-1847

-1847

1829

-1772
-1811

, 1997

1943
-1982
7,

, 1928

12.

,1938
) 1948.

1957

126

. 1957

65

),

),

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

) -

) -

) -

) -

6.
7.

) -

8.
9.
10.
11.

) -

12.
13.

) -

(
. 12

14.

) -

(
- (

15.
16.

1956

. .
580
.

38863

14

140

20
9

941
87
152

21871

(2011

( . . )- 859
93.91%
91.98 %
96.02%

(2695

1634

) 3,33,87,677

hb-\mSv

1980 \hw-_ 1
P\-kwJy Ipd Pn
]gb t]cv ]pssc-s-gp-\mSv
2 kwm-\--fp-ambn AXnn ]n-Sp-p.
ISocw / sdbnth C
tZiob ]mX ssZLyw Ghpw Ipdhv
hb-\m-n-eqsS IS-p-t]m-Iq tZiob ]mX F.-F-v. 212
sX Imin Xncp-s\n
KW-]Xn hw kpm_-tcn
FS-bv Kpl ]n-]m-Xm-fw--aoap-n sNX-ebw kqNn-md
]n-]m-Xmfw {_-Kncn ae-\n-c-I
FS-bv Kpl-bnse tcJm-Nn-{X- ]T\w \S-nb 1901 s{^Uv t{^mkv
tXmsn ap t_Kq, hb-\mSv h\y-Po-hn-k-tXw
1875 Cyn-bn BZy-ambn kz-J-\\w (B^ tKmUv ssakv)
]gin ssk\y-n Ipdn-Ny-cpsS t\Xmhv Xe-bv Np (1812 Ipdn-Ny Iem-]w)
tIc-f-nse Nndm-]qn enSn (h-b-\m-Sns Ihm-Sw)
sldn-tPv ayqknbw A-e-h-b
hb-\m-n-te-p IpSn-tbw ]m--e-amn cNn Fkv.-sI. bpsS t\mh hnj-I-\yI
hb-\m-n-se BZy Pe-tk-N\ ]Xn Im-c-pg
tIc-f-nse GI {]Ir-Xn-Z AW-sv _mWm-kp-c-km-K
tIc-f-nse Ghpw henb aW AW-sv
tIc-f-nse Ghpw henb \Zo-Zzo]v Ipdh Zzo]v (I-_\o \Zn-bn)
I_\n (In-g-tmv Hgp-Ip-p) Imth-cn-bpsS t]mjI \Zn)
hb-\m-nse ip-Pe XSmIw ]qtmSv
I_\n Imth-cn-bp-ambn tNcp ew Xncp-a-Ip-S
am\--hmSn ]-Xn, _mWm-kpc kmK ]Xn I_\n \Zn-bn
tN{-sIm-Sp-ap-Sn, _mWm-kpc, {_Kncn ae-I
]pcfn ae ]g-n-cmP bpw \bn-n-cp-Xv
]\acw ssP\t{Xw Xe-bv Np kvamc-Iw ]\-acw
InS-mSv kpm_-tcn
B[m cPn-kvt{S-j ]qn-bm-nb tIc-f-nse BZy ]m-bv A-e-h-b
Xma-c-tcn Npcw
tIc-f-nse BZy BZn-hmkn saUn- tImtfPv hb-\mSv
]gn kvamcIw am\--hmSn
ssPh-ssh-hn[y cPn-kv ]pd-n-d-nb BZy Pn hb-\mSv
ssat{Im ssl{U t{]mPIvv Bcw-`n BZy Pn hb-\mSv
sImtm Kth-jW tI{w Nq- m
{IjvW-Kncn tUnbw
Imn, Cn Ghpw IqSp-X D]m-Z\w
koXm tZhn t{Xw ]pnn

Iq

1957 P\p-hcn 1
ISocw IqSp-X
tIcf Znt\iv _oUn
aqv kn IfpsS \Kcw Xe-tcn
tIc-f-nse kkv Ie-bpsS ]nXmhv Iotecn Ipn--
sX--fpsS \mSv
ae-bm-f-nse BZy ]{X-amb cmPy-k-am-Nmcw Xe-t-cn, Cn-pv _wm-hn,
Iq-cnse sskev hmen Bdfw
P\-Io-bm-kq-{XWw BZy-ambn \S-n I-eym-ticn 1996 BKv 17
Iip-h- n IqSp-X Dm-Zn-n-pp
aTm-bn-m-d, sImn-bq h\y-Pohn ktXw
tIc-f-nse BZy tImv KmUv Am-Zan Cc-Wn-c
ss]Xae Sqdnv tI{w
hnam-\-m-hfw aqJ]-dv
c- mw _tZmfn ]-q
Ad-bv cmP-hwiw GI apnw cmP-hwiw (A-d-bv _ohn, Aen cmPm-hv)
Dp-k-Xym-{Kl t\Xm-hv sI. tIf- (tIm-gn-tmSv ]-q)
skv B-temkv tIm Xe-t-cn-tIm
tIc-f-nse BZys kl-I-cW saUn- tImtfPv ]cn-bmcw
[Sw Zzo]v A-c-- n
]d-n-\n--Shv kvt\v ]mv
tIc-f-nse GI ss{Uhv C _ov apgp-n-e-mSn
Ghpw sNdnb {Kma-]-m-bv hf-]-Ww
]gn Umw.
]d-n-\n--Shv t{Xw
Iq tIm F IhnX IS-a-\n cma-Ir-jvW
kztZ-im-`n-am\n Ay-hn-{iaw ew ]m-ew
Iq kI-em-ime BZy t]cv ae-_m bqWn-th-gvknn (1996)
Cybnse BZy {Inv v 1860 Xe-cn
Ggn-ae \mhnI A-Zman
Gjy-bnse Ghpw henb Idph tXmw ( {_ukv mt-j A-c-- n)
Ipcp-ap-fIv Kth-jW tI{w ]n-bq
tIc-f-nse BZy ]cn-nXn kwL-S\ hXv ]-q
tIcf ImjnI k-I-em-ime Iq Pn Gtgmw {Kma-]-m-b-nse Ij-I-cp-ambn kl-I-cnv D- mnb Gtgmw 1, 2 Fnh s\n-\-
kq {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw ]qn-bm-nb Cynse BZy Pn (In-c ]Xn)
lcn-P Ipn-Isf Zs-Spv hfm ]-q-cn {io\m-cm-bW hnZym-ebw B\--Xo
amtm-t]mtfm Fen-\m-Sv, C_-\p-_-q lnen (G-gn-a-e)
1946 Unkw-_ 20 \v Iq Pn-bn P\-n-ams-Xnsc kacw Icn-sh-q
tIc-f-n BZy-ambn alm-in-em-bpK kwkvIm-c-ns sXfn-hp-I Is- -n-bXv 1823 Nnd-bv
]mSyw hmKv`-Sm-\- (1885)

ae-pdw Pn

\ne-hn hXv 1969 Pq 16

P\-kwJy IqSnb Pn
ae-_m kvs]jy t]meo-kns Bm\w ae-pdw
hmK {SmPUn \S-Xv 1921 (A-t\z-jW Ia-ao-j F.-B. IvWmv Io-j)
hmK {SmPUn satm-dn-b Su lm Xncp
tIm-bv Bcy sshZy-ime 1902 ]n.-F-kv. hmcy m]n-p.
Xpv Fgp-- kvamcIw Xp ]dv (Xn-cq)
s]mm-\n-bn shmWv `mc-X-pg Adn-_n--S-en ]Xn-p-Xv
\mhm-ap-Ip t{Xw, {Xn-tm-Sv, Xr-- n-bq, Xncp-am-mw-Ipv , ImSm-pg t{Xw
\nf t]cm Fn-s\ Adn-b-s-Sp-Xv `mc-X-pg
Cyn-bnse GI Kh. BbptZ am\n-knI BtcmKy Bip-]{Xn tIm-bv
temI-nse Ghpw ]pcm-X-\-amb tXp-tXmw It\men tmv \ne-q
amamw \S-n-cp-Xv Xncp-\m-hmb (12 hj-n Hcn-)
sNdnb a s]mm\n
ta-q `-Xn-cn-mSv kvacmIw Xncp-\m-hm-bv-Spv N-\-mhv
]qm\w Cw s]cn-a-bv-Spv Iogm-n
C.-Fw.-F-kv. P\n-Xv s]cn-a--b--Spv Gew-Ipfw a\-bn
Imen-v k-I-em-ime Bm\w ae-pdw Pn-bnse tX-n-mew
tImgn-tmSv hnam-\-m-hfw Icn-q (a-e-pdw Pn)
Am-Sn-p-d-ns ]gb t]cv hp-h-\-Kcw
tIm-bv ]gb t]cv sh-S-tm
Iw]yq- km-cXm ]Xnbmb A-bbvp XpSw Ipdn Pn ae-pdw (]-n- ]m-b-v)
tIcf hpUv CU-kv{So-kns Bm\w \ne-q
GXp \Zn-bpsS Xoc-mWv Xncp-\m-hm-b `mc-X-pg
apkvenwK F-nepw iX-am-\m-Sn-m-\-nepw Ghpw IqSp-X ae-pdw
tIc-f-n-es\ BZy sdbnth sse t_q- Xncq
amam--n-tev Nmth-dp-Isf Ab-n-cp-Xv hph tm\m-Xncn
1998 sabv 17 IpSpw-_{io DZvLm-S\w sNbvX Pn ae-pdw
hmh ae ae-pdw Pn-bn
tIc-f-nse BZys kq ipNn{X ]m-bv t]mp- (a-e-p-dw)
CS-t-cn-bpsS P-\mSv (s]m-m-\n)
kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS ssk\nI Bm\w ae-pdw
ae-bmf k-I-em-ime Xncq
Iip-h- n Kth-jW tI{w B\-bw
BUy ]md sh-mw
knbw Imb s]mm\n
Cyn-bnse BZy tXv ayqknbw shfn-b-\mSv (\n-e-q)
BZy _tbm dntkm-gkv \mp-d ]mv \ne-q
tambnIpn sshZy kvamcIw sImt- mn
IS-ep- n ]n ktXw
Aen-KUv k-I-em-ime tIc-f-nse B\w
Cy-bnse BZy Iyq- km-cXm ]m-bv N-{a-hw
tIcf ^pUvt_m-fns a
tIcf {Kmao _mns Bm\w

]-\w-Xn Pn

\ne-hn hXv 1982 \hw-_ 1

tIc-f-n km-c-Xn-bn Hm-aXv
{][m\ \Zn-I ], aWn-a-e, AtIm-hn
]m \Zn \of-n aqmw m\w (176)
]-\w-Xn--bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI Xe-m\w Bdapf
ZnW `mKo-cYn ] _mcnkv
kc-k-Ihn aqeq ]fl-\m` ]Wn- kvamcIw Ce-hp-Xn
s]cp-t-\-cphn sh-m-w, NcIpv {][m\ hnt\m-Z-tI{w
i_-cn-a-e, ]cp-a-e--n, Xncp-h {ioh--`-t{Xw, ae-bm-e-p-g, ]-\w-Xn Ppam-a-kvPn-Zv, Bd-pf ]mkm-cYn t{Xw {][m\ Xom-S\ tI{-
]S-b-Wnv {]kn--amb ew IS--\n
Pe-nse ]qcw Bd-pf hw-Ifn (]m \Zn-bn)
Gjy-bnse Ghpw henb ss{IkvXh kt-f\w amcm-a Ishj
i_-cn-Kncn ]Xn ] \Zn-bn
Cy-bn-em-Zy-ambn ]qPyw P\-kwJy hf \ncv
ZnW Ipw`-taf aI-c-hn-fv
hmkvXp-hnZym Kpcp-Ipew Bdapf
Bcy NqUm-aWn cNn in-`-{Zs \mSv sImSp-a
tIc-f-nse Ghpw henb lnp-aX kt-f\w \S-p-Xv sNdp-tImpg
B\-]n-Sp--n\v {]kn--amb ew tImn
thep-n Zf-h Poh-XymKw sNbvX ew aSn
Cy-bnse BZy t]mfntbm hnap Pn
`ua-imkv{X kqNI cPn-kv{Sm _un-Im-h-Imiw AwKo-I-cn tIc-f-nse BZy D]w Bdapf
ImSn
]\wXn Pn-bnse GI sdbnth tj Xncp-h
F.-Un. 52 skv tXmakv m]n--sXp IcpX-s-Sp ]n \ncWw ]n
tIc-f-nse GI Xmdmhv hfp-tI{w \ncWw
Kh ]-\w-Xn--bn
tIc-f-nse BZy ]-kmc ^mIvSdn ]m jpK ankv (\n-c-Ww)
sNo-c-kz-cq-]-ns Bm\w sImSp-a
]m \Znsb amen\y hnap--am-m km Bhn-jvI-cn ]Xn ]m B m
almflm JmZn B{iaw Fe-q
tIcf ImjnI k-I-em-ime Icnv Kth-jW tI{w Xncp-h
tIcf Cn-yqv Hm^v t^mI-tem aSn

Xncp-h-\--]pcw 1949 Pqsse 1

tIc-f-nse BZys kmbm tImSXn

tIc-f-nse BZys ssk_ t]meokv tj ]w
Cy-bnse BZys A\n-ta-j- ]mv In{^
tIc-f-nse Ghpw P\-kwJy IqSnb tIm-td-j
tImh-fw, h-e, s]map-Sn, Acp-hn--c, iwJp-ap-Jw, Bp-fw, thfn ,AKkvXy ae Xn-sN-p-p.
tIcf `mjm Cn-yq-ns Bm\w 1968
Ap-sXv tIm 17 \qm-- n Bn- dmWn-bpsS A\p-hm-Z-tmsS 1695
s\m, Ic-a-\, hma-\-]pcw \Zn-I
Ap-sX-v, CS-hm-\-S-b-d, thfn Imb-ep-I
]-\m-`-kzman t{Xw, Ap-Im, sNdp-ImSv ]n, ]mfbw tamkvIv, _oam ]n Bcm-[-\m-e-b-
Cy-bnse BZy sSIvt\m-]mv Imcy-hw
tIc-f-n-em-Zy-ambn ]nIv {Smkvt]mv kwhn-[m\w \S-n-emn
]m]-\miw F-dn-b-s-Sp ISocw he
Cy-bnse BZy _tbm-f-Pn- ]mv AK-kvXymIqSw
Xncp-h-\--]pcw tdUntbm \ne-bs B Cy tdUntbm Gp-hm-n-bXv 1951
tXt As Xmeqv s\m-nIc
Ghpw tXt As ap\n-kn-m-enn s\m-nIc
ssSm-\nbw t{]mP-UIvSvkv enan-Uv sImp-thfn
tIc-f-nse BZy saUn- tImtfPv km Bip-]{Xn
BZy Iw]yq- hIrX ]m-bv sh-\mSv
Cy-bnse BZys Ne-n{X kl-I-cW kwLw , ^nenw-skm-ssk-n, Nn{X-teJ 1965
sXt Avs temIvk`m aWvUew Xncp-h-\--]pcw
tIcf AUvan-\n-kvt{S-nhv {Sn_yq-W-ens Bm\w Xncp-h-\--]pcw
Cy-bnse BZys Un.-F.-F. _m tImUnwKv tI{w Xncp-h-\--]pcw 2008
sXt Cyn-bse BZys temIv AZm-ev XpS-nb tImSXn Xncp-h-\--]pcw Pnm tImSXn
cmtP-{-tNmf ]Ww F-dn-b-s-Sp-Xv hngnw
1684 {_o-jp-Im hym]-cm-ime Bcw-`n-Xv Ap-sXv
Xncp-h-\--]pcw Nme--tmfw m]n-Xv cPm-tI-i-h-Zm-k
Xncp-h-\--]pcw IpXn-c-am-fnI ]Wn-I-gn-n-Xv kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m
iwJp-apJw IS-p-ds aky-I-\yI F in]w Im\mbn Ipn-cm-a
1935 Xncp-h-\--]p-cv Cy-bnse BZy d ^mIvSdn {]h\w Bcw-`n-Xv {SmhIq d
hIvkv
]n.-n.-Dj kvt]mSvkv Iukn Xncp-h-\--]pcw
Cn-yqv Hm^v A\n-a slv Bv sh-\-dn _tbm-f-Pn-kv Xncp-h-\--]pcw
\ypan-kvam-nIvkv ayqknbw s\Sp-a-mSv
Nn{Xm-en pUntbm Hm^v tIcf tv ^nenw Uh-e-]vsav tIm-td-j Xncp-hw
sk{S Syq_ tIm]vkv dnkv Cn-yqv {ioImcyw
sk t^m sUh-e-]vsav Hm^v Cta-PnwKv sSIvt\m-fPn kn.-Unv
cmPohv Kmn sk t^m _tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fPn
t\n-b ayqknbw
lnp-m emIvkv t]cqS
sk t^m Fv kbkv Uokv (sk-v)
Kpcp tKm]n-\mXv \S-\-{Kmaw
tIcf Iem-a-WvUew tIc-f-n BZy-ambn ss^ BSvkv tImtfPv Bcw-`n-Xv
CIz-tm-dn-b temnwKv tj Xp
Xncp-h-\--]pcw Zqc-Zi tI{w IpS--\-pv
C.-Fw.-Fkv AmZan hn-f-nime
N{-ti-J-c \mb tUnbw
{Ko^oUv tUnbw Imcy-hw (35 tZiob sKbnwkv \S--Xv)

]me-mSv 1957 P\p-hcn 1

tIc-f-nse Ghpw henb Pn,

hnkvXow 4480 N. In. ao
km-cX Ghpw Ipd tIcfnse Pn
]cpn / \ne--Se / s\v / IqSp-X DXv]m-Z\w
kwL-Im-ev s]mssd-\mSv F-dn-b-s-n-cp-p.
ImjnI ISm-izk Io-js Bm\w
Ghpw IqSp-X Ij-I-sm-gn-em-fn-I- D Pn.
tIc-f-n Ghpw IqSp-X Pe-tk-N\ `qan-bp Pn
sskc-{n-h\w sskev hmen
sskev hmen \mj-W ]mmbn {]Jym-]n-Xv 1984
Cy sSen-t^m CU-kv{So-kns Bm\w In-tmSv
tIc-f-n-te-p IhmSw F-dn-b-s-Sp-Xv ]me-mSv Npcw
]me-mSv tIm ]Wn-I-gn-n-Xv sslZ Aen (1766)
Ip satm-dn-b enSn
en-Snbnse Inn-p-dnin awK-es Ie-p Xd-hm-n Ip \ym P\n-Xv
tIc-f-nse Ghpw henb sdbnth tj sjmWq
tIc-f-nse Ghpw henb Pe-kw-`-cWn ae-pg
tIc-f-nse hrm-h-\w ae-pg
]m{X--Shv Pe-ssh-ZypX ]Xn ]me-mSv (Ip-n-p-g-bn)
tIc-f-nse BZys tdmv KmU ae-pg
knwl-hm-e IpcpIv {]kn--amb ew sskev hmen
Hmdp tXm-v {]kn--amb ew s\n-bm-Xn
]mh-s--hs Dun s\n-bm-Xn
]me-mSv sdbnth Unhn-js Bm\w He-h-tmSv
tIc-f-n Imn \npw sshZypXn Dev]m-Zn-n-p BZys s{]mPIvSv \S-n-em-nbXv In-tmSv
ae-pg AW-sv `mc-X-p-g-bn
skev hmen-bn-eqsS Hgp-Ip \Zn Ipn-pg
ae-_m knav ^mIvSdn hmf-bm
ae-p-g, ]d-n-p-fw, ao-c, t]mp- n Umw. s\n-bm--Xn, t[mWn sh-m-w, lncp-hmWn AW-sv,
sskev hmen
Xan-gv\m-n-eqsS am{Xw {]th-i-\-ap tIc-f-nse h\y-Pohn ktXw ]d-n-pfw
Imn hniz-\mY t{Xw, Xrme inh-t-{Xw, Xncp-hm-e-q t{Xw, ]mn ]n, ssP\-taSv
t{Xw
tIc-f-n Idp av IqSp-X-embn ImW-s-Sp ew Nnq
tIc-f-nse GI abn hf tI{w Nqe-q
1921 Sn {]Im-i-ns A[y--X-bn BZys AJne tIcf tIm{Kv kt-f\w \S-Xv H-mew
IWm-SI kwKo-X--\mb sNss sshZy-\mY `mK-h-X-cpsS kvamcIw tImmbn
tIm-q- \K-c-n sh-sa-n-p--Xn\v tIc-f-nse GXv AW-s-n \nv incp-hmWn
Cy mtUUv _yqtdm X--aw-Kew
abn-em-Spw-]md kmzdn
temI-nse Ghpw henb tXv acw In-acw (]-d-n-pfw h\y-Pohn kt-Xw)
koXmIp- v (Sq-dnv tI{w)
AK-fn, A-mSn
Cy-bnse BZys Iyq-hIrX If-IvS-td-v ]me-mSv
Icn--\-I-fpsS \mSv
tIc-f-nse BZy te_ _mv AI-t-d
Cy-bnse BZys kq _mnwKv Pn
tIc-f-nse BZy Iyq-hXvIrX Xmeqv Hm^okv H-mew
ISo-c-an-m Pn

sImw 1949 Pqsse 1

{][m\ \Zn-I I-S-bm-dv, Cn--c-bmdv

{][m\ Imb-ep-IAjvS-ap-Sn, ]c-hq, CSh
Pb-knw-l-\mSv AYhm tZin--\mSv
Iip-h- n-bpsS \mSv
Ghpw IqSp-X Iip-h- n ^mIvS-dn-I D Pn.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse BZy sdbnmX sN-tm- ]p\-eq 1904
tIc-f-n BZy XpWn-an 1881
tIc-f-nse BZy ]pkvXI {]km-[-\-ime Fkv.-n. dUym 1886
1903 m]n-X-amb Fkv.-F.-Un.-]n. bpsS Bm\w
N-n-kzm-an-I-fpsS kam-[n-ew ]\
1953 t\msh-bpsS kl-I-c-W-tmsS ^j-dokv Iyq-Wnn s{]mPIvSv \o- -Ic
1877 \nn ]p\-eq Xqp-]mew
tIc-f-nse BZy A_vImcn tImSXn sImm-c-c 2005
]me-cphn sh-mw, NS-b-aw-K-es PSm-bp-]m-d, sIms Xncp-ap--hmcw _ov, X-tcn hnf-p-am-Sw,
sN-cpWn h\y-Pohn kt-Xw, B{iaw ]nIv\nIv hnt-Pv, {][m\ hnt\mZ kmc tI{w.
sImm-c-c alm-K-W-]Xn t{Xw, AtIm-hn-en-se-bpw, Bcy-m-hn-sebpw imkvXm-t-{X-
hn-m-hnse Aar-Xm-\--abn B{iaw
Ifn-av hyh-km-b-n\v {]kn--amb Ip- d
tIcf kndm-anIvkv Ip- d
thWmSv cmP-hw-i-ns imJ-bmb Cf-bn-Sv kzcq-]-ns Bm\w sImm-c-c
IY-I-fn-bpsS BZy-cq-]-amb cma-\mw ]nd-hn-sIm-- Xv sImm-c-c
sImw Pnsb Xan-gv\m-Sp-ambn _n-n-p Npcw Bcy-mhv Npcw
tv Cn-yqv Hm^v dqd Uh-e-]vsav tImm-c-c
Cy db Fv ^mIvSdn Nhd
Np--e-an-m ]c-{_--t{Xw Hmnd
tIc-f-nse BZy t] an m]n-Xv ]p\-eq
]pcm-X-\-Im-evXsX sXhn
sImw \Kcw m]n-Xv km]n Cutkm (kn-dn-b hym]m-cn)
]g-b-Im-ev Iqc-t-Wn-sIm-fw-_w, ase, Npew, Fn-s\ Adn-b-s-n-cp ew sImw
Cy-bnse BZys t]meokv ayqknbw 1999 sImw
Gjy-bnse Ghpw henb Sn ^mw Khsav Sn ^mw, Ipco-pg
Ikyq-a s^Uv samss_ {XnthWn F k-cn-p kq amv BZy-ambn Ah-X-cn-n
\Kcw sImw
2007 `m`m Atm-anIv dnkv sk \S-nb ]T-\-{]-Imcw temI-n Ghpw IqSp-X tdUn-tb-j
D {]tZiw Icp-\m-K-nn
kZm h-`mbn ]t t]meokv ayqknbw sImw
No\ sImmcw sImw

Fd-Wm-Ipfw

1958 G{]n 1 \v \ne-hn hp.

Bm\w Im-\mSv
am-t-cn, t^mv sImn, t_mKm-n, Xt-m-Sv, sNdm-bn, ln]m-e-kv (Xr-q-Wn-p-d), hnt\m-Z-k-m-ctI-{-.
skv {^mknkv ]n, tNmm-\n--c t{Xw, ae-bm-q, DZ-bw-t]-cq ]n, Xrm--c-t-{Xw.
sImn Xpd-apJ hnI-k-\-n\v klm-bn cmPyw Pm
tIc-f-n BZy-ambn Ic amn-h- ikv{X-{Inb \S-n-bXv AarX Cn-yqv (2004)
tIc-f-nse BZy lrZ-b-am-n-h-bv ikv{X-{Inb \S-Xv saUn- {Sv (2003)
sImn-tmv FIvkvtNv cq]-h-XvI-cn hjw 1978
sImn cmPys Ah-km-\s cmPm-hv ]co-nv Xp-cm
Ah-km-\s Znhm kn.-]n. Icp-Wm-I-c-\-ta-t\m
]n-p-dw-tIm (am-\p-h tIm, sshn tIm ) \nn-Xv 1503 t]mp-Kokv
t_mKmn sImmcw Up-Im
tIcf Ncn{X ayqknbw, N-pg kvamcIw CS-nn
Cyn-bn cmPym-c ]Zhn e`n BZy Xom-S\ tI{w ae-bm-q (2005)
Ad-_n--Sn-ens dmWn (sIm-n)
sImn Xpd-ap-J-ns inev]n tdm_v {_ntm
sImn-bnse skv {^mknkv ]n \nn-Xv t]mp-Kokv Im
Beph s]cn-bm-dns Xocv
tIcf ssltm-S-Xn-bpsS Bm-\w Fd-Wm-Ipfw
sImn-bnse BZy Cwojv hym]mcn dm^v^nv
Cybnse Ghpw ]g--ap PqX-n am-tcn
{_-]pcw Uok Xm]-\n-ebw Fd-Wm-Ipfw
^mIvSv DtZym-K-a-WvU
Cybnse BZy d_ ]mv sF-cm-]pcw
tIc-f-n Ghpw IqSp-X PmXn-bpw ssIX--bpw DXv]m-Zn-n-p--Xv Fd-Wm-Ipfw
sImn taP Xpd-ap-J-am-n-bXv 1936
tIc-f-nse BZy \nb-a-k-I-em-ime sImn-bnse \mj-W bqWn-th-gvknn Hm^v AUzmkv eoK
Uokv (kp-hkv)
Cy-bnse BZy bqtdm-]y tIm ]n-pdw tIm
{ioi--cm-Nm-cy-cpsS P-ew ImeSn
tIcf {]kv Am-Zan Bm\w Im-\mSv
tImS-\mSv B\ ]cn-io-e\ tI{w
Cy-bn kzImcy taJ-e-bpsS ]m-fn--tmsS \nn hnam\mhfw sImn
Fd-Wm-Ip-f-ns ]gb t]cv Ejn-\m-K-Ipfw
Cy-bnse BZy kq km-cX Pn
Cybnse BZy amXrI ay-_-\ Sqdnkw {Kmaw Ip-fn
tImashv cmPy--fn hv Ghpw ]gw sN kn\-tKmKv nXn-sN-p-Xv am-tcn
lnp-m sajo Sqkv Bm\w If-a-ticn
sImn Xpd-ap-J-ns av \nt-]n-p-- mb Zzo]v shnw-KvS
tIc-f-nse BZys cmPym--c Is- -bv\ {Smkvjn-]vsav sSan-\ hm]mSw
Ct^m-]mv nXn-sN-p-Xv Im-\mSv
H-sSv h\y-Po-hn-I-fpsS kwc--Wmw tIc-f-h\w hIpv A`-bm-cWyw Bcw-`n-Xv ae-bm-q I{]nmv
Cy-bnse Ghpw \ofw-Iq-Snb sdbnth ]mew CS-nn hm]mSw
tIcf bqWn-th-gvkn-n- Hm^v ^nj-dokv BUv Hmj kbkv ]\-mSv
Xncp sImn m]n-X-amb hjw 1949
sImnv Ad-_n--S-ens dmWn F hnti-jWw e`n-hjw 1936

{io\m-cm-bW Kpcp Hcp PmXn Hcp aXw Hcp ssZhw a\p-jy\v Fv ktiw \In-bXv (1924 Beph
AssZz-Xm-{i-aw)
t_mKmn ]mekv \nn-Xv 1744
DZbwt]cq kp\-l-tZmkv 1599
Iq\Ip-cniv kXyw 1653
tIc-f-nse BZy kzImcy sF.-n. ]mv apqv
bqtdm-]y tcJ-I-fn dt-fn Fv ASm-b-f-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv CS-nn
sImnsb Ad-_n--S-ens dmWn Fv hnti-jn-n-Xv B.-sI. japJw sNn
{io i-cm-Nmcy kwkvIrX k-I-em-im-e-bpsS Bm\w ImeSn
sImn kmK cNn-Xv tdm_v {_ntm
Beph ^mIvSv Bcw-`nvX BcpsS `c-W-Im-e-v {io Nnn-c-Xn-cp-\m
sImn cmP-hw-i-ns Bm-\w Xrq-Wn-pd
GXv cmPm-hns Ime-mWv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw sImnbpw tNv Xncp--sImnbmn-bXv ]co-nv
Xp-c
]psse Kth-jWw tI{w HmS-men
BIp-npw s]Ip-n-p-ap tIc-f-nse GI ZpKpW ]cn-lmc ]mT-ime Im-\mSv
AssZzX Zi-\-ns BNm-cy i-cm-Nm-cy
tIc-f-nse BZy sat{Sm sdbn sImn
NqWn s]cn-bm
Cybnse BZys cmPym-c ado\ sImn
F.-n.-Fw. Iu- -dn-eqsS ]m e`y-am-p Cy-bnse BZy kwcw`w Bcw-`n-Xv sImn.

Be-pg 1957 BKv 17

Ghpw sNdnb Pn

Ing-ns sh\okv

Be-p-gsb Ing-ns sh\okv Fv hnti-jn-n-Xv Igvk {]`p

h\-{]-tZ-i-an-m Pn

]bpw AtIm-hn-emdpw {][m\ \Zn-I

th-\m-Spw, Imbw-Ip-fhpw ]p-aS {][m\ Imb-ep-I

A-e-p-g-bv-Spv Icp-am-Sn-bn nXn-sN-p _p-aX hn{Klw I-cp-am-Sn-p-

A]q tZim-S-\-]-n-I- Fp Zzo]v ]mXn-cm-a-W Zzo]v

Be-pg Pn-bnse {]kn--amb \mK-cmP t{Xw am-d-ime

amth-en--c sNn-p-f-c t{Xw, IWn-n-p-f-c t{Xw, Np-fv Imhv, sN-q alm-tZ-h

t{Xw, Bp-]-n,

alm-Ihn Ipam-c-\m-im t_m-]-I-S-n acn ew Ipam-c-tImSn ( sdUo-a t_m-]-ISw 1924)

tIc-f-nse Ghpw henb Nph Nn{Xw IrjvW-]pcw sImm-c-nse KtP-{-tamw

s\lvdp t{Sm^n hw Ifn \S-p-Xv ]p-a-S-Im-b-en

Xo apw _-

Ip \ym BZy-ambn HmXp- Ah-X-cn-n t{Xw A-e-pg {ioIrjvW t{Xw

IrjvW-]pcw sImmcw ]Wn-I-gn-n-Xv amm-WvU-h

tIc-f-nse BZy Ib ^mIvSdn Umdmkv sabn 1859 (sP-bnwkv Umd)

]-bpsS Zm\w Ip-\mSv

Zn-W-tI-c-f-nse Kpcp-hm-bq A-e-pg {ioIrjvW t{Xw

tIc-f-nse ]g\n lcn-mSv kp{_-Wy t{Xw

tIc-f-nse BZys t]mv Hm^o-kv Be-pg

tIc-f-nse BZy Ib{Kmaw hb-em 2005

tIc-f-nse BZy kn\n-am-q-Untbm DZb

v th-\mv Imb-en

Ghpw IqSp-X Ib ^mIvS-dn-I D Pn

Ib t_mUns Bm\w Be-pg

tIc-f-n kap-{Z-\n-c-n \npw Xmsg nXn sNp {]tZiw Ip-\mSv

tIc-f-nse s\XemUv Ip-\mSv

tIc-f-nse Ghpw sNdnb Imb th-\m-p-Im-b

Imbw-Ipfw Xm]-ssh-ZypX \nebw

cmPohv Kmn IssUv sskn ]h s{]mPIvSv Imbw-Ipfw Xm]-\n-ebw

Imbw-Ipfw Xm]-\n-e-b-n C-\-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv \m^vX

{]mNo-\-Im-es I-ens Ah-in-jvS-- Is-

Be-pg ]-W-ns inev]n cmPm-tI-i-h-Zm-k

Ip-\m-Sns kmln-Xy-Im-c XIgn

]n-a-Xo-cs BZys Zo]-kvXw`w m]n-Xv Be-pg

tIc-f-ns s\-d Ip-\mSv

Gm-hjhpw HmKv amk-nse c-

BZy t]cv ss{]an-\n-tgvkv t{Sm^n

Ip \ym kvamcIw A-e-pg

sIp-Im-gvNbvp {]kn--amb t{Xw sNn-p-f-c t{Xw

Up tcJ-I-fn s_n-a\n Fp hnfn-n-cp {]tZiw Imn-I-]n

cmPm-chnha tImtfPv Hm^v ss^ BSv amth-en-c

]pd-mSv IS-pdw Be-pg

{]kn--amb the-Ifn \S-p t{Xw A-e-pg t{Xw

Cy-bnse BZy kn-{Kmaw Nn-cp

tIc-f-n BZy-ambn Hcp {Km-embw cPn- sN-s ew A-e-pg (]n.-sI. satm-dn-b {Kim-e)

abno-en-q-w, APp-\-\rw Fnh \ne-\np Pn Be-pg

XIgn satm-dn-b ayqknbw Be-pg

sk{S sImb dnkv Cn-yqv Ie-]q (B-e-p-g)

-nb ew ssX

m-as i\n-bmgvN s\lvdp t{Sm^n

tImbw 1949 Pqsse 1

A-c-\-Kcw F-dn-b-s-Spp

Cy-bnse BZy kq km-cX ]Ww

aqv F IfpsS \Kcw (tIm-bw ) se, em-Ivkv, teIvkv

tImbw ]Ww m]n-Xv Sn cma-dmhp

Fw.-Pn. bqWn-th-gvknn Bm\w AXn-c-pg

sI.-B. \mcm-b-W P-ew Dg-hq

tImbw ]-W-n-eqsS Hgp-Ip \Zn ao\-n-emdv

IW-hmdv ao\-n

\mb kokv skmsskn Bm\w s]cp (N--\m-t-cn)

At^mkbpsS `uXn-I-i-co-cm-h-in-jvS- kqn-p-Xv `c-W-m\w ]n-bn

tIc-f-nse BZy tImtfPv kn,-Fw.-F-kv.

tIc-f-nse BZy {]kv kn.-Fw.-F-kv.

Cy-bn BZy tPmbnv tmv ]n-jov I\n m]n-Xv tIm-bv at\m-ca