What is an electromagnet?

• An electromagnet can be made by sending an

electric current through a coil of wire wound
around an iron core.
Magnetic field
• Determine the direction of magnetic field
around a current
current-- carrying wire
Plan View of the Magnetic Field
 1. Straight wire,
• A magnetic field will be generated when a
current flows through a wire.
• The magnetic field forms by straight wire are
concentric circles
around the wire.
 Strength of the Magnetic Field
The strength of the magnetic field form by a current carrying
conductor depends on:

1. the magnitude of the current.

A stronger current will produce a stronger magnetic field
around the wire.
2. the distance from the wire.
The strength of the field
decreases as you move
further out.
 2. Coil
• Grip the wire at one side of the coil with your
right hand, with thumb pointing along the
direction of the current.
• Your other fingers will be pointing in the
direction of the field.
 Factors affecting the strength

There are 2 ways to increase the strength of

the magnetic field:

• increase the current and

• increase the number of turns of the coil.
 3. Solenoid
• A solenoid is a long coil made up of a numbers
of turns of wire.
 Strength of the Magnetic Field
The strength of the magnetic field can be
increased by

• Increasing the current,

• Increasing the number of turns per unit length
of the solenoid,
• Using a soft-iron core within the solenoid.
Application of Electromagnet
 Electric Bell
• When the bell push is pressed, a current
flows in the coils of the electromagnet,
causing it to be magnetized.

• The magnetized electromagnet attracts

the soft-iron armature, causing the
hammer to strike the gong.

• The movement of the armature breaks

the contact and causes the
electromagnet to lose it magnetism.

• The light spring pulls the armature back,

remaking the contact and completing the
circuit again.
 Magnetic Relay
• A relay has at least two circuits. One circuit can be used to control
another circuit. The 1st circuit (input circuit) supplies current to the
electromagnet. The electromagnet is magnetised and attracts one
end of the iron armature.
• The armature is then closes the contacts (2nd switch) and allows
current flows in the second circuit. When the 1st switch is open
again, the current to the electromagnet is cut, the electromagnet
loses its magnetism and the 2nd switch is opened. Thus current
stop to flow in the 2nd circuit.
 Circuit Breaker
• Acts as an automatic switch that breaks open a circuit when
the current becomes too large.
• In a household circuit, the current may become excessive
when there is a short circuit or an overload.
• The strength of the magnetic field of the electromagnet
increases suddenly.
• The soft iron armature is pulled
towards the electromagnet.
This results in the spring pulling
apart the contacts. The circuit is
broken and the current flow stops
immediately.
• The reset button is pushed to
switch on the supply again
 Telephone Earpiece
• When you speak to a friend through the telephone,
your sound will be converted into electric current by
the mouthpiece of the telephone.
• The current produced is
a varying current and
the frequency of the
current will be the same
as the frequency of your
sound. The current will be
sent to the earpiece of the
telephone of your friend.
 Force on a Current-carrying
Conductor in a Magnetic Field
 Catapult Force

• When a current-carrying conductor is placed

in a magnetic field, the interaction between
the two magnetic fields will produce a force
conductor which called a catapult
on the conductor,
force.
Fleming's Left Hand Rule (Motor Rule)
• The fore finger, middle finger and the thumb
are perpendicularly to each other.
• The forefinger points along the direction of
the magnetic field,
• middle finger points
in the current direction.
• the thumb points along
the direction of the force
force.
 Strength of the Catapult Force

The strength of the force can be increased by:

• Increase the current
• Using a stronger magnet
 Force between 2 current carrying conductor
• When 2 current carrying
conductors are placed
close to each other, a force
will be generated between
them.

• If the current in both

conductors flow in the
same direction, they will
attract each other,

• whereas if the currents are

in opposite direction, they
will repel each other.
 Turning Effect of a Current-carrying
Coil in a Magnetic Field
• If a current carrying coil is
placed in a magnetic field, a
pair of forces will be
produced on the coil.
• This is due to the
interaction of the magnetic
field of the permanent
magnet and the magnetic
filed of the current
carrying coil.
Electric motor
 Electric motor
• Electrical energy
mechanical energy
• Types of motor:
1. Alternating current motor ( a.c motor)
~ work on an alternating current supply
2. Direct current motor (d. c motor)
~ work on an direct current supply
 Direct Current Motor
• The function of the commutator is to change the
direction of the current in the coil and hence
change the direction of the couple (the 2 forces in
opposite direction) in every half revolution.
• This is to make sure that the coil can rotate
continuously.
Direct current motor ( D.C. Motor)

• Determine the direction of motion of the

conduct AB .
 Horizontal position

• The direction of force/ motion can be

determined by using Fleming’s Left-hand
Rule.
• What will happen to the direction of the
rotation if the direction of the current flow is
reversed?
Moving coil meter
Electromagnetic Induction
 Electromagnetic Induction
• When a magnet is moved
into and out of the solenoid,
magnetic flux is being cut by
the coil.
• The cutting of magnetic flux
by the wire coil induces an
e.m.f in the wire.
• When the solenoid is
connected to a closed circuit,
the induced current will flow
through the circuit.
 Faraday's Law

• Faraday's Law states that the magnitude of

the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to
the rate of change of magnetic flux through a
coil or alternatively the rate of the magnetic
flux being cut.
 Lenz's Law
• Lenz's Law states that the induced current
always flows in the direction that opposes the
change in magnetic flux.
 Fleming's Right Hand Rule (Generator Rule)

• Fleming's Right-Hand Rule is used to

determine the direction of the induced
current that flows from the wire when there is
relative motion with respect to the magnetic
field
 Direct Current Generator

• A simple d.c generator essentially the

converse of a d.c. motor with its battery
removed.
 DC Generator - Display of the Voltage in a CRO
• Initially the armature is vertical. No
cutting of magnetic flux occurs and hence
induced current does not exist.
• After rotating by 90°, the armature is in
the horizontal position. The change in
magnetic flux is maximum and hence the
maximum induced e.m.f is produced.
• At the 180° position, there is no change
in flux hence no induced current exists.
• The induced current is achieves its
maximum value again when the armature
is at 270°.
• After rotating 360°, the armature returns
to its original position.

The current in the external circuit always

flows in one direction. This uni-
directional current is known as direct
current.
 A.C generator
• Generator can be modified to an a.c generator by
replacing its commutators with two (separate) slip
rings.
• The two slip rings rotate in tandem with the
armature. Carbon brushes connect the armature to
the external circuit.
 AC Generator - Display of the Voltage in a CRO
• The armature is initially at the vertical position. No
magnetic flux is cut and hence no induced current exists.
• When the armature rotates, the change in magnetic flux
increases and the induced current increases until its
maximum value at the horizontal position.
• As the armature continues on its rotation, the change in
magnetic flux decreases until at the vertical position, no
induced current exists.

• Subsequently upon reaching the horizontal position again,

the induced current is maximum, but the direction of the
induced current flowing through the external circuit is
reversed.
• The direction of the induced current (which flows through
the external circuit) keeps on changing depending on the
orientation of the armature.
• This induced current is also known as alternating current.
The current is positive (+) in one direction and negative in
the other (-). The slip rings play a critical role in the
generation of alternating current.
Differences between DC and AC
generator
D.C and A.C Current
 Direct Current

• Direct current is uniform current flowing in

one fixed direction in a circuit.
• The magnitude of a direct current can be
either uniform or varying with time.
• Direct current (d.c) is usually supplied by acid-
based batteries or dry cells.
 Alternating Current

• Alternating current is a current which changes

its direction periodically in a circuit.
• Alternating current (a.c) is generated from
alternating current generators such as
hydroelectric power generators. Its magnitude
also changes with time.
 Root Mean Square Voltage
• The effective potential difference for an a.c is equal
to the potential difference of a alternating current if
both results in the same heating effect.
• The effective potential difference for a.c is known as
the root mean square voltage (r.m.s) of the a.c. and
is given y the following equation:
Direct Current and Alternating Current with Capacitor

• A direct current (d.c.) cannot flows through a

capacitor.
• An alternating current (a.c.) can flows
through a capacitor
Therefore :
• A direct current (d.c.) causing no effect on the
moving coil loudspeaker.
• An alternating current (a.c.) can cause a
moving coil loudspeaker functioning properly.