Basic Practical Electronics

Passive components
Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Transformers, Diodes etc.
Circuits
Circuit analysis, voltage sources, current sources
Analog Electronics
Transistors, Opamps, Simple analog Electronics circuits
Digital Electronics
Basic Logic Gates and basic ICs, uPs, RAMs,
ROMs, ADCs, DACs, PALs etc.

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When selecting a
resistor for a circuit,
there are three
parameters to
consider
1. Resistance (Ω)
2. Power rating (W)
3. Tolerance (%)

4. Type???

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 TYPES OF RESISTORS

Carbon Carbon mixed with a

Composition binder. Molded and
baked. Ratio of carbon
to binder determines
resistance. Most CIRCUIT SYMBOLS
common. Tolerances
10%.

Carbon Film Better temp stability

Metal Film Better Tolerance 1%
Metal Oxide Better Temperature
stability and
Tolerance (used
in Most Logging
Equipment)
Wire wound 4
 WIRE WOUND: A conducting wire is wound on
a ceramic form. Tend to be physically large.
Low resistances. High power capability.
Tolerances around 1%. Figure 1-8 shows some
wire wound resistors.

XAMPLE OF WIRE WOUND

RESISTOR Three terminal variable resistors

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COLOUR CODING OF RESISTORS

B
B
R
O
Y
G
B
V
G
W

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 CAPACITORS
A capacitor is a device that stores energy as electrical
charge on it's plates.

The stored energy has to be a DC Voltage. This leads to capacitors acting

like OPEN for DC while SHORT for AC

These plates are placed very close together with an Dielectric (insulator)
in between.

Capacitance of a capacitor depends on the Area of two plates, how close

they are and the dielectric type.

Capacitor parameters are

1. Capacitance value (uF –MicroFarads)
2. Voltage Rating (V)
3. Type

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 Most commonly used capacitors

Electrolytic Capacitors

Made of electrolyte, Aluminum electrodes. Most

common polarized capacitor (They have a +ve and –ve
terminal)

•Applications: Ripple filters, timing circuits.

•Not very accurate, high values of capacitance, have

leakage, drifting, not suitable for use in hf circuits.

•They WILL explode if the rated working voltage is

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exceeded or polarity is reversed, so be careful.
Tantalum Capacitor

Made of Tantalum Pentoxide. They are electrolytic

capacitors but used with a material called
tantalum for the electrodes. Superior to aluminum
electrolytic capacitors, excellent temperature and
better frequency characteristics.

Used in Logging Tools

More expensive than Aluminum but smaller size

Tantalums are also polarized so watch the '+' and

'-' indicators.
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 Super Capacitors

Super Capacitors have very large capacitance

value.

These are popular in DeskTop PCs and SMPS

Not used in Logging Tools

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 Other types

Polyester Film Multilayer Ceramic

Tuning or 'air-core' capacitors.

Adjustable
Metalized Polyester Film
Capacitors 11
 CAPACITOR CODING

If a capacitor is marked like this 105, it

just means 10+5zeros = 10 + 00000 =
1.000.000pF = 1000 nF = 1 µF

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Capacitors in Parallel

C total = C1 + C2 + C3

Keep in mind that only the total capacitance

changes, not the supplied voltage.

Capacitors in Series

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 INDUCTORS
Inductor is essentially a device which stores
energy in the form of magnetic field.

Common uses of Inductors are as Filter coils.

Most Important use is in Transformers, Relays

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 TYPES OF INDUCTORS

BAR-COIL THIN FILM TOROIDAL

The surface mount type
inductors are very small in
size and therefore deserve
to be considered when
space
becomes and issue.

The surface mount type inductors are

very small in size and therefore
deserve to be considered when space
becomes and issue.
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SURFACE MOUNT
 Transformer
Transformers
work for AC
Only

Vp = Np = Is
Vs Ns Ip
Step down Step Up
The core is usually
made of Iron and is
laminated

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 RELAYs
Relays are
electromagnetic
switches which can
be made to either
SWITCH ON or OFF
depending on the
current in their coil
A Relay has the following
Pin connections below
NC – Normally Closed
NO – Normally Open
COM – Common
Coil - 17
Some Typical Circuits - Voltage Divider

1) With two resistors in series, the

sum of the voltage drop across
each equals the total voltage
drop across both.

2) To determine the voltage

between the two resistors, we
use the voltage divider formula

3) The voltage divider formula

says Vout = Vin* (R2/R1+R2)

4) This turns out to be very useful

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 Passive Components - Diodes

Diode is a electronic device that allows

current to flow in one direction ONLY
There are many type of Diodes. Some basic types are
1. Rectifier Diode
2. Zener Diode
3. Light emitting Diode

Schematic Symbols for

DIODES

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DIODE, Transformer, Capacitor APPLICATIONS

Rectifiers

During the negative part of the cycle D1 does not

conduct and no current flows to the load. In the full
wave application it essentially is two half wave rectifiers
combined and because the transformer secondary is
centre tapped, D1 conducts on the positive half of the
cycle while D2 conducts on the negative part of the
cycle. Both add together.
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 DIODE APPLICATIONS
Voltage regulators

Zener diodes work on the principle of

essentially a constant voltage drop at a
predetermined voltage
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OTHER DIODE APPLICATIONS

LEDs Photodiodes

LEDs usually have Gallium Arsenide Phosphide

Opto-Coupler
Opto-Isolator
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 1N34A Germanium Diodes

Germanium diodes have the advantage of an

intrinsically low forward voltage drop, typically
0.3 volts; this low forward voltage drop results in
a low power loss and more efficient diode, making
it superior in many ways to the silicon diode. A
silicon diode forward voltage drop, by
comparison, is typically 0.7 volts. This lower
voltage drop with germanium becomes important
in very low signal environments (signal detection
from audio to FM frequencies) and in low level
logic circuits. As a result germanium diodes are

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 Voltage and Current Sources

An ideal voltage source is a voltage source Similarly an Ideal

that maintains the same voltage across current source would
the source's terminals no matter what source the same
current is drawn from the terminals of the amount of current no
source or what current flows into the matter what voltage
terminals develops

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 Circuit Analysis 1
In the Electrical circuit below what is the voltage across R3 and current in R4

L R1 R2
C

R4

R3
12V

V
R5

L= 2H, C= 1uF, R4=6 ohms, R2=4

ohms, R3=2 ohms, R1=3 ohms

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 Circuit Analysis 2
2.5V.

Input is Sinewave Plot output

All three diodes are general purpose Silicon

Diodes

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 Circuit Analysis 3
Two Electrical Bulbs each of 220V, 40W rating are connected in the manner shown

A. B.

220V Bulb1 Bulb2

220V Bulb1 Bulb2

otal light in Case A ________________ Total light in Case B (choices GT, EQ, LT

oltage Across Bulb1 Case A = _______ Volts, Current in Bulb2 Case B = _______

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 TRANSISTORS
Transistors are semiconductor
electronic devices that can amplify
currents or voltages when configured
properly
There are many types of Transistors. For selecting a Transistor we
need to know the application desired (type of Transistor, Voltage
(power rating) and max frequency of operation

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Most Transistors have three leads which must
be connected the correct way round.

These days Transistors come in a variety of

packages and sometimes can be difficult to
recognize

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 TEST CIRCUIT for
Transistor as a Switch

Besides Amplifying Transistors can

also be connected as a Switch

We use this type of

configuration typically
inside our Logging
Equipment to activate
RELAYs by sending a
remote control signal
to the base of the
Transistor
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 TRANSISTOR APPLICATIONS
DARLINGTON PAIR:

Sometimes we need to amplify and

handle large currents
1. Controlling Relays
2. Driving Loudspeakers

In such cases we put a Small Signal

Transistor TR1 (high gain but low
current) in series with a Power Transistor
TR2 (low gain but high current) as
shown

The resulting composite Transistor is

called a Darlington Pair. A Darlington
Pair has High Gain as well as High Power

One can make the Darlington Pair by

using two separate Transistors or buy

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 Simple Transistor Amplifier

Given below is a standard Common Emitter AC Amplifier. Transistor is Silicon NPN

Assume hfe (β ) >> 100, Vbe = 0.7V

+15V AC Gain of the circuit = ________

19.2 K 9.4K Out

DC Voltage at base of Transistor is _____

In

DC Voltage at Collector of Transistor is ______

DC Voltage at Emitter of Transistor is _______

4.7 K
10.8 K

DC Current from Collector to Emitter is ________

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 PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIERS
One use of phase splitters is to provide input signals
to a single-stage amplifier that uses two
transistors. These transistors are configured in such
a way that the two outputs, 180º out of phase with
each other, combine. This allows more gain than
one transistor could supply by itself. This "push-pull"
amplifier is used where high power output and good
fidelity are needed: 33
 AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY RESPONSE
BANDWIDTH OF AN AMPLIFIER
The bandwidth represents the amount or
"width" of frequencies, or the "band of
frequencies," that
the amplifier is MOST effective in
amplifying.

B.W = f2-f1

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 Analog Electronics –
Operational Amplifiers

The input stage is a differential amplifier that works for AC also

High Input impedance

High Gain Voltage Amplifier. Typical > 100,000

Low Output Impedance to deliver several mA of current into load connected to the Output.

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 Op Amps Applications
Common applications:
• Inverting amplifier
• Non inverting amplifier
• Summing amplifier
• Voltage follower
• Instrumentation amplifiers
• Filters

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Non-inverting Amplifier
R2
I=0
R1
Vo

VIN

 R2 
Vo = 
1 + R 
VIN
 1

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 Inverting Amplifier
Feedback Path

VIN
R1 R2
I=0
Input Loop −
V0
+
Output Loop

R2
Vo = − VIN
R1

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 Summing Amplifier-Mixer
R1
V1
R2 RF
V2

V3 −
V0
R3 +

RF RF RF
V0 = − V1 − V2 − V3
R1 R2 R3

Also used in DACs – will see later 39

 Voltage follower

• Vout(ideal) = Vin

• High input resistance Rin

• Low output resistance

Used as a buffer stage

between any two
electronic devices.
Why?

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Instrumentation Amplifier

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Op Amp Challenge

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 Filter Terminology

• Pass band is the range of frequencies over

which it will pass an incoming signal
• Low pass filter pass low-frequency signal
• High pass filter pass high frequency signals
• Band pass filter passes a limited range of
frequencies
• Band stop filters block signals occurring
between two given frequencies

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 Filters
Background:

. An active filter is one that, along with R, L, and C

components, also contains an energy source, such
as that derived from an operational amplifier.

. A passive filter is one that contains only R, L, and

C components. It is not necessary that all three be
present. L is often omitted (on purpose) from
passive filter design because of the size and cost
of inductors – and they also carry along an resistance(r) that
must be included in the design.
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 Passive Filters
• Passive Components
– Resistors
– Capacitors
– Inductors
• Use No Amplifying Elements
– Transistors
– Operational Amplifiers

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 Passive Filter
• No transistor, diodes, etc
• Gain is always <= 1
• Output load become part of circuit
• Simplest electronic filters (consist of
resistors,inductors and capacitors)
• Since resistance has the symbol R, inductance the
symbol L and capacitance symbol C, so filters exist
in so-called RC, RL, LC and LCR varieties

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 How Passive Filters Work
• Capacitors
– Block low frequency signals
– Conduct high frequency signals
• Inductors
– Block high frequency signals
– Conduct low frequency signals
• Resistors
– Have no frequency-selective properties

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 Passive Analog Filters
Background: Four types of filters - “Ideal”

lowpass highpass

bandpass bandstop

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 Passive Analog Filters
Background: Realistic Filters:

lowpass highpass

bandpass bandstop

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 Passive Analog Filters
Low Pass Filter Consider the circuit below.

R +
+
C VO
_ V I

Low pass filter circuit

1
VO ( jw) jwC 1
= =
Vi ( jw) R+
1 1 + jwRC
jwC

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 Passive Analog Filters
High Pass Filter Consider the circuit below.

+
C
+
Vi R
_ VO
_

High Pass Filter

VO ( jw) R jwRC
= =
Vi ( jw) R+ 1 1+ jwRC
jwC
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 Active Filter

• Combination of passive components and

amplifiers
• High Q value
• Able to achieve resonance frequency without
the use of inductors

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 Low Pass Active Filter

Rf
Ra
-
Y(s)
X(s) +
R

C  1 
 
 f
R   RC 
H ( s ) =  + 1
 Ra s+ 1
RC
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 High Pass Active Filter
• Simplified Circuit
– Differentiator
• Response
– At high frequencies
the capacitor acts as a
short. The gain
becomes -R1/R2
– At low frequencies the
capacitor is open and
the signal is lost

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 High Pass Active Filter
These are similar to active low pass filters, and may be
constructed by cascading first- and second-order sections.
Here’s a first-order section:

Rf
Ra

C
-
Y(s)
X(s) +

R  Rf  s
H ( s ) =  + 1
 Ra s+ 1
RC 55
 Required Filter Order
Typically, we will have a requirement for a filter with a
particular pass band, stop band, minimum/maximum pass
band gain, and minimum stop band attenuation. The first
thing we need to do is choose the filter type and order.
We’ll assume the type has already been chosen, so we
need to determine the order.

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 Band pass(100-200Hz) filter

R C 2
1

C 1 R 2 R f b
R 1 R 2
R i
+
V i n
_ +
V O
_

fr2 =200Hz fr1 =100Hz

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 Band stop(100-200Hz) filter
fr2 =100Hz
C 1

R 1
R 1

R f b

R 2 R i
+ C 2 +
Vi n V O
_
_

fr2 =200Hz

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 Review
In Logging we have to deal with Basic Electronics
Passive Electrical circuits consist of Resistors,
Capacitors, Inductors, Transformers, Diodes
Active Electronics circuits consist of active devices like
Transistors, Op-Amps plus passive components
Understanding of Basic Circuits like Amplifiers, Filters,
Buffers, Mixers, Power supplies is important

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