A New Approach for Image Contrast

Enhancement Using Morphological Filters

G.Madasamy Raja and Dr.V.Sadasivam

Abstract Digital image enhancement techniques are used for

improving the quality of the digital image. Contrast enhancement,
one of the digital image enhancement techniques, is a process that
normalizes the gray level of the input image so that sudden and
unexpected changes in the illumination are removed. Image contrast
enhancement techniques are used for extracting several hidden
image characteristics from the image background. This paper
proposes a new methodology for image contrast enhancement that is
based on the concept of normalization of the image contrast with the
help of morphological filters. Two methods are proposed here for
detecting the image background from the images which are captured
with poor lighting, one method uses the combination of opening and
closing morphological filters and another method uses top-hat by
opening morphological filter. Also, the performance of proposed
algorithm for image contrast enhancement is demonstrated against a
recently proposed method.
Keywords Image background detection, image contrast
enhancement, morphological filters, weber contrast measure.

I. INTRODUCTION

OME of the digital images which are taken with poor

lighting, require some contrast enhancement. The
enhancement methods can either be spatial domain methods
or frequency domain methods. In frequency domain methods,
the image is first transferred into frequency domain and then
all the enhancement operations are performed on the
transformed image. Once the enhancement operations are
done then the inverse transformation is performed to get the
resultant image. Recently frequency domain filters designed
using integer windows like kaiser window, hamming window
etc. were successfully used for image enhancement [1]. In
spatial domain techniques, enhancement operations are
directly applied over the image pixel values and this paper
follows spatial domain method. Methods like histogram
stretching,
histogram
modification
and
histogram
equalization are some of the well-known spatial domain
techniques that are available in the literature.
Generally, the contrast of an image can be considered as
the difference between its highest and lowest intensity values.
One of the common factors for the poor quality in a digital
image is its poor contrast [2]. In histogram equalization, one
of the most popular intensity mapping methods, intensity

G. Madasamy Raja is with the Department of Computer Science and

Engineering, M.E.T. Engineering College, Nagercoil.
(e-mail:anushpriya2004@yahoo.com.)
Dr. V. Sadasivam is the Professor and Head, Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli.

values of the image pixels are reordered within the image to

obtain a uniformly distributed histogram. One of the main
disadvantages in the histogram equalization process is, it can
create over enhancement in the region where the contrast
must be preserved, which results in unwanted artifacts [3]. In
addition to the conventional methods, recently perception
based contrast enhancement [4] and generalized histogram
based contrast enhancement methods are also proposed [5].
Mathematical morphology which is based on the concept of
set theory is widely used in the variety of image processing
applications. All the morphological operations are based on
shapes and the value of each pixel in the output image is
based on a comparison of the corresponding pixel in the input
image with its neighbors. The size and shape of the
neighborhood decides a morphological operation that is
sensitive to specific shapes in the input image. In image
processing, the morphological operators are mainly used for
edge detection, noise removal, image enhancement, image
segmentation and feature extraction. Two basic morphological
operations are dilation and erosion which were initially
applied with binary images only but later their applications
were extended to grayscale images also [6]. Later,
morphological operation top-hat by reconstruction was
successfully applied for image reconstruction [7].
Mathematical morphology techniques are applied on radar
images for the detection and verification of the roads, after a
disastrous event [8]. Recently a new method has been
proposed to reduce the noise gradient of the image with the
help of morphological operators [9].
The organization of this paper is as follows: section II deals
with the definition of the contrast of an image and how the
background of an image can be detected. Section III
describes about the morphological filters. Section IV presents
the proposed algorithm and section V gives a discussion on
the result. Finally, concluding remarks are cited in section VI.
II.IMAGE BACKGROUND DETECTION
The term contrast refers to the amount of color or grayscale
variation that exists between various image features in digital
images. If image brightness is a measure of intensity then
contrast (C) can be understood as a measure of changes in
image intensity (I) in relation to the average image intensity
(I), which can be expressed by the following equation:

I .
I

(1)

Webers law says that, by incorporating human visual

response, average contrast of an image is having a

logarithmic response to brightness [10]. If the contrast is
defined as the ratio of the difference of gray levels of
neighboring pixels to the minimum of them, according to
webers contrast measure, log I is proportional to C and (1)
can be rewritten as
C k log I

(2)
where I > 0 and k is a constant.
Since this paper is focusing to find the background image,
which is hidden due to poor light, one more constant b that
represents the background parameter is added to (2). So, (2)
can be expressed as

Region 1

Region 2

1 (l1 h1 ) / 2

2 (l 2 h2 ) / 2

l1 lowest intensity
h1 - highest intensity

l2 - lowest intensity
h2 - highest intensity

Region 4

Region 3

4 (l 4 h4 ) / 2

3 (l3 h3 ) / 2

l4 - lowest intensity
h4 - highest intensity

l3 - lowest intensity
h3 - highest intensity

C k log I b .
(3)
By considering I as the grey level intensity value of the
function f (image), (3) can be changed as
C k log f b

assigned with the value of the lowest intensity of that region,

which is expressed by the following equation:

k i log( f 1) hi , f i
k i log( f 1) li , otherwise.

i ( f )

f > 0.

(4)

(6)

In this work, the image f is divided into n regions of fixed

size and each region is the subimage of the original image.
The mean intensity value in each subimage is considered as
the background criteria i , which can be used to find the
background parameter b. The mean intensity in a particular
region is calculated in the following way:

li hi
2

In (6), the unit was added to the logarithm function to solve

the problem of indetermination and as this paper uses only
grayscale images, the constant ki in (6), is chosen as

ki

255
log(256)

i=1,2,,n.

(5)
where li , hi represents the lowest and highest intensity values
in each subregions of the image. Division of the image into
subregions and calculation of the background criteria i in
each subregion is further illustrated in Fig. 1.
The idea of using average value between the smallest and
largest intensity values to compute the background criteria
was already proposed [11]. The same idea was later
successfully modified with the inclusion of block analysis
[12]. This work also uses the average value between the
smallest and largest intensity values in each subregion to
compute the background criteria ( i ). In order to obtain the
expression for the contrast enhancement, the background
parameter is assigned with the value of the highest intensity
of that region when f i ,
Fig. 1 Background criteria detection from the subimages.

because the particular region is considered as a poor light

region and if f > i then the background parameter is

where

i=1,2,,n.

li , f i
hi , f i .

III. MORPHOLOGICAL FILTERS

In the field of digital image processing, morphological
filters that are based on morphological operations like
erosion, dilation, opening and closing have attracted a lot of
attention [13]. In morphological operations, a structuring
element is passed over the image and the concerned operation
is performed. The output image is determined by the size and
shape of the structuring element, as well as the operation
chosen.
Generally, grayscale dilation morphological operation
brightens the image whereas grayscale erosion morphological
operation darkens the image. Bright regions surrounded by
dark regions grow in size, and dark regions surrounded by
bright regions shrink in size during the dilation operation,
which results in the removal of small dark spots in images.
After the dilation, small bright spots in the input image will
become larger which can be useful to improve the
illumination of the images which are characterized with poor
lighting. Conditional dilation, a process of combining the

dilation with a logical operator can be useful in region filling

process also. Erosion is the dual of dilation, where bright
regions surrounded by dark regions shrink in size, and dark
regions surrounded by bright regions grow in size. When the
erosion morphological operation is applied, small bright spots
in images will disappear, and small dark spots will become
larger operation. Edge detection can also be achieved by
taking the erosion of an image and then subtracting it away
from the original image.
A. Opening and Closing morphological filters
In mathematical morphology, Opening and closing are two
important operators which are derived from the fundamental
operations of erosion and dilation. Opening is the dual of
closing and can be used to remove salt noise in images
whereas closing can be used to remove pepper noise in
images. An adaptive morphological filter which is based on
modified opening and closing morphological operations can
also be used for better noise removal from the digital images
[14]. A combination of morphological and statistical operators
with the help of wavelet transformation was successfully
applied for texture segmentation also [15]. All the
morphological operators cannot be defined as morphological
filters unless they satisfy increasing and idempotent
criteria. Since, opening and closing morphological operators
are satisfying the criteria increasing and idempotent, they
are considered as morphological filters. However, erosion and
dilation are not morphological filters, since they are not
idempotent [16].
The erosion of image f by structuring element B is
denoted by f B and the dilation by the same structuring
element B is denoted by f B . The morphological filter
opening B ( f ) is nothing but the erosion of f by B,
followed by a dilation of the result by B whereas the
morphological filter closing B ( f ) is only dilation of f
by B, followed by erosion of the result by B. The
morphological filters opening B ( f ) and closing B ( f )
are expressed as follows:

B ( f ) = ( f B) B

morphological operation smoothes the graph of f by filling

up its valleys [17]. So, (5) can be rewritten as,

B ( f ) B ( f )
2

B is the background criteria given by the structuring

element B. If f B , then the background parameter takes
where

the value of the outcome of the closing morphological filter

and if f > B , then the background parameter is the value
of the outcome of opening morphological filter. In this way,
the contrast enhancement expression (6) can be extended as,

k B log( f 1) B ( f ),
f B
k B log( f 1) B ( f ), otherwise

B ( f )

and

(8)
In this paper, one of the proposed contrast enhancement
methods (Method I) finds the background of an image with
the help of the combination of opening and closing
morphological filters. In a subregion of any image, li and hi
values relating to that subregion, corresponds to the
morphological erosion and dilation defined by the orderstatistical filters. In the graph of f, erosion morphological
operation reduces the peaks and enlarges the minima of the
function and the dilation morphological operation increases
the valleys and enlarges the maxima of the function.
Similarly opening morphological operation smoothes the
graph of f
by cutting down its peaks and closing

k B

255 B
.
log(256)

(10)
B. Top-hat by Opening morphological filter
The morphological top-hat transformation of an image,
denoted by hB , is defined as the difference between the
original image f and its opening image B ( f )

hB f B ( f ) .

(11)

A morphological filter that uses top-hat transformation is

considered as an excellent tool for feature extraction from the
given image. Top-hat morphological filter may either use
opening morphological operation or closing morphological
operation. Top-hat by opening filter, otherwise called as white
top-hat filter, denoted by WTH, uses opening morphological
operation and top-hat by closing filter, otherwise called as
black top-hat, denoted by BTH, uses closing morphological
operation [18]. Another proposed method (Method II) in this
paper uses top-hat by opening morphological filter. So, (11)
can be changed as,

WTH B f B ( f ) .

(7)

B ( f ) = ( f B) B .

(9)

(12)
Since a top-hat by opening filter uses the subtraction of its
morphological opening from the original image, there is no
need to find the background criteria B and the background
parameter in the contrast enhancement expression
corresponds to the WTHB of the image. Thus, the following
expression derived from (3) is proposed to enhance the
contrast in images with poor lighting

hB ( f ) k hB log( f 1) WTH B
(13)
and

k hB

255 WTH B
.
log(256)

IV. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

Many research scholars who are working in the area of
mathematical morphology have already proposed many
contrast enhancement algorithm for the images which are
characterized from poor lighting. The proposed algorithm
that uses morphological filters opening, closing and top-hat
by opening is diagrammatically represented in Fig. 2.
The following steps summarize the sequence of operations
needed to implement the proposed methodology:
1)
Image which is characterized from poor lighting is
given as input.
2)
Input image is divided into n number of nonoverlapping regions. The region size can be chosen
according to the size of the input image.
3)
Two new contrast enhancement methods are proposed
here.
Method I: This method uses a combination of opening
morphological filter and closing morphological filter for
contrast enhancement (10) with structuring element
(square) size as 3.
Method II: This method uses top-hat by opening
morphological filter for contrast enhancement (13) with
structuring element (disk) size as 3.
In both these methods, corresponding morphological
transformations are applied to every region of the input
image.
4) The enhanced image with improved contrast is obtained
as output.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Proposed algorithm has been successfully tested with
several images with poor lighting to demonstrate the
effectiveness of the methods. The original image with poor
contrast is located in Fig. 3(a) and Fig. 3(b1) shows the
enhanced version of the original image by the application of
the combination of opening and closing morphological filter
(Method I) whereas Fig. 3(b2) gives the enhanced image
through the application of top-hat by opening filter (Method
II). Fig. 3(c1) and Fig. 3(c2) show the performance of both
proposed methods in a graphical manner that describes the
intensity level variation between the input image and the
output image.
The enhancement quality of the proposed algorithm is
further ensured with the help of image histogram which is
shown in Fig. 4. The purpose of Fig. 4 is to illustrate the
changes that occur in the image when its background is
modified by the application of proposed methods, which can
be

Fig. 2 Block diagram of the proposed algorithm.

observed in histograms of the enhanced images. The image

with poor lighting is located in Fig. 4(a) and the
corresponding histogram is reported in Fig. 4(a1). Fig. 4(b)
shows the enhanced version of the original input image by the
application of proposed method, Method I that uses the
combination of opening and closing morphological filter
given in (10) whereas Fig. 4(c) gives the enhanced image of
the input image by the application of proposed method,
Method II that uses top-hat by opening morphological filter
given in (13). The corresponding histograms of the output
images are shown in Fig. 4(b1) and Fig. 4(c1) respectively. It
is noticed that, two different histograms were obtained for the
application of two proposed methods.
A. Subjective Assessment
It is not that much easy to assess the quality of the image
enhancement process. As a subjective assessment to verify the
efficiency of the proposed methods, the output of the proposed
methods are compared with the already existing methods like
histogram equalization (HE) [19] and the application of the
combination of erosion and dilation morphological
transformations [12].
Although both histogram equalization and combination of
erosion and dilation methods are producing good results for
many images, it may cause contrast over enhancement for the
images, which includes relatively large amount of fine details.
When the image, which is shown in Fig. 5(a), is given as the
input for both histogram equalization (HE) [19] and
combination of erosion and dilation method [12], the
enhanced images Fig. 5(b) and Fig. 5(c) are obtained as the
output images. Among these output images, Fig. 5(b) is
suffering from over enhancement and Fig. 5(c) is a degraded
image with little amount of enhancement. The reason for such
poor output images is the given input image contains more
fine details. Moreover, in the case of histogram equalization,
it looks for enhancing the contrast of almost every pixel in the
image
to
the

dark
(a)

and

bright

5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0

50

100

150

200

250

(a)
(b1)

(b2)

(a1)
5000
4500

Opening and Closing

4000

250

Input Image
Out put Image

3500
3000
2500

200

2000

Intens ity lev el

1500
1000

150

500
0
0

100

50

100

(b)

50

150

200

250

(b1)
5000

50

100

150

200

4500

250

4000
3500

(c1)

3000
2500

top-hat by opening
250

2000
1500

Input Image
Out put Image

1000
500

200

Intens ity lev el

(c)

150

100

50

50

100

150

200

250

(c2)
Fig. 3 Image background detection through contrast enhancement.
(a) original image, (b1) enhanced image using the combination of
opening and closing morphological filter (Method I), (b2) enhanced
image using top-hat by opening morphological filter (Method II),
(c1) intensity level variation after applying Method I, (c2) intensity
level variation after applying Method II.

extent possible, which results in over enhancement in the

values and shapes relate to the structuring element used for
homogeneous regions. When the combination of erosion and
dilation transformations is applied, some graininess appears
in
the output image. This happens because both

50

100

150

200

250

(c1)

Fig. 4 Illustration of proposed image contrast enhancement approach

through histogram. (a) original image, (b) enhanced image using the
combination of opening and closing morphological filter (Method I),
(c) enhanced image using top-hat by opening morphological filter
(Method II), (a1),(b1),(c1) corresponding histograms of the images
in Figs. 4(a),(b),(c).

pixels in the image are modified depending upon how their

dilation and erosion.
Since the two proposed methods are using opening
operation
as the morphological transformation, they are producing
pleasing output images without any over enhancement
problem, which are clearly shown in Fig. 5(d) and Fig. 5(e).
In the case of proposed methods, the property idempotence
ensures that once the operation opening has been carried out,
further openings with the same structuring element have no
effect and this is the main reason for the avoidance of over
enhancement in the enhanced images.
In the case of combination of erosion and dilation
morphological operations method, it generates new unwanted

contours, when the structuring element size is increased. This

problem is mentioned as a big drawback in contrast
enhancement technique, which uses the combination of
erosion and dilation morphological operations for the image
contrast enhancement. Proposed methods in this paper

(a)

successfully eliminate this problem, which is reported in Fig.

6.
The low contrast input image which is to be enhanced is
shown in Fig. 6(a). Fig. 6(b1), Fig. 6(b2) and Fig. 6(b3) are

(b)

(d)

(c)

(e)

Fig. 5 Image background detection for the image with high level of details. (a) original image, (b) enhanced image using histogram
equalization method (HE), (c) enhanced image using the combination of erosion and dilation morphological operations, (d) enhanced image
using the combination of opening and closing morphological operations (Method I), (e) enhanced image using top-hat by opening
morphological filter (Method II).

showing the results of the application of combination of

erosion and dilation method for the different values of
structuring element(B). When the structuring element size
goes beyond 1, new unwanted contours are generated and the
degraded images are clearly shown in Fig. 6(b1), Fig. 6(b2)
and Fig. 6(b3). For the same application, Fig. 6(c1), Fig.
6(c2) and Fig. 6(c3) are showing the performances of the
proposed method, Method I that uses the combination of
opening and closing morphological operations. Fig. 6(d1),
Fig. 6(d2) and Fig. 6(d3) are reporting the performances of
the proposed method, Method II that uses top-hat by opening
morphological transformation for the same application. The
enhanced images from the proposed algorithm did not include
any unpleasant contours even when the structuring element
size is increased beyond 1, which is really an improved
performance. The reason is in practical applications, opening
operations remove small details, with respect to the size of the

structuring element, while leaving the overall gray levels and

larger bright features relatively undisturbed. The initial
erosion removes the small details, but it also darkens the
image. The consequent dilation again increases the overall
intensity of the image without reintroducing the details totally
removed by erosion.
B. Objective Assessment
In the literature, unfortunately there is no established
criterion for the objective assessment approach to compare
contrast enhancement techniques. However, it would be better
to have some quantitative assessment in addition to subjective
assessment. Hence, the discrete entropy (H) and the measure
of enhancement (EME) are used here as the quantitative
measures for objective assessment. If the discrete entropy of
an image is high, then it means that the image contains richer
details because discrete entropy is a measure of the content of
an image. An image is divided into nonoverlapping blocks to

find minimum and maximum

and an average among them
averages from all the blocks
contrast in the image and this

intensity values in each block

is calculated. Then all these
are used to find the average
value becomes the measure of

(b1)

(a)

(b2)

(b3)

enhancement (EME) [20]. Since histogram equalization

method does not include any morphological transformations,
it is not considered in the objective assessment part. To
calculate the discrete

(c1)

(c2)

(c3)

(d1)

(d2)

(d3)

Fig. 6 Result images for the comparison. (a) original image, (b1) erosion and dilation with B=3, (b2) erosion and dilation with B=5, (b3)
erosion and dilation with B=7, (c1) opening and closing with B=3, (c2) opening and closing with B=5, (c3) opening and closing with B=7,

(d1) top-hat by opening with B=3, (d2) top-hat by opening with B=5, (d3) top-hat by opening with B=7.
TABLE I
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT RESULTS

Discrete Entropy (H)

Measure of enhancement (EME)

Original
Image

Erosion
&
Dilation

Proposed
Method I
(opening and
closing)

Proposed
Method II
(top-hat by
opening)

Original
Image

Erosion
&
Dilation

Proposed
Method I
(opening and
closing)

Proposed
Method II
(top-hat by
opening)

(Fig. 5(a))

5.23

5.65

5.74

5.84

19.29

58.07

59.51

59.88

Wheel (Fig. 4(a))

6.93

7.04

7.10

7.30

51.95

41.17

53.72

54.41

Building (Fig. 3(a))

6.18

5.83

6.18

6.18

1.86

28.36

45.38

59.35

Tower (Fig. 6(a))

6.62

6.07

6.66

6.69

28.77

8.71

32.39

33.37

Image

Fish

TABLE II

[1]

COMPARISION OF AMBE VALUES

[2]
Image

HE

Erosion
&
Dilation

Proposed
Method I
(opening
and
closing)

Proposed
Method II
(top-hat
by
opening)

Fish

78.05

100.80

69.32

60.21

Wheel

33.70

88.08

32.51

29.43

Building

37.07

83.75

23.71

15.51

Tower

33.11

94.80

31.48

22.55

entropy (H) and EME values, two proposed methods along

with the combination of dilation and erosion method [12]
have been tested on a variety of images which are captured
under poor lighting and some of the results are listed in Table
I.
Comparison of discrete entropy values (H) in Table I show
that both proposed methods outperform the combination of
dilation and erosion method [12]. The proposed methods give
more uniform intensity values in the output and obviously the
values of discrete entropy will be high. Once again the
strength of the proposed methods has been proved when the
values of EME are compared in Table I, because in this case
also, the proposed methods outperform the combination of
dilation and erosion method. This is also valid and
understood since EME is a measure which is based on the
contrast of the image. Table II justifies the quality of the
proposed algorithm by doing a comparison of AMBE values
of both proposed methods with the HE method and the
combination of dilation and erosion method. AMBE measure
is the Absolute Mean Brightness Error, which can be defined
as the variation in the mean of the enhanced image (p) from
the input image (o) [21].

[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]

[12]

[13]
[14]
[15]

AMBE= | p - o |
[16]

It is clearly visible in Table II, that both proposed methods

outperform HE method as well as the combination of erosion
and dilation method.

[17]

VI. CONCLUSION
This paper presents a novel idea to enhance the contrast of
the images which are suffering from poor lighting. Two
methods which use morphological filters, have been proposed
for the contrast enhancement through image background
detection and their efficacies were also proved by subjective
and objective assessments. First method uses the combination
of opening and closing morphological filters, whereas the
second method uses top-hat by opening morphological filter.
Both the methods have been tested with variety of images
with poor lighting. As a future enhancement, this work may
be extended for exploring the possibility of using them for
video with the help of temporal details.
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G.Madasamy Raja has obtained his B.E. and M.E.,
through
Manonmaniam
Sundaranar
University,
Tirunelveli, India. He has also completed M.B.A., from
Kamaraj University, Madurai, India.
He is currently an Assistant Professor in the
department of computer science and engineering in M.E.T

engineering college, Nagercoil, India. He was a Gold medalist in M.E. and has
also worked as an Assistant Professor in the department of computer science and
engineering, in the Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore. He has
presented research papers in one international conference and 7 national
conferences. He has got more than 10 years of teaching experience. His areas of
interest in research are Image processing and Network Security.
Dr.V.Sadasivam has obtained his B.E in Electrical
Engineering and M.Sc (Engg) in Power System in 1973
and 1975 respectively. He has completed his Ph.D in
Computer Science and Engineering in 1993.
From 1995 onwards, he has been working as
Professor and Head of the Department of Computer
Science and Engineering at Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University, Tirunelveli. He has published 20 papers in
International and National Journals and more than 60
papers in National and International Conferences. His areas of Interest are
Artificial Intelligence, Image Processing and Fuzzy logic.