HARSH VARDHAN

ABHISHEK (EN 4th Year)

(EN 4th
Year) HEMANT
(EN 4th
Year)

VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

,MEERUT
 CONTENT

REFRENCES
Transformer Basics

A transformer is an electrical device

that transfers energy from one circuit
to another purely by
magnetic coupling. Relative motion of
the parts of the transformer is not
required for transfer of energy.
Transformers are often used to convert
between high and low voltages, to
change impedance, and to provide
electrical isolation between circuits
TWO WINDING TRANSFORMER
CONNECTION

SINGLE PHASE
BASIC TRANSFORMER ACTION

50
8
 INVENTION

Michael Faraday, who invented an

'induction ring' on August 29, 1831.
This was the first transformer,
although Faraday used it only to
demonstrate the principle of
electromagnetic induction and did
not foresee the use to which it
would eventually be put.
 NEED FOR REDUCTION IN LOSS

 Very high speed growth of industries in our

country.

 High transmission loss from generation point

to distribution point as well as more demand
compared to generation of electrical energy.

 Progress of new projects for generation of

power is very slow as compared to the growth
of the requirement
Transformer losses categorized
as follows.

 No load Loss (Excitation Loss)

 Hysteresis Loss
 Eddy current loss

Load Loss (Impedance Loss)

 I²R loss.
 Stray loss
 HYSTERESIS LOSSES

Hysteresis loss is that energy lost

by reversing the magnetic
field in the core as the
magnetizing AC rises and falls
and reverses
direction.
MECHANICAL LOSS

This loss consist of bearing

friction,brush friction and
windage loss.The windage loss
includes the power required to
circulate air through the
machine.
Increment in core loss caused
by distortion of air-gap flux plus
the increment in I2R loss due to
non uniform distribution of
conductor current is called stray
load loss.
When the probe is brought in close to
a conductive material, the probes
changing magnetic field generates
current flow in the material.

The eddy currents produce their own

magnetic fields that interact with the
primary magnetic field of the coil.
 ? ? ? ??
?
?
WHY WE USE LAMINATED CORE
 Working Methodology

The losses which occur in transformer are:

(a):- Copper loss or I2 R.
(b):- Iron loss or Core loss.
Copper loss Pc :- Here we will calculate copper loss for one
embedded bar
similarly losses can be calculated for all other bars
Pc=I2R
Where R is resistance of coil and I is current in coil
R=ƍL/A
Where ƍ is specific resistance of material, L is length
of coil and A is area of coil, so copper loss can be calculated.
 Iron loss or core loss Pi:- Iron loss occurs in the magnetic core of the
transformer. This loss is the sum of hysteresis
loss(Ph) and Eddy current loss(Pe).
Pi=Ph + Pc
Pi=Kh fBmn + Kef2B2m
Kh= Proportionality constant which depends upon the volume and quality of
the core material and the units used.
Ke= Proportionality constant whose value depends upon the volume and
resistivity of the core material,thickness of laminations and units used .
Bm=Maximum flux density in the core.
f=Frequency of the alternating flux.
Separation of Hysteresis and Eddy-Current losses:- The transformer core
loss
Pi has two components namely hysteresis loss P and Eddy-current loss Pe.
Pi=Ph + Pc
Pi=Kh fBmn + Kef2B2m
The exponents n varies in the rage 1.5 to 2.5 depending upon the
ferromagnetic
material for a given Bm the hysteresis loss varies directly as the frequency
and the
Eddy current loss varies as the square of the frequency. That is,
Ph α f or Ph=af
and
Pe α f2 or Pe=bf2
Where a and b are constants .
Pi=af+bf2
 For separation of these two losses the no load test is performed on the
transformer.
However, the primary of the transformer is connected to a variable
frequencyand
variable sinusoidal supply and the secondary is open circuited.
Now
V=4.44fǾmT
Or
V/f=4.44BmAiT
For any transformer T and Ai are constants. Therefore Bm will remain constant
If the test is conducted so that the ratio (V/f) is kept constant
Pi/f=a+bf
During this test, the applied voltage V and frequency f are varied together so
that
(V/f) is kept constant. The core loss is obtained at different frequencies
This graph is a straight line AB of the form y=mx+c,as shown in
figure.
The intercept of the straight line on the vertical axis gives a and
slope of line AB gives b. Thus, knowing the constants a and b,
hysteresis and Eddy current losses can be separated.
 DC Shunt Motor
Generator
Wattmeter
A

R
Rh
Y NEC
v
Rh

V0 M
G V 1
B f
EC
Frequency
meter
N
fie ld

Rheostat

Circuit Diagram of Setup

 Calculation

For N on Em be

R=Resistance o
 For
Embedded Core

R=Resistance of Winding=80.9 ohms

Pc=Copper loss=I^2*
R=
1.06^2*80.9
( )=89.99 W

Pi=
Pt–Pc

Pi=Input Power
(Variable)

Pt=Total
Power

(Pi)1=112
-8
9.99=22
.01 W

(Pi/f
)1
=.489
W/Hz
25.4W
(Pi)
5=140
89.99=50
- .01 W

(Pi/f)5=1
W/Hz

From Graph
2
B=0062*50
.
2 2
He=bf=
.0062
*50= 25.5W
S.NO. FREQUENCY CURRENT WATTMETER GENRATED POWER Pi/F
F (hz) A(amper) (watts) VOLTAGE (Pi)
(volts)

01 45 1.05 125 340 35.01 .778

02 46 1.05 128 352

03 47 1.05 133 358

04 48 1.05 135 369

05 50 1.05 147 386 57.01 1.14

Table for Non Embedded Core

S.NO. FREQUENCY CURRENT WATTMETER GENRATED POWER Pi/F
F (hz) A(amper) (watts) VOLTAGE (Pi)
(volts)

01 45 1.07 112 336 22.01 .489

02 46 1.07 117 345

03 47 1.07 121 354

04 48 1.07 128 363

05 50 1.07 140 388 5o.01 1.00

Table for Embedded Core

 OUTPUT OF PROJECT
1.4
Non Embedded Core
Power input/cycle

Embedded Core
1.2
Slope
b1=0.007
1

0.8

a1
Slope b2
0.6 =0.0102

a2

0.4
45 46 47 48 49 50
Frequency
CONCLUSION
CHALLENGES FACED
Easy to fabricate

Increased Transformer
Efficiency

Reduced Humming Loss

Economy
 How eddy current loss minimize by
using laminated core in transformer ?

Member since: About me: WILLIUM TERROSE I am located

June 26, 2007 in the USA central time zone (UTC -6)

Assume that a changing magnetic flux is passing

through a certain square cross sectional area of the
transformer core. Look at a loop of current enclosing that
flux. The power dissipated in that particular loop is
proportional to the square of the area enclosed by that
loop (A) divided by the length of the path (L). If you
divide that square into two rectangles by laminating the
core, the area enclosed in the loop will be cut in
half while the length will be reduced to 3/4 of the
original length. The result will be two loops of current
with a total power dissipation of 2X(.5A)^2/.75L.
That makes the sum of the power dissipated in the two
smaller loops two thirds of the power dissipated in the
original loop. More laminations reduce the dissipation
even more.
 References
• Dr.P.S. BIMBHRA Electrical
Machines, Macmillan.
ISBN 0-333-19627-9.

•Heathcote, MJ (1998). J&P

Transformer Book, 12th ed., Newnes.
ISBN 0-7506-1158-8.

•Hindmarsh, J. (1984). Electrical

Machines and their Applications, 4th
ed., Pergamon. ISBN 0-08-030572-5.
•Shepherd,J; Moreton,A.H;
Spence,L.F. (1970). Higher Electrical
Engineering, Pitman Publishing.
ISBN 0-273-40025-8.
Vote of Thanks

Mr. A.K. Singha

Mr. Ramveer Singh

THANK YOU

THANK YOU