic messages (other than those mentioned in A.8) issued or transmitted in the country of
delivery and/or of origin which the buyer may require for the importation of the goods and, where necessary,
for their transit through another country.
Provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for procuring insurance.
THE BUYER MUST

Obtain at his own risk and expense any import license or other official authorization and carry out all
customs formalities for the importation of the goods and, where necessary, for the transit through another
country.
Contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named place, except as provided for in
A.3.a).
B 4 Taking delivery
A.4. Should he fail to give notice in accordance with B.7., or should the carrier named by him fail to take the
goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of any period stipulated for delivery provided, however, that
the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified
as the contract goods.
Pay all costs relating to the goods from the time when they have been delivered in accordance with A.4. Pay
any additional costs incurred, either because he fails to name the carrier or the carrier named by him fails to
take goods into his charge at the agreed time or because he has failed to give appropriate notice in
accordance with B.7. provided, however that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is
to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods. Pay all duties, taxes and other official
charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon importation of the goods and,
where necessary, for their transit through another country.
Give the seller notice of the name of the carrier and, where necessary, specify the mode of transport, as well
FCA
as the date, or period for delivering the goods to him and, as the case may be, the point within the place
where the goods should be delivered to the carrier.
Accept the proof of delivery in accordance with A..
Pay, unless otherwise agreed the costs of pre-shipment inspection except when mandated by the authorities
of the country of exportation.
Pay all costs and charge incurred in obtaining the documents or equivalent electronic messages mentioned in
A.10. and reimburse those incurred by the seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith and in
contracting for carriage in accordance with A.3.a). Give the seller appropriate instructions whenever the
seller's assistance in contracting for carriage is required in accordance with A.3.a).
FOB
A THE SELLER MUST

Provide the goods and the commercial invoice or its equivalent electronic message, in conformity with the
No obligation.
No obligation.
A 4 Delivery
Deliver the goods on board the vessel named by the buyer at the named port of shipment on the date or
within the period stipulated and in the manner customary at the port.
passed the ship's rail at the named port of shipment.
Subject to the provisions of 8.6.
- pay all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have passed the ship's rail at the named port of
shipment;
- pay the costs of customs formalities necessary for exportation as well as all duties, taxes and other official
charges payable upon exportation.
Give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered on board.
A 8 Proof of delivery, transport documents or equivalent electronic message
Provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the usual document in proof of delivery in accordance with A.
Unless the document referred to in the preceding paragraph is the transport document, render the buyer, at
the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining a transport document for the contract of
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FOB
carriage (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway
document, or a multimodal transport document). Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to
communicate electronically, the document referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an
equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message.
Pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring weighing, counting) which
are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A.4. Provide at his own expense
packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to ship the goods of the contract description unpacked)
which is required for the transport of the goods, to the extent that the circumstances relating to the
transport(e.g. modalities, destination) are made known to the seller before the contract of sale is concluded.
Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
Render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining any documents or
shipment and/or of origin which the buyer may require for the importation of the goods and, where
necessary, for their transport through another country. Provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary
information for procuring insurance.
B THE BUYER MUST

customs formalities for the importation of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through another
country.
Contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment.
B 4 Taking delivery
Bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have passed the ship's rail at the named
port of shipment. Should he fail to give notice in accordance with B.7., or should the vessel named by him
fail to arrive on time or be unable to take the goods, or close for cargo earlier than the stipulated time, bear
all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period stipulated for
delivery provided; however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say,
clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
Pay all costs relating to the goods from the time they have passed the ship's rail at the named port of
FOB
shipment. Pay any additional costs incurred, either because the vessel named by him has failed to arrive on
time, or is unable to take the goods, or will close for cargo earlier than the stipulated date, or because the
buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B.7. provided, however, that the goods have
been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract
goods. Pay all duties, taxes and other official charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities
payable upon importation of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through another country.
Give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and required delivery time.
B 8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message.
Accept the proof of delivery in accordance with A.8.
Pay, unless otherwise agreed, the costs of pre-shipment inspection except when mandated by the authorities
of the country of export.
EXW
A THE SELLER MUST

Provide the goods and the commercial invoice or its equivalent electronic message, in conformity with the
Render the buyer, at the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining any export license
or other official authorization necessary for the exportation of the goods.
No obligation.
No obligation.
A 4 Delivery
Place the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the named place of delivery on the date or within the period
stipulated or, if no such place or time is stipulated, at the usual place and time for delivery of such goods.
Subject to the provisions of B.5., bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they
have placed at the disposal of the buyer in
A 6 . Division of costs
Subject to the provisions of B.6., pay all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have been
placed at the disposal of the buyer in accordance with A.4.
A 7 . Notice to the buyer
Give the buyer sufficient notice as to when and where the goods will be placed at his disposal.
A 8 . Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
No obligation.
A 9 . Checking-packaging-marking
Pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing counting) which
are necessary for the purpose of placing the goods at the disposal of the buyer. Provide at his own expense
packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to make the goods of the contract description
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EXW
available unpacked) which is required for the transport of the goods, to the extent that the circumstances
relating to the transport (e.g. modalities, destination) are made known to the seller before the contract
of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A 10 . Other obligations
equivalent electronic messages issued or transmitted in the country of delivery and/or of origin which
the buyer may require for the exportation and/or importation of the goods and, where necessary, for
their transit through another country. Provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary
information for procuring insurance.
B THE BUYER MUST

Obtain at his own risk and expense any export and import license or other official authorization and carry
out all customs formalities for the exportation and importation of the goods and, where necessary, for
their transit through another country.
No obligation.
B 4 Taking delivery
Take delivery of the goods as soon as they have been placed at his disposal in accordance with A.4.
Bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been placed at his disposal in
accordance with A.4. Should he fail to give notice in accordance with B.7., bear all risks of loss of or
damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of any period fixed for taking delivery
provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say clearly set
aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
B 6 . Division of costs
Pay all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been placed at his disposal in accordance with
A.4. Pay any additional costs incurred by failing either to take delivery of the goods when they have been
placed at his disposal, or to give appropriate notice in accordance with B.7. provided, however, that the
goods have been placed appropriated to the contract, that is to say clearly set aside or otherwise identified
as the contract goods. Pay all duties, taxes and other official charges as well as the costs of carrying out
customs formalities payable upon exportation and importation of the goods and, where necessary, for
their transit through another country. Reimburse all costs and charges incurred by the seller in rendering
assistance in accordance with A.2.
B 7. Notice to the seller
EXW
Whenever he is entitled to determine the time within a stipulated period and/or the place of taking
delivery, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.
B 8. Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
Provide the seller with appropriate evidence of having taken delivery.
B 9. Inspection of goods
Pay, unless otherwise agreed, the costs of pre-shipment inspection (including inspection mandated by the
authorities of the country of exportation).
Pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or equivalent electronic messages
mentioned in A.10 and reimburse those incurred by the seller in rendering his assistance in accordance
therewith.
DAF
A THE SELLER MUST

Provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent electronic message, in conformity with
the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity which may be required by the contract.
Obtain at his own risk and expense any export license or other official authorization or other document
necessary for placing the goods at the buyer's disposal. Carry out all customs formalities for the
exportation of the goods to the named place of delivery at the frontier and, where necessary, for their
prior transport through another country.
Contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods by a usual route and in a customary manner to
the named point at the place of delivery at the frontier (including, if necessary, for their transit through
another country).
If a point at the named place of delivery at the frontier is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the
seller may select the point at the named place of delivery which best suits his purpose.
No obligation.
A 4 Delivery
Place the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the named place of delivery at the frontier on the date or
within the period stipulated.
have been delivered in accordance with A.4. .
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DAF
- pay all costs of the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A.4. as well as, in addition
to cost resulting from A.3.a), the expenses of discharge operations (including lighterage and handling
charges), if it is necessary or customary for the goods to be discharged on their arrival at the named
place of delivery at the frontier, in order to place them at the buyer's disposal;
- pay the costs of customs formalities necessary for exportation as well as all duties, taxes or other official
charges payable upon exportation and, where necessary, for their transit through another country prior
to delivery in accordance with A.4.
Give the buyer sufficient notice of the dispatch of the goods to the named place at the frontier as well as
any other notice required in order to allow the buyer to take measures which are normally necessary to
enable him to take the goods.
Provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the usual document or other evidence of the delivery of the
goods at the named place at the frontier. Provide the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense with
a through document of transport normally obtained in the country of dispatch covering on usual terms
the transport of the goods from the point of dispatch in that country to the place of final destination in
the country of importation named by the buyer. Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to
communicate electronically, the document referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an
equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message.
A 9 Checking - packaging marking
Pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring weighing, counting)
which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A.4. Provide at his own
expense packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to deliver the goods of the contract
description unpacked) which is required for the delivery of the goods at the frontier and for the
subsequent transport to the extent that the circumstances (e.g. modalities, destination) are made known
to the seller before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
Render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining any documents
or equivalent electronic messages (other than those mentioned in A.8) issued or transmitted in the
country of dispatch and/or of origin which the buyer may require for the importation of the goods, and,
DAF

B THE BUYER MUST
customs formalities at the named point of delivery at the frontier or elsewhere for the importation of the
goods and, where necessary, for their subsequent transport.
No obligation.
B 4 Taking delivery
accordance with A.4.
Should he fail to give notice in accordance with B.7., bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from
the agreed date or the expiry date of the period stipulated for delivery provided, however, that the goods
have been duly appropriated to the contract that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the
contract goods.
A.4. Should he fail to take delivery of the goods when they have been placed at his disposal in accordance
with A.4. or to give notice in accordance with B.7., bear all additional costs incurred thereby provided,
however, that the goods have been appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or
otherwise identified as the contract goods. Pay all duties, taxes and other official charges as well as the
costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon importation of the goods and, where necessary,
for their subsequent transport.
DAF

Accept the transport document and/or other evidence of delivery in accordance with A.8.
Pay, unless otherwise agreed, the costs of pre-shipment inspection except when mandated by the
authorities of the country of exportation.
mentioned in A.10. and reimburse those incurred by the seller in rendering his assistance in accordance
therewith.
If necessary, provide the seller at his request and the buyer's risk and expense with exchange control
authorization permits, other documents or certified copies thereof, or with the address of the final
destination of the goods in the country of importation for the purpose of obtaining the through document
of transport or any other document contemplated in A.8.
DDP
A THE SELLER MUST

Obtain at his own risk and expense any export and import license and other official authorization and
carry out all customs formalities for the exportation and importation of the goods and, where necessary,
Contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods by a usual route and in the customary manner
to the agreed point at the named place of destination. If a point is not agreed or is not determined by
practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination which best suits his purpose.
No obligation.
A 4 Delivery
Place the goods at the disposal of the buyer in accordance with A.3. on the date or within the period
stipulated.
have been delivered in accordance with A.4.
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DDP

- in addition to costs resulting from A.3.a), pay all costs relating to the goods until such time as they
have been delivered in accordance with A.4.;
- pay the costs of customs formalities as well as all duties, taxes and other official charges payable
upon exportation and importation of the goods, unless otherwise agreed and, where necessary, their
transit through another country prior to delivery in accordance with A.4.
Give the buyer sufficient notice of the dispatch of the goods as well as any other notice required in order
to allow the buyer to take measures which are normally necessary to enable him to take the goods.
Provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the delivery order and/or the usual transport document
(for example negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document, an
air waybill, a railway consignment note, a road consignment note, or a multimodal transport document)
which the buyer may require to take the goods. Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to
communicate electronically, the document referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by
an equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message.
Pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)
expense packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to deliver the goods of the contract
description unpacked) which is required for the delivery of the goods. Packaging is to be marked
appropriately.
mentioned in B.10. and reimburse those incurred by the buyer in rendering his assistance therewith.
THE BUYER MUST

DDP

Render the seller at the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining any import
license and other official authorization necessary for the importation of the goods.
No obligation.
B 4 Taking delivery
damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period stipulated for delivery
provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set
A.4. Should he fail to take delivery of the goods when they have been placed at his disposal in
accordance with A.4., or to give notice in accordance with B.7., bear all additional costs incurred
thereby provided, however, that the goods have been appropriated to the contract that is to say, clearly
set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
Accept the appropriate, delivery order or transport document in accordance with A.8.
DDP

Render the seller, at his request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining any documents or
equivalent electronic messages issued or transmitted in the country of importation which the seller may
require for the purpose of placing the goods at the disposal of the buyer in accordance with these rules.
DDU
A THE SELLER MUST

Obtain at his own risk and expense any export license and other official authorization and carry out all
customs formalities for the exportation of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through another
country.
Contract on usual terms at his own expense for the carriage of the goods by a usual route and in the
customary manner to the agreed point at the named place of destination. If a point is not agreed or is not
determined by practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination which best suits his
purpose.
No obligation.
A 4 Delivery
Place the goods at the disposal of the buyer in accordance with A.3. on the date or within the period
stipulated.
Subject to the provisions of B.5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have
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DDU

~ in addition to costs resulting from A.3.a), pay all costs
been delivered in accordance with A.4.;
relating to the goods until such time as they have
~ pay the costs of customs formalities necessary for exportation as well as all duties, taxes and other
official charges payable upon exportation and, where necessary, for their transit through another country
prior to delivery in accordance with A.4.
Give the buyer sufficient notice of the dispatch of the goods as well as any other notice required in order to
allow the buyer to take measures which are normally necessary to enable him to take the goods.
Provide at his own expense with the delivery order and/or the usual transport document (for example a
negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document, an air waybill, a
railway consignment note, a road consignment note or a multimodal transport document) which the buyer
may require to take delivery of the goods.
Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document referred to in the
are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4.
Provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to deliver the goods of the
contract description unpacked) which is required for the delivery of the goods. Packaging is to be marked
appropriately.
equivalent electronic messages other than those mentioned in A.8 issued or transmitted in the country of
dispatch and/or of origin which the buyer may require for the importation of the goods.
DDU
B THE BUYER MUST

customs formalities necessary for the importation of the goods.
No obligation.
B 4 Taking delivery
accordance with A.4. Should he fail to fulfil his obligations in accordance with B.2., bear all additional risks
of loss of or damage to the goods incurred thereby and should he fail to give notice in accordance with B.7.,
bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period
stipulated for delivery provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that
is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
Pay all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been placed at his disposal at the named point of
destination in accordance with A.4. Should he fail to fulfil his obligation in accordance with B.2., or to take
delivery of the goods when they have been placed at his disposal in accordance with A.4 or to give notice in
accordance with 8.7., bear all additional costs incurred thereby provided, however, that the goods have been
duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract
goods. Pay all duties, taxes and other official charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities
payable upon importation of the goods.
Whenever he is entitled to determine the time within a stipulated period and/or the place of taking delivery,
give the seller sufficient notice thereof.
DDU

Accept the appropriate delivery order or transport document in accordance with A.8.
http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/English%20Version/_D_%20Conditions/DEQ/deq.html
A THE SELLER MUST

Provide the goods and the commercial invoice or its equivalent electronic message, in conformity with
the, contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity which may be required by the contract.
A 2 Licenses, authorization and formalities
Obtain at his own risk and expense any export and import license or other official authorization and
carry out all customs formalities for the exportation and importation of the goods and, where necessary,
the quay at the named port of destination. If a point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the
seller may select the point at the named port of destination which best suits his purpose.
No obligation.
A 4 Delivery
Place the goods at the disposal of the buyer on the quay or wharf at the agreed port of destination and on
the date or within the period stipulated.
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- in addition to costs resulting from A.3.a), pay all costs relating to the goods until such time as they are
delivered in accordance with A.4.;
- pay the costs of customs formalities as well as all duties taxes and other official charges payable upon
exportation and importation of the goods unless otherwise agreed and, where necessary for their transit
through another country prior to delivery in accordance with A.4.
Give the buyer sufficient notice of the estimated time of arrival of the named vessel in accordance with
A.4. as well as any other notice required in order to allow the buyer to take measures which are normally
necessary to enable him to take the goods.
A 8 Transport document or equivalent electronic message
Provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the delivery order and/or the usual transport document (for
example a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill an inland waterway document, or a
multimodal transport document) to enable him to take the goods and remove them from the quay. When
the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document referred to in the
which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A.4.
Provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to deliver the goods of the
contract description unpacked) which is required for the delivery of the goods. Packaging is to be marked
appropriately.
mentioned in B.10. and reimburse those incurred by the buyer in rendering his assistance therewith.
B THE BUYER MUST


Render the seller at the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining any import license
or other official authorization necessary for the importation of the goods.
No obligation.
B 4 Taking delivery
damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period stipulated for delivery
provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set
A.4. Should he fail to take delivery of the goods when they have been placed at his disposal in accordance
with A.4. or to give notice in accordance with B.7., bear all additional costs incurred thereby provided,
however, that the goods have been appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or
otherwise identified as the contract goods.
Accept the delivery order or transport document in accordance with A.8.
Render the seller, at the latter's request, risk and expense every assistance in obtaining any documents or
equivalent electronic messages issued or transmitted in the country of importation which the seller may
require for the purpose of placing the goods at the disposal of the buyer in accordance with these rules.
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A THE SELLER MUST

customs formalities necessary for the exportation of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit
through another country.
the named place at the named port of destination. If a point is not agreed or is not determined by practice,
the seller may select the point at the named port of destination which best suits his purpose.
No obligation.
A 4 Delivery
Place the goods at the disposal of the buyer on board the vessel at the usual unloading point in the named
port of destination uncleared for import on the date or within the period stipulated, in such a way as to
enable them to be removed from the vessel by unloading equipment appropriate to the nature of the goods.
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- in addition to costs resulting from A.3.a) pay all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have
been delivered in accordance with A.4.;
charges payable upon exportation and, where necessary, for their transit through another country prior to
delivery in accordance with A.4.
Give the buyer sufficient notice of the estimated time of arrival of the named vessel in accordance with A.4.
as well as any other notice required in order to allow the buyer to take measures which are normally
necessary to enable him to take the goods.
Provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the delivery order and/or the usual transport document (for
example a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document, or a
multimodal transport document) to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods. Where the seller and the
buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document referred to in the preceding paragraph
may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message.
are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A.4. Provide at his own expense
packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to deliver the goods of the contract description
unpacked) which is required for the delivery of the goods. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
dispatch and/or of origin which the buyer may require for the importation of the goods.
B THE BUYER MUST


B 2 License, authorizations and formalities
customs formalities necessary for the importation of the goods.
No obligation.
B 4 Taking delivery
Take delivery of the goods as soon as they are placed at his disposal in accordance with A.4.
accordance with A.4.
Should he fail to give notice in accordance with B.7., bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from
the agreed date or the expiry date of the period stipulated for delivery provided, however, that the goods
have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the
contract goods.
Pay all costs relating to the goods including unloading from the time they have been placed at his disposal
in accordance with A.4.
Should he fail to take delivery of the goods when they have been placed at his disposal in accordance with
A.4., or to give notice in accordance with B.7., bear all additional costs incurred thereby provided,
however, that the goods have been appropriated to the contract, that is to say clearly set aside or otherwise
identified as the contract goods. Pay all duties, taxes and other official charges as well as the costs of
carrying out customs formalities payable upon importation of the goods.
Whenever he is entitled to determine the time within a stipulated period and/or the place of taking delivery,
give the seller sufficient notice thereof.

Accept the delivery order or the transport document in accordance with A.8.
http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/English%20Version/_C_%20Conditions/CFR/cfr.html
"Costs and Freight" means that the seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the
named port of destination but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well any additional costs due to
events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred from the
seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship's rail in the port of shipment.
A THE SELLER MUST
Provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or equivalent electronic message, in conformity with the
contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity which may required by the contract.
Obtain at his own risk and expense any export license or its official authorization and carry out all customs
formalities necessary for the exportation of the goods.
Contract on usual terms at his own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named port of destination by
the us route in a seagoing vessel (or inland waterway vessel as appropriate) of the type normally used for the
transport of goods of the contract description.
No obligation.
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A 4 Delivery
Deliver the goods on board the vessel at the port of shipment on the date or within the period stipulated.
passed the ship's rail at the port of shipment.
Subject to the provisions of B.6:
~ pay all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A.4. as well as the
freight and all other costs resulting from A.3.a), including costs of loading the goods on board and any
charges for unloading at the port of discharge which may be levied by regular shipping lines when
contracting for carriage;
~ pay the costs of customs formalities necessary for exportation as well as all duties taxes and other official
Give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered on board the vessel as well as any other
notice required in order to allow the buyer to take measures which are normally necessary to enable him to
take the goods.
A 8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message .
Unless otherwise agreed, at his own expense provide the buyer without delay with the usual transport
document for the agreed port of destination.
This document (for example, a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill or an inland waterway
document) must cover the contract goods, be dated within the period agreed for shipment, enable the buyer
to claim the goods from the carrier at destination and, unless otherwise agreed, enable the buyer to sell the
goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer (the negotiable bill of lading) or by
notification to the carrier.
When such a transport document is issued in several originals a full set of originals must be presented to the
buyer. If the transport document contains a reference to a charter party, the seller must also provide a copy
of this latter document.
Pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking, quality, measuring, weighing counting) which
are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A.4.
Provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to ship the goods of the
contract description unpacked) which is required for the transport of the goods arranged by him. Packaging
equivalent electronic messages (other than those mentioned in A.8.) issued or transmitted in the country of
shipment and \ or of origin which the buyer may require for the importation of the goods and, where
necessary, for their transit through another country.
The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can only be used for sea or inland
waterway transport. When the ship's rail serves no practical purpose, such as in the case of roll-on \ roll- off
or container traffic, the CPT term is more appropriate to use.
B THE BUYER MUST
country.
No obligation.
B 4 Taking delivery
Accept delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in accordance with A.4. and receive them from
the carrier at the named port of destination.
Bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have passed the ship's rail at the named
port of shipment. Should he fail to give notice in accordance with B.7., bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period fixed for shipment provided, however, that
the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified
as the contract goods.
Subject to the provisions of A.3., pay all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in
accordance with A.4 and, unless such costs and charges have been levied by regular shipping lines when
contracting for carriage, pay all costs and charges relating to the goods whilst in transit until their arrival at
the port of destination, as well as unloading costs including lighterage and warfare charges. Should he fail to
give notice in accordance with B.7. pay the additional costs thereby incurred for the goods from the agreed
date or the expiry date of the period fixed for shipment provided, however that the goods have been duly
appropriated to the contract, that is to say clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods. Pay
all duties, taxes and other official charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable
upon importation of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through another country.
Whenever he is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods and \ or the port of destination, give the
seller sufficient notice thereof.
Accept the transport document in accordance with A.8. if it is in conformity with the contract.
CIF
"Cost, Insurance and Freight" means that the seller has the same obligations as under CFR but with the
addition that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer's risk of loss of or damage to the goods
during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The buyer should
note that under the CIF term the seller is
A THE SELLER MUST
Contract on usual terms at his own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named port of destination by
the usual route in a seagoing vessel (or inland waterway vessel as appropriate) of the type normally used for
the transport of goods of the contract description.
Obtain at his own expense cargo insurance as agreed in the contract, that the buyer's or any other person
having an insurable interest in the goods, shall be entitled to claim directly from the insurer and provide the
buyer with the insurance policy or other evidence of insurance cover. The insurance shall be contracted with
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CIF
underwriters or an insurance company of good repute and, failing express agreement to the contrary be in
accordance with minimum cover of the Institute Cargo Clauses (Institute of London Underwriters) or any
similar set of clauses. The duration of insurance cover shall be in accordance with B.5. and B.4. When
required by the buyer the- seller shall provide at the buyer's expense war, strikes, riots and civil commotion
risk insurance's if procurable. The minimum insurance shall cover the price provided in the contract plus ten
per cent (i.e.110%) and shall be provided in the currency of- the contract.
A4 Delivery
Deliver the goods on board the vessel at the port of shipment on the date or within the period stipulated.
passed the ship's rail at the port of shipment.
- pay all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A.4. as well as the
freight and all other costs resulting from A.3., including costs of loading the goods on board and any charges
for unloading at the port of discharge which may be levied by regular shipping lines when-contracting for
carriage;
- pay the costs of customs formalities necessary for exportation as well as all duties, taxes and other official
Give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered on board the vessel as well as any other
notice required in order to allow the buyer to take measures which are normally necessary to enable him to
take the goods.
Unless otherwise agreed, at his own expense provide the buyer without delay with the usual transport
document for the agreed port of destination. This document (for example, a negotiable bill of lading, a nonnegotiable sea waybill or an inland waterway document) must cover the contract goods, be dated within the
CIF
period agreed for shipment, enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at destination and, unless
otherwise agreed, enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent
buyer (the negotiable bill of lading) or by notification to the carrier.
When such a transport document is issued in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the
buyer. If the transport document contains a reference to a charter party, the seller must also provide a copy
of this latter document.
Pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring weighing counting) which are
necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A.4. Provide at his own expense
packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to ship the goods of the contract description unpacked)
which is required for the transport of the goods arranged by him. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
shipment and/or of origin which the buyer may require for the importation of the goods and, where
B THE BUYER MUST
B 2 Licenses, authorizations-and formalities
Obtain at his own risk and expense any import or other official authorization and carry out all customs
formalities for the importation of the goods and where necessary, for their transit through another country.
No obligation.
CIF
B 4 . Taking delivery
Bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have passed the ship's rail at the port of
shipment.
Should he fail to give notice in accordance with B.7., bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the
agreed date or the expiry date of the expiry date of period fixed for shipment provided, however, that the
goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as
the contract goods.
accordance with A.4. and unless such costs and charges have been levied by regular shipping lines when
contracting for carriage pay all costs and charges relating to the goods whilst in transit until their arrival at
the port of destination, as well as unloading costs including lighterage and warfare charges.
Should he fail to give notice in accordance with B.7. pay the additional costs thereby incurred for the goods
from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period fixed for shipment provided, however, that the goods
have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the
contract goods.
Pay all duties, taxes and other official charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable
Whenever he is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods and/or the port of destination, give the
CIF
B 9 Inspection of goods.
Provide the seller upon request, with the necessary information for procuring insurance.
http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/English%20Version/_C_%20Conditions/CIP/cip.html
A THE SELLER MUST

Contract on usual terms at his own expense for the carriage of the goods to the agreed point at the named
place of destination by a usual route and in a customary manner. If a point is not agreed or is not determined
by practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination which best suits his purpose.
Obtain at his own expense cargo insurance as agreed in the contract, that the buyer, or any other person
having an insurable interest in the goods, shall be entitled to claim directly from the insurer and provide the
buyer with the insurance policy or other evidence of insurance cover. The insurance shall be contracted with
underwriters or an insurance company of good repute and, failing express agreement to the contrary, be in
accordance with minimum cover of the Institute Cargo Clauses (Institute of London Underwriters) or any
similar set of clauses. The duration of insurance cover shall be in accordance with B.5. and B.4. When
required by the buyer, the seller shall provide at the buyer's expense war, strikes, riots and civil commotion
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risk insurance's if procurable. The minimum insurance shall cover the price provided in the contract plus
ten per cent (i.e.110%) and shall be provided in the currency of the contract.
A 4 Delivery
Deliver the goods into the custody of the carrier or, if there are subsequent carriers, to the first carrier, for
transportation to the named place of destination on the date or within the period stipulated.
- pay all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A.4. as well as the
freight and all other costs resulting from A.3., including costs of loading the goods and any charges for
unloading at the place of destination which may be included in the freight or incurred by the seller when
Give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A.4. as well as any
other notice required in order to allow the buyer to take measures which are normally necessary to enable
him to take the goods.
Provide the buyer at the seller's expense, if customary, with the usual transport document (for example a
railway consignment note, a road consignment note, or a multimodal transport document).

Pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring weighing, counting) which
are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A.4.
Provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to send the goods of the
contract description unpacked) which is required for the transport of the goods arranged by him. Packaging
dispatch and/or of origin which the buyer may require for the importation of the goods and, where
B THE BUYER MUST
country.
No obligation.
B 4 Taking delivery
A.4.
Should he fail to give notice in accordance with B.7., bear all risks of the goods from the agreed date or the
expiry date of the period fixed for delivery provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to
the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
accordance with A.4. and, unless such costs and charges have been included in the freight or incurred by the
seller when contracting for carriage in accordance with A.3.a), pay all costs and charges relating to the goods
whilst in transit until their arrival at the agreed place of destination, as well as unloading costs.
Should he fail to give notice in accordance with B.7., pay the additional costs thereby incurred for the goods
from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period fixed for dispatch provided, however, that the goods
have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the
contract goods.
Pay all duties, taxes and other official charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable
Whenever he is entitled to determine the time for dispatching the goods and/or the destination, give the seller
sufficient notice thereof.
Pay unless otherwise agreed, the costs of pre-shipment inspection except when mandated by the authorities
in A10. and reimburse those incurred by the seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.
Provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for procuring insurance.
http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/English%20Version/_C_%20Conditions/CPT/cpt.html
"Carriage paid to..." means that the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named
destination. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods as well as any additional costs due to events
occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller to the
buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier. "Carrier" means any person
who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of
A THE SELLER MUST
Contract on usual terms at his own expense for the carriage of the goods to the agreed point at the
named place of destination by a usual route and in a customary manner. If a point is not agreed or is not
determined by practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination which best suits
his purpose.
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No obligation.
A 4 Delivery
Deliver the goods into the custody of the carrier or, if there are subsequent carriers, to the first carrier,
for transportation to the named place of destination on the date or within the period stipulated.
~ pay all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4. as well as the
freight and all other costs resulting from A.3.a), including costs of loading the goods and any charges for
unloading at the place of destination which may be included in the freight or incurred by the seller when
~ pay the costs of customs formalities necessary for exportation as well as all duties taxes or other official
Give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A.4. as well as any
other notice required in order to allow the buyer to take measures which are normally necessary to
enable him to take the goods.
Provide the buyer at the seller's expense, if customary, with the usual transport document (for example a
railway consignment note a road consignment note, or a multimodal transport document). Where the
seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document referred to in the
expense packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to send the goods of the contract description
unpacked) which is required for the transport of the goods arranged by him. Packaging is to be marked
appropriately.
Render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining any documents
or equivalent electronic messages (other than those mentioned in A.8) issued or transmitted in the
country of shipment and/or of origin which the buyer may require for the importation of the goods and,
B THE BUYER MUST
customs formalities for the importation of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through
another country.
No obligation.
B 4 Taking delivery
Accept delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in accordance with A.4. and receive them
from the carrier at the named port of destination.
Bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance
with A.4. Should he fail to give notice in accordance with B.7., bear all risks of the goods from the agreed
date or the expiry date of the period fixed for delivery, provided, however, that the goods have been duly
appropriated to the contract, that is to say clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
Subject to the provisions of A.3.a), pay all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been
delivered in accordance with A.4. and, unless such costs and charges have been included in the freight or
incurred by the seller when contracting for carriage in accordance with A.3.a), pay a costs and charges
relating to the goods whilst in transit until their arrival at the agreed place of destination, as well
unloading costs. Should he fail to give notice in accordance with B.7., pay the additional costs thereby
incurred for the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the period fixed for dispatch provided,
however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or
otherwise identified as the contract goods. Pay all duties, taxes and other official charges as well as the
costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon importation of the goods and, where necessary,
Whenever he is entitled to determine the time for dispatching the goods and/ or the destination, give the
mentioned in A.10. and reimburse those incurred by the seller in rendering his assistance in accordance
therewith.

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Welcome Page

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http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/home.html [15.04.2002 09:50:30]

NEW TRANSPORTATION TECHNIQUES

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THE "C"-TERMS (CFR,CIF,CPT AND CIP)

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http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/Limba%20rom_n_/Conditiile%20_C_/conditiile%20_c_.html [15.04.2002 09:51:29]

http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/Limba%20rom_n_/Conditiile%20_D_/conditiile%20_d_.html [15.04.2002 09:52:49]

http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/Limba%20rom_n_/Conditiile%20_E_/conditiile%20_e_.html [15.04.2002 09:53:05]

http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/Limba%20rom_n_/Conditiile%20_F_/conditiile%20_f_.html [15.04.2002 09:53:17]

A. Vinztorul are obligatia

A.9. Verificare, ambalare, marcare

B. Cumprtorul are obligatia

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FREE CARRIER (... named place)

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S asigure cumprtorului, pe cheltuiala vinztorului, dac se obisnuieste, documentul care s ateste

B. Cumprtorul are obligatia:

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A. Vinztorul are obligatia

B. Cumprtorul are obligatia

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B. Cumprtorul are obligatia:

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A. Vinztorul are obligatia:

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B. Cumprtorul are obligatia

B.1. Plata pretului

B.8. Dovada livrrii, documentul de transport sau mesajul electronic echivalent

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A. Vinztorul are obligatia:

B. Cumprtorul are obligatia

B.3. Contractul de transport

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A. Vanztorul are obligatia:

B. Cumprtorul are obligatia

B.1. Plata pretului

B.9. Inspectarea mrfurilor

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A. Vinztorul are obligatia:

B. Cumprtorul are obligatia

B.1. Plata pretului

http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/Limba%20rom_n_/Conditiile%20_D_/DEQ/deq.html (4 of 4) [15.04.2002 09:54:56]

A. Vinztorul are obligatia:

B. Cumprtorul are obligatia

B.1. Plata pretului

B.9. Inspectarea mrfurilor

http://www.incoterm.ems.ro/Limba%20rom_n_/Conditiile%20_D_/DES/des.html (4 of 4) [15.04.2002 09:55:04]

A. Vinztorul are obligatia:

A.6. Imprtirea costurilor

Ambalajul trebuie marcat in mod corespunztor.

B. Cumprtorul are obligatia:

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A Vinztorul are obligatia:

A.6. Imprtire costurilor

A.10. Alte obligatii

B. Cumprtorul are obligatia:

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A. Vinztorul are obligatia: