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Statistics In Our Daily Lifec

PROJECT WORK FOR ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATHICS 2010c
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Kolej Datu Patinggi Abang Haji Abdillahc

Introduction
We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out
a project work while we are in Form 5.This year the Curriculum
Development Division, Ministry of Education has prepared four tasks
for us.We are to choose and complete only ONE task based on our
area of interest.This project can be done in groups or individually,but
each of us are expected to submit an individually written report.Upon
completion of the Additional Mathematics Project Work,we are to
gain valuable experiences and able to:

ac Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to

solve routine and non-routine problems;
ac Experience classroom environments which are challenging,
interesting and meaningful and hence improve their thinking
skills.
ac Experience classroom environments where knowledge and
skills are applied in meaningful ways in solving real-life
problems
ac Experience classroom environments where expressing ones
mathematical thinking,reasoning and communication are
highly encouraged and expected
ac Experience classroom environments that stimulates and
enhances effective learning.
ac Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral
and writing,and to use the language of mathematics to express
mathematical ideas correctly and precisely
ac Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills
through problem-solving in ways that increase interest and
confidence
ac Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings
and in workplace
ac Realise that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in
solving real-life problems and hence develop positive attitude
towards mathematics.
ac Train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also to
collaborate, to cooperate, and to share knowledge in an
engaging and healthy environment
ac Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and
effectively
ac Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of
mathematics and to become more creative and innovative
ac Realize the importance and the beauty of mathematics

We are expected to submit the project work within three weeks

from the first day the task is being administered to us.Failure to
submit the written report will result in us not receiving certificate.




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By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the systematic
collection of demographic and economic data by states. In the early 19th
century, the meaning of "statistics" broadened, then including the discipline
concerned with the collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today statistics is
widely employed in government, business, and all the sciences.
Electronic computers have expedited statistical computation, and have allowed
statisticians to develop "computer-intensive" methods.
The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical theories
of probability and statistical inference, which are used in statistical practice. The
relation between statistics and probability theory developed rather late,
however. In the 19th century, statistics increasingly used probability theory,
whose initial results were found in the17th and 18th centuries, particularly in
the analysis of games of chance (gambling). By 1800, astronomy used
probability models and statistical theories, particularly the method of least
squares, which was invented by Legendre and Gauss. Early probability theory
and statistics was systematized and extended by Laplace; following Laplace,
probability and statistics have been in continual development. In the 19th
century, social scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to
advance the new sciences of experimental psychology and sociology; physical
scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to advance the new
sciences of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The development of
statistical reasoning was closely associated with the development of inductive
logic and the scientific method.
Statistics is not a field of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical science,
like computer science or operations research. Unlike mathematics, statistics had
its origins in public administration and maintains a special concern
with demography and economics. Being concerned with the scientific
method and inductive logic, statistical theory has close association with
the philosophy of science; with its emphasis on learning from data and making
best predictions, statistics has great overlap with the decision
science and microeconomics. With its concerns with data, statistics has overlap
with information science and computer science.
Statistics today
During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments for agricultural
research, public health concerns (epidemiology, biostatistics, etc.),
industrial quality control, and economic and social purposes
(unemployment rate, econometry, etc.) necessitated substantial advances in
statistical practices.
Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond its origins. Individuals
and organizations use statistics to understand data and make informed
decisions throughout the natural and social sciences, medicine, business,
and other areas.
Statistics is generally regarded not as a subfield of mathematics but rather
as a distinct, albeit allied, field. Many universities maintain separate
mathematics and statistics departments. Statistics is also taught in
departments as diverse as psychology, education, and public health.
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Part 1
The prices of goods sold in shops vary from one shop to
another.Shoppers tend to buy goods which are not only reasonably
priced but also give value for their money.
You are required to carry out a survey on four different items based
on the following categories i.e. food, detergent and stationery.The
survey should be done in three different shops.
a)c Collect pictures,newspaper cuttings or photos on items that you
have chosen.Design a collage to illustrate the chosen items
Answer:

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Question
(b) Record the items and their prices systematically as in
Table 1.Since items maybe differently packed,be sure to use
consistent measurements for each item selected so that
comparison can be done easily and accurately.
Answer:

@
c Item Price(RM)

Boulevard Everrise Discount
store

c 1.Self-Raising 4.00 3.70 3.60

' c Flour(1000g)
(
)*+++,c 2.00 1.90 1.80
c
-!
)(.+,c 4.70 4.50 4.30
c
4.Eggs(Grade A) 5.90 5.50 5.00
1 dozen
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc Total Price 16.60 15.60 14.70
c 1.Soap(3 bars) 3.20 3.00 2.80

 2.Liquid 4.29 3.90 3.20
dishwasher(1000ml)
c 3.Clothes 18.90 17.00 16.50
detergent(3kg)
4.Toilet 5.50 5.50 5.50
cleaner(500ml)
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc Total Price 31.89 29.40 28.00
c 1.Sharpener 1.50 1.30 1.00
Stationery 2.Pencil 5.00 4.80 4.50
(2B-1 dozen)
3.Pen 1.30 1.20 1.00
4.Eraser 1.30 1.20 1.10
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc TotalPrice 9.10 8.50 7.60
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc Grand Total 57.59 53.50 50.30
Question
(c) Create at least two suitable graphical representations (the
use of ICT is encouraged) to compare and contrast the price of
the items chosen.
Answer:
1)
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Question
(d) Based on the graphical representation that you
have constructed in Part 1(c), interpret,discuss and draw
conclusions. Comments on your findings.

Answer:
Based on the graphical representations that I have
constructed in Part 1(c), it is shown that there are large
and small differences among the prices of items in each
category between the shops.In the food category, the
smallest price difference are of those of sugar, while the
highest is the price of eggs. Besides food, detergent also
shows a large price difference between its items.
Among them is the price of liquid dishwasher and
clothes detergent. On the other hand,stationery items
doesn¶t have any obvious price difference. The graph
also show that most of the items that are high priced
comes from the Boulevard Supermarket, while the
lowest price items come from the Discount Store.The
graph 1(d) will show the conclusion of the difference
among the shops based upon the shops grand total.

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Graph 1(d)

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Question
(e) Identify an item that has a large price difference
among the shops. Calculate the mean and standard
deviation of that particular item. Hence, suggest and
discuss possible reasons for the price difference.
Answer:
Liquid dishwasher:
r
rr

Mean=

=17.47
Standard deviation
= ¥(™ɯ²)/N ± ( ɯ Ѻ )²
r
 r r

=¥ - (17.47)²


=0.97
The large price difference of clothes detergent among
the shops maybe because of the standard of the shop.A
high standard shop or supermarket, the items sold
intend to be much more expensive than a regular shop
or supermarket.Also, the price difference of the items
may also due to the quality of the item present. A better
quality means a higher price.
 Part 2
Every year SMK Indah organises a carnival to raise funds for the
school. This year the school plans to install air conditioners in the
school library. Last year, during the carnival, your class made and
sold butter cakes. Because of the popularity of the butter
cakes,your class has decided to carry out the same project for this
year¶s carnival.
Question
(a)c Suggest a shop from Part 1 which you would go to
purchase the ingredients for the butter cakes.State and
discuss your reasons for purchasing from the shop you
suggested.

Answer:
The Discount Store.This is because the total price of the
ingredients from this shop is the lowest from the three shops.

Question
(b)c Complete Table 2 with the prices of the items found in
the shop/supermarket that you have chosen.
Answer:

Ingredient Quantity Price in the year Price in the

Per cake 2009(RM) year 2010(RM)
Self-raising flour 250g 0.90 0.90
Sugar 200g 0.35 0.36
Butter 250g 3.30 4.30
Eggs(Grade A) 5 eggs (300g) 1.25 2.10
 Question
(i)c Calculate the price index for each of the ingredients in Table 2
for the year 2010 based on the year 2009
Answer:

Ingredient Quantity Price in the Price in the Price index

Per cake year year for the year
2009(RM) 2010(RM) 2010 based on
the year 2009
(ǿ)
Self-raising 250g 0.90 0.90 100
flour
Sugar 200g 0.35 0.36 102.86
Butter 250g 3.30 4.30 130.30
Eggs(Grade 5 eggs 1.25 2.10 168
A) (300g)

1.Self-raising flour

 
È

ǿ=
È


2.Sugar

 

È

ǿ=
È


3.Butter


ǿ=
 




4.Eggs(Grade A)

r
ǿ=
r


 
Question
(ii) Calculate the composite index for making a butter
cake in the year 2010 based on the year 2009. Discuss
how you obtained your answers.
Answer:
To calculate the composite index,weightage is needed
Å

(W),
 


Ingredients Weightage (W)

Self-raising flour 
 


Sugar 
 
 
Butter 
 


Eggs(Grade A) 
 



Composite
r r r 
rÈÈ  rÈ
  rÈ
È  rÈr
index
r

=128.54
Question
(iii) In the year 2009,the butter cake was sold at RM15.00
each.Suggest a suitable selling price for the butter cake in the
year 2010.Give reasons for your answer.

Answer:
On 2009,RM 15.00

 

L
On 2010, price=
r


 


r
r
 =
rÈÈ

 =19.30
Thus,the suitable price for the butter cake for the year

2010 is RM19.30.The increase in price is also suitable

because of the rise in the price of the ingredients.

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Question
(c)(i) Find out from reliable sources how to determine
suitable capacity of air conditioner to be installed based
on the volume/size of a room.
Answer:
For common usage,air conditioner is rated according to
horse power (1HP), which is approximately 700W to
1000W of electrical power. It is suitable for a room size
1000ft‘ which is around 27m‘ of volume.
Question
(ii) Work in groups to estimate the volume of your
school library. Explain how you arrive at your answer.
Hence, determine the number of air conditioners with
the appropriate capacity required for your library.
Answer:
By using a measuring tape,the dimension for the library
is:
Height=3.6m
Width=9.17m
Length=20.12m
Volume of the room=3.6
9.17
20.12
=664.20m‘
1 unit of air conditioner is for 27m ‘

È
For 664.20m ‘=


=24.6
That means our school library needs 25 unit of air
conditioner.

Question
(iii) If your class intends to sponsor one air
conditioner for the school library, how many butter
cakes must your class sell in order to buy the air
conditioner?
Answer:
1 unit of 1HP air conditioner=RM700
Cost for a cake =0.9+0.36+4.3+2.1 =7.66
Selling price =RM19.30
Profit =19.30-7.66
=RM11.64
Number of cakes to buy 1 unit of air conditioner =
ÈÈ
= 60.13 = 60 cakes
rr

Part 3
As a committee member for the carnival, you are
required to prepare an estiated budget to organize this
year¶s carnival. The committee has to take into the
consideration the increase in expenditure from the
previous year due to inflation. The price of food,
transportation and tents has increased by 15%. The cost
of games, prizes and decorations remains the same,
whereas the cost of miscellaneous items has increase by
30%.

Question,
a)cComplete Table 3 based on the information given
above.
Answer ,
Expenditure Amount in 2009 Amount in 2010
(RM) (RM)
Food 1200.00 1380.00
Games 500.00 500.00
Transportation 300.00 345.00
Decorations 200.00 200.00
Prizes 600.00 600.00
Tents 800.00 920.00
Miscellaneous 400.00 520.00

Table 3
Question
b)cCalculate the composite index for the estimated
budget of the carnival in the year 2010 based on the
year 2009. Comment on your answer.

Solution.
Expenditure Amount Amount Price Weightage,
in 2009 in 2010 Index, R
(RM) (RM) ?
?=

r
È

Food 1200.00 1380.00 115 12
Games 500.00 500.00 100 5
Transportation 300.00 345.00 115 3
Decorations 200.00 200.00 100 2
Prizes 600.00 600.00 100 6
Tents 800.00 920.00 115 8
Miscellaneous 400.00 520.00 130 4

Composite Index
I
Å


=
IÅ

rrr rÈÈ rr rÈÈ rÈÈ rr rÈ

=
r 


= =111.625
È
The total price for the year 2010 increase by 11.625%.
This is because some price in the year 2009 increased in
the year 2010.

Question.
c)cThe change in the composite index for the estimate
budget for the carnival from the year 2009 to the
year 2010 is the same as the change from the year
2010 to the year 2011. Determine the composite
index of the budget for the year 2011 based on the
year 2009.
Solution.
Composite index for the year 2009 to the year 2010
=111.625
Composite index for the year 2010 to the year 2011
=111.625
`

 =`


`








r
`
 =111.625
111.625

 rÈÈ

`
 124.60




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Further Exploration
Index numbers are being used in many different daily
situations, for example air pollution index, stock market
index, gold index and property index.
Obtain information from the internet or other reliable sources
on the importance of two different types of index number of
your choice. Elaborate the use and the importance of these
index numbers in daily life.
Air Pollution Index
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter,
or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or
other living organisms, or damages the natural environment into
the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is
essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone
depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to
human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.

The Air Quality Index (AQI) (also known as the Air Pollution
Index (API) or Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) is a number used by
government agencies to characterize the quality of the air at a given
location. As the AQI increases, an increasingly large percentage of
the population is likely to experience increasingly severe adverse
health effects. To compute the AQI requires an air pollutant
concentration from a monitor or model. The function used to convert
from air pollutant concentration to AQI varies by pollutant, and is
different in different countries. Air quality index values are divided
into ranges, and each range is assigned a descriptor and a color code.
Standardized public health advisories are associated with each AQI
range. An agency might also encourage members of the public to take
public transportation or work from home when AQI levels are high.

Limitations of the AQI

Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Many countries
monitor ground-level ozone, particulates, sulphur dioxide, carbon
monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and calculate air quality indices for
these pollutants.
Causes of Poor Air Quality
The AQI can worsen (go up) due to lack of dilution of air emissions
by fresh air. Stagnant air, often caused by
an anticyclone or temperature inversion, or other lack of winds lets air
pollution remain in a local area.
Indices by location
South Korea
The Ministry of Environment of South Korea uses the Comprehensice
Air-quality Index (CAI) to describe the ambient air quality based on
health risk of air pollution. The index aims to help the public easily
understand air quality level and protect the health of people from air
pollution. - The CAI has values of 0 through 500, which are divided
into six categories. The higher the CAI value, the greater the level of
air pollution. - Of values of the five air pollutants, the highest is the
CAI value.

CAI Description Health Implications

0-50 Good A level that will not impact patients suffering from diseases related to air pollution.

51-
Moderate A level which may have a meager impact on patients in case of chronic exposure.
100

101- Unhealthy for A level that may have harmful impacts on patients and members of sensitive
150 sensitive groups groups.

A level that may have harmful impacts on patients and members of sensitive
151-
Unhealthy groups (children, aged or weak people), and also cause the general public
250
unpleasant feelings.

251- A level which may have a serious impact on patients and members of sensitive
Very unhealthy
350 groups in case of acute exposure.

351- A level which may need to take emergency measures for patients and members of
Hazardous
500 sensitive groups and have harmful impacts on the general public.

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Oalaysia
The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution
Index. Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon
monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported
in PM10 particulate matter is reported in ȝg/m³.
Unlike the American AQI, the index number can exceed 500. Above
500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually,
this means that non-essential government services are suspended, and
all ports in the affected area closed. There may also be a prohibition
on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the reporting
area excluding the food sector.
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More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of specific
sectors of the market. The Morgan Stanley Biotech Index, for
example, consists of 36 American firms in the biotechnology industry.
Other indices may track companies of a certain size, a certain type of
management, or even more specialized criteria one index
published by Linux Weekly News tracks stocks of companies that sell
products and services based on the Linux operating environment.

Index versions
Some indices, such as the S&P 500, have multiple versions.[1] These
versions can differ based on how the index components
are weighted and on how dividends are accounted for. For example,
there are three versions of the S&P 500 index: price return, which
only considers the price of the components, total return, which
accounts for dividend reinvestment, and net total return, which
accounts for dividend reinvestment after the deduction of a
withholding tax. As another example, the Wilshire 4500 and Wilshire
5000 indices have five versions each: full capitalization total return,
full capitalization price, float-adjusted total return, float-adjusted
price, and equal weight. The difference between the full
capitalization, float-adjusted, and equal weight versions is in how
index components are weighted. cc
Uses and importance of air pollution index
and stock market index

As everyone can see,the air pollution index is use by

the government to measure the air quality index and to
detect any pollutants in our country¶s air.This is to
ensure the air is clean and safe for us to inhale.Besides
that,an early warning can be given to us if the air
pollution is to high for us to get out of our homes. This
warning is given based upon readings and
interpretations of the air pollution index.
As for the stock market index, it is mainly for the
business entrepreneurs. This type of index is used to
determine the outcome of a stock market and also the
conclusion of a stock market. The stock market index is
important because a country¶s economical state
sometimes depend on it.

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Conclusion
After doing research,answering questions,drawing graphs and
some problem solving, I saw that the usage of statistics is
important in daily life.It is not just widely used in markets but
also in interpreting the condition of the surrounding like the air or
the water.Especially in conducting an air-pollution survey.In
coclusion,statistics is a daily life nessecities.Without it,surveys
can¶t be conducted,the stock market can¶t be interpret and many
more.So,we should be thankful of the people who contribute in
the idea of statistics.

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Reflection
After spending countless hours,day and
night to finish this Additional
Mathematics Project,here is what I got
to say:

Doing this project makes me realize how

important Additional Mathematics
is.Also, completing this project makes
me realize how fun it is and likable is
Additional Mathematics
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