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Pierre Fransen
UNITY OF MAN
Man not a soul lost; a spirit imprisoned in foreign matter. Man is intrinsically one: a spiritualized body, or,
more correctly, a corporeal person.
Soul is not a body; like two poles in a unique magnetic field lines of force cross each other and continually
interpenetrate one another.
Body and soul, two opposing forces, practically equivalent, different, but purely complementary.
The spirit still keeps an inalienable initiative. The image of God which He is in His creative action has
implanted in my whole being, is most deeply imprinted in this spiritual centre. It is the centre of existential
density that these features of the divine image.
A DOUBLE LIBERTY
God is love. This fundamental power of love constitutes my person.
For liberty is all a power of spontaneous gift form one person to another, being choice, election, judgment
and free will.
Man is in double liberty; a corporeal spirit, bodies within a depth of life which far exceeds our earthly life.
Free will, the liberty we all know form experience.
FUNDAMENTAL LIBERTY
Free will, that liberty means of which man can to a certain degree order of his life.
To become a truly a man, this liberty must be directed by something deeper, more stable, supported and
directed by a profound and total commitment by a fundamental option in which man express wholly with all
that man wish to be his world and God.
PSYCHOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
We can train and teach children, or train them with consummate art; an ideal and a basic orientation.
Truth provides many solutions for many modern problems.
It is in this union of a real basic aspiration and multiple occupations inherent in our human life. That the
secret of life resides. Man is thus made and he can only make success of his life by accepting himself.
Sartre
I cannot objectify myself; my consciousness cannot identify itself with an invalid consciousness or
cripple-consciousness.
Consciousness not a thing but a freedom. It is inconceivable that man is free only to certain of my
actions and determined in others.
Freedom is either absolute or non-existent.
TWO INTENTIONS
1. Explicit Intention and General Intention.
Explicit Intention must be distinguished form general intentions-the meaning that
fills my surroundings.
General Intentions are in the sense that they are not of man’s own making.
MERLEAU-PONTY’S
Examines certain dispositions which are not under control of freedom.
Devotes a great deal of attention to the historical situation. Free acts stand against the
background of history.
There is an exchange of this individual and general existence in history. No consciousness to
assume direct history.
A zone of generalized existence, a medium, a natural world, a place for all possible themes and
styles. The generality and individuality of the subject are not to be thought of as two conceptions
either of which is to be chosen; they are but stages, two faces of a unique structure of the subject.
Freedom does not start from nothing, refusal to be anything is still a form of being.
WHAT IS FREEDOM?
To be born is both of the world and to be born in to the world. World is constituted but not
completely; neither pure determinism characteristic of the thing nor the absolute choice of
freedom.
According to Husserl, there is a field of freedom and conditioned freedom.
IN FREEDOM
Man takes up present and in doing so draw together the past and transform it, Choice is
always based on certain givenness; the significance of nature and history does not limit access
to the world on contrary it is means of entering into communication.
THE QUESTION ON MAN’S FREEDOM
Jose A. Cruz
Freedom is always confused with man’s capacity to do anything he wants or his capacity to say “no” to a
request or to have his last say on things.
The statement above describes a perfect meaning for freedom; but on further reflection they are ambivalent
as they can be.
Freedom cannot be explained or defined on the level of everyday ordinary experience. One must learn to
meet the problem at a deeper level of reflection.
To be aware of the steps involved in the whole process leading towards a decision is called “Choice.”
Values are and cannot be looked at in isolation from the total paradigm or ideal.
Every choice is based on a value, a perfect for the self to be attained or exercised. Secondly, a value is
never to be taken in isolation. It must integrate within an ideal towards which the total aspires to become.
The two-fold level of free choice, the horizontal choices and vertical choices.
Horizontal choice; much more on the ID consciousness and Vertical choice; much more on the super
egoistic side of consciousness.
It is more interesting to ask is the concrete direction on which this power to choose is aimed.
Without concrete embodiment of an actual choice, freedom will only remain as a potential power.
1. Wojtylan’s perspective; it does not necessarily follow that one and only way to attain liberation is by
means of a revolutionary overthrow of those who do not share in the essence of man as homo-
faber.
2. Political methodology, the more positive affirmation of the human being qua Being in terms of
solidarity and participation. Opposition a very, very valuable part of solidarity.
3. An attempt to grasp more wholistic conception and richer experience of humanity.
4. every human is called upon in the process of liberation. Freedom is therefore intimately connected
with man’s being,
HOW IS FREEDOM POSSIBLE?
EPILOGUE:
Freedom is important, it is the source which makes human behavior possible. It cannot be
reduced to any form of determinisms, it is the cause that made determined conditions of freedom
possible,
It is the dynamic drive that propels human beings towards liberation of his total being from any
form of alienation
Wojtylan’s exercise of participation, human freedom made possible by being co-conditioned by a
sense of justice.
Freedom must be transformed in the mode of justice. It takes it various forms a source, the
dynamic drive of liberation from alienation, and as the important co-condition for the possibility of
justice.
Man as Absolute
Rudolph H. Visker S.J
INTRODUCTION
The inner need for grounding which was found present in the experience if the subject’s free acts. Need is
considered in the free-act of the I-thou interaction.
The widening if the ground of the free act does not lessen the autonomy of the subject, whereas it
increases its feeling of making sense.
A new phenomenon, human interaction proves to be a first answer to the need for groundings the free act,
it proves to remain dissatisfactory.
Line of argumentation will take form of final consequence; the phenomena of human existence find their
interpretation in the subject’s dialectic bond with other beings.
Much needed in this task of describing; the method of reaching awareness of a transcendence. Here comes
the need of secondary reflection.
Indistinct sense of total existence refers to body always a body. Secondary reflection is necessary to
emphasize the importance of considering feelings.
The massive sense of total existence comes in very useful to warn us that not just any experience of
dissatisfaction at a level if intersubjectivity can be expected to be a starting-point for a new kind of
awareness.
The level of intersubjectivity will enable us to describe the feeling of dissatisfaction into more detail.
The interaction of appeal and response, will dialogue and manifest in both directions a desire for more
meaning and value.
There is more than a feeling of disillusionment; there various sources of dissatisfaction, (a) the “you” which
the other was at first to me, may fade away into a “he/she.” (b) I may have idealized the other, and reality
now proves me wrong. (c) The other is being taken away from me by death. All three reasons may be
entirely “inculpable shortcomings.”
It is no good that man should be alone; The phenomena of human existence are interpreted only in dialectic
bond; the subject ‘is-receiving” and “is giving.”
Dissatisfaction stems from the fact that nobody can assert man as man would really want to be
asserted. And nobody can receive man as man really wants in his responding.
The demands on “you’ are humanly irreconcilable. The person says each time in one and the same
sentence two things that cannot be combined in a “you.”
The kind of knowing which is called believing and willing which is called loving; and both activities
involve the partners as subject-being.
The feeling of dissatisfaction at the level of intersubjectivity says” it must be complete.” “You” can
only receive of myself is not enough, a “you” also can only affirm part of me.
The human impossibility of the demand in these two questions. (1) can the other know me
completely as I am, without being me? (2) And, suppose he is me, can he still know me as another?
The person in activity of knowing, this brought us in contact with an attitude of mind
for which the reality of a world-out-there” because the assumed model was one of tow entities that
can be taken in themselves.
The questions of knowing and loving have demonstrated the same sequence of priority it
was not a matter of first proving objectively the existence of the other, and only then an appeal or
response would follow. The question of the related existence, or of “the-other-as-felt” has offered
itself again to us in the first place.
The conclusions: (1) the mere fact of being there appears to be something one thinks of
only in the second place. (2) the subject’s fidelity to the other brings about the other’s presence’
infidelity to the other remove his presence.
The certainty that our method of describing and interpreting human existence in dialectic bond with other
beings is more than our method of describing and interpreting human existence in dialectic bond with other
beings is more than a tool that just happens to work.
It is an ontological need that affects my existence as a value to be realized—by the very fact of its being
there beyond interhuman dimension.
1. Pascalian Wager- stems from Blaise Pascal, it is reasonable to risk acting on the
chance that God does exist; with more certainty than the one who finds it
reasonable to place his bets on existence rather than on non-existence of a Reality
of a “vertical” nature.
2. Hypostasized “Subjective Datum”- it is of the thought seen arising in the mind
alone, and, thus, lacking in reality, being illusory. The subjectivity of a feeling; it is
that feeling which is one with the awareness of one’s existence as a value to be
realized. This dynamism is not to be mistaken for a fanciful wishing. In manifesting
itself as the “being-toward” of I being, even beyond intersubjectivity it indicates a
pattern, a trend of all subject being it is what Johann called, “objectivity without
objectification,” the question of personification (hypostatizing) of what is fully
believed to be there as fulfillment of one’s need of more value, as a value to be
realized.
We cannot say it is addressed only after having been met “person to person” at one level of
human interaction we are used to that sequence of: first having a sign of the other’s identity and then
we find out more and more who he/she really is.
Marcel’s notion of fidelity; “the active perpetuation of presence, the renewal of benefits.” Although
this fidelity is strictly to be understood as related to persons, yet the following analogy may be help to
express its being a vital process., a continuous growth. Marcel expresses our encounter with the
Absolute Thou in the imagery of “a face that was shown to us before shrouded in veils.” Both face and
shrouded have to be maintained integrally in describing and interpreting human existence in its
tendency beyond intersubjectivity. The face summarizes the conclusion that it has to be a Thou who
makes the search come true but the shrouded face indicates the present remoteness of final
recognition. The veil, if taken as image of ourselves in a searching phase, is a way toward as well as
separation from the subject’s Absolute Thou.