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‫بسم ال الرحمن الرحيم‬

1- standard deviation

1st variable
2nd variable (x) a b c b

Making standard deviation will give the exact value of your experimental
calculations.
We follow the following table

If x = a, b, c, b
f = number of repeating value
2 2
x f x x-x (x – x ) (x – x ) f
a 1 s
b 2 s
c 1 s

X= n s=
2
Σ(x–x) f
σ= Σf (this is standard deviation)

So the exact value will be :-

x=x±σ
i.e. x = s ± σ
2- fitting
y a b c
x d e f

Making fitting of diagram will reduce the wrong of your


drawing. Follow the following table:-

y x xy X2
a d ad d2

b e be e2
c f cf f2
Σy Σx Σxy Σ x2

When the relation is straight line


i.e. y = m x + c (1)

Σy=mΣx+c (2)

By multiplying (1), (2)

x y = m x2 + c x

Σ xy = m Σ x2 + c Σ x (3)

By substituting from table on tow equations (3), (2)


And then solve the two equations together we get the slope
(m) and the intercept of y-axis (c)
And then we get
y = (slope value from last equation) x + c (value)

And redraw the relation from last equation


Prepared by
Ahmed Hyder Ahmed – Faculty of science – Dep. of physics

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