Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER.

Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
corrections@akcourts.us.

THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

DANNY SHERRILL,
Appellant,
v.
PAULITA SHERRILL,
Appellee.

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Supreme Court No. S-15844

Superior Court No. 4FA-14-02550 CI
OPINION
No. 7102 May 13, 2016

Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska,

Fourth Judicial District, Fairbanks, Douglas Blankenship,
Judge.
Appearances: Danny Sherrill, pro se, Army Pacific,
Appellant. Paulita M. Hallen, pro se, North Pole, Appellee.
Before: Stowers, Chief Justice, Fabe, Winfree, Maassen, and
Bolger, Justices.
BOLGER, Justice.
I.

INTRODUCTION
This appeal arises from superior court orders dividing marital property,

granting child custody, and determining child support. The noncustodial, nonresident
parent claims the superior court lacked jurisdiction, the orders are substantively incorrect,
and the court appeared to be biased against him. We conclude that the record contains
no evidence of bias and that the court did not err in entering the marital property and child

custody orders. The superior court properly exercised jurisdiction and entered orders
settling marital property and granting custody that reflected the parties agreements. But
in calculating the fathers child support obligation, the court assumed that Alaska Civil
Rule 90.3 imposes an income ceiling of $110,000 $10,000 below the statutory level.
Because the fathers income appears to exceed $120,000, this assumption likely rendered
the support order too low. Accordingly we remand the support order for reconsideration.
II.

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

Danny Sherrill and Paulita Hallen (formerly Paulita Sherrill) married in

2000 in Seoul, South Korea, and have one daughter. Before separating in 2011 they lived
outside the United States. By June 2012 Paulita had moved to Alaska with their daughter,
and in September 2014 Paulita filed for divorce. At the time Danny was living in
Okinawa, Japan, where he was working as a temporary contractor at a U.S. military base;
Danny participated in the proceedings by telephone. Both Danny and Paulita appeared
pro se.
Two hearings were held that December. During those proceedings and in
their briefing, Danny and Paulita agreed on most substantive matters. They agreed to
settle the marital property division with a one-time payment of $35,000 from Danny to
Paulita, which Danny agreed to pay by the end of the next month. They also agreed to
share legal custody of their daughter and to give Paulita primary physical custody with
liberal visitation for Danny. Each also noted that Danny had been providing about $1,600
per month in child support.
Danny, however, declined to fully document his income, claiming that the
information was classified. To determine child support, which under Alaska Civil
Rule 90.3 is based on the obligors annual income, the superior court worked with the
information it had and estimated Dannys annual income as $110,000. This figure, the
court explained, reflected Rule 90.3s income ceiling; any income exceeding that amount
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would not affect the calculation. Danny agreed that the $110,000 estimate was fair. But
Paulita, through her interpreter,1 questioned the courts determination, asserting that the
court had not accounted for Dannys retirement income and that, if it had, Dannys
income would exceed [$]120,000, which is [the limit under] 90.3. The court did not
address Paulitas concern.
Danny also expressed some concerns. He claimed that Paulita had taken
their daughter to Alaska illegally and was making visitation difficult. And he requested
permission to submit documents . . . concerning [Paulitas] illegal departure . . . from
[their] home in Guam and going to Alaska. The court stated that Danny was free to
submit evidence, but it encouraged him to be thoughtful and to only submit documents
if relevant to disputed issues. Danny acknowledged agreement with the information
already before the court.
In January 2015 the court entered the final divorce decree, custody order,
support order, and findings of fact and conclusions of law, which memorialized the
$35,000 marital property settlement. As decided at the hearing, the court based the child
support order on an annual income of $110,000 for a monthly obligation of $1,833.33.
After the December hearings Danny informed Paulita that he had already
satisfied the $35,000 settlement and accordingly did not owe her any more money. When
the January payment deadline passed without payment Paulita moved to enforce the
order. Danny opposed her motion, claiming that he had already paid Paulita $48,650
over a period of three years. He also filed a notice of appeal challenging Paulitas
status to file a complaint and asserting that the court was biased against him. The
superior court granted Paulitas motion and ordered Danny to pay the $35,000.
On appeal Danny asks us to vacate all orders except the divorce decree.

During the second hearing, a court-provided interpreter assisted Paulita.

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III.

STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We review jurisdiction issues de novo.2
A superior courts equitable division of marital property is reviewed for

abuse of discretion.3 [W]e will not disturb [a division] unless the result is clearly
unjust.4
In determining custody, a superior court enjoys broad discretion . . . so long
as the determination is in the childs best interests.5 We will not reverse a custody
order unless the superior court abused its discretion or its controlling factual findings are
clearly erroneous.6 The superior court abuses its discretion if it considers improper
factors in making its custody determination, fails to consider statutorily mandated factors,
or assigns disproportionate weight to particular factors while ignoring others. 7 The
clearly erroneous standard, as we apply it, means something more than merely showing
it is more probable than not that the trial judge was mistaken. We must be convinced, in
a definite and firm way, that a mistake has been committed.8

Vanvelzor v. Vanvelzor, 219 P.3d 184, 187 (Alaska 2009) (citing S.B. v.
State, Dept of Health & Soc. Servs., Div. of Family & Youth Servs., 61 P.3d 6, 10
(Alaska 2002)).
3

Sandberg v. Sandberg, 322 P.3d 879, 886 (Alaska 2014) (quoting Williams
v. Williams, 252 P.3d 998, 1004 (Alaska 2011)).
4

Id. (quoting Williams, 252 P.3d at 1004).

Nancy M. v. John M., 308 P.3d 1130, 1133 (Alaska 2013) (quoting
Stephanie F. v. George C., 270 P.3d 737, 745 (Alaska 2012)).
6

Id. (citing Stephanie F., 270 P.3d at 745).

Id. (quoting Stephanie F., 270 P.3d at 745).

Sandberg, 322 P.3d at 886 (quoting Alaska Foods, Inc. v. Am. Mfrs. Mut.
(continued...)
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We review de novo child support issues that involve a question of law such
as interpreting a civil rule . . . and determining the correct method for calculating child
support.9 Where a question of law is not involved, however, a superior court has broad
discretion in making child support determinations; we review those decisions for abuse
of discretion.10
Finally the question whether a courts conduct raises an appearance of
impropriety is a question of law we review de novo.11
IV.

DISCUSSION
A.

The Superior Court Properly Exercised Jurisdiction.

Danny contends that the superior court lacked jurisdiction to enter the

marital property, custody, and child support orders. He claims that Paulita did not have
the status necessary to initiate a complaint because she entered Alaska illegally, and he
asserts that it is inappropriate for Alaska to compel him to act because he has never lived
in the state and lacks connections to any U.S. state.
Jurisdiction in divorce proceedings depends on the nature of the claim. To
divide marital property of a nonresident, the trial court must have personal jurisdiction

(...continued)
Ins. Co., 482 P.2d 842, 848 (Alaska 1971)).
9

Wells v. Barile, 358 P.3d 583, 587-88 (Alaska 2015) (quoting Millette v.
Millette, 240 P.3d 1217, 1219 (Alaska 2010)).
10

Id. at 588 (quoting Millette, 240 P.3d at 1219).

11

Heber v. Heber, 330 P.3d 926, 934 (Alaska 2014) (citing Griswold v. Homer
City Council, 310 P.3d 938, 941 (Alaska 2013)).
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over the nonresident under Alaskas long-arm statute, AS 09.05.015, unless the defense
is waived.12 Under AS 09.05.015(a)(12), such claims may be heard when:
(A) the parties resided in this state in a marital relationship for
not less than six consecutive months within the six years
preceding the commencement of the action;
(B) the party asserting the personal claim has continued to
reside in this state; and
(C) the nonresident party receives notice as required by law.
These grounds are exclusive; they are not in addition to any other grounds including
those at common law.13 Thus when nothing in the record suggests that a couple ever
resided together in a marital relationship in Alaska, the court does not have jurisdiction
to divide marital property unless the responding party waives the defense.14
Nothing in the record suggests that Danny and Paulita ever resided in Alaska as
a married couple. We nonetheless conclude that jurisdiction exists because Danny
waived the defense.15 Though Danny expressed concern about Paulitas move to Alaska,
he did not tie this concern to the courts authority to hear the action. Rather, as the
superior court noted, it appeared the concern related to custody; his answer stated, for
example: [Paulita] took my daughter, illegally . . . . As a result, it has been hard for me
to see my daughter due to the long distance between Okinawa and Alaska. Danny never
argued that the superior court lacked jurisdiction and never mentioned concerns about his
12

Vanvelzor v. Vanvelzor, 219 P.3d 184, 188-89 (Alaska 2009).

13

Id. at 188 (The only grounds for jurisdiction over personal claims in
divorce and annulment actions are statutory.).
14

See id. at 188-89.

15

Though Paulita does not argue that Danny waived the defense, we
generally frame similar questions in terms of waiver; we may address such issues sua
sponte. See id. at 189.
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lack of contacts with the state. Therefore, with respect to the property division, we find
the defense waived.
The superior court also properly exercised its jurisdiction when it
determined child custody.

Subject matter jurisdiction in child custody matters is

governed by the federal Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act16 and Alaskas version of
the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act;17 these acts closely track
one another. Both assign children home state[s] to determine which state has principal
jurisdiction.18 A childs home state is defined as the state in which a child lived with
a parent . . . for at least six consecutive months . . . immediately before the
commencement of a child custody proceeding.19 The courts of a childs home state have
subject matter jurisdiction over that proceeding.20 Physical presence of or personal
jurisdiction over a party or a child is not necessary or sufficient to make a child custody
determination.21
Thus whether the superior court had jurisdiction to determine custody turns
on where the parties daughter resided during the six months before the proceedings
began. The record establishes that Paulita had moved to Alaska with their daughter by
June 2012, more than six months before the proceedings began in September 2014.

16

28 U.S.C. 1738A (2014).

17

AS 25.30.300.910; see Ronny M. v. Nanette H., 303 P.3d 392, 400 (Alaska
2013) (describing the statutory framework).
18

28 U.S.C. 1738A(c); AS 25.30.300(a). The federal law authorizes

jurisdiction only if state law allows it. 28 U.S.C. 1738A(c)(1).
19

AS 25.30.909(7).

20

28 U.S.C. 1738A(c); AS 25.30.300(a).

21

AS 25.30.300(c).
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Therefore Alaska is the home state, and jurisdiction was proper with respect to child
custody.
The superior court also had personal jurisdiction to enter the child support
order against Danny. The federal Full Faith and Credit for Child Support Orders Act22
and Alaskas Uniform Interstate Family Support Act23 govern personal jurisdiction in
child support matters.24 A court may exercise jurisdiction over a nonresident parent if,
among other grounds, the parent submits to the jurisdiction of this state by consent in a
record, by entering a general appearance, or by filing a responsive document having the
effect of waiving any contest to personal jurisdiction.25 Here Danny made a general
appearance and filed responsive pleadings without challenging the courts authority.
Jurisdiction was therefore proper with respect to the child support order.
B.

The Superior Court Did Not Err In Dividing The Marital Estate Or In
Granting Child Custody, But It Was Error To Base Child Support On
An Income Of $110,000.
1.

The order dividing the marital estate is not clearly unjust.

Danny challenges the order dividing marital property, which required him
to pay Paulita $35,000 by January 31, 2015. He claims that he already paid Paulita more
than that amount after they separated in 2011 and that he donated several items to her,
including a house in the Philippines, a car, and various furniture items and appliances.
Danny further asserts that Paulita was awarded $3,500 at the second hearing, not $35,000.

22

28 U.S.C. 1738B.

23

AS 25.25.101.903.

24

Ronny M. v. Nanette H., 303 P.3d 392, 401 (Alaska 2013).

25

AS 25.25.201(a)(2).
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In equitably dividing marital property, a superior court exercises broad

discretion.26 [W]e will not disturb [a division] unless the result is clearly unjust.27
When a couple agrees to the division of property, [the] agreement should be controlling
in the absence of fraud, duress, concealment of assets or other facts showing that the
agreement was not made voluntarily and with full understanding.28
The record supports the property order. Danny agreed to pay Paulita
$35,000 both verbally and in writing, affirmed at least three times that the amount was
fair and equitable, and volunteered a payment deadline.

Further, during the

proceedings, Danny never mentioned making any payments to Paulita other than $1,600
in monthly child support. Receipts in the record total about $24,000 and indicate that
Danny generally paid Paulita either $1,500 or $1,600 each month. And although the
superior court did initially say $3,500, he immediately acknowledged his error,
corrected himself, and repeated the $35,000 amount twice. Such circumstances do not
justify disturbing the property order because the record does not support finding the
division clearly unjust.29
2.

The superior court did not abuse its discretion in entering the
child custody order.

Danny appears to challenge the custody order based on his allegation that
Paulita kidnapped their daughter and concealed her location.

26

Sandberg v. Sandberg, 322 P.3d 879, 886 (Alaska 2014).

27

Id. (quoting Williams v. Williams, 252 P.3d 998, 1004 (Alaska 2011)).

28

Jordan v. Jordan, 983 P.2d 1258, 1264 (Alaska 1999) (quoting Notkin v.
Notkin, 921 P.2d 1109, 1111 (Alaska 1996)).
29

See Sandberg, 322 P.3d at 886 (quoting Williams, 252 P.3d at 1004).
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The superior court has broad discretion in determining custody awards so

long as the determination is in the childs best interests.30 In determining custody, the
superior court may consider only those facts that directly affect the well-being of the
child;31 a childs best interests must be evaluated in light of the AS 25.24.150(c)
factors.32 However, when the parents have agreed on a custody arrangement, a court may
engage in a less searching inquiry.33 Unless the childs best interests justify a deviation,
a court generally should adopt the parents agreement.34 [A] parents mere change of
mind does not justify such deviation.35
As Danny attested, Danny and Paulita did not have a disagreement [about
custody]. Throughout the proceedings, they agreed that Paulita would have primary
physical custody, they would share legal custody, and Danny would have liberal

30

Nancy M. v. John M., 308 P.3d 1130, 1133 (Alaska 2013) (quoting
Stephanie F. v. George C., 270 P.3d 737, 745 (Alaska 2012)).
31

AS 25.24.150(d).

32

AS 25.24.150(c) (In determining the best interests of the child the court
shall consider . . . .); see Crane v. Crane, 986 P.2d 881, 887-88 (Alaska 1999) (In
making any custody determination whether following a contested trial or upon the
parties agreement the superior court must base its decision on the best interests of the
child.).
33

Crane, 986 P.2d at 888; see also Nelson v. Nelson, 263 P.3d 49, 53 (Alaska
2011) (In determining what custody arrangement is in the childrens best interests, the
superior court may properly take account of a custody agreement entered into by the
parents.) (citing McClain v. McClain, 716 P.2d 381, 385 (Alaska 1986)).
34

Faulkner v. Goldfuss, 46 P.3d 993, 999 (Alaska 2002) (Although a custody

agreement does not bind the superior court, the court should deviate from the terms of a
custody agreement only upon finding on the record that the childs best interests justify
a deviation.) (citing McClain, 716 P.2d at 385).
35

Crane, 986 P.2d at 889.

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visitation. Danny and Paulita confirmed that this arrangement served their daughters
best interests; Danny volunteered that Paulita was adequately caring for their daughter;
and nothing in the record suggests that these sentiments were incorrect. The court
adopted Danny and Paulitas agreement, and there are no red flags that might justify a
deviation. Therefore we conclude that the superior court did not abuse its discretion in
entering the child custody order.
3.

The record does not support the child support order.

Danny contends that the child support order is much higher than fair
because the court did not acknowledge his small retired military pay or the temporary
nature of his contract work. He asserts he should pay only $503.37 per month. Paulita
argues that the order is more than fair because it gives Danny a $10,000 break relative
to the $120,000 income ceiling of Rule 90.3. Dannys income, she estimates, exceeded
$135,000 in 2013; yet the order is based on an income of $110,000.
We review de novo child support issues that involve a question of law such
as interpreting a civil rule . . . and determining the correct method for calculating child
support.36 Where no question of law is involved, [a] superior court[] ha[s] broad
discretion in making child support determinations; we review those decisions for abuse
of discretion.37
Under Rule 90.3(a), which applies to primary physical custody situations,
the amount of child support is based on the noncustodial parents adjusted annual
income.38 Adjusted annual income is the parents income from all sources minus

36

Wells v. Barile, 358 P.3d 583, 587-88 (Alaska 2015) (quoting Millette v.
Millette, 240 P.3d 1217, 1219 (Alaska 2010)).
37

Id. at 588 (quoting Millette, 240 P.3d at 1219).

38

Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3(a).

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mandatory deductions, certain voluntary contributions to retirement and pension plans,

and child and spousal support payments arising from other prior relationships.39 Rule
90.3 defines income broadly; income includes benefits which would have been available
for support if the family had remained intact,40 such as income earned abroad,41
pensions, and veterans benefits.42 This rule, however, caps the amount of income subject
to the determination: Adjusted annual income exceeding $120,000 generally does not
result in additional support.43
It appears that the superior court used an incorrect income cap of $110,000
to estimate Dannys income. Because Danny stated he could not fully document his
income, the court determined (and Danny agreed) that $110,000 was a fair estimate. The
court apparently based this estimate on Dannys 2013 tax return, showing a total income
of approximately $135,000, and its assumption that income above $110,000 would not
impact the child support determination. But as Paulita observed, Dannys reported
income exceeds $120,000, the income ceiling that generally applies to child support
determinations.44

39

Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3(a)(1). Mandatory deductions include income taxes,

social security tax, Medicare tax, and mandatory contributions to retirement or pension
plans. Id. (a)(1)(A).
40

Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3 cmt. III.A.

41

See Hixson v. Sarkesian, 123 P.3d 1072, 1075 (Alaska 2005) (explaining
exchange rates may affect amount of child support paid under Rule 90.3).
42

Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3 cmt. III.A. Income does not include veterans
benefits that are means based. Id.
43

See Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3(c)(2).

44

Id.
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Further, contrary to Dannys assertions, the superior court was not required
to consider the temporary nature of his contract work. Though a court must engage in a
probing review of [the noncustodial parents] . . . financial affairs,45 the determination
[of child support] will necessarily be somewhat speculative because the relevant income
figure is expected future income.46 [A] court must examine all available evidence to
make the best possible calculation.47 When an obligor has had a very erratic income
in the past[,] . . . the court may choose to average the obligors past income over several
years.48

A court will not relieve a noncustodial parent from his child support

obligations absent an affirmative showing that the obligor parent cannot meet [his]
obligation.49
Though Danny may hold contract jobs only periodically, like the one he
held during the proceedings, he did not provide an income history that would have
allowed the superior court to average his income over several years. Danny provided
only his 2013 federal tax forms, his retiree account statement, and a few bank statements.
The court relied on this information when it determined child support; Rule 90.3 does not
require more.

45

Mallory D. v. Malcolm D., 309 P.3d 845, 848 (Alaska 2013) (emphasis in
original) (quoting Swaney v. Granger, 297 P.3d 132, 138 (Alaska 2013)).
46

Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3 cmt. III.E.

47

Id.

48

Id.; see also McDonald v. Trihub, 173 P.3d 416, 427 (Alaska 2007) (In
determining a partys earning capacity for purposes of the rule, the trial court has the
discretion to choose the best indicator of future earning capacity based on the evidence
before it.).
49

McDonald, 173 P.3d at 427 (quoting Kowalski v. Kowalski, 806 P.2d 1368,
1371 (Alaska 1991)).
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Because the record indicates that the court misinterpreted the income ceiling
in Rule 90.3 and omitted some of Dannys reported income from its income estimate, we
remand the child support order for reconsideration.
C.

The Proceedings Did Not Evidence Bias Or An Appearance Of Bias.

Danny claims the proceedings evidenced bias because the court did not

express interest in his claims. This lack of interest, he asserts, led him to not submit
evidence about Paulita and her allegedly illegal actions because he wanted to avoid
irritating the court. He further claims that the court wrongly credited Paulitas statements
and challenges the manner in which the proceedings were conducted.
Judges should seek to preserv[e] the appearance of impartiality.50 They
also have a duty not to disqualify themselves when there is no occasion to do so.51
Critical, disapproving, or even hostile remarks do not, by themselves, evidence bias
unless the remarks reveal such a high degree of favoritism or antagonism as to make fair
judgment impossible.52 Similarly, mere expressions of impatience, dissatisfaction,
annoyance and even anger, that are within the bounds of what imperfect men and
women . . . sometimes display do not establish bias.53

50

Kinnan v. Sitka Counseling, 349 P.3d 153, 160 (Alaska 2015) (quoting
Greenway v. Heathcott, 294 P.3d 1056, 1063 (Alaska 2013)).
51

Griswold v. Homer City Council, 310 P.3d 938, 943 (Alaska 2013) (quoting
Amidon v. State, 604 P.2d 575, 577 (Alaska 1979)).
52

Hanson v. Hanson, 36 P.3d 1181, 1184 (Alaska 2001) (quoting Liteky v.

United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994)); see also Kingery v. Barrett, 249 P.3d 275, 286
n.43 (Alaska 2011) (quoting Hanson, 36 P.3d at 1184).
53

Hanson, 36 P.3d at 1184 (omission in original) (quoting Liteky, 510 U.S. at

555-56).
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Nothing in the record suggests the court was biased. Danny and Paulita
appeared willing to settle, and they acknowledged their difficulties with communicating
constructively. The court periodically invited Danny to air his concerns, and Danny did
so: Danny stated that Paulita had made visitation difficult, expressed his desire to have
meaningful visitation, and noted that Paulita held her own financial accounts during their
marriage. The court acknowledged these concerns, invited Danny to submit evidence,
and advised Paulita that her initial proposed custody arrangement would not be fair to
Danny. Though the court may have expressed doubt regarding some of Dannys concerns
asking, for example, that Danny only introduce evidence if relevant any such doubt
was unremarkable.
The record also does not support Dannys claim that the court wrongly
credited Paulitas statements. The final orders adopt the parties agreements regarding
custody and marital property, and the child support order reflects an annual income that
Danny affirmed was reasonable. Danny and Paulita also each confirmed that the custody
and property agreements were fair and that they would be able to communicate
effectively; the court accepted their verbal confirmations. Therefore it is not clear how
the court wrongly credited Paulitas statements and, even assuming it did, how such an
error would have prejudiced Danny.
Finally, the manner in which the proceedings were conducted does not
suggest bias. Throughout the proceedings Danny appeared to be fully engaged. He
voiced concerns as issues arose, and he asked to submit evidence, which the court invited
him to do. Before each hearing, he confirmed he could hear the court well. And
though he may have been distracted because, as he claims, he was working during the
proceedings, nothing in the record suggests the court played a role in that circumstance.
The court notified Danny about the preliminary hearing more than one month in advance,

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and it gave him two weeks to prepare for the second hearing. Danny never expressed any
concerns with the scheduling.
On this record, we find no appearance of bias.
V.

CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the superior courts marital property division and child

custody orders. We REMAND the child support order for reconsideration consistent with
this opinion.

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