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Group II

1/20/16
Topic II
Learning

Learning -

A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to

experience .
Experience is the best key to learning. nature's best gift to us is to learn new
behavior that enables us to adopt to new situation.

I. Classical Conditioning - Pavlov tried a nuetral stimulus. Salivation in


response to the tone conditional upon the dog's learning the association of the tone
and the food. He called this response as condition response CS. the previously
neutral tone stimulus that now triggered the conditional salivation is called
Conditioned Stimulus CS.

*JUST REMEMBER*
CONDITIONE = Learned
UNCONDITIONED = Unlearned
(UCR) Unconditioned Response - In classical conditioning the
unlearned naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus(UCS) such
as salivation when the food is in the mouth.

(UCS) Unconditioned Stimulus - In classical conditioning a stimulus


that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response.

Generalization - The tendency once a respose has been conditioned for


stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar response.

Discrimination - Classical conditioning the ability

to distinguish between a

conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned


stimulus.

Classical Conditioning of Emotional Response - In 1920, John B.


Watson and his future wife, Rosalie Rayner, published an article describing their
demonstration that emotional reaction such as fears can be acquired through
principle of classical conditioning.

Counter Conditioning - The reasoning behind counter conditioning is this:


If fears as Watson had show could be conditioned by painful experience like a
clanging noise, perhaps fears could be counter conditioning by substituting
pleasant experience.

Flooding and Systematic Desensitization - Is like counter


conditioning are behavior therapy for reducing fears.
II. Operant Conditioning -B.F. Skinner - A type of learning in which
behavior is strngthened if follow by reinforcement or diminished if follow by
punishment. Through Operant Conditioning subject associate behavior with their
consequences.

Instrumental Conditioning - is another term for operant


conditioning, a learning process first described by B. F. Skinner. In
instrumental conditioning, reinforcement or punishment are used to either
increase or decrease the probability that a behavior will occur again in the
future.

Principles of Reinforcement
Two kind of Reinforcement
1) Positive - Strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response.
2) Negative - Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive
stimulus.

Primary and Secondary Reinforcement

1) Primary Reinforcement - Getting food or being relieved of electric


shock is innately satisfying.

2) Secondary Reinforcement -

There are learned. They get it from

primary reinforcement.

3) Continues Reinforcement - Reinforcing a response every time occurs.


4)Partial Reinforcement - reinforcing a response only partof a time result
in a slower acquisition of response but much greater resistance to extinction that
does continuous reinforcement.

Punishment - It is opposite of reinforcement . Punishment may create fear the


person receiving the punishment may associate fear not only with the undesirable
behavior but also with the person who administers it or with the satuation in which
it occurs.

Skinner - is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning but his work was
based on Thorndike's law of effect. Skinner introduce a new term into the law of
effect-reinforcement.

III. Cognitive Approachess to Learning - Classical and Operant


Conditioning were originally conceived of as relatively simple forms of learning.

Observational Learnning - Albert bandura and his colleagues conducted


experiments that show that we can acquire skills by observing the behavior of
others.

IV. Learning Style - Refer to a range of competing and contested theories


that aim to account for differences in individual learning.
Four kind of Learning Style

1) Visual - Prefer the use of images,maps and graphic organizers to acces and
understand new information.

2) Auditory - Is best understand new content through listening and speaking in

situations such as lectures and group discussion.

3) Read and Write - students with a strong reading or writing preference


learn best through words.

4) Kinesthetic -Students who are kinesthetic learners best understand


information through tactile representations of information.

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