Stat Comp Using Excel

Statistical Computations using
Microsoft Excel
: .

Excel Spreedsheet
.

.

-1
.
-2 Excel Visual
) Basic for Applications (VBA
.

.
-3

.
2
-4
.
-5 Excel Add-Ins
.
-6
Microsoft Office
Windows
%95 .
-7 SAS SPSS

.
-8 Spreadsheet Modeling
.
-9 ) (
SAS )
(.
:

.

.
3

Code Pages
. :
16 ) (.
4

Workbooks
xls BankRecords.xls
Worksheet Sheet1 Sheet2.

A .1 A1
.Home

A,B,,Z,AA,AB,,AZ,BA,BB,,BZ,CA,,CZ,,ZA,ZB,
,ZZ etc

1,2,3,,65536
D5 D .5
8 16
2 2
) 16777216
( .

5
Excel
6

Book2

BankRecord.xls

.
3 ) (Default
Sheet1 Sheet2 Sheet3 Sheet1

Options Tools .
7
Excel

Format
Sheet Rename

Rename

Sheet1 .First Page
8
Excel
1- File -1
2- Edit -2
3- View -3
4- Insert -4
5- Format -5
6- Tools -6
7- Data -7
8- Windows -8
9- Help -9
9
File

Drop Down List
File
Alt+F )
Alt

( File
-1 ) New
(Ctrl+N
-2 ) Open
(Ctrl+O
-3 Close
-4 Save
Ctrl+S
-5 Save As
/
/

-6
-7 Search
-8 Print
-9
10
Send To
-10 Properties
-11

Alt+F+N .
.
11
EDIT

Edit
Alt+E
Edit:
-1
)
( .

.
-2
Cut
-3
Copy
-4
Paste
-5 Paste Special

Office Clipboard

-6 Fill
-7 Clear
12

-8 Delete
-9 Delete Sheet
-10 Move or Copy Sheet
-11 Find
-12 Replace
-13 Go To
13
View

View
Alt+V
View
-1
Normal
) (
-2 Task Pane
-3 Toolbars
-4
Formula Bar

-5 Status Bar

-6 Header and Footer
-7 Comments
-8 Custom Views
-9 Full Screen

-10 Zoom
14

Insert

Insert
Alt+I
Insert
-1 Cells
Rows Columns
Worksheet
Chart Symbol
-2 Function
-3 Name
-4 Comment
-5 Picture
-6 Diagram
-7 Object
-8 Hyperlink
15
Format

Format
Alt+O
Format
-1 Cells
-2 Row
-3 Column
-4 Sheet
-5 AutoFormat
-6 Conditional Format
-7 Style
16
Tools

Tools
Alt+T
Tools
-1 Spelling
-2 Error
Checking
-3 Protection
-4
Solver
-5
Goal
Seek
-6
Scenarios
-7 Macro
-8 Add-Ins
-9 AutoCorrection Options
-10 Options
17
-11 Conditional Sum
-12 Lookup
-13 Data Analysis
Data

Data
Alt+D
Data
:
-1 Sort
-2 Filter
-3 Form
-4 Subtotals
-5 Validation
-6 Table
-7 Text to Columns
-8 Consolidate
18
-9 Group and Outline
-10 PivotTable and

PivotChart Report
-11 Import External Data
Windows

Windows
Alt+W
Windows
-1 New
Window
-2 Arrange
-3 ) Hide
(
-4 ) ( Split
-5 Freeze Panes
-6
19
Help
20

Range
Range
Range .

.A1

B2:B5
) (.

A1:D1
) (.

A1:D5.
21

(1 .
(2
.

+

.
:
.

) (
Insert Name
22
...
Input
...
23
Formula Bar

:
-1 + * )( ) /( ^ ) ( .
-2 :
.
-3 5.2 " ".
-4 SUM . AVERAGE
-5 .
:
=
...

:
-
) = (
.Enter
24
: .
- :

.

B2
Enter
25

Tools Options Formulas
26

:
~ ) Control + Control ~ (
.
27
Excel
) A1 (Home
Ctrl-Home.

End ) Arrow Key
(.

Shift
. .

Shift End
.
: Ctrl

.
)( : )(
) Ctrl +c (or x
.Ctrl+v
28

) (

)
(

) (

29

) (

.

:
Ctrl+Enter.
:
+
.
:

+
)(Double Click

Ctrl+c
Ctrl+x.
.
Edit Paste Special
.Values
30

) 1 .(A2
) (A2 Edit Fill
31
Series

1 Stop Value
...

1 A2
+

32
Fill Series

B2:B3 1 3
33

+

34

C2:C3 1 4
35

36

A1 :B1
= A1 + B1
B1
:A1
= A1 - B1
A1
:B1
= A1 * B1
A1
:B1
= A1 / B1
A1
:B1
= A1^ B1
37

AND OR NOT

AND OK
OR NOT
38
)=AND(A2,B2
)=OR(A2,B2
)=NOT(A2

A1
A ) 1 (.
:
A1

.
39
:
$ $A1
A
. A$1
. $A$1
.
: E5
E5 = A1 + B$3 + $C4 + $D$6
G9
G9 = C5 + D$3 + $C8 + $D$6
A1 E5 C5
G9
. B$3 E5 B
40
D$3 G9
3 .
$C4 $C8
C E5 G9
. $D$6
E5 G9
.

A1
Sheet2 1

=Sheet2!A1

1 A1 Sheet1
Budget.xls
=[Budget.xls]Sheet1!A1+1

=[Budget Analysis.xls]Sheet1!A1+1
.

=C:\MSOffice\Excel\[Budget Analysis.xls]Sheet1!A1+1
41

B1:B10 =A1+10
B1 B10 C1 C10

B1:B10 C1:C10
C1:C10
Edit Paste Special

42
Paste Special
Paste Values
43

:

!#DIV/0

?#NAME

44
#N/A
NA

!#NULL

!#NUM

!#REF
!#VALUE
) (########

.
45
Goal Seeking
.
"
" 20%
.

.
$325,000
20%
360 8%
B3:B6 B8:B11
B8: =(1-B4)*B3
)B9: =PMT(B6/12,B5,-B8
46
B10: =B9*B5
B11: =B10-B8
PMT
. $1,907.79
$1,200
) (

Tools Goal
Seek
47

$1,200
Set cell:
To value:
By changing cell: OK
48

$1,200
.$204,425
49

:
- Go
-
.
ABS OK
50
.
:Array

.
.
: Array Formula

. } { .
CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER
.
51
:

. :
- .
- . :
})={SUM(A1:D1*A2:D2
A1:D1 A2:D2
.

)=SUM(A1:D1*A2:D2
- CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER
} { .
:
20x12 + 30x11 + 50x9 + 10x12 = 1140
52
:

Array Arguments
:
- .
- . B A
TREND
C1:C3 :
- CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER :
53

(1:
)=SUM(A1:A3
A1+A2+A3
(2:
)=AVERAGE(A1:A3
A1, A2, A3
(3 :
)=SUMPRODUCT(A1:A3,B1:B3
54
A1B1+A2B2+A3B3
(4 :
)=ABS(A1
.A1
(5 :
)=SQRT(A1
. A1
55
(6 :
)=MAX(A1:A9
A1 .A9
(7 :
)=MIN(A1:A9
A1 .A9
56
(8 :
)=CEILING(Number or Range,significance
.significance
(9:
)=COMBIN(Number,number_chosen
Number .number_chosen
:
10
:
2
(10 :
)=COUNTIF(Range,Criteria
Range Criteria
57
:
A1:A5 32,54,75,86
55 ) .=COUNTIF(A1:A5,>55
.
(11 :
)=EVEN(Number
Number .
:
)=EVEN(1.5
:
(12 :e
)=EXP(Number
e .Number
:
)=EXP(2
58
:
(13 :
)=FACT(Number
.Number

)=FACT(5
.120
(14 :
)=FLOOR(Number,significance
.significance
:
)=FLOOR(2.5,1
:
59
(15 :
)=GCD(Number1,Number2,
:
)=GCD(24,36
:
(16 :
)=INT(Number
.Number
:
)=INT(8.9
:
(17 :
)=LCM(Number1,Number2,
60
:
)=LCM(5,2
:
(18 :
)=LN(Number
.Number
:
)=LN(86
:
(19 :
)=LOG(Number,base
base .Number
:
)=LOG(8,2
:
61
(20 :
)=MDETERM(Array
Array .
)}=MDETERM({1,3,8,5;1,3,6,1;1,1,1,0;7,3,10,2
(21 :
)=MINVERSE(Array
Array .
:
)} = MINVERSE({1,2,1;3,4,-1;0,2,0
:
62
(22 :
)=MMULT(Array1,Array2
Array1 Array2
.
:
)} = MMULT({1,3;7,2}, {2,0;0,2
:
CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER :
63
(23:
)=MOD(Number,divisor
Number .divisor
:
)=MOD(3,2
:
(24 :
)=ODD(Number
Number .
:
)=ODD(1.5
:
(25 ) ( :PI
)(=PI
.
:
)=SIN(PI()/2
64
:
(26 :
)=POWER(Number,power
Number .power
:
)=POWER(98.6,3.2
:
(27 :
)=PRODUCT(Number1,Number2,
.
:
A1:C1 5,15,30
)=PRODUCT(A1:C1
:
65
(28 :
)=QUOTIENT(Numerator,Denominator
Numerator .Denominator
:
)=QUOTIENT(5,2
:
(29 :
)(=RAND
0 1 ).U(0,1
:
)(=RAND
:
(30 :
)=ROUND(Number,num_digits
66
Number
.num_digits
:
)=ROUND(2.15,1
:
(31 :
)=ROUNDDOWN(Number,num_digits
Number
num_digits .
:
)=ROUNDDOWN(3.14159,3
:
(32 :
)=ROUNDUP(Number,num_digits
Number
num_digits .
67
:
)=ROUNDUP(3.14159,3
:
(33 :
)=SERIESSUM(x,n,m,coefficients
n + j 1 m
SERIES (x , n , m , a) a1x n + a2x n +m + a3x n +2m +L + a j x

:

COS
4
x2 x4 x6
COS ( x ) = 1 + + L
!2! 4! 6
68
A10 A8 .
(34 :
)=SUMSQ(Number1,Number2,
.
:
)=SUMSQ(3,4
:
69
:
:
:( 1
= NORMDIST(x,mean,standard_dev,cumulative)
:
( x )2
x
1 2 2
P( X < x) = e
: TRUE cumulative (
2
( x )2

1 2 2
f ( x; , ) = e
: FALSE cumulative (
2
:
=NORMDIST(25,20,3,TRUE)
=3 = 20 P ( X < 25)
=NORMINV(probability,mean,standard_dev)
P ( X < x 0 ) = probability x 0
:
=NORMINV(0.55,20,3)
70
:
=NORMSDIST(z)
z 2
1 z2
P (Z < z ) = e P ( Z < z ) = ( z )
2
P ( Z < 1.78) = (1.78) :
=NORMSDIST(1.78)
=NORMSINV(probability)
1 (probability )
1 ( 0.55) :
=NORMSINV(0.55)
:t ( 2
= TDIST(x,degrees_freedom,tails)
degrees_freedom t x
: tails
71
df P (t df > x ) tails = 1 (
P (t df > x ) + P (t df < x ) tails = 2 (
=TDIST(1.5,12,1)
:

=TDIST(1.5,12,2)
=TINV(probability,degrees_freedom)
P (t > t df ) = probability P (t < t df ) = probability t df
degrees_freedom df
=TINV(0.05,12)
:
72
:( 3
=POISSON(x,mean,cumulative)
:
P ( X = x ) = e = cumulative = FALSE (
x
x!
x
k
P (X < x ) = e = cumulative = TRUE (
k =0 k!
=POISSON(7,5,FALSE)
=POISSON(7,5,TRUE)
:
73
:( 4
=EXPONDIST(x,lambda,cumulative)
:
P ( X = x ) = e x cumulative = FALSE (
P ( X < x ) = 1 e x cumulative = TRUE (
:
=EXPONDIST(40,1/20,FALSE)
:
:
=EXPONDIST(40,1/20,TRUE)
74
:( 5
=BINOMDIST(x,n,p,cumulative)
:
n n x
P ( X = x ) = p x (1 p ) cumulative = FALSE (
x
x n n y
P ( X < x ) = p y (1 p ) cumulative = TRUE (
y =0 y
:
=BINOMDIST(4,9,0.3,FALSE)
:
=BINOMDIST(4,9,0.3,TRUE)
:
:( 6
=CHIDIST(x,degrees_freedom)
.( )
75
:
)=CHIDIST(18.307,10
:
(7 :
)=CHIINV(probability,degrees_freedom
) (.
:
)=CHIINV(0.05,10
:
(8 :
)=CHITEST(actual_range,expected_range

2

r c Oij Eij
= 2
i=1 j =1 Eij
76
(9 :F
)=FDIST(x,df1,df2
F x df1 .df2
:
)=FDIST(15.20675,6,4
:
(10 :F
)=FINV(probability,df1,df2
.F
77
:
)=FINV(0.01,6,4
:
(11 :
)=CONFIDENCE(alpha,standard_dev,size
100*(1-alpha)% stdev
size .
:
50 30 2.5
95%
)=CONFIDENCE(0.05,2.5,50
0.69295 30-0.69295
30+0.69295 ) (29.3,30.7 0.95
(12 :F
)=FTEST(array1,array2
) F ( . array1
.array2
78
:
)}=FTEST({6,7,9,15,21},{20,28,31,38,40
0.648318
:
(13 :
)=HYPGEOMDIST(x,n,M,N

M N M N
= ) h ( x; n, M , N

x n x n
:
)=HYPGEOMDIST(1,4,8,20
:
79
(14 :Z
)=ZTEST(array,x,sigma
) z( sigma
.array

(15 :
)=AVEDEV(number1,number2,...
.
:
)=AVEDEV(4,5,6,7,5,4,3
80
:
(16 :
)=CORREL(array1,array2
array1 .array2
:
)}=CORREL({3,2,4,5,6},{9,7,12,15,17
:
81
(17 :
)=DEVSQ(number1,number2,...
.
:
)=DEVSQ(A2:A11
:
82
(18:
)=FREQUENCY(data_array,bins_array
data_array
.bin_array
Array FREQUENCY :
Formula
Ctrl+Shift+Enter
} { Excel.
:
83
(19 :
)=GEOMEAN(Number1,Number2,
.
:
)=GEOMEAN(A2:A11
:
(20 :
)=HARMEAN(Number1,Number2,
.
84
:
=HARMEAN(4,5,8,7,11,4,3)
:
:( 21
=MEDIAN(Number1,Number2,)
.
:
=MEDIAN(1,2,3,4,5)
:
:( 22
=MODE(Number1,Number2,)
85
.
:
)=MODE(5,6,4,3,4,2,4
:
(23:
)=PERCENTILE(array,k
0 < k < 1 .array
:
)=PERCENTILE({1,2,3,4},0.3
:
86
(24:
)=PERMUT(n,k
P k = n ! ( n k )! n
k ,n

)=PERMUT(10,3
:
(25:
)=QUARTILE(array,q
. q = 0 q =1,2,3
q = 4 .
87
:
:
(26 :
)=STANDARDIZE(x,mu,sigma
x (x - mu) / sigma
:
:
88
(27 :
)=STDEV(Number1,Number2,
.
:
)=STDEV(1,2,3,4,5
:
89

(1 :IF
)=IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false
logical_test
true false
value_if_true value_if_false .
Nesting 7.
:
)=IF(A4>4,B1+B2, B1 B2
B1+B2 A4 > 4 B1 B2 .4 A4
:Nesting
A1 :
))))"=IF(A1>89,"A",IF(A1>79,"B", IF(A1>69,"C",IF(A1>59,"D","F
(2 :SUMIF
)=SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range
sum_range range criteria

:
90
)=SUMIF(F1:F12, >60,G1:G12
G1+G2++G12 F1+F2++F12>60
:
160000
(3 :COUNTIF
)=COUNTIF(range,criteria
range .criteria
:
A1:A4 32,54,75,86
)=COUNTIF(A1:A4,>55
:
91
:
92

:LOOKUP (1
.

.Array
LOOKUP : Vector

) (
.

.

( :
)= LOOKUP(lookup_value,lookup_vector,result_vector
lookup_value lookup_vector
result_vector
: lookup_value
.
93
:
94
:(
= LOOKUP(lookup_value,array)
.array lookup_value
95
: lookup_value
.
:
:HLOOKUP (2

.

HLOOKUP
VLOOKUP
.
H HLOOKUP " ". :
)= HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,range_lookup
lookup_value
table_array
)
96
Data Sort
Options Sort left to right OK Sort by
.(Ascending row_index_num
table_array
row_index_num = 1 table_array
range_lookup .
HLOOKUP .
range_lookup = TRUE HLOOKUP

. range_lookup = FALSE
#N/A .
:
97
:VLOOKUP (3

. VLOOKUP
HLOOKUP
. V VLOOKUP "" . :
)= VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,range_lookup
lookup_value
table_array
. col_index_num
98
table_array
col_index_num = 1
table_array range_lookup .
VLOOKUP .
range_lookup = TRUE VLOOKUP

. range_lookup = FALSE
#N/A .
:
99
100
101

Import External Data

Excel
.
Raw Data Import
Data Import External
Data Import Data :
102

+Connect to New Data Source.odc
Open Data Connection
Wizard Data retrieval services :
103

Windows SharePoint Services lists

104
.SharePoint
Excel
105
SharePoint
106
Knowledge Center
107
National Diabetes
Center Documents
108
>> ) Add All
> ( Add
109
Next
110
: . XML
111
:Web Query
Data New Web Query :
112
:
http://www.tadawul.com.sa/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_4
BC?companySymbol=&ANN_ACTION=ANN_SEARCH&s
ymbol=2010&tabOrder=1&s8fid=112163990882
) (
Go
113

.Excel
:
114
Import
115
.Excel
116
: Database Query
Data New Database Query :
117

Suppliers )(
118
Next
Next
119

120
.
121

:
60 :
D B E C D B D C E A
B E C D B D D A E C
C D A C E D C C D B
D E D D A D D C D C
D A B D B D C D C E
D B C C E D C C D A
.
:
A3 A62
.A2
) (
: 1 2
3 0 1 2
100 110 120 .
A 65 B 66 .
) CODE(TEXT
.
122
)) (=CODE(A3 B3
. B62 B3 B62
C3 .C7
Tools Data
Analysis:
123
:
OK :
124
D F
:
125
:
D F
:
126
:
127
:
128
Format Plot Area

OK
129

Chart Options
:title Chart
130

.
131
:

.
:
51 95 70 74 73 90 71 74 90 67
91 72 83 89 50 80 72 84 85 69
62 82 87 76 91 76 87 75 78 79
71 96 81 88 64 82 73 57 86 70
80 81 75 85 74 90 83 66 77 91
132
:
-1 59 69 79 89 . 99
-2 Tools Data Analysis
-3 Histogram
133
-4
( Input Range:
Absolute Addressing
$
.
( Bin Range:
.
134
( Output options Output Range
)
(.
( Chart Output
. Histogram
( :
-5
( Clear
135
( .
136
(

( Format Data Series
137
( Options
( Gap width 150 0
138
(
139
C
.

Cumulative
Percentage Histogram
140
E F G H
G .50
141
)(
Pivot Tables

20 .
A 5 B 4
C 3 D 2 E 1 :
B C C B A A E D C C
C C B C C A E B B C
A B B C A D A C C B
C A C A A E B B A B
142

PivotTable and PivotChart Report Data
143

Next
144
$C$1:$D$21 Next
.F3 Finish
:
145
""
Row Area Add To
. "" Column
Area Add To
146
. ""
Data Area Add To
.
:
147
:
.
148
:

.
:1 40 .
:
101 101
%2 5% A
%5 10% B
%15 40% C
%15 30% D
%13 10% E
%50 5% F
40 .
:
149
40 :
150
:2
) N (165,25
60
H 0 : = 165
H 1 : 165
. = 0.05
:
:
Tools Data Analysis
151

Random Number Generation OK
60.
152
10000

)=ROUND(Range,precision
) =ROUND(Range,0
:
Tools Data Analysis ... Descriptive Statistics
153
OK
$B:$B $D$2
Summary statistics
Confidence Level for Mean 95% = 0.05
154
x = 164.3 s n = 0.76189
) (95% 1.5244
155
) (162.77,165.82 95% .H0
:
Test Statistic:
x 0 164.3 165
=z = = 0.9189
s n 0.7618
p-value 0.179 0.05 .H0
156
:3

) 2:4:3:1
( . 100 .
) 0.47 ( p-value
0.05
157
) (O E
2
= 02 = 2.525
i i
i Ei
( 0.05,3) = 7.815
2
158
:4
0.5
.
200 .

: A2:A201 1
200 Tools Data Analysis Random
Number Generation:
159

0.3477 7.8147
. = 0.05
160
:5
Lifetime
:
0.4 e 0.4 x , x 0
= ) f ( x
0 , otherwise
1000 :
-1 5
-2 3 6
-3 .
= 0.4 = 1 = 2.5
0.4
:
1000 ) (
)X = 1 ln ( R ) , X ~ Exp ( ) , R ~ U ( 0,1

EXCEL Tools Data Analysis Random
Number Generation Uniform
161
1000 0 1 )R ~ U ( 0,1
B2 ) =-2.5*LN(A2 :A
1000 )X ~ Exp ( 0.4
162
:
Class Interval Relative Frequency Cumulative Relative Frequency

xi 0 0 0 = P ( X 0)
0 < xi 1 0.357 0.357 = P ( X 1)
1 < xi 2 0.198 0.555 = P ( X 2 )
2 < xi 3 0.129 0.684 = P ( X 3)
3 < xi 4 0.103 0.787 = P ( X 4 )
4 < xi 5 0.073 0.860 = P ( X 5 )
5 < xi 6 0.050 0.910 = P ( X 6 )
6 < xi 7 0.024 0.934 = P ( X 7 )
7 < xi 8 0.027 0.961 = P ( X 8 )
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167
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168

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169

170
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1395 1400
1400 1399 1398 1397 1396 1395
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138 113 85 58 48 35

171

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172

173
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175
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176

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183
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187
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188
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55 70
56 68
57 65
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76 38
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y = a + bx +cx 2
a b c . x , y R

291
y = cx ax +b
a b c . x , y R

:
C2
=$B$45+$B$46*A2+$B$47*B2*B2
F2
)=$C$47*(A2)^($C$45*A2+$C$46
:

292
:
= ) f (x
(
a e bx e ax )
a b
293
Solver :
294
:
295
296

EXCEL SOLVER :
:
Minimize 0.6X 1 + 0.5X 2
ST 20X 1 + 50X 2 100
25X 1 + 25X 2 100
50X 1 +10X 2 100
X 1, X 2 0
:
B1 C1 . B2 C2
.
B4 C4 B4:C7
.F5:F7
D4 :
)=SUMPRODUCT($B$2:$C$2,B4:C4
D4 .D5:D7
D4 .
Tools Solver
297
" " Set Target Cell $D$4
3 " " Equal To

.Min By Changing Cells
$B$2:$C$2 Subject to the Constraints
Add
OK Solver Options

298
Assume Linear Model Assume Non-
Negative Use Automatic Scaling OK
Solver Solve

299
300
301

.
-1
-2 View Control Toolbox

302
:
303

-3
E3 +

304

ScrollBar1 ScrollBar ) .(Name
LinkedCell A4 .p
Max 9 Min
. 1
305
-4
A3 D p 0.1 . 0.9
-5 D2:D13
.p
306
307

308
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8 F
-9
-10
-11
309
-12
-13
-14
-15
-16 t
-17 t
-18 t
-19 z
:
310
Anova: Single Factor

27 9
.
:
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
46 5 8 1 10 6 3 4 5 4 1
78 4 9 14 9 7 5 10 8 12 2
34 2 2 3 5 8 6 4 3 1 3
.
0.05
:
Tools Data Analysis
311
Anova: Single Factor
OK
312
313
Anova: Two-Factor With
Replication

100
2 1
58 75 1
56 68
61 71
60 75
62 66 2
60 70
59 68
68 68

0.05

314

OK
315
316
Anova: Two-Factor
Without Replication
4 A,B,C,D 4
1 4
Treatment Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 3 Sector 4

A 9.3 9.4 9.6 10
B 9.4 9.3 9.8 9.9
C 9.2 9.4 9.5 9.7
D 9.7 9.6 10 10.2
0.05
:
317

318
Correlation
X Y :
X 42 36 63 55 42 60 49 68
125 118 140 150 140 155 145 152 Y
Y . X

OK
319

320
Descriptive Statistica
) ( 50
) (
4932.40, 2625.58, 6691.17, 9172.67, 9053.80, 9659.41,
1918.87, 5140.86, 8878.62, 2936.39, 3809.27, 2172.88,
2065.52, 3145.85, 3600.81, 1940.14, 4137.35, 4613.33,
6339.82, 4730.45, 4849.07, 4715.93, 9264.51, 5621.34,
5294.52, 4292.01, 9800.80, 8414.65, 9928.18, 3901.36
9603.85, 2238.19, 7581.32, 8495.49, 9774.52, 5623.85,
4261.73, 7951.69, 4682.15, 8160.40, 2409.61, 3427.14,
2325.28, 4738.46, 5793.77, 5991.97, 4862.33, 9884.38,
2133.84, 3691.90

321
95%
OK
322
Exponential Smoothing

.
) : - :.
(

44.2 44.3 44.4 43.4 42.8 44.3 44.4 44.8
44.4 43.1 42.6 42.4 42.2 41.8 40.1 42.0
42.4 43.1 42.4 43.1 43.2 42.8 43.0 42.8
42.5 42.6 42.3 42.9 43.6 44.7 44.5 45.0
44.8 44.9 45.2 45.2 45.0 45.5 46.2 46.8
47.5 48.3 48.3 49.1 48.9 49.4 50.0 50.0
49.6 49.9 49.6 50.7 50.7 50.9 50.5 51.2
50.7 50.3 49.2 48.1
)(
323

324
F :
:
70 59 69 81 66 61 72 90 :1
84 77 69 91 80 66 78 85 61 :2
325
326
Moving Average

.
) :
- : . (

44.2 44.3 44.4 43.4 42.8 44.3 44.4 44.8 44.4 43.1
42.6 42.4 42.2 41.8 40.1 42.0 42.4 43.1 42.4 43.1
43.2 42.8 43.0 42.8 42.5 42.6 42.3 42.9 43.6 44.7
44.5 45.0 44.8 44.9 45.2 45.2 45.0 45.5 46.2 46.8
47.5 48.3 48.3 49.1 48.9 49.4 50.0 50.0 49.6 49.9
49.6 50.7 50.7 50.9 50.5 51.2 50.7 50.3 49.2 48.1
327

328
Rank and Percentile

44.2 44.3 44.4 43.4 42.8 44.3 44.4 44.8
44.4 43.1 42.6 42.4 42.2 41.8 40.1 42.0
42.4 43.1 42.4 43.1 43.2 42.8 43.0 42.8
42.5 42.6 42.3 42.9 43.6 44.7 44.5 45.0
44.8 44.9 45.2 45.2 45.0 45.5 46.2 46.8
47.5 48.3 48.3 49.1 48.9 49.4 50.0 50.0
49.6 49.9 49.6 50.7 50.7 50.9 50.5 51.2
50.7 50.3 49.2 48.1
Rank and Percentile:
329
330
Regression

X Y
42 125
36 118
63 140
55 150
42 140
60 155
49 145
68 152
331

332
333
334
Sampling
} {0,1 60 :
335
) (

HISTOGRAM
336

337
338
t t-Test: Paired Two
Sample for Means

0.05
339

340
t t-Test: Two-
Sample Assuming Equal Variances
341
342
t t-Test: Two-
Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
343
344
z z-Test: Two-Sample for
Means
345
.
346

:EXCEL
EXCEL
:
(1
) f (x + h ) f (x h
= ) f (x
2h
+O h 2) (
(2
) f ( x + 2h ) + 6f ( x + h ) 3f ( x ) 2f ( x h
= ) f (x
6h ) (
+O h 3
(3
) 2f ( x + 2h ) +16f ( x + h ) 16f ( x h ) + 2f ( x 2h
= ) f (x
24h
+O h 4 ) (
(1
) f ( x + h ) 2f ( x ) + f ( x h
= ) f ( x
h2 ) (
+O h 2
(2
) f ( x + h ) 2f ( x ) + f ( x h
= ) f ( x
h2 ) (
+O h 2
347
(3
) f ( x + 2h ) +16f ( x + h ) 30f ( x ) +16f ( x h ) f ( x 2h
= ) f ( x
12h 2 ) (
+O h 4
q > 0 ) g ( h ) O ( h q h = 0 C
D h D ) g ( h ) C h q ) sin ( h ) = h +O ( h 3
) ( cos ( h ) = 1+O ( h 2
:
) f ( ) (x
n
= ) f ( x + jh ( ( )
jh ) +O h k n +1 , j = 0, 1, 2,...
k n
n =0 !n
:
f ( x ) = e x x = 0 . h = 0.1
348
:
h = 0.01,0.001 .
) f ( x
) ( n ) pn 1 ( x:
(x 0 ) x x k

k
n 1 f
= ) p n 1 ( x
( !k )0
k =0
. :

j
)x x 0
( !j
j
p j ( x ) = p j 1 ( x ) + f
:
) f ( x ) = sin ( x . x 0 = 1
:
)p 0 ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) = sin (1
)p1 ( x ) = p 0 ( x ) + f ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) = sin (1) + cos (1)( x 1
1 1
)p 2 ( x ) = p1 ( x ) + f ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) = sin (1) + cos (1)( x 1) sin (1)( x 1
2 2
2 2
1 3 1 1
)p 3 ( x ) = p 2 ( x ) + f ( ) ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) = sin (1) + cos (1)( x 1) sin (1)( x 1) cos (1)( x 1
3 2 3
6 2 6
349
:
f ( x ) = e x . x 0 = 0
EXCEL
b
a f ( x )dx a,b
N > 1 . a = x 0 , x 1,..., x N = b
h > 0 x k +1 = x k + h
x k ) f k = f ( x k .
(1 :
h f + f , error = h 3 f
)2 ( 0 1 ) ( 12
x1
) ( x 0
f x dx
(2 :
h f + 4f + f , error = h 5 f
3( 0 )2 ) (

x2 4
) ( x 0
f x dx 1 90

(3 3
8
5
x 0 f ( x )dx 8 ( f 0 + 3f 1 + 3f 2 + f 3 ) , error = 80 f
3h 3h
) (

x3 4

(4 :
2h 7f + 32f + 32f + 7f , error = 8h 7 f
45 ( 0 )4 ) (

x4 6
x 0 f ( x )dx 2 3 945

350
:
h = x i +1 x i = b a x k +1 = x k + h
N
) f k = f ( x k .
(1 :
b f f N (b a) h 2
) f (
a f ( x ) dx h 0
2
+ f 1 +L + f N 1 +
2
, error =
12

(2 :
f f N h
) 2 24 ( 1 1 N 1 N +1
b
a f ( x ) dx h 0 + f 1 +L + f N 1 + + f + f + f f ,

2
11(b a ) h 4
) (

4
error = f
720
(3 :
a f ( x ) dx 3 f 0 + 4 ( f 1 + f 3 +L + f M 2 ) + 2 ( f 2 + f 4 +L + f M 1 ) + f M ,
b h
(b a) h 4
= b a , M = 2N

( ) ,

4
error = f
h

180 M
:
:
0 10sin (1 0.1x )dx

10
45.96977
:
351
a f ( x )dx h f ( x 1 ) + f ( x 2 ) +L + f ( x N ) , h = b a ,
b
N

x j = a + j 1 h , j = 1,2,..., N
2
:
1 1 f x , h = b a ,
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( N )
b
a f ( x ) dx h f x + f x + L + f x N 1 +
2
0 1 N
x j = a + jh , j = 0,1,2,..., N
: M
a f ( x )dx 3 [f ( x 0 ) + 4 f ( x 1 ) + f ( x 3 ) +L + f ( x M 1 )
b h
+ 2 f ( x 2 ) + f ( x 4 ) +L + f ( x M 2 ) + f ( x M )],

M = 2N , h = b a , x j = a + jh , j = 0,1,2,..., M
M
:
EXCEL
352
353
354
The Solution of Ordinary :
Differential Equations
:
( )
y ( x ) = f x , y ( x ) , y ( x 0 ) = y 0
Initial Value Problem

x 0 ,b x 0 y j = y x j

(1 Eulers Formula
k 1 = f x j , y j

k 2 = f x j + h , y j + h k 1
2 2
y j +1 = y j + h k 2
(2 Heun Method
k 1 = f x j , y j

k2 =f x j

+ 2 h , y j + 2 h k 1
3 3

y j +1 = y j + h 1 k 1 + 3 k 2
4 4
355
Runge-Kutta Formula -( 3
k 1 = f x j , y j

k2 =f x j

+ 1 h , y j + 1 h k 1
2 2

k3 = f x j

+ 1 h , y j + 1 h k 2
2 2
k4 =f x + h , y j + h k 3
j

y j +1 = y j + h ( k 1 + 2k 2 + 2k 3 + k 4 )
6
:
y = x 2 + y 2 , y ( 0) = 0
. 0,1
356
357
358
359
: Monte Carlo Integration
) (
:
b
I = f ( x )dx
a

(b a) N
I
N
f
i =1
) (x i
x i .
1 N )
(.
:
:
1 1
= f ( x , y )dxdy
1 1

x 2 + y 2 1
) f (x , y = 1,
0, otherwise

1, x 2 + y 2 1
4 ( i i ) ( ) 0, otherwise
N
N
f x , y , f x , y =
i =1
360
:
4
= ) f (x x dx
0
:
-1 n x 1, x 2 ,..., x n ) x i ~ U ( 0,4 . i
. f = n f (x i ) = n x i
1 n
1 n
-2
i =1 i =1
-3
a f ( x )dx (b a ) f
b
x dx ( 4 0) f = 4f
4
0

2
f 2 f
) error (b a , f 2 = 1 f ) (x i
n
2
n n i =1
Excel :
361
-1 A1 n 1 1500 . A2-A1501
-2 B1 x B2 ))( =4*(RAND
.B1501
-3 C1 ) f(x C2 ). =SQRT(B2
-4 D1 fHat D2 ).=AVERAGE(C:C
-5 E1 Integration E2 .=4*D2
-6 .
:
4
= ) f ( x . x 0,1 -1
1+ x 2
-2 f ( x ) = x + x . x 0,1
f ( x , y ) = 4 x 2 y 2 :
4
( )
5 5
4 x 2 y 2 dy dx
4
. 0 0

:
362
( () )
-1 n ) x 1, y 1 , x 2 , y 2 ,..., ( x n , y n
0, 5
x i ~ U y i ~ U 0, 5 4 . i 4

) . f = n f ( x i , y i ) = n (4 x i y i
1 n
1 n
2 2
-2
i =1 i =1
-3
a c f ( x , y )dydx (b a ) (d c ) f
b d
( 0 0 )
5 5
5 5 25
4 x 2 y 2 dydx 0 0 f = f
4 4
4 4 16

2
f 2 f
) error (b a ) (d c , f 2 = 1 f ) (x i , y i
n
2
n n i =1
Excel :
-1 A1 n 1 1500 . A2-A1501
-2 B1 x B2 ))( =(5/4)*(RAND
.B1501
-3 C1 y C2 ))( =(5/4)*(RAND
.C1501
-4 D1 ) f(x D2 . =4-B2*B2-C2*C2
-5 E1 fHat E2 ).=AVERAGE(D:D
-6 E1 Integration E2 .=(5/4)*(5/4)*D2
363
-7 .
-1 f ( x , y ) = 4 x 2 y 2
. x 0,5 4 , y 0,5 4
f (x , y , z ) = 4 x 2 y 2 z 2 -2

9 10 1 11 10
( 0 0 )
0

4 x 2 y 2 z 2 dz dy dx

=. 2.9634
-3 f ( x , y , z ,u ) = 5 x y z u
2 2 2 2
4 5 9 10 1 11 10
0 0 (5 x )
0 0 y z u
2 2 2 2
du dz dy dx

=. 2.99663
364
:
1 z 2 2
. z
4,0
f ( z ) = e
2
Excel
: ) P ( z < 0 ) z ~ N ( 0,1
)) . z ( ,0 4 4
(.
365
) (
- 50 100 ) ( 5
10 )(.
- 3 8 10
Factors 2 .
- t .z
- 4 5 .
-
Data Screening
.

-
)( )(.
- .
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. ) (
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. ...
366
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. . ...
-
.
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!!!
!!!
!!!
) !!!..... (
:
-

-
.
:
- Online Analytical Processing
) ( OLAP
- Data Warehousing and
Dataminning
367
- ) Collaborative Filtering
(Amazon
- Databases Queries
- )Relational OLAP (ROLAP
- )Decision Trees (CART and CHAID
- ) Boosting Algorithms
(Machine Learning Meta-Algorithm
- Association Rules
- Adaptive Variables Selection
- Artificial Neural Networks
...

) Online Analytical Processing ( OLAP
Data Warehousing and Dataminning
368
)(
) Online Analytical Processing ( OLAP

.
.
Business Intelligence

.Data Warehouses

.

.
:
.
" 1429/11/10 45o C "
1429/11/10 45o .
" 1429/7/27 28.75"
27
1429 28.75 .
" " .Field
"" Compay Field 28.75
369
Closing Price Field 1429/7/27
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( "" .Record
: 1429/7/27 28.75 1429/5/17 22.50 .

.Database
:
Business Intelligence

.

.

.
.

.
370
:
OLAP ) Data
Mining Circulation(
Multidimentional Data Hierarchical Data
)
( ) (
) ( .

.
)
( 1 2

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OLAP
1000
.
3 9
= 10 1 = 8 0 1 = 1024. 1
12 2
10
371
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OLAP Fact Table
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Day Month Year Quarter
Date )
(OLAP Date
Geographic Region .
OLAP
.

:
-1 Day Moth Year Quarter
.Time Category
372
-2 Customer Sales Region
Customer State Sales Geography
.Category
-3 Sales Manager ID
Salesperson ID .Sales Staff Category
-4 Car Series Car Type
Color . Car Information Category
"" Dimentions .OLAP
"" OLAP
Dates Geographical Areas
)( Product and Service Offerings
Employee Reporting Structures .
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.Levels )(
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Dimention Year Level Quarter
Level Month Level Day Level
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-1 Region Level .State
373
-2 Sales Manager ID Level
Salespersons ID
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-3 Car Series Car Type
Color.
) (Unique
"" .Members
Payment Type Dimension
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) ( Child Levels Child
Members .
" " .Leaf Members :
-1 Year 2000 : 2001
.Quarter
-2 Quarter 4 1 2 3 4
.Month
-3 Month 12 ) 1 (12
.Day
-4 Day 31 1 .31
-5 Customer Sales Region West
.Customer State
-6 Customer State 3 CA OR .WA
374
-7 Sales Manager ID 4 100 101 102
103 .Salesperson ID
-8 Salesperson ID 10 1 .10
-9 Car Series Standard Deluxe
.Car Type
-10 Car Type 5 Coupe Minivan Sedan
Sport Utility Station Wagon .Color
-11 Color 5 Black Blue Green Red
.White
-12 Payment Type 4 36 Month Lease
48 Mothly Payments 60 Monthly Payments .Cash
Price Measures
" " .

9
OLAp .
OLAP
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-1 Time Year Quarter Month .Day
375
Customer Sales Region Sales Geography -2
.Customer State
Sales Manager ID Sales Staff -3
.Salesperson ID
Car Type Car Series Car Information -4
.Color
.Payment Type Payment Type -5
. Price -6
:
376
OLAP :
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.
:
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-2

-3

-4
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.
377
Connecting to OLAP Data : OLAP
OLAP ) (
. OLAP Cubes
Servers ) OLAP
(Offline OLAP
(OLAP Server Name) OLAP
(OLAP Database Name) OLAP OLAP ) OLAP
(Cube Name
. OLAP
Oracle DB2 Mainframe Systems
.
Microsoft
SQL Server 2000 Analysis Services
.
:
OLAP

.OLAP
378
OLAP
Connecting to OLAP Data with Microsoft Excel
OLAP Summarizations

OLAP .
OLAP :
New -1 Data Import External Data
Database Query
Choose Data Source
379
.OK New Data Source OLAP Cubes -2
Microsoft OLE DB Provider -3

Select An OLAP Provider For The For OLAP Services 8.0
Database You Want To Access
Connect
380
Analysis Server OLAP server
Cube File .
Analysis Server OLAP server

Server Next
.Finish

381
Finish
OK
382

OK
Finish
383

384

385
386
.
: .
387
:OLAP
-1 XML *.odc
-2 Universal Data Link
*.udl
Open Database -3
) Connectivity (ODBC *.dsn
-4 *.dqy *.rqy
-5 OLAP *.oqy
-6 OLAP *.cub
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388
.
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.
PivotTable And Data

PivotChart Report
389
.Next External Data Source
Get Data
390

Time Page Area

Sales Geography Row Area
Sales Staff Customer Sales Region Sum Of
Price Data Area
391
Sum Of Price
A3 Number Currency Decimal
Places 0 OK

2001 2002
.
Select Multiple Items Time

+ All
392
OK
+
OLAP
Check Boxes
.
393

103 101 102
. 103
.
Sales Manager ID

OK
394
103
10 3 .
395
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( 1395.1396 1400.1401
.

1395/9 1396/9 1397/9 1398/9 1399/40 1400/40

6 7 8 9 0 1

220 369 345 370 372 491

593 667 763 902 962 1152

:
) ( .
) ( .
) ( 2
) : (
1395/1396 . 1400/1401

1395/96 1396/97 1397/98 1398/99 1399/400 1400/401
396
756 722 946 929 984 963
13 46 76 106 205 257
:
) ( .
) ( .
) ( .
) ( 3
1395/1396 . 1400/1401

1395/96 1396/97 1397/98 1398/99 1399/400 1400/401
5703 5795 6880 7925 8477 9295
807 1022 1674 2310 2349 2511
397
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0 1 2 3 4
11 23 32 25 9
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) ( ii
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) (5 80
.
132 125 117 124 108 112 110 127 96 129
130 122 118 114 103 119 106 125 114 100
125 128 106 111 116 123 119 114 117 143
136 92 115 118 121 137 139 120 104 125
119 115 101 129 87 108 110 133 135 126
127 103 110 126 118 82 104 137 120 95
398
146 126 119 119 105 132 126 118 100 113
106
125 117 102 146 129 124 113 95 148
) ( i :
80-89, 90-99, 100-109, , 140-149
) ( ii .
. ) ( iIi
) ( iv
.
) ( v 125 .
) (6
:

.
) (
399
.
) (7 :
44 98 40 60 66 71 82 64 72 68
55 69 77 78 88 60 65 68 79 69
62 64 71 66 61 75 83 70 55 62
57 72 61 62 74 62 67 66 60 50
) ( i
40-49, 50-59, ., 90-99
) ( ii

.
) ( iii .
) ( iv :
400

0-59

60-69

70-79

80-89

90-99
.
) (8 70
50- 60- 70- 80- 90- 100- 120-

59 69 79 89 99 119 129

8 10 16 15 10 8 3

) ( i .
) ( ii .
. ) ( iii
) (9
9.0 6.5 9.5 5.1 4.8 8.8 6.5 9.5
401
7.7 6.9 6.6 6.0 7.9 7.7 6.9 6.6
5.8 7.1 6.8 8.4 6.9 5.8 7.1 6.8
8.6 9.8 3.8 7.4 7.2 8.6 9.8 3.8
10.3 7.4 5.7 4.5 7.7 10.3 7.4 5.7
9.4 7.8 8.7 5.8 8.6 9.4 7.8 8.9
8.8 9.4 6.0 5.9 7.4 8.8 9.4 6.0
7.2 10.5 9.4 7.4 8.9 7.2 10.5 8.4
10.4 7.8 5.0 4.6 8.0 10.2 7.8 5.0
) (10
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
402
12

1 7 12 16 10 4 5 2 1 1 0 1

) (11
.
155- 158- 161- 164- 167- 170- 173- 176-

157 160 163 166 169 172 175 178

4 10 77 235 368 220 80 6

) (12
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80
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) ( i .
) ( ii .
) (14 180
.
0-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-99
18 51 66 32 13
) ( i .
) ( ii .
) ( iii .
404
) (15 .
4.1 5.0 4.8 4.3 4.2 5.3 4.2 3.6 4.2 4.4
4.5 3.2 4.0 3.8 3.8 5.3 4.5 4.6 4.0 5.2
5.2 4.4 4.7 4.1 4.6 4.9 4.1 5.8 4.2 4.2
4.8 4.1 5.6 4.5 5.1 4.6 4.3 5.2 4.7 3.2
4.0 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.5 3.5 4.7 4.9 3.9 4.8
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458

EXCEL Function Reference

Database & List Management Functions
DAVERAGE Returns the average of selected database entries
DCOUNT Counts the cells that contain numbers in a database
DCOUNTA Counts nonblank cells in a database
DGET Extracts from a database a single record that matches the specified
criteria
DMAX Returns the maximum value from selected database entries
DMIN Returns the minimum value from selected database entries
DPRODUCT Multiplies the values in a particular field of records that match the
criteria in a database
DSTDEV Estimates the standard deviation based on a sample of selected

database entries
DSTDEVP Calculates the standard deviation based on the entire population of

selected database entries
DSUM Adds the numbers in the field column of records in the database that
match the criteria
DVAR Estimates variance based on a sample from selected database entries
DVARP Calculates variance based on the entire population of selected

database entries
GETPIVOTDATA Returns data stored in a PivotTable

Date & Time Functions
DATE Returns the serial number of a particular date
459
DATEVALUE Converts a date in the form of text to a serial number
DAY Converts a serial number to a day of the month
DAYS360 Calculates the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day
year
EDATE Returns the serial number of the date that is the indicated number of
months before or after the start date
EOMONTH Returns the serial number of the last day of the month before or after
a specified number of months
HOUR Converts a serial number to an hour
MINUTE Converts a serial number to a minute
MONTH Converts a serial number to a month
NETWORKDAYS Returns the number of whole workdays between two dates
NOW Returns the serial number of the current date and time
SECOND Converts a serial number to a second
TIME Returns the serial number of a particular time
TIMEVALUE Converts a time in the form of text to a serial number
TODAY Returns the serial number of today's date
WEEKDAY Converts a serial number to a day of the week
WORKDAY Returns the serial number of the date before or after a specified
number of workdays
YEAR Converts a serial number to a year
YEARFRAC Returns the year fraction representing the number of whole days
between start_date and end_date

DDE & External Functions
CALL Calls a procedure in a dynamic link library or code resource
REGISTER.ID Returns the register ID of the specified dynamic link library (DLL) or code
resource that has been previously registered
SQLREQUEST Connects with an external data source and runs a query from a
worksheet, then returns the result as an array without the need for
macro programming
460

Engineering Functions
BESSELI Returns the modified Bessel function In(x)
BESSELJ Returns the Bessel function Jn(x)
BESSELK Returns the modified Bessel function Kn(x)
BESSELY Returns the Bessel function Yn(x)
BIN2DEC Converts a binary number to decimal
BIN2HEX Converts a binary number to hexadecimal
BIN2OCT Converts a binary number to octal
COMPLEX Converts real and imaginary coefficients into a complex number
CONVERT Converts a number from one measurement system to another
DEC2BIN Converts a decimal number to binary
DEC2HEX Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal
DEC2OCT Converts a decimal number to octal
DELTA Tests whether two values are equal
ERF Returns the error function
ERFC Returns the complementary error function
GESTEP Tests whether a number is greater than a threshold value
HEX2BIN Converts a hexadecimal number to binary
HEX2DEC Converts a hexadecimal number to decimal
HEX2OCT Converts a hexadecimal number to octal
IMABS Returns the absolute value (modulus) of a complex number
IMAGINARY Returns the imaginary coefficient of a complex number
IMARGUMENT Returns the argument theta, an angle expressed in radians
IMCONJUGATE Returns the complex conjugate of a complex number
IMCOS Returns the cosine of a complex number
IMDIV Returns the quotient of two complex numbers
461
IMEXP Returns the exponential of a complex number
IMLN Returns the natural logarithm of a complex number
IMLOG10 Returns the base-10 logarithm of a complex number
IMLOG2 Returns the base-2 logarithm of a complex number
IMPOWER Returns a complex number raised to an integer power
IMPRODUCT Returns the product of two complex numbers
IMREAL Returns the real coefficient of a complex number
IMSIN Returns the sine of a complex number
IMSQRT Returns the square root of a complex number
IMSUB Returns the difference of two complex numbers
IMSUM Returns the sum of complex numbers
OCT2BIN Converts an octal number to binary
OCT2DEC Converts an octal number to decimal
OCT2HEX Converts an octal number to hexadecimal
SQRTPI Returns the square root of (number * PI)

Financial Functions
ACCRINT Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays periodic interest
ACCRINTM Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays interest at maturity
AMORDEGRC Returns the depreciation for each accounting period
AMORLINC Returns the depreciation for each accounting period
COUPDAYBS Returns the number of days from the beginning of the coupon period to
the settlement date
COUPDAYS Returns the number of days in the coupon period that contains the
settlement date
COUPDAYSNC Returns the number of days from the settlement date to the next
coupon date
COUPNCD Returns the next coupon date after the settlement date
462
COUPNUM Returns the number of coupons payable between the settlement date
and maturity date
COUPPCD Returns the previous coupon date before the settlement date
CUMIPMT Returns the cumulative interest paid between two periods
CUMPRINC Returns the cumulative principal paid on a loan between two periods
DB Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the

fixed-declining balance method
DDB Returns the depreciation of an asset for a spcified period using the
double-declining balance method or some other method you specify
DISC Returns the discount rate for a security
DOLLARDE Converts a dollar price, expressed as a fraction, into a dollar price,

expressed as a decimal number
DOLLARFR Converts a dollar price, expressed as a decimal number, into a dollar

price, expressed as a fraction
DURATION Returns the annual duration of a security with periodic interest

payments
EFFECT Returns the effective annual interest rate
FV Returns the future value of an investment
FVSCHEDULE Returns the future value of an initial principal after applying a series of
compound interest rates
INTRATE Returns the interest rate for a fully invested security
IPMT Returns the interest payment for an investment for a given period
IRR Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows
MDURATION Returns the Macauley modified duration for a security with an assumed
par value of $100
MIRR Returns the internal rate of return where positive and negative cash
flows are financed at different rates
NOMINAL Returns the annual nominal interest rate
NPER Returns the number of periods for an investment
NPV Returns the net present value of an investment based on a series of

periodic cash flows and a discount rate
ODDFPRICE Returns the price per $100 face value of a security with an odd first
period
ODDFYIELD Returns the yield of a security with an odd first period
463
ODDLPRICE Returns the price per $100 face value of a security with an odd last
period
ODDLYIELD Returns the yield of a security with an odd last period
PMT Returns the periodic payment for an annuity
PPMT Returns the payment on the principal for an investment for a given
period
PRICE Returns the price per $100 face value of a security that pays periodic
interest
PRICEDISC Returns the price per $100 face value of a discounted security
PRICEMAT Returns the price per $100 face value of a security that pays interest at
maturity
PV Returns the present value of an investment
RATE Returns the interest rate per period of an annuity
RECEIVED Returns the amount received at maturity for a fully invested security
SLN Returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one period
SYD Returns the sum-of-years' digits depreciation of an asset for a specified

period
TBILLEQ Returns the bond-equivalent yield for a Treasury bill
TBILLPRICE Returns the price per $100 face value for a Treasury bill
TBILLYIELD Returns the yield for a Treasury bill
VDB Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified or partial period

using a declining balance method
XIRR Returns the internal rate of return for a schedule of cash flows that is
not necessarily periodic
XNPV Returns the net present value for a schedule of cash flows that is not
necessarily periodic
YIELD Returns the yield on a security that pays periodic interest
YIELDDISC Returns the annual yield for a discounted security. For example, a
treasury bill
YIELDMAT Returns the annual yield of a security that pays interest at maturity
464

Information Functions
CELL Returns information about the formatting, location, or contents of a cell
COUNTBLANK Counts the number of blank cells within a range
ERROR.TYPE Returns a number corresponding to an error type
INFO Returns information about the current operating environment
ISBLANK Returns TRUE if the value is blank
ISERR Returns TRUE if the value is any error value except #N/A
ISERROR Returns TRUE if the value is any error value
ISEVEN Returns TRUE if the number is even
ISLOGICAL Returns TRUE if the value is a logical value
ISNA Returns TRUE if the value is the #N/A error value
ISNONTEXT Returns TRUE if the value is not text
ISNUMBER Returns TRUE if the value is a number
ISODD Returns TRUE if the number is odd
ISREF Returns TRUE if the value is a reference
ISTEXT Returns TRUE if the value is text
N Returns a value converted to a number
NA Returns the error value #N/A
TYPE Returns a number indicating the data type of a value

Logical Functions
AND Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE
FALSE Returns the logical value FALSE
IF Specifies a logical test to perform
465
NOT Reverses the logic of its argument
OR Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE
TRUE Returns the logical value TRUE
( )
Lookup & Reference Functions
ADDRESS Returns a reference as text to a single cell in a worksheet
AREAS Returns the number of areas in a reference
CHOOSE Chooses a value from a list of values
COLUMN Returns the column number of a reference
COLUMNS Returns the number of columns in a reference
HLOOKUP Looks in the top row of an array and returns the value of the indicated cell
HYPERLINK Creates a shortcut or jump that opens a document stored on a network

server, an intranet, or the Internet
INDEX Uses an index to choose a value from a reference or array
INDIRECT Returns a reference indicated by a text value
LOOKUP Looks up values in a vector or array
MATCH Looks up values in a reference or array
OFFSET Returns a reference offset from a given reference
ROW Returns the row number of a reference
ROWS Returns the number of rows in a reference
TRANSPOSE Returns the transpose of an array
VLOOKUP Looks in the first column of an array and moves across the row to return
the value of a cell

Math & Trigonometry Functions
ABS Returns the absolute value of a number
466
ACOS Returns the arccosine of a number
ACOSH Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number
ASIN Returns the arcsine of a number
ASINH Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number
ATAN Returns the arctangent of a number
ATAN2 Returns the arctangent from x- and y- coordinates
ATANH Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number
CEILING Rounds a number to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of

significance
COMBIN Returns the number of combinations for a given number of objects
COS Returns the cosine of a number
COSH Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number
COUNTIF Counts the number of non-blank cells within a range which meet the
given criteria
DEGREES Converts radians to degrees
EVEN Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer
EXP Returns e raised to the power of a given number
FACT Returns the factorial of a number
FACTDOUBLE Returns the double factorial of a number
FLOOR Rounds a number down, toward zero
GCD Returns the greatest common divisor
INT Rounds a number down to the nearest integer
LCM Returns the least common multiple
LN Returns the natural logarithm of a number
LOG Returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base
LOG10 Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number
MDETERM Returns the matrix determinant of an array
MINVERSE Returns the matrix inverse of an array
MMULT Returns the matrix product of two arrays
467
MOD Returns the remainder from division
MROUND Returns a number rounded to the desired multiple
MULTINOMIAL Returns the multinomial of a set of numbers
ODD Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer
PI Returns the value of Pi
POWER Returns the result of a number raised to a power
PRODUCT Multiplies its arguments
QUOTIENT Returns the integer portion of a division
RADIANS Converts degrees to radians
RAND Returns a random number between 0 and 1
RANDBETWEEN Returns a random number between the numbers you specify
ROMAN Converts an Arabic numeral to Roman, as text
ROUND Rounds a number to a specified number of digits
ROUNDDOWN Rounds a number down, toward zero
ROUNDUP Rounds a number up, away from zero
SERIESSUM Returns the sum of a power series based on the formula
SIGN Returns the sign of a number
SIN Returns the sine of the given angle
SINH Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number
SQRT Returns a positive square root
SQRTPI Returns the square root of (number * PI)
SUBTOTAL Returns a subtotal in a list or database
SUM Adds its arguments
SUMIF Adds the cells specified by a given criteria
SUMPRODUCT Returns the sum of the products of corresponding array components
SUMSQ Returns the sum of the squares of the arguments
SUMX2MY2 Returns the sum of the difference of squares of corresponding values

in two arrays
SUMX2PY2 Returns the sum of the sum of squares of corresponding values in two
468
arrays
SUMXMY2 Returns the sum of squares of differences of corresponding values in

two arrays
TAN Returns the tangent of a number
TANH Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number
TRUNC Truncates a number to an integer

Statistical Functions
AVEDEV Returns the average of the absolute deviations of data points from
their mean
AVERAGE Returns the average of its arguments
AVERAGEA Returns the average of its arguments, including numbers, text, and
logical values
BETADIST Returns the cumulative beta probability density function
BETAINV Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta probability density function
BINOMDIST Returns the individual term binomial distribution probability
CHIDIST Returns the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution
CHIINV Returns the inverse of the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared

distribution
CHITEST Returns the test for independence
CONFIDENCE Returns the confidence interval for a population mean
CORREL Returns the correlation coefficient between two data sets
COUNT Counts how many numbers are in the list of arguments
COUNTA Counts how many values are in the list of arguments
COVAR Returns covariance, the average of the products of paired deviations
CRITBINOM Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial
distribution is less than or equal to a criterion value
DEVSQ Returns the sum of squares of deviations
469
EXPONDIST Returns the exponential distribution
FDIST Returns the F probability distribution
FINV Returns the inverse of the F probability distribution
FISHER Returns the Fisher transformation
FISHERINV Returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation
FORECAST Returns a value along a linear trend
FREQUENCY Returns a frequency distribution as a vertical array
FTEST Returns the result of an F-test
GAMMADIST Returns the gamma distribution
GAMMAINV Returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution
GAMMALN Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function, G(x)
GEOMEAN Returns the geometric mean
GROWTH Returns values along an exponential trend
HARMEAN Returns the harmonic mean
HYPGEOMDIST Returns the hypergeometric distribution
INTERCEPT Returns the intercept of the linear regression line
KURT Returns the kurtosis of a data set
LARGE Returns the k-th largest value in a data set
LINEST Returns the parameters of a linear trend
LOGEST Returns the parameters of an exponential trend
LOGINV Returns the inverse of the lognormal distribution
LOGNORMDIST Returns the cumulative lognormal distribution
MAX Returns the maximum value in a list of arguments
MAXA Returns the maximum value in a list of arguments, including numbers,

text, and logical values
MEDIAN Returns the median of the given numbers
MIN Returns the minimum value in a list of arguments
MINA Returns the smallest value in a list of arguments, including numbers,

470
MODE Returns the most common value in a data set
NEGBINOMDIST Returns the negative binomial distribution
NORMDIST Returns the normal cumulative distribution
NORMINV Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution
NORMSDIST Returns the standard normal cumulative distribution
NORMSINV Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution
PEARSON Returns the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient
PERCENTILE Returns the k-th percentile of values in a range
PERCENTRANK Returns the percentage rank of a value in a data set
PERMUT Returns the number of permutations for a given number of objects
POISSON Returns the Poisson distribution
PROB Returns the probability that values in a range are between two limits
QUARTILE Returns the quartile of a data set
RANK Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers
RSQ Returns the square of the Pearson product moment correlatin

coefficient
SKEW Returns the skewness of a distribution
SLOPE Returns the slope of the linear regression line
SMALL Returns the k-th smallest value in a data set
STANDARDIZE Returns a normalized value
STDEV Estimates standard deviation based on a sample
STDEVA Estimates standard deviation based on a sample, including numbers,

STDEVP Calculates standard deviation based on the entire population
STDEVPA Calculates standard deviation based on the entire population, including

numbers, text, and logical values
STEYX Returns the standard error of the predicted y-value for each x in the
regression
TDIST Returns the Student's t-distribution
TINV Returns the inverse of the Student's t-distribution
471
TREND Returns values along a linear trend
TRIMMEAN Returns the mean of the interior of a data set
TTEST Returns the probability associated with a Student's t-Test
VAR Estimates variance based on a sample
VARA Estimates variance based on a sample, including numbers, text, and

logical values
VARP Calculates variance based on the entire population
VARPA Calculates variance based on the entire population, including numbers,

WEIBULL Returns the Weibull distribution
ZTEST Returns the two-tailed P-value of a z-test

Text Functions
CHAR Returns the character specified by the code number
CLEAN Removes all nonprintable characters from text
CODE Returns a numeric code for the first character in a text string
CONCATENATE Joins several text items into one text item
DOLLAR Converts a number to text, using currency format
EXACT Checks to see if two text values are identical
FIND Finds one text value within another (case-sensitive)
FIXED Formats a number as text with a fixed number of decimals
LEFT Returns the leftmost characters from a text value
LEN Returns the number of characters in a text string
LOWER Converts text to lowercase
MID Returns a specific number of characters from a text string starting at

the position you specify
PROPER Capitalizes the first letter in each word of a text value
REPLACE Replaces characters within text
472
REPT Repeats text a given number of times
RIGHT Returns the rightmost characters from a text value
SEARCH Finds one text value within another (not case-sensitive)
SUBSTITUTE Substitutes new text for old text in a text string
T Converts its arguments to text
TEXT Formats a number and converts it to text
TRIM Removes spaces from text
UPPER Converts text to uppercase
VALUE Converts a text argument to a number
473
:
1- Excel Data Analysis, 2003, Jinjer Simon, Wiley
2- Accessing and Analyzing Data with Microsoft Excel,
2003, Paul Cornell, Microsoft Press
3- Data Analysis Using Microsft Excel, 2000, Michael
R. Middleton, Duxbury
4- Excel 2002 Formulas, 2001, John Walkenbach,
M & T Books
5- Microsoft Excel Help
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Statistical Computations using

-10 Move or Copy Sheet

-6 Header and Footer

-13 Data Analysis

-10 PivotTable and

-11 Import External Data

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