Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Paguio
BSEE 79/ BSECE 80 MIT
1st EDITION
1.
Volta.
1.4 AMPERE unit of electric current named after
Andre Ampere.
of current.
1.7 OHMS unit of resistance named after
Gerry Ohms.
1.8 CONDUCTANCE allows the flow of
current.
of electric current.
2.2 CURRENT rate of flow of electric force in
the conductor.
2.8 OHMS LAW the higher the voltage, the larger the
diameter of 1 mil.
CM = D2 ; 1000 mil = 1 inch
1MCM = 1000 CM
Q= CE
2.15 ELASTANCE reciprocal of capacitance.
2.16 DARAF unit of elastance, reciprocal farad.
Joseph Henry.
II.
2.2
2.3
2.4
- voltmeter
W
kW
h
- wattmeter
- kilowatt-hour meter
2.5
- resistor
2.6
- capacitor
DC
- Direct Current
2.9
AC
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
- Alternating Current
- generator
- relay
- normally open contact (NO)
2.13
2.14 VM
- varmeter
2.15
PF
2.16
FM
- frequency meter
2.17
G
D
- ground detector
2.18 MSB
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
ASB
ESB
MCC
2.23
- transistor
2.24
- photoelectric cell
2.25
SYN
- synchroscope
2.26
- switch
2.27
- 3 way switch
2.28
2.29
2.30
- 2 pole receptacle
2.31
- 2 pole receptacle w/
grounding
contact
2.32
- flush type 2 pole receptacle
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
- data logger
2.38
lighting arrester
2.39
surge arrester
2.40
ground (earth)
2.41
ground (frame)
2.42
service entrace
2.43
- safety switch
2.44
circuit breaker
2.45
- fuse
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
S2 duplex switch
S2P double pole switch
S3P three pole switch
S3W three way switch
S4W four way switch
S4W four way switch
SAD - automatic door switch
SK key operated switch
SM master selector switch
2.57 SRM
2.58
2.59
2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64
- ceiling fan
2.65
- wall clock
2.66
- single convenience
2.67
2.72
2.73
- push button
2.74
- buzzer
2.75
- bell
2.76
- horn
2.78
- amplifier
2.79
- annunciator
2.80
- loudspeaker
2.81
- heat detector
2.82
- conduit wiring
2.83
- open wiring
2.84
- underground wiring
2.85
2.86
FA
2.87
E
FA
T
- emergency wiring
- fire alarm wiring
- telephone wiring
2.89
IC
IC
2.90
CCTV
- intercom wiring
CCTV
wiring
2.91 - ac generator
2.92 -dc generator
2.93 - ac motor
- closed circuit TV
2.94
2.95
-dc motor
-- converter, transmitter
Electric Circuits
current to flow.
Ohms Law states that the current flowing in
an electric circuit is directly proportional to
impressed electromotive force applied to the
circuit and inversely proportional to the
resistance of the circuit.
E= IR
Where: E= impressed voltage
I= drawn current in ampere
R = resistance in ohms
Electric Power
Kilowatt-Hour (KW-HR)
R =L/A
i.
ii.
iii.
Ia = I f + I
Ia = I + Ish
I =Ise
E = V + IaRa + IseRse
I=P/V
Ish =V + IseRse/Rsh
Where:
E = generated emf volts
V = terminal or load voltage in volt
Ra = armature winding resistance in ohms
Rsh = shunt field winding resistance in ohms
Rse = series field winding resistance in ohms
Ia = armature current in ampere
Ish = shunt field current in ampere
I = load current in ampere
P = power drawn by the load in watts
Speed Controls
The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by
varying the resistance of a rheostat connected in
series in any of the following:
A rheostat in series with the armature windings
A rheostat in series with the field windings
(most common method)
A rheostat in series with the supply terminals
tests:
To evaluate the synchronous impedance and
asynchronous reactance of the alternator per phase.
Where Zs-synchronous impedance per phase
Xs-reactance per phase
alternators;
Operating frequency must be equal.
Line to line voltage must be equal.
Phase sequence must be equal.
A. Electrical Tools
Classifications:
Hand tools- tools operated by hands without
the need of electricity to operate it.
Examples: screwdrivers, electrical pliers,
hacksaw, etc.
Machine tools- tools operated by our hands
with electricity to operate it.
Examples: Soldering gun, electric pipe cutter etc.
Types
of indicating instruments
according to construction:
Permanent magnet moving coil meter- also
known as darsonval meter, a coil wound on
soft iron core placed between the poles of a
permanent magnet. The needle of the meter
is attached to a core and will deflect in
proportion to the current in the coil. This was
invented by Arsen d Arsonval and named in
honor of Galvani
ADVANTAGES:
*Very accurate
*Requires small
operating current
*Energy consumption
is low
*Scale is linear
DISADVANTAGES
:
*Only used in DC
measurements
*Cost is high
*Error due to aging
of springs and
magnets
ADVANTAGES:
*Cheapest
*Used in both AC &
DC measurements
*Can stand for
momentary loads
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES
:
*Not uniform scale
*More expensive
than the 2 meters
*Resistivity is low
e) Main- is a feeder interior wiring extending from the service switch, generator
bus or inverter bus to the main distribution center or electric servcie equipments.
h) System voltage- is the power supply by a utility company like MERALCO and
Electric Cooperative or what the transformer produces.
i) Utilization voltage- is the current being utilized after some normal voltage drop.
Electric motors are rated at utilization voltage. Transformer is rated at 240/480
volt while an electric motor is 230/460 volts. To indicate that a motor is rated at
480 volts is not correct. Motors for 208 and 240 volt system are rated at 200 and
230 volts and so on. They cannot be changed interchangeably without serious
effect on the motor performance. Thus, when specifying transformer, use the
system voltage for electric motors use utilization voltage, a 4% utilization voltage
drop is within the internal motor tolerance.
ix. When loads are connected for a long period of time, actual load shall
be computed not too exceed 80% of the fuse rating, long period of time refers to
electric motors, air conditioner and other similar units with a continuous rating.
x. That a continuous type load shall be considered 125% of the actual
load in all load calculations.
xi. A single receptacle on individual branch circuit shall have a rating of
not less than a circuit.
xii. Receptacles leading portable and or steady appliance shall be
limited to loads of 80% of their rating that is;
a) 12A for 15A receptacle
b) 16A for 20A receptacle
c) 24A for 30A receptacle
xiii. The no. of outlets in a circuit shall be limited to:
6 outlets on a 15A circuit
8 outlets on a 20A circuit
xiv. All receptacle outlets of 20 Amperes or less rating in one family and
multifamily dwelling and in guest rooms of hotels and motels except those
connected to the receptacle circuits specified in Section 3.3.13 of the code shall
be considered as outlets for general illumination and no additional load
calculations shall be required for such outlets.
8-2 Electric Illumination- is the production of light by means of electricity and its
applications to provide efficient, comfortable and safe vision. When we speak of
lighting design, we refer to only two things;
(a) quantity of light &
(b) quality of light
8-3 Quantity of Light- refers to the amount of illumination or luminous flux per unit
area. It can be measured and handled because it deals with the no. of light
fixtures required for a certain area.
i.
When the discomfort glare is caused by the light source in the field of vision,
it is known as direct discomfort glare
ii.
ii. There are three (3) characteristics that defined a particular coloration:
(a) Hue- is the quality attributed by which we recognize and describe
colors as red, yellow, green, violet, and so on.
(b) Brilliance or Value- is the difference between the resultant colors of
the same hue such as white which is most brilliant of the neutral colors while
black is the least.
(c) Saturation or Chromate- is the difference from the purity of colors,
colors of high saturation must be used in a well lit spaces.
EXAMPLE: A 40 watts x 120 cm. Long fluorescent lamp produces 3,200 lumens
of light in a room having a general dimension of 10 ft x 20 ft. Compute the
illumination on the floor comparing the English and Metric Units.
SOLUTION: BY COMPARISON
= Lumens received
Lumens emitted
(g) Depreciation Factor (Df)- is the factor related to clearness of the lamp
including the room, replacement of lamp after recommended life etc.
Df
(j) Lux (Lx)- unit of illumination when meter is taken as the unit of length.
lux
= lumens
m2
4- Laws of Illumination
a) the illumination on a surface is directly proportional to the luminous
intensity of the illuminating source.
b) the illumination on a surface is inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between the illuminating source and the surface.
4- Laws of Illumination
a)the illumination on a surface is directly proportional to the luminous intensity of
the illuminating source.
b)the illumination on a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between the illuminating source and the surface
c)the illumination on a surface is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle
made by the normal to the illuminated surface with the direction of the incident
flux.
Where
E illumination at point P
l luminous intensity of the light source
d distance of the light source to point P
h mounting height or distance of the light source from the surface
x horizontal distance of the light source to point P
angle of incidence
Example: A light having a candle power of 100 candela is having 10 ft. directly
above the working table. What is intensity of illumination of a point on the table?
Solution: Since the point of interest is directly above the lamp O = is zero
degree.
IX NOTE ON RA 7920
RA 7920 REPUBLIC ACT # 7920 known as New Electrical Engineering Law
1.Composite of the Board
Board of Electrical Engineering shall be created as a collegial body
under the general supervision and administrative control of the Professional
Regulation Commission, hereinafter called the Commission composed of a
Chairman and 2 members to be appointed by the President of the Philippines
from among the nominees of the Commissioner , who were chosen from the
nominees of the Commissioner of the PRC, hereinafter called the Commissioner,
who were chosen from the nominees of the integrated and accredited association
of electrical engineers and allied fields.
2.Power and Duties of the Board:
a) Supervise and regulate the practice of electrical engineering in the Phil.
b) Determine and evaluate the qualifications of the applicants for
registration with or without licensure examination and for special permit.
c) Prepare the examination questions and prescribe the syllabi of the
subject and their relative weights for the licensure examinations.
d) Prescribe, amend or revise the requirements for PEE and the subjects
for the licensure examinations for REE & RME and their relative weight
subject for the approval of the Commission.
e) Register successful applicants for PEE and applicants who have passed
the licensure examination for REE and RME and their relative weight
subject to the approval of the Commission.
f) Look into the conditions affecting the practice of electrical engineering
profession and conduct ocular inspection to places where registrants
practice their profession.
g) Promulgate duties and regulations including the code of ethics,
administrative duties, orders and issuances to carry out the provisions of
this act.
h) Investigate violations of the Act and the rules and regulations, Code of
Ethics administrative duties, orders and issuances promulgated by the
Board.
i) Issues subpoena to secure the attendance of the respondents or
witnesses or the production of documents relative to the investigation
conducted.
j) Delegate the investigation of the case to the Chairman, a member of the
board or a PRC Attorney.
k) Render decision, order or resolution on preliminary investigation or
inquiry and shall become final and executory unless appealed with the
Commission within 15 days from the receipt of the copy.
l) After due notice and hearing, cancel exam results & or bar an examinee
from future examination, refuse or deter his registration; reprimand the
applicant with stern warning, suspend the practice of his profession,
revoke his cert. of registration, to detest his name from the roll of PEEs,
4. Terms of Service
The members of the Board shall hold office for a term of three (3) years
from the date of appointment until their successors shall have been
appointed and qualified. Vacancies in the Board shall be filled up by the
President from the list of recommended selected by the Commissioner who
were chosen from the list of nominees submitted by the integrated and
accredited association for the unexpired term only.
5. Removal of Board Member
Any member of the Board may be removed by the President of the Phil.
upon the recommendation of the Commissioner for neglect of duty,
incompetence, malpractice, commission or tolerance of irregularities in the
examination or for unprofessional, unethical or dishonorable misconduct
after having been given the opportunity to defend himself to a proper
administrative investigation.
6. Executive of the Board
The Commissioner of the PRC shall be the executive officer of the board
and shall conduct the examination given by the board.
7. Holding of Examinations
Examinations for the practice of electrical engineering in the Phil. Should be
given twice a year in the City of Manila and other places on dates the Board
may recommend for determination of scheduling. The qualified applicants
for examination, notice of examination shall be issued not later than ten (10)
days prior to the first day of examination.
9. Report of ratings:
The board of Electrical Engineering shall within one hundred fifty (150) days
after the date of completion of the examinations, report the ratings obtained
by each candidate to the Commission.
10. Re-examination of Failed Subjects:
An applicant shall be allowed to re-take any number of times only on the
subjects in which he has obtained a grade below fifty percent (50%). When
he obtains an average of 70% percent in the subjects repeated, he shall be
considered to ahve passed his licensure examination.
11. Oath
All successful candidates in the examination shall be required to take
professional oath before the board or any government official authorized to
administer oaths prior to the practice of REEs, PEEs, RMEs.
0.6 leading
0.8 lagging
0.6 lagging
0.8 leading
Bronze
Brass
Alnico
Steel
ANSWER: A. increases
ANSWER: C. Galvanometer
ANSWER: A. Relay
2. Shunt generators are most suitable for parallel operation due to their
________
A. Constant voltage characteristics
B. Dropping voltage characteristic
C. Increasing voltage characteristics
D. Variable voltage characteristics
2. A run of type 1 GS cable between pull boxes or terminations shall not contain
more than the equivalent of ______________ quarter trends.\
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
ANSWER: D. four
3. For optional in dwelling units, the first 10 kw shall be computed at 100% while
the remainder is at _______.
A. 65%
B. 60%
C. 50%
D. 40%
ANSWER: D. 40%
ANSWER: C. 2
ANSWER: A. 5A
ANSWER: D. 60 Hz
ANSWER: A. 12 ohms
ANSWER: A. 2.73 F
ANSWER: C. neutron
ANSWER: D. Battery
ANSWER: B. Zero
ANSWER: B. Resonance
ANSWER: D. Micrometer
I.
ANSWER: D. Armature
ANSWER: A. 0C
5. A 400 MCM cable has 37 strands, what is the diameter of each strand in mils?
A. 10.81
B. 1081
C. 104
D. 108
ANSWER: C. 104
2. Copper field coils of a motor was measured at 21C & found to have
resistance of 68 . After the motor has run for a given time, the resistance is
found to be 50 . What is the hot temperature of the winding?
A. 106.36 C
B. 106.30 C
C. 103.66 C
D. None of these
ANSWER:C. 103.66 C
ANSWER:A. Open
4. A secondary cell is charged with a constant current of 10A for 10 hours. How
much charge is accumulated?
A. 100 coulombs
B. 360, 000 coulombs
C. 100, 000 coulombs
D. 60, 0000 coulombs
6. A cell whose emf is 1.45 V has an internal resistance of 4 . What current will
flow, if this cell is connected across 1 resistor?
A. 4A
B. 2A
C. 5A
D. 0.3A
ANSWER: D. 0.3A
8. What is the neutral current of a 4-wire, 3 phase circuit if line A carries 50A, line
B carries 50A, line C carries also 50A?
A. 50 A
B. 86.6 A
C. 0 A
D. 16.57 A
9. What is the amperage of a 120 V, I phase circuit taht supplies a load of 3.12
kVolt-amperes?
A. 26 A
B. 30 A
C. 22 A
D. 15 A
ANSWER: A. 26 A
ANSWER: D. 100mm
ANSWER: C. Mandatory
2. Individual branch circuits using type FCC (Flat Conductor Cable) that have
ratings not exceeding ____________.
A. 20 A
B. 30 A
C. 15 A
D. 40 A
ANSWER: A. 20 A